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Zhou J, Wang L. Differences in the Effects of Reading and Aerobic Exercise Interventions on Inhibitory Control of College Students With Mobile Phone Addiction. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:797780. [PMID: 35299822 PMCID: PMC8920989 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.797780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many previous studies have shown that short-time moderate-intensity aerobic exercise can improve one's inhibitory control, some researchers suggested that its effect on inhibitory control is small. Meanwhile, some studies have shown that reading has a positive effect on inhibitory control. Since many studies examining the effect of exercise on inhibitory control used reading as a filler task, it is important to compare their effects. The present study used the antisaccade task as a tool to examine the differences in the effects of aerobic exercise and reading on inhibitory control of college students with mobile phone addiction. Thirty healthy college students with mobile phone addiction (range: 17-20 years, mean: 19.2 years) took part in the experiment. Participants were randomly assigned to an aerobic exercise group and a reading group. For the aerobic exercise group, participants were asked to perform moderate-intensity aerobic exercise for 15 min. For the reading group, participants were asked to sit quietly and read articles from newspapers for 15 min. Each participant's inhibitory control was examined pre- and post-intervention using the antisaccade task. In the antisaccade task, they have to direct their gaze toward the mirror image location of the target appearing parafoveally as quickly and as accurately as possible. The results showed significant main effects of Time (pre-test vs. post-test) on antisaccade latency and error rate. More importantly, a significant interaction of Time (pre-test vs. post-test) and Group (aerobic exercise vs. reading) was found on antisaccade latency. Specifically, the antisaccade latencies in the post-test were significantly shorter than those in the pre-test for the reading group, but the antisaccade latencies in the post-test and pre-test were comparable for the aerobic exercise group. The results of the present study imply that although both exercise and reading have effects on inhibitory control of college students with mobile phone addiction, the effect of reading may be somehow superior to exercise. Moreover, the current results also imply that researchers should be cautious when using reading as a filler task in future studies regarding the effect of aerobic exercise. The limitations of the present study were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Zhou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.,Provincial University Key Laboratory of Sport and Health Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Kinesiological Evaluation General Administration of Sport of China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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152
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Costello SE, O'Neill BV, Howatson G, van Someren K, Haskell-Ramsay CF. Detrimental effects on executive function and mood following consecutive days of repeated high-intensity sprint interval exercise in trained male sports players. J Sports Sci 2021; 40:783-796. [PMID: 34955079 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.2015946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Intensified periods of competition are common in many team sports, potentially leading to increased fatigue and reduced performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of repeated high-intensity sprint interval exercise on cognitive function, mood and perceptions of energy and fatigue. Twenty-four trained rugby players completed multiple bouts of repeated sprints across two consecutive days. Prior to and following each set of maximal effort sprints or equivalent control duration, a battery of cognitive tasks assessing simple and choice reaction time, visuo-spatial working memory and inhibition were completed as well as visual analogue scales that assessed mood, energy, and fatigue. Accuracy of incongruent Stroop responses was significantly lower across day 2 compared to day 1 and the control condition. Four-choice reaction time was slower across day 2 whilst feelings of alertness, contentedness, and physical and mental energy were reduced while ratings of physical and mental fatigue increased. These findings suggest that intensified periods of high-intensity sprint interval exercise have detrimental effects on executive function, mood and perceptions of physical and mental energy, and fatigue. These deleterious effects have the potential to impact performance and may increase the propensity for injury/accidents in certain sporting and non-sporting contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Costello
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,GSK Human Performance Laboratory, Brentford, UK
| | | | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Water Research Group, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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153
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Bicarbonate supplementation via lactate efflux improves anaerobic and cognitive performance in elite combat sport athletes. Biol Sport 2021; 38:545-553. [PMID: 34937963 PMCID: PMC8670805 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.96320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was the assessment of sodium bicarbonate supplementation (NaHCO3-) on anaerobic and cognitive performance, assuming ergogenic effect of HCO3 by improving buffering capacity and greater lactate efflux, which may have indirect effect on circulating neurotrophin level (e.g BDNF, IGF-1) and memory. Sixteen well-trained judo athletes completed a randomized trial of either a NaHCO3- (EG) (5000 mg x 2/day/90 min before training)or placebo for 21 days (CG). Before and after treatment, athletes completed double Wingate test (Wt) protocol following which they performed perceived Working Memory test (pWM). Results suggested significant increase in Upper Limb Total Work (with p = 0.011), Mean Power (with p = 0.001), post exercise LA concentration (from 15.51 mmol/L to 18.10 mmol/L with p = 0.01) and HCO3rest concentrations (from 27.37 mmol/l to 28.91 mmol/l with p = 0.001), when compared to baseline values in EG. The analysis showed statistically significant increase in values for IGF-1 (with p = 0.001) and decrease for cortisol and BDNF (with p = 0.001) in EG and CG, when pre and post exercise values were compared. We also revealed statistically significant decrease in values for display time after ingestion of HCO3 between pre and post exercise (with p = 0.002) In conclusion, the lack of a substantial relationship between exerkines (IGF-1, BDNF) and memory in the present study might suggest that exercise induced lactate levels is dominant mechanism improving working memory in well-train athletes.
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154
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Evaluating the efficacy of an iPad® app in determining a single bout of exercise benefit to executive function. Behav Res Methods 2021; 54:2398-2408. [PMID: 34918231 PMCID: PMC8676939 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-021-01735-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We examined the efficacy and feasibility of an iPad® app used at-home in identifying a postexercise benefit to executive function. The iPad® app required simple reaching movements mirror-symmetrical to an exogenously presented target (i.e., antipointing) and is a task that lab-based behavioral and neuroimaging work has shown to provide a valid measure of the response inhibition component of executive function. Fifty English-speaking individuals (18 female, age range 18-26 years of age) completed the iPad® app before and immediately after a 20-min session of heavy-intensity aerobic exercise, and on a separate day completed the app prior to and following a 20-min non-exercise control condition. Results showed antipointing reaction times (RTs) in the exercise condition decreased by an average of 18 ms postexercise (p < 0.001) with an observed large effect size (dz = 0.90), whereas control condition pre- and post-assessment RTs did not reliably differ (p = 0.12, dz = 0.22) and were within an equivalence boundary (p < 0.005). Further, pre-assessment exercise and control condition antipointing RTs were within an equivalence boundary (p < 0.05). Accordingly, a simple iPad® app provides the requisite resolution to detect subtle executive function benefits derived from a single bout of exercise.
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155
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Loprinzi PD, Rigdon B, Javadi AH, Kelemen W. EXPRESS: Effects of Acute Exercise Intensity on Source Episodic Memory and Metamemory Accuracy. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 75:2232-2243. [PMID: 34911407 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211069856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prior research suggests that behavioral (e.g., exercise) and psychological factors (e.g., metamemory; monitoring and control of one's memory processes) may influence memory function. However, there is conflicting results on the optimal intensity of acute exercise to enhance memory and whether acute exercise can also enhance metamemory. Further, very limited research has evaluated whether acute exercise can influence source episodic memory. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether there is an intensity-specific effect of acute aerobic exercise on source episodic memory and metamemory accuracy. Thirty young adults participated in a three condition (Control/Moderate/Vigorous-Intensity Exercise), within-subject counterbalanced experimental study. After each intervention, participants completed source episodic memory and metamemory tasks. Results demonstrated that acute exercise, relative to control, was effective in enhancing source episodic memory, but not metamemory accuracy. Vigorous-intensity acute exercise was the most optimal intensity to enhance source episodic memory. Overall, our findings suggest that there is an intensity-specific effect of acute exercise on source episodic memory. Further, when exercise-related improvements in memory occur, young adults may be unaware of these memory benefits from exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Loprinzi
- Associate Professor, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA 8083
| | - Brandon Rigdon
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA 8083
| | - Amir-Homayoun Javadi
- Senior Lecturer in Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom; Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2240
| | - William Kelemen
- Professor and Chair, Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA 7174
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156
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Serra L, Raimondi S, di Domenico C, Maffei S, Lardone A, Liparoti M, Sorrentino P, Caltagirone C, Petrosini L, Mandolesi L. The beneficial effects of physical exercise on visuospatial working memory in preadolescent children. AIMS Neurosci 2021; 8:496-509. [PMID: 34877401 PMCID: PMC8611191 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2021026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between physical exercise and improvement in specific cognitive domains in children and adolescents who play sport has been recently reported, although the effects on visuospatial abilities have not yet been well explored. This study is aimed at evaluating in school-age children practicing artistic gymnastics the visuospatial memory by using a table version of the Radial Arm Maze (table-RAM) and comparing their performances with those ones who do not play any sport. The visuospatial performances of 14 preadolescent girls practicing artistic gymnastics aged between 7 and 10 years and those of 14 preadolescent girls not playing any sport were evaluated in the table-RAM forced-choice paradigm that allows disentangling short-term memory from working memory abilities. Data showed that the gymnasts obtained better performances than control group mainly in the parameters evaluating working memory abilities, such as within-phase errors and spatial span. Our findings emphasizing the role of physical activity on cognitive performances impel to promote physical exercise in educational and recreational contexts as well as to analyse the impact of other sports besides gymnastics on cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Serra
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Raimondi
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Maffei
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Lardone
- Department of Motor Sciences and Wellness, University "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Liparoti
- Department of Motor Sciences and Wellness, University "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Sorrentino
- Institute de Neurosciences Des Systèmes, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France Department of Engineering, University "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Department of Clinical and Behavioural Neurology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Petrosini
- Laboratory of Experimental and Behavioural Neurophysiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Mandolesi
- Department of Humanities, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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157
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Donofry SD, Stillman CM, Hanson JL, Sheridan M, Sun S, Loucks EB, Erickson KI. Promoting brain health through physical activity among adults exposed to early life adversity: Potential mechanisms and theoretical framework. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:688-703. [PMID: 34624365 PMCID: PMC8642290 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences such as abuse, neglect, and poverty, profoundly alter neurobehavioral development in a manner that negatively impacts health across the lifespan. Adults who have been exposed to such adversities exhibit premature and more severe age-related declines in brain health. Unfortunately, it remains unclear whether the negative effects of early life adversity (ELA) on brain health can be remediated through intervention in adulthood. Physical activity may represent a low-cost behavioral approach to address the long-term consequences of ELA on brain health. However, there has been limited research examining the impact of physical activity on brain health among adults with a history of ELA. Accordingly, the purpose of this review is to (1) review the influence of ELA on brain health in adulthood and (2) highlight evidence for the role of neurotrophic factors, hypothalamic-adrenal-pituitary axis regulation, inflammatory processes, and epigenetic modifications in mediating the effects of both ELA and physical activity on brain health outcomes in adulthood. We then propose a theoretical framework to guide future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon D Donofry
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Psychiatric and Behavioral Health Institute, Allegheny Health Network Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
| | - Chelsea M Stillman
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jamie L Hanson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Margaret Sheridan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Shufang Sun
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States; Mindfulness Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Eric B Loucks
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States; Mindfulness Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Murdoch University, College of Science, Health, Engineering, and Education, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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158
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Smith VM, Watson P, Most SB. Enhanced recognition of emotional images is not affected by post-exposure exercise-induced arousal. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 75:1056-1066. [PMID: 34623205 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211054950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that aerobic exercise (i.e., exercise aiming to improve cardiovascular fitness) promotes cognition, but the impact on memory specifically, is unclear. There is some evidence to suggest that as little as one session of post-learning exercise benefits memory consolidation. Furthermore, memory may be particularly facilitated by exercise when the individual is emotionally aroused while encoding stimuli. The current study tested whether exercise after exposure to neutral and emotional images improved memory consolidation of the items among university students. Ninety-nine students were randomly instructed to either exercise or not exercise after viewing a set of images that were positive, neutral, and negative in valence, and they were later tested on their memory. Although emotional images were remembered better than non-emotional images, the results suggested that exercise did not influence this effect or enhance consolidation of the items overall. Explanations and implications for these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Poppy Watson
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven B Most
- School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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159
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González-Fernández FT, González-Víllora S, Baena-Morales S, Pastor-Vicedo JC, Clemente FM, Badicu G, Murawska-Ciałowicz E. Effect of Physical Exercise Program Based on Active Breaks on Physical Fitness and Vigilance Performance. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111151. [PMID: 34827143 PMCID: PMC8614732 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Our study aimed to analyze the effects of 8 weeks physical training on vigilance performance in high school students. Forty-two healthy students were assigned for convenience and matched into two groups, a Control Group (CG) and an Active-Break Group (ABG). The participants were assessed before the training program using the Alpha-Fitness test battery and Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) to observe their physical fitness and vigilance performance. Compared with the pre-test, significant different were observed in the post-test PVT. Results showed a main effect of ABG responding faster than students in the CG group. This demonstrated that 8 weeks physical training have an effect on vigilance performance and improve the efficiency of vigilance in high school students. Abstract The scientific literature has shown the beneficial effects of chronic Physical Exercise (PE) on a wide range of tasks that involve high-order functioning. For this reason, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of active breaks on physical fitness and vigilance performance in high school students through eight weeks of physical training. A total of 42 healthy students (age = 16.50 ± 0.59 years; height = 171.08 ± 8.07 cm; weight = 67.10 ± 13.76 kg) from one Andalusian high school (Spain) were assigned for convenience and matched into two groups, a Control Group (CG) and an Active-Break Group (ABG). The ABG performed two active breaks (based on strength and self-loading exercises) during the school day, first at 10:00 a.m. and second at 12:30 p.m. The participants were assessed before and after the training program using the Alpha-Fitness test battery and the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT). Significant differences were observed in the post-training PVT results, compared with the pretraining PVT, showing ABG responding faster than CG. Thus, the presents study demonstrated that eight weeks of physical training affects vigilance performance (compared to CG) and improves the efficiency of vigilance in high school students, contributing to enhancement of quality of education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Tomás González-Fernández
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Pontifical University of Comillas (Centro de Estudios Superiores Alberta Giménez), 07013 Palma de Mallorca, Spain;
- SER Research Group, Pontifical University of Comillas (Centro de Estudios Superiores Alberta Giménez), 07013 Palma, Spain
| | - Sixto González-Víllora
- Department of Physical Education, Arts and Music, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain; (S.G.-V.); (J.C.P.-V.)
| | - Salvador Baena-Morales
- EDUCAFD Research Group, Department of General Didactic and Specific Didactics, Faculty of Education, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Juan Carlos Pastor-Vicedo
- Department of Physical Education, Arts and Music, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain; (S.G.-V.); (J.C.P.-V.)
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Georgian Badicu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, University Transilvania of Brasov, 500068 Brasov, Romania;
| | - Eugenia Murawska-Ciałowicz
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence:
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160
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Wu Z, Zhang H, Miao X, Li H, Pan H, Zhou D, Liu Y, Li Z, Wang J, Liu X, Zheng D, Li X, Wang W, Guo X, Tao L. High-intensity physical activity is not associated with better cognition in the elder: evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2021; 13:182. [PMID: 34732248 PMCID: PMC8567563 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00923-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background To evaluate the association of physical activity (PA) intensity with cognitive performance at baseline and during follow-up. Methods A total of 4039 participants aged 45 years or above from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study were enrolled in visit 1 (2011–2012) and followed for cognitive function in visit 2 (2013–2014), visit 3 (2015–2016), and visit 4 (2017–2018). We analyzed the association of PA intensity with global cognition, episodic memory, and mental intactness at baseline using adjusted regression methods and evaluated the long-term effect of PA intensity using multiple measures of cognition scores by mixed effect model. Results In cross-sectional analysis, mild and moderate PA, rather than vigorous PA, was associated with better cognitive performance. The results remained consistent in multiple sensitivity analyses. During the follow-up, participant with mild PA had a 0.56 (95% CI 0.12–0.99) higher global cognition, 0.23 (95% CI 0.01–0.46) higher episodic memory, and 0.33 (95% CI 0.01–0.64) higher mental intactness, while those with moderate PA had a 0.74 (95% CI 0.32–1.17) higher global score, 0.32 (95% CI 0.09–0.54) higher episodic memory, and 0.43 (95% CI 0.12–0.74) higher mental intactness, compared with individuals without PA. Vigorous PA was not beneficial to the long-term cognitive performance. Conclusions Our study indicates that mild and moderate PA could improve cognitive performance, rather than the vigorous activity. The targeted intensity of PA might be more effective to achieve the greatest cognition improvement considering age and depressive status. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-021-00923-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Wu
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen Street, Beijing, 100069, China.,Centre for Precision Health, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Haiping Zhang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen Street, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xinlei Miao
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen Street, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Haibin Li
- Heart Center & Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiying Pan
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen Street, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Di Zhou
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen Street, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen Street, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen Street, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jinqi Wang
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen Street, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xiangtong Liu
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen Street, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Deqiang Zheng
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen Street, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wei Wang
- Centre for Precision Health, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Xiuhua Guo
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen Street, Beijing, 100069, China. .,Centre for Precision Health, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.
| | - Lixin Tao
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen Street, Beijing, 100069, China.
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161
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Tsai CL, Chang YC, Pan CY, Wang TC, Ukropec J, Ukropcová B. Acute Effects of Different Exercise Intensities on Executive Function and Oculomotor Performance in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise vs. High-Intensity Interval Exercise. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:743479. [PMID: 34720993 PMCID: PMC8548419 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.743479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A wealth of evidence has shown that a single bout of aerobic exercise can facilitate executive function. However, none of current studies on this topic have addressed whether the magnitude of the acute-exercise benefit on executive function and oculomotor performance is influenced by different aerobic exercise modes. The present study was thus aimed toward an investigation of the acute effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) vs. moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on executive-related oculomotor performance in healthy late middle-aged and older adults. Using a within-subject design, twenty-two participants completed a single bout of 30 min of HIIE, MICE, or a non-exercise-intervention (REST) session in a counterbalanced order. The behavioral [e.g., reaction times (RTs), coefficient of variation (CV) of the RT], and oculomotor (e.g., saccade amplitude, saccade latency, and saccadic peak velocity) indices were measured when participants performed antisaccade and prosaccade tasks prior to and after an intervention mode. The results showed that a 30-min single-bout of HIIE and MICE interventions shortened the RTs in the antisaccade task, with the null effect on the CV of the RT in the late middle-aged and older adults. In terms of oculomotor metrics, although the two exercise modes could not modify the performance in terms of saccade amplitudes and saccade latencies, the participants’ saccadic peak velocities while performing the oculomotor paradigm were significantly altered only following an acute HIIE intervention. The present findings suggested that a 30-min single-bout of HIIE and MICE interventions modulated post-exercise antisaccade control on behavioral performance (e.g., RTs). Nevertheless, the HIIE relative MICE mode appears to be a more effective aerobic exercise in terms of oculomotor control (e.g., saccadic peak velocities) in late middle-aged and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Liang Tsai
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Chang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Pan
- Department of Physical Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Chiao Wang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jozef Ukropec
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbara Ukropcová
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathological Physiology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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162
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The relationship of aerobic and motor fitness with executive functions in preadolescents. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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163
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Schaeffer E, Roeben B, Granert O, Hanert A, Liepelt-Scarfone I, Leks E, Otterbein S, Saraykin P, Busch JH, Synofzik M, Stransky E, Bartsch T, Berg D. Effects of exergaming on hippocampal volume and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol 2021; 29:441-449. [PMID: 34724287 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cognitive impairment is among the most burdensome non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) and has been associated with hippocampal atrophy. Exercise has been reported to enhance neuroplasticity in the hippocampus in correlation with an improvement of cognitive function. We present data from the Training-PD study, which was designed to evaluate effects of an "" training protocol on neuronal plasticity in PD. METHODS We initiated a 6-week exergaming training program, combining visually stimulating computer games with physical exercise in 17 PD patients and 18 matched healthy controls. Volumetric segmentation of hippocampal subfields on T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) serum levels were analyzed before and after the training protocol. RESULTS The PD group showed a group-dependent significant volume increase of the left hippocampal subfields CA1, CA4/dentate gyrus (DG) and subiculum after the 6-week training protocol. The effect was most pronounced in the left DG of PD patients, who showed a significantly smaller percentage volume compared to healthy controls at baseline, but not at follow-up. Both groups had a significant increase in serum BDNF levels after training. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study indicate that exergaming might be a suitable approach to induce hippocampal volume changes in PD patients. Further and larger studies are needed to verify our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Schaeffer
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrecht-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Benjamin Roeben
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Granert
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrecht-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Annika Hanert
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrecht-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Inga Liepelt-Scarfone
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.,IB Hochschule, Studienzentrum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Edyta Leks
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sascha Otterbein
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pavel Saraykin
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan-Hinrich Busch
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elke Stransky
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bartsch
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrecht-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrecht-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Neurodegeneration and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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164
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McMorris T. The acute exercise-cognition interaction: From the catecholamines hypothesis to an interoception model. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 170:75-88. [PMID: 34666105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An interoception model for the acute exercise-cognition interaction is presented. During exercise following the norepinephrine threshold, interoceptive feedback induces increased tonic release of extracellular catecholamines, facilitating phasic release hence better cognitive performance of executive functions. When exercise intensity increases to maximum, the nature of task-induced norepinephrine release from the locus coeruleus is dependent on interaction between motivation, perceived effort costs and perceived availability of resources. This is controlled by interaction between the rostral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula cortex. If perceived available resources are sufficient to meet predicted effort costs and reward value is high, tonic release from the locus coeruleus is attenuated thus facilitating phasic release, therefore cognition is not inhibited. However, if perceived available resources are insufficient to meet predicted effort costs or reward value is low, tonic release from the locus coeruleus is induced, attenuating phasic release. As a result, cognition is inhibited, although long-term memory and tasks that require switching to new stimuli-response couplings are probably facilitated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry McMorris
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 6PE, United Kingdom; Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Guildhall Walk, Portsmouth PO1 2ER, United Kingdom.
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165
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Zheng K, Zou L, Wei G, Huang T. Concurrent Performance of Executive Function during Acute Bouts of Exercise in Adults: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1364. [PMID: 34679428 PMCID: PMC8533767 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to systematically review the evidence on the effects of an acute bout of exercise on concurrent performance of core executive function (EF) during exercise in adults. Four electronic databases (i.e., PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and SportDiscus) were searched from inception dates to 30 December 2020. The literature searches were conducted using the combinations of two groups of relevant items related to exercise and executive function. Articles were limited to human studies in adults. The search process, study selection, data extraction, and study quality assessments were carried out independently by two researchers. A total of 4899 studies were identified. Twenty-two studies met our inclusion criteria. Of the 42 reported outcomes in the 22 studies, 13 (31%) of the 42 outcomes showed that core EF performance was enhanced during exercise and 14 (33%) found that core EF performance did not differ from control conditions. Fifteen (36%) found that core EF performance was impaired. Notably, improved EF performances tend to be observed during moderate-intensity exercise, whereas impaired EF performances were more likely to be observed at vigorous-high intensity. The review suggests mixed findings regarding the effects of an acute bout of exercise on concurrent performance of core EF. Exercise intensity seems to influence the effects. The underlying neural mechanisms remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefeng Zheng
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Liye Zou
- Exercise Psychophysiology Laboratory, Institute of KEEP Collaborative Innovation, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Gaoxia Wei
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China;
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
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166
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Tari B, Shirzad M, Behboodpour N, Belfry GR, Heath M. Exercise intensity-specific changes to cerebral blood velocity do not modulate a postexercise executive function benefit. Neuropsychologia 2021; 161:108018. [PMID: 34487738 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Executive function is transiently improved (i.e., <60-min) following a single bout of aerobic exercise. A candidate mechanism for this improvement is an exercise-mediated increase in cerebral blood flow (CBF). Further, it has been proposed that an increase in CBF across the continuum of increasing exercise intensities improves the magnitude of a postexercise executive function benefit (i.e., drive theory); however, this proposal has not been empirically tested. Here, participants completed four experimental sessions: a V̇O2peak test to determine cardiorespiratory fitness and estimated lactate threshold (LT), followed by separate 10-min sessions of light- (i.e., 25 W), moderate- (i.e., 80% estimated LT), and heavy-intensity (i.e., 15% of the difference between LT and V̇O2peak) aerobic exercise. An estimate of CBF during exercise was achieved via transcranial Doppler ultrasound and near-infrared spectroscopy to quantify blood velocity (BV) through the middle cerebral artery and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb), respectively. Executive function was assessed before and after each session via the executive-mediated antisaccade task (i.e., saccade mirror-symmetrical to a target). Results demonstrated that BV increased in relation to increasing exercise intensity, whereas HHb decreased by a comparable magnitude independent of intensity. In terms of executive function, null hypothesis and equivalence tests indicated a comparable magnitude postexercise reduction in antisaccade reaction time across exercise intensities. Accordingly, the magnitude of CBF change during exercise does not impact the magnitude of a postexercise executive function benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tari
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Mustafa Shirzad
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Nikan Behboodpour
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Glen R Belfry
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada; Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, University of Western Ontario, 1201 Western Rd, London, ON, N6G 1H1, Canada
| | - Matthew Heath
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada; Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, University of Western Ontario, 1201 Western Rd, London, ON, N6G 1H1, Canada; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada.
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167
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Jung M, Ryu S, Kang M, Javadi AH, Loprinzi PD. Evaluation of the transient hypofrontality theory in the context of exercise: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 75:1193-1214. [PMID: 34523365 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211048807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating research suggests that, as a result of reduced neural activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), higher-order cognitive function may be compromised while engaging in high-intensity acute exercise, with this phenomenon referred to as the transient hypofrontality effect. However, findings in this field remain unclear and lack a thorough synthesis of the evidence. Therefore, the purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of in-task acute exercise on cognitive function, and further, to examine whether this effect is moderated by the specific type of cognition (i.e., PFC-dependent vs. non-PFC-dependent). Studies were identified by electronic databases in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. In total, 22 studies met our inclusion criteria and intercept only meta-regression models with robust variance estimation were used to calculate the weighted average effect sizes across studies. Acute exercise at all intensities did not influence cognitive function (β = -0.16, 95% CI = [-0.58, 0.27], p = .45) when exercise occurred during the cognitive task, and no significant moderation effects emerged. However, there was evidence that cognitive task type (PFC-dependent vs. non-PFC-dependent) moderated the effect of high-intensity acute exercise on a concomitant cognitive performance (β = -0.81, 95% CI = [-1.60, -0.02], p = .04). Specifically, our findings suggest that PFC-dependent cognition is impaired while engaging in an acute bout of high-intensity exercise, providing support for the transient hypofrontality theory. We discuss these findings in the context of reticular-activating and cognitive-energetic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungjin Jung
- Health and Sport Analytics Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Seungho Ryu
- Health and Sport Analytics Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Minsoo Kang
- Health and Sport Analytics Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Amir-Homayoun Javadi
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.,School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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168
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Pascoe MC, Bailey AP, Craike M, Carter T, Patten RK, Stepto NK, Parker AG. Single Session and Short-Term Exercise for Mental Health Promotion in Tertiary Students: A Scoping Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:72. [PMID: 34635969 PMCID: PMC8505587 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00358-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Exercise can improve mental health; however many tertiary students do not reach recommended levels of weekly engagement. Short-term exercise may be more achievable for tertiary students to engage in to promote mental health, particularly during times of high stress. The current scoping review aimed to provide an overview of controlled trials testing the effect of short-term (single bout and up to 3 weeks) exercise across mental health domains, both at rest and in response to an experimentally manipulated laboratory stress task, in tertiary students. The search was conducted using 'Evidence Finder,' a database of published and systematic reviews and controlled trials of interventions in the youth mental health field. A total of 14 trials meet inclusion criteria, six measured mental health symptoms in response to an experimentally manipulated laboratory stress task and the remaining eight measured mental health symptoms. We found that short-term exercise interventions appeared to reduce anxiety like symptoms and anxiety sensitivity and buffered against a drop in mood following an experimentally manipulated laboratory stress task. There was limited available evidence testing the impacts of exercise on depression like symptoms and other mental health mental health domains, suggesting further work is required. Universities should consider implementing methods to increase student knowledge about the relationship between physical exercise and mental health and student access to exercise facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela C Pascoe
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, Australia.
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - Alan P Bailey
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Melinda Craike
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, Australia
- Mitchell Institute, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, Australia
| | - Tim Carter
- Institute of Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Triumph Road, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rhiannon K Patten
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, Australia
| | - Nigel K Stepto
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, Australia
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Victoria University, St Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia
- Medicine-Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, Melbourne University, Sunshine, VIC, 3020, Australia
| | - Alexandra G Parker
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 3011, Australia
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
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169
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da Silva DNFB, Faro HKC, Tavares MPM, do Nascimento Neto LI, Agrícola PMD, Machado DGDS. Influence of workplace exercise on workers' cognitive performance. Rev Bras Med Trab 2021; 19:157-164. [PMID: 34603411 PMCID: PMC8447644 DOI: 10.47626/1679-4435-2021-573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Occupational tasks require physical and cognitive efforts. Within this context, workplace exercise seems to be a promising intervention to improve physical capacity. However, little is known about the influence of workplace exercise on cognitive performance. Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the influence of workplace exercise on cognitive performance in administrative office workers. Methods This cross-sectional study included 16 workers who performed workplace exercise training and 14 workers who did not (control group). The assessments were conducted after 3 months of workplace exercise training (stretching exercises, two to three times/week, 10-15 minutes/day). Physical activity level was assessed with the short form of International Physical Activity Questionnaire, while cognitive performance was assessed using computerized versions of Stroop color-word test and Corsi block-tapping test. Results There was no significant difference between the groups in any Stroop test phases or in Stroop interference (349.3 ± 103.52 vs. 416.0 ± 129.7 ms; 5.37 ± 2.11 vs. 10.12 ± 6.55 %error; p > 0.05). No difference was found in Corsi test sequence of blocks (5.50 ± 0.82 vs. 5.57 ± 0.76 blocks) or in the total score (45.19 ± 15.96 vs. 46.93 ± 15.93 points; p > 0.77). Conclusions The results of this study suggest that 12 weeks of workplace exercise training does not improve the cognitive performance of office workers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Gomes da Silva Machado
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Collective Health, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
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170
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Abstract
Numerous studies show that exercise benefits memory and some show that acute exercise prior to encoding has larger benefits than exercise after encoding. This study was designed to investigate the effects of acute exercise on memory in middle-aged and older adults (Mage = 64.71 years) and to explore the influence of the timing of the exercise on these effects. Using a within-subjects design, moderate-intensity exercise (20 min) was either not performed (control), performed before the task (exercise prior), or performed after the task (exercise post). Memory was assessed using the Rey Auditory Learning Verbal Test. For short- and long-term memory and learning, significantly more words were remembered in the exercise-prior condition than the others. For 24-hr recall, participants remembered significantly more words in the exercise-prior condition than exercise post, which was better than control. Exercise benefits memory for healthy middle-aged and older adults, with the greatest benefits when performed prior to encoding.
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171
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Brunyé TT, Yau K, Okano K, Elliott G, Olenich S, Giles GE, Navarro E, Elkin-Frankston S, Young AL, Miller EL. Toward Predicting Human Performance Outcomes From Wearable Technologies: A Computational Modeling Approach. Front Physiol 2021; 12:738973. [PMID: 34566701 PMCID: PMC8458818 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.738973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wearable technologies for measuring digital and chemical physiology are pervading the consumer market and hold potential to reliably classify states of relevance to human performance including stress, sleep deprivation, and physical exertion. The ability to efficiently and accurately classify physiological states based on wearable devices is improving. However, the inherent variability of human behavior within and across individuals makes it challenging to predict how identified states influence human performance outcomes of relevance to military operations and other high-stakes domains. We describe a computational modeling approach to address this challenge, seeking to translate user states obtained from a variety of sources including wearable devices into relevant and actionable insights across the cognitive and physical domains. Three status predictors were considered: stress level, sleep status, and extent of physical exertion; these independent variables were used to predict three human performance outcomes: reaction time, executive function, and perceptuo-motor control. The approach provides a complete, conditional probabilistic model of the performance variables given the status predictors. Construction of the model leverages diverse raw data sources to estimate marginal probability density functions for each of six independent and dependent variables of interest using parametric modeling and maximum likelihood estimation. The joint distributions among variables were optimized using an adaptive LASSO approach based on the strength and directionality of conditional relationships (effect sizes) derived from meta-analyses of extant research. The model optimization process converged on solutions that maintain the integrity of the original marginal distributions and the directionality and robustness of conditional relationships. The modeling framework described provides a flexible and extensible solution for human performance prediction, affording efficient expansion with additional independent and dependent variables of interest, ingestion of new raw data, and extension to two- and three-way interactions among independent variables. Continuing work includes model expansion to multiple independent and dependent variables, real-time model stimulation by wearable devices, individualized and small-group prediction, and laboratory and field validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tad T Brunyé
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army DEVCOM Soldier Center, Natick, MA, United States.,Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Kenny Yau
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Kana Okano
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Grace Elliott
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Sara Olenich
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Grace E Giles
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army DEVCOM Soldier Center, Natick, MA, United States.,Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Ester Navarro
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Seth Elkin-Frankston
- Cognitive Science Team, US Army DEVCOM Soldier Center, Natick, MA, United States.,Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Alexander L Young
- Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Eric L Miller
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
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172
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Paul AP, McNulty B, Parcetich KM. Influence of Single Bouts of Aerobic Exercise on Dual-Tasking Performance in Healthy Adults. J Mot Behav 2021; 54:372-381. [PMID: 34547989 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2021.1980366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Dual-tasking performance (DTP) is critical for most real-life activities. Interventions to improve DTP would be clinically valuable. This study investigated effects of single-bouts of two different aerobic exercises on the performance of Extended cognitive Timed-Up and Go (ETUGcog), a dual-task test involving concurrent performance of a physical (ETUG) and cognitive (counting backwards serial 7 s) task. Twenty-two adults performed single bouts of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity exercise (MIE), separately. ETUGcog was performed before, immediately following, and 24 hours after each exercise. Number and rates of correct serial 7 s were significantly higher 24 hours after HIIT, with no difference in times to complete ETUGcog. No such effects were found for MIE. Single bouts of HIIT could provide delayed improvements in DTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arco P Paul
- Department of Physical Therapy, Radford University Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Carilion Roanoke Community Hospital, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Brendan McNulty
- Genesis Rehab Services, Envoy of Staunton, Staunton, Virginia, USA
| | - Kevin M Parcetich
- Department of Physical Therapy, Radford University Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
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173
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Engeroff T, Banzer W, Niederer D. The impact of regular activity and exercise intensity on the acute effects of resistance exercise on cognitive function. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32:94-105. [PMID: 34533869 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Beneficial acute effects of resistance exercise on cognitive functions may be modified by exercise intensity or by habitual physical activity. Twenty-six participants (9 female and 17 male; 25.5 ± 3.4 years) completed four resistance exercise interventions in a randomized order on separate days (≥48 h washout). The intensities were set at 60%, 75%, and 90% of the one repetition maximum (1RM). Three interventions had matched workloads (equal resistance*nrepetitions ). One intervention applied 75% of the 1RM and a 50% reduced workload (resistance*nrepetitions = 50%). Cognitive attention (Trail Making Test A-TMTA), task switching (Trail Making Test B-TMTB), and working memory (Digit Reading Spans Backward) were assessed before and immediately after exercise. Habitual activity was assessed as MET hours per week using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. TMTB time to completion was significantly shorter after exercise with an intensity of 60% 1RM and 75% 1RM and 100% workload. Friedman test indicated a significant effect of exercise intensity in favor of 60% 1RM. TMTA performance was significantly shorter after exercise with an intensity of 60% 1RM, 90% 1RM, and 75% 1RM (50% workload). Habitual activity with vigorous intensity correlated positively with the baseline TMTB and Digit Span Forward performance but not with pre- to post-intervention changes. Task switching, based on working memory, mental flexibility, and inhibition, was beneficially influenced by acute exercise with moderate intensity whereas attention performance was increased after exercise with moderate and vigorous intensity. The effect of regular activity had no impact on acute exercise effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Engeroff
- Division Health and Performance, Institute for Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Winfried Banzer
- Division of Preventive and Sports Medicine, Institute for Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel Niederer
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sports Science, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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174
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Acute exercise effects on inhibitory control and the pupillary response in young adults. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 170:218-228. [PMID: 34517033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has established an impact of acute exercise on cognitive performance, which has inspired investigations into neurobiological mechanisms that may underlie the observed benefits. Pupillary responses have been posited to reflect activation of such underlying neurobiological mechanisms. The current study recruited healthy young adults to investigate the effects of a single bout of moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic exercise on subsequent performance and pupillary responses during an inhibitory control task. Results showed that an acute bout of exercise was related to shorter reaction times and increased tonic pupil dilation during an inhibitory control task. Although pupillary responses did not mediate the acute exercise effect on inhibitory control, higher cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with greater phasic pupil dilation following exercise relative to seated rest. The current study supported the plausibility of the pupillary response as a marker of LC-NE system activation that is sensitive to acute exercise. Whether pupillary responses could account for transient benefits of acute exercise on brain and cognition remains unclear.
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175
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Mannberg A, Hendrikx J, Johnson J, Hetland A. Powder Fever and Its Impact on Decision-Making in Avalanche Terrain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189496. [PMID: 34574419 PMCID: PMC8465789 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of emotions, associated with "powder fever", on decision-making in avalanche terrain. BACKGROUND Skiing in avalanche terrain is a voluntary activity that exposes the participant to potentially fatal risk. Impaired decision-making in this context can therefore have devastating results, often with limited prior corrective feedback and learning opportunities. Previous research has suggested that arousal caused by emotions affects risk assessment and intentions to engage in risky behavior. We propose that powder fever may induce similar responses. METHODS We used the following two experimental methods: laboratory studies with visual visceral stimuli (ski movies) and a field study with real stimuli (skiing exciting terrain). We evaluated the effect of emotions on attention, risk assessment, and willingness to expose oneself and others to risk. RESULTS Both the laboratory studies and the field study showed that skiing-related stimuli had a relatively strong effect on reported emotions. However, we found very few significant effects on decision-making or assessment of risk. CONCLUSIONS Skiing activities make people happier. However, despite the clear parallels to sexual arousal, powder fever does not appear to significantly impair decision-making in our study. More research on the effects of powder fewer on milder forms of risk-taking behavior is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mannberg
- School of Business and Economics, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway;
| | - Jordy Hendrikx
- Snow and Avalanche Lab, Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA;
| | - Jerry Johnson
- Department for Political Science, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA;
| | - Audun Hetland
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Correspondence:
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176
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Znazen H, Slimani M, Hadadi A, Alzahrani T, Tod D, Bragazzi NL, Souissi N. Acute Effects of Moderate versus High-Intensity Strength Exercise on Attention and Mood States in Female Physical Education Students. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090931. [PMID: 34575080 PMCID: PMC8467463 DOI: 10.3390/life11090931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The presumed benefits of exercise/physical activity on the brain are an important public health issue. However, the experimental approach to understanding the effects of physical activity on the brain, and more particularly on cognitive functions, has only been studied recently. In particular, females remain underrepresented in the research, despite having a specific training/exercise adaptation/response. The aim of the present study was to examine the acute effects of high- and moderate-intensity strength exercise (3 sets of 8–10 repetitions and 3 sets of 6 repetitions, respectively, with each session lasting approximately 30 min) on attention and mood states in female physical education students. Forty-six female physical education students (Mage = 20.02 ± 1.05 years, MBody Mass Index = 21.07) volunteered to participate in this study. They were divided into three groups: a moderate-intensity strength exercise group (MISEG: n = 15), a high-intensity strength exercise group (HISEG: n = 16), and a control group (CG: n = 15). Attention and psychological states were assessed using the d2 test, Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) questionnaire, respectively, before and after each session. The data showed that in the MISEG attention increased, in terms of concentration (p = 0.05). RPE values, fatigue and confusion were higher for the HISEG than the CG (p < 0.05) and the MISEG (p < 0.05). Vigour was higher for the MISEG than other groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, moderate-intensity resistance exercise is an appropriate method to improve attention in female participants. The elevated cognitive performance may be due to the changes in RPE and mood states (fatigue, vigour and confusion subscales).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hela Znazen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, College of Education, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (H.Z.); (A.H.); (T.A.)
| | - Maamer Slimani
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Postgraduate School of Public Health, Genoa University, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Manouba 2037, Tunisia
- Correspondence:
| | - Atyh Hadadi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, College of Education, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (H.Z.); (A.H.); (T.A.)
| | - Turki Alzahrani
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, College of Education, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (H.Z.); (A.H.); (T.A.)
| | - David Tod
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK;
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada;
| | - Nizar Souissi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory ‘‘Sports Performance Optimization’’, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), El Menzah, Tunis 1004, Tunisia;
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177
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Anders JPV, Kraemer WJ, Newton RU, Post EM, Caldwell LK, Beeler MK, DuPont WH, Martini ER, Volek JS, Häkkinen K, Maresh CM, Hayes SM. Acute Effects of High-intensity Resistance Exercise on Cognitive Function. J Sports Sci Med 2021; 20:391-397. [PMID: 34267577 PMCID: PMC8256515 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of an acute bout of high-intensity resistance exercise on measures of cognitive function. Ten men (Mean ± SD: age = 24.4 ± 3.2 yrs; body mass = 85.7 ± 11.8 kg; height = 1.78 ± 0.08 m; 1 repetition maximum (1RM) = 139.0 ± 24.1 kg) gave informed consent and performed a high-intensity 6 sets of 10 repetitions of barbell back squat exercise at 80% 1RM with 2 minutes rest between sets. The Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) was completed to assess various cognitive domains during the familiarization period, immediately before, and immediately after the high-intensity resistance exercise bout. The repeated measures ANOVAs for throughput scores (r·m-1) demonstrated significant mean differences for the Mathematical Processing task (MTH; p < 0.001, η2p = 0.625) where post hoc pairwise comparisons demonstrated that the post-fatigue throughput (32.0 ± 8.8 r·m-1) was significantly greater than the pre-fatigue (23.8 ± 7.4 r·m-1, p = 0.003, d = 1.01) and the familiarization throughput (26.4 ± 5.3 r·m-1, p = 0.024, d = 0.77). The Coded Substitution-Delay task also demonstrated significant mean differences (CDD; p = 0.027, η2p = 0.394) with post hoc pairwise comparisons demonstrating that the post-fatigue throughput (49.3 ± 14.4 r·m-1) was significantly less than the pre-fatigue throughput (63.2 ± 9.6 r·m-1, p = 0.011, d = 1.14). The repeated measures ANOVAs for reaction time (ms) demonstrated significant mean differences for MTH (p < 0.001, η2p = 0.624) where post hoc pairwise comparisons demonstrated that the post-fatigue reaction time (1885.2 ± 582.8 ms) was significantly less than the pre-fatigue (2518.2 ± 884.8 ms, p = 0.005, d = 0.85) and familiarization (2253.7 ± 567.6 ms, p = 0.009, d = 0.64) reaction times. The Go/No-Go task demonstrated significant mean differences (GNG; p = 0.031, η2p = 0.320) with post hoc pairwise comparisons demonstrating that the post-fatigue (285.9 ± 16.3 ms) was significantly less than the pre-fatigue (298.5 ± 12.1 ms, p = 0.006, d = 0.88) reaction times. High-intensity resistance exercise may elicit domain-specific influences on cognitive function, characterized by the facilitation of simple cognitive tasks and impairments of complex cognitive tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Paul V Anders
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Education and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - William J Kraemer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Robert U Newton
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia
| | - Emily M Post
- Exercise Science Department, Ohio Dominican, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lydia K Caldwell
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Matthew K Beeler
- Department of Exercise Science, Hastings College, Hastings, NE, USA
| | - William H DuPont
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT, USA
| | - Emily R Martini
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jeff S Volek
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Keijo Häkkinen
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity & Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Carl M Maresh
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Scott M Hayes
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Chronic Brain Injury Initiative, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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178
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Interaction between decision-making and interoceptive representations of bodily arousal in frontal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2014781118. [PMID: 34452993 PMCID: PMC8536360 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014781118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
How bodily arousal states influence decision-making has been a central question in psychology, but the neural mechanisms are unclear. We recorded heart rate (HR), a measure of bodily arousal, while simultaneously monitoring neural activity in orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) of macaques making reward-guided decisions. In intact macaques, higher HR was associated with shorter reaction times. Concurrently, the activity of a set of neurons in OFC and dACC selectively encoded HR. Following amygdala lesions, HR generally increased, and now the relationship between HR and reaction times was altered. At the neural level, the balance of encoding in dACC shifted toward signaling HR, suggesting a specific mechanism through which bodily arousal influences decision-making. Decision-making and representations of arousal are intimately linked. Behavioral investigations have classically shown that either too little or too much bodily arousal is detrimental to decision-making, indicating that there is an inverted “U” relationship between bodily arousal and performance. How these processes interact at the level of single neurons as well as the neural circuits involved are unclear. Here we recorded neural activity from orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) of macaque monkeys while they made reward-guided decisions. Heart rate (HR) was also recorded and used as a proxy for bodily arousal. Recordings were made both before and after subjects received excitotoxic lesions of the bilateral amygdala. In intact monkeys, higher HR facilitated reaction times (RTs). Concurrently, a set of neurons in OFC and dACC selectively encoded trial-by-trial variations in HR independent of reward value. After amygdala lesions, HR increased, and the relationship between HR and RTs was altered. Concurrent with this change, there was an increase in the proportion of dACC neurons encoding HR. Applying a population-coding analysis, we show that after bilateral amygdala lesions, the balance of encoding in dACC is skewed away from signaling either reward value or choice direction toward HR coding around the time that choices are made. Taken together, the present results provide insight into how bodily arousal and decision-making are signaled in frontal cortex.
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179
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Ciria LF, Suárez-Pinilla M, Williams AG, Jagannathan SR, Sanabria D, Bekinschtein TA. Different underlying mechanisms for high and low arousal in probabilistic learning in humans. Cortex 2021; 143:180-194. [PMID: 34450566 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Humans are uniquely capable of adapting to highly changing environments by updating relevant information and adjusting ongoing behaviour accordingly. Here we show how this ability -termed cognitive flexibility- is differentially modulated by high and low arousal fluctuations. We implemented a probabilistic reversal learning paradigm in healthy participants as they transitioned towards sleep or physical extenuation. The results revealed, in line with our pre-registered hypotheses, that low arousal leads to diminished behavioural performance through increased decision volatility, while performance decline under high arousal was attributed to increased perseverative behaviour. These findings provide evidence for distinct patterns of maladaptive decision-making on each side of the arousal inverted u-shaped curve, differentially affecting participants' ability to generate stable evidence-based strategies, and introduces wake-sleep and physical exercise transitions as complementary experimental models for investigating neural and cognitive dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Ciria
- Mind, Brain & Behavior Research Center and Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Spain; Consciousness and Cognition Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Marta Suárez-Pinilla
- Consciousness and Cognition Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, UK; Office of the National Director for Dementia Research, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College of London, London, UK
| | - Alex G Williams
- Consciousness and Cognition Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sridhar R Jagannathan
- Consciousness and Cognition Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Sanabria
- Mind, Brain & Behavior Research Center and Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Tristán A Bekinschtein
- Consciousness and Cognition Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, UK.
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180
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Martelli D, Kang J, Aprigliano F, Staudinger UM, Agrawal SK. Acute Effects of a Perturbation-Based Balance Training on Cognitive Performance in Healthy Older Adults: A Pilot Study. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:688519. [PMID: 34485902 PMCID: PMC8415786 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.688519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by an alteration in the capacity to ambulate, react to external balance perturbations, and resolve cognitive tasks. Perturbation-based balance training has been used to induce adaptations of gait stability and reduce fall risk. The compensatory reactions generated in response to external perturbations depend on the activation of specific neural structures. This suggests that training balance recovery reactions should show acute cognitive training effects. This study aims to investigate whether exposure to repeated balance perturbations while walking can produce acute aftereffects that improve proactive and reactive strategies to control gait stability and cognitive performance in healthy older adults. It is expected that an adaptation of the recovery reactions would be associated with increased selective attention and information processing speed. Twenty-eight healthy older adults were assigned to either an Experimental (EG) or a Control Group (CG). The protocol was divided in 2 days. During the first visit, all participants completed the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) and the Trail Making Test (TMT). During the second visit, a cable-driven robot was used to apply waist-pull perturbations while walking on a treadmill. The EG was trained with multidirectional perturbations of increasing intensity. The CG walked for a comparable amount of time with cables on, but without experiencing perturbations. Before and after the training, all participants were exposed to diagonal waist-pull perturbations. Changes in gait stability were evaluated by comparing the distance between the heel of the leading leg and the extrapolated Center of Mass (Heel-XCoM Distance-HXD) at perturbation onset (PON) and first compensatory heel strike (CHS). Finally, the cables were removed, and participants completed the SDMT and the TMT again. Results showed that only the EG adapted the gait stability (p < 0.001) in reaction to diagonal perturbations and showed improved performance in the SDMT (p < 0.001). This study provides the first evidence that a single session of perturbation-based balance training produce acute aftereffects in terms of increased cognitive performance and gait stability in healthy older adults. Future studies will include measures of functional activation of the cerebral cortex and examine whether a multi-session training will demonstrate chronic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Martelli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Jiyeon Kang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Ursula M. Staudinger
- The Robert N. Butler Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sunil K. Agrawal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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181
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Dodwell G, Liesefeld HR, Conci M, Müller HJ, Töllner T. EEG evidence for enhanced attentional performance during moderate-intensity exercise. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13923. [PMID: 34370887 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Research on attentional control within real-world contexts has become substantially more feasible and thus frequent over the past decade. However, relatively little is known regarding how these processes may be influenced by common naturalistic behaviors such as engaging in physical activity, which is thought to modulate the availability of neurometabolic resources. Here, we used an event-related potential (ERP) approach to determine whether various intensities of aerobic exercise might affect the concurrent performance of attentional control mechanisms. Participants performed an additional-singleton visual search task across three levels of aerobic activity while seated on a stationary bicycle: at rest, during moderate-intensity exercise, and during vigorous-intensity exercise. In addition to behavioral measures, attentional processing was assessed via lateralized ERPs referencing target selection (PCN) and distractor suppression (PD ) mechanisms. Whereas engaging in exercise resulted in speeded response times overall, moderate-intensity exercise was found to uniquely eliminate the expression of distractor interference by the PCN while also giving rise to an unanticipated distractor-elicited Ppc. These findings demonstrate workload-specific and object-selective influences of aerobic exercise on attentional processing, providing insights not only for approaching attention in real-world contexts but also for understanding how attentional resources are used overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Dodwell
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heinrich R Liesefeld
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Markus Conci
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hermann J Müller
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Töllner
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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182
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Ayala N, Heath M. Pupillometry Reveals the Role of Arousal in a Postexercise Benefit to Executive Function. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1048. [PMID: 34439667 PMCID: PMC8394913 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A single bout of aerobic exercise improves executive function; however, the mechanism(s) underlying this improvement remains unclear. Here, we employed a 20-min bout of aerobic exercise, and at pre- and immediate post-exercise sessions examined executive function via pro- (i.e., saccade to veridical target location) and anti-saccade (i.e., saccade mirror symmetrical to a target) performance and pupillometry metrics. Notably, tonic and phasic pupillometry responses in oculomotor control provided a framework to determine the degree that arousal and/or executive resource recruitment influence behavior. Results demonstrated a pre- to post-exercise decrease in pro- and anti-saccade reaction times (p = 0.01) concurrent with a decrease and increase in tonic baseline pupil size and task-evoked pupil dilations, respectively (ps < 0.03). Such results demonstrate that an exercise-induced improvement in saccade performance is related to an executive-mediated "shift" in physiological and/or psychological arousal, supported by the locus coeruleus norepinephrine system to optimize task engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Ayala
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 3K7, Canada;
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 3K7, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Matthew Heath
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 3K7, Canada;
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 3K7, Canada
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183
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Effect of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Inhibitory Control of College Students with Smartphone Addiction. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5530126. [PMID: 34394381 PMCID: PMC8360726 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5530126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Inhibitory control deficits may be one important cause for smartphone addiction. The available studies have shown that acute aerobic exercise may improve the inhibitory control. However, there is still lack of research on how regimens of an acute exercise affect this inhibitory control. The present study was to examine the effects of an acute aerobic exercise at three different exercise intensities on changes in the inhibitory control function including response inhibition and interference control in college students with smartphone addiction. Methods Participants (n = 30; age 20.03 ± 0.96 years) with smartphone addiction were identified by the Mobile Phone Addiction Tendency Scale for College Students and randomized to study 1 and study 2 with 15 individuals each. Fifteen participants in study 1 were tested by the Go/NoGo task to explore the response inhibition, while other fifteen in study 2 were tested by the Flanker task to examine the interference control. The participants in study 1 and 2 were randomly assigned to three groups (5 in each) with exercising at low, moderate, and high intensity. The individual response inhibition and interference control were measured before and after 30 minutes acute aerobic exercise, respectively. Results In study 1, the accuracy of NoGo stimulus after 30 minutes of acute aerobic exercise was significantly increased (p ≤ 0.001) while the response time (RT) of Go stimulus was significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.001). The largest changes occurred in the moderate-intensity group for the accuracy of NoGo stimulus (p=0.012) and for the RT of Go stimulus (p ≤ 0.001). The results in study 2 showed no significant change in all three groups after exercise. Conclusions 30 minutes of acute aerobic exercise could effectively elicit changes of the response inhibition in college students with smartphone addiction. The largest improvement was observed in the moderate intensity of an acute aerobic exercise in college students with smartphone addiction.
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184
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Dupuy EG, Besnier F, Gagnon C, Vincent T, Grégoire CA, Blanchette CA, Saillant K, Bouabdallaoui N, Iglesies-Grau J, Payer M, Marin MF, Belleville S, Juneau M, Vitali P, Gayda M, Nigam A, Bherer L. COVEPIC (Cognitive and spOrt Virtual EPIC training) investigating the effects of home-based physical exercise and cognitive training on cognitive and physical functions in community-dwelling older adults: study protocol of a randomized single-blinded clinical trial. Trials 2021; 22:505. [PMID: 34325710 PMCID: PMC8319877 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, lockdown and social distancing measures are applied to prevent the spread of the virus. It is well known that confinement and social isolation can have a negative impact on physical and mental health, including cognition. Physical activity and cognitive training can help enhance older adults' cognitive and physical health and prevent the negative collateral impacts of social isolation and physical inactivity. The COVEPIC study aims to document the effects of 6 months of home-based physical exercise alone versus home-based physical exercise combined with cognitive training on cognitive and physical functions in adults 50 years and older. METHODS One hundred twenty-two healthy older adults (> 50 years old) will be recruited from the community and randomized to one of the two arms for 6 months: (1) home-based physical exercises monitoring alone and (2) combined physical exercises monitoring with home-based cognitive training. The primary outcome is cognition, including general functioning (Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score), as well as executive functions, processing speed, and episodic memory (composite Z-scores based on validated neuropsychological tests and computerized tasks). The secondary outcome is physical functions, including balance (one-leg stance test), gait and mobility performance (Timed Up and Go, 4-meter walk test), leg muscle strength (5-time sit-to-stand), and estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (Matthews' questionnaire). Exploratory outcomes include mood, anxiety, and health-related quality of life as assessed by self-reported questionnaires (i.e., Geriatric depression scale-30 items, Perceived stress scale, State-trait anxiety inventory-36 items, Perseverative thinking questionnaire, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale 10, and 12-item Short Form Survey). DISCUSSION This trial will document the remote monitoring of home-based physical exercise alone and home-based physical combined with cognitive training to enhance cognitive and physical health of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Remote interventions represent a promising strategy to help maintain or enhance health and cognition in seniors, and potentially an opportunity to reach older adults in remote areas, where access to such interventions is limited. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical trial Identifier NCT04635462 . COVEPIC was retrospectively registered on November 19, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Gabrielle Dupuy
- Research center and Centre ÉPIC, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H1T 1 N6, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3 J7, Canada.
| | - Florent Besnier
- Research center and Centre ÉPIC, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H1T 1 N6, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3 J7, Canada
| | - Christine Gagnon
- Research center and Centre ÉPIC, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H1T 1 N6, Canada
| | - Thomas Vincent
- Research center and Centre ÉPIC, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H1T 1 N6, Canada
| | - Catherine-Alexandra Grégoire
- Research center and Centre ÉPIC, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H1T 1 N6, Canada
| | - Caroll-Ann Blanchette
- Research center and Centre ÉPIC, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H1T 1 N6, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3 J7, Canada
| | - Kathia Saillant
- Research center and Centre ÉPIC, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H1T 1 N6, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada
- Research Center, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H1N 3 M5, Canada
| | - Nadia Bouabdallaoui
- Research center and Centre ÉPIC, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H1T 1 N6, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3 J7, Canada
| | - Josep Iglesies-Grau
- Research center and Centre ÉPIC, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H1T 1 N6, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3 J7, Canada
| | - Marie Payer
- Research center and Centre ÉPIC, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H1T 1 N6, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada
- Research Center, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3W 1 W5, Canada
| | - Marie-France Marin
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada
- Research Center, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3W 1 W5, Canada
| | - Sylvie Belleville
- Research Center, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H1N 3 M5, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H2V 2S9, Canada
| | - Martin Juneau
- Research center and Centre ÉPIC, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H1T 1 N6, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3 J7, Canada
| | - Paolo Vitali
- CIUSSS Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Gayda
- Research center and Centre ÉPIC, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H1T 1 N6, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3 J7, Canada
| | - Anil Nigam
- Research center and Centre ÉPIC, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H1T 1 N6, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3 J7, Canada
| | - Louis Bherer
- Research center and Centre ÉPIC, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H1T 1 N6, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3 J7, Canada.
- Research Center, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H1N 3 M5, Canada.
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185
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De Bartolo D, De Giorgi C, Compagnucci L, Betti V, Antonucci G, Morone G, Paolucci S, Iosa M. Effects of cognitive workload on heart and locomotor rhythms coupling. Neurosci Lett 2021; 762:136140. [PMID: 34324958 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Different physiological signals could be coupled under specific conditions, in some cases related to pathologies or reductions in system complexity. Cardiac-locomotor synchronization (CLS) has been one of the most investigating coupling. The influence of a cognitive task on walking was investigated in dual-task experiments, but how different cognitive tasks may influence CLS has poorly been investigated. Twenty healthy subjects performed a dual-task walking (coupled with verbal fluency vs calculation) on a treadmill at three different speeds (comfortable speed CS; fast-speed: CS + 2 km/h; slow-speed: CS-2 km/h) while cardiac and walking rhythms were recorded using surface electrodes and a triaxial accelerometer, respectively. According to previous studies, we found a cognitive-motor interference for which cognitive performance was affected by motor exercise, but not vice-versa. We found a CLS at the baseline condition, at fast speed in both cognitive tasks, while at comfortable speed only for the verbal fluency task. In conclusion, the cardiac and locomotor rhythms were not coupled at slow speed and at comfortable speed during subtraction task. Cognitive performances generally increased at faster speed, when cardiac locomotor coupling was stronger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela De Bartolo
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; IRRCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara De Giorgi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Braintrends Ltd, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Compagnucci
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Braintrends Ltd, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Betti
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; IRRCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Braintrends Ltd, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Antonucci
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; IRRCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Iosa
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; IRRCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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186
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Herold F, Törpel A, Hamacher D, Budde H, Zou L, Strobach T, Müller NG, Gronwald T. Causes and Consequences of Interindividual Response Variability: A Call to Apply a More Rigorous Research Design in Acute Exercise-Cognition Studies. Front Physiol 2021; 12:682891. [PMID: 34366881 PMCID: PMC8339555 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.682891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The different responses of humans to an apparently equivalent stimulus are called interindividual response variability. This phenomenon has gained more and more attention in research in recent years. The research field of exercise-cognition has also taken up this topic, as shown by a growing number of studies published in the past decade. In this perspective article, we aim to prompt the progress of this research field by (i) discussing the causes and consequences of interindividual variability, (ii) critically examining published studies that have investigated interindividual variability of neurocognitive outcome parameters in response to acute physical exercises, and (iii) providing recommendations for future studies, based on our critical examination. The provided recommendations, which advocate for a more rigorous study design, are intended to help researchers in the field to design studies allowing them to draw robust conclusions. This, in turn, is very likely to foster the development of this research field and the practical application of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Herold
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Dennis Hamacher
- Department of Sport Science, German University for Health and Sports (DHGS), Berlin, Germany
| | - Henning Budde
- Faculty of Human Sciences, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Liye Zou
- Exercise and Mental Health Laboratory, Institute of KEEP Collaborative Innovation, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tilo Strobach
- Department of Psychology, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Notger G Müller
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- Department of Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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187
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Ben Ayed I, Castor-Guyonvarch N, Amimour S, Naija S, Aouichaoui C, Ben Omor S, Tabka Z, El Massioui F. Acute Exercise and Cognitive Function in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:749-760. [PMID: 34092631 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have shown the impact of acute aerobic exercises (AAE) on cognition in healthy adults or at a pre-dementia stage. Few studies, however, have explored the positive effects of AAE in moderate Alzheimer's disease (ADM) patients. OBJECTIVE Evaluating the effect of AAE on cognitive functions in ADM patients. METHODS Overall, 79 (age: 69.62±0.99) ADM patients were recruited. Participants were divided into three groups according to the task: aerobic exercises done alone or combined with cognitive games presented on a screen, and a control group who performed a reading task. The aerobic exercise protocol consisted of a 20-min cycling exercise of moderate intensity, corresponding to 60%of the individual target maximal heart rate recorded in a 6-minute walking test. The participants' cognition was monitored before and after the intervention using the Tower of Hanoi, Digit Span, and Stroop tasks. RESULTS After the exercise, the participants' attention in both the physical and combined groups improved for the Stroop, the forward and backward Digit Span tasks, as well as the time taken to solve the Tower of Hanoi, although no significant differences were found in the number of moves taken in the latter. By contrast, the control group did not show any significant improvement for most of the cognitive tasks after the reading session. CONCLUSION Current evidence suggests that AAE may help to improve cognitive functions in ADM patients. This improvement is enhanced when the exercise is combined with cognitive games. Safe and progressive types of exercises should be promoted among ADM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Ben Ayed
- Laboratory of Physiology and Functional Explorations, Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Physiopathology (LR19ES09), Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Human and Artificial Cognition (EA 4004), Psychology UFR, University of Vincennes/Saint-Denis, Paris, France
| | - Naomie Castor-Guyonvarch
- Laboratory of Human and Artificial Cognition (EA 4004), Psychology UFR, University of Vincennes/Saint-Denis, Paris, France
| | - Souad Amimour
- Laboratory of Human and Artificial Cognition (EA 4004), Psychology UFR, University of Vincennes/Saint-Denis, Paris, France.,University of Algiers 2, Bouzaréah, Algeria
| | - Salma Naija
- Neurology Department, University Hospital Sahloul Sousse, Sahloul, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Chirine Aouichaoui
- Laboratory of Physiology and Functional Explorations, Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Physiopathology (LR19ES09), Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Sana Ben Omor
- Neurology Department, University Hospital Sahloul Sousse, Sahloul, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Zouhair Tabka
- Laboratory of Physiology and Functional Explorations, Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Physiopathology (LR19ES09), Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Farid El Massioui
- Laboratory of Human and Artificial Cognition (EA 4004), Psychology UFR, University of Vincennes/Saint-Denis, Paris, France
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188
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Cisek-Woźniak A, Mruczyk K, Wójciak RW. The Association between Physical Activity and Selected Parameters of Psychological Status and Dementia in Older Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:7549. [PMID: 34299996 PMCID: PMC8307332 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity has an unquestionable impact on broadly understood human health. One interesting issue related to this is the importance of movement on mental health and cognitive functioning. Research shows that regular physical activity improves the cognitive functioning of adults and people with mental disorders. Regular physical activity can be an important and powerful protective factor in cognitive impairment and dementia in the elderly, and exercise is an important non-pharmacological treatment for mild cognitive impairment or neurodegenerative diseases. This study aims to present the impact of physical activity on selected cognitive functions in physically active women over 60 years of age. The research was carried out in a group of 110 generally healthy women from the area of western Poland over 60 years of age, who were divided into four groups based on the intensity of their physical activity. A pedometer (sport watch) and a physical activity diary were used to measure physical activity. Body Mass Index was assessed. Selected cognitive functions were assessed using the MMSE test, motor and psychomotor skills were measured, and Luria's auditory memory test and recall test, a clock drawing test, and a GDS test were performed. There were statistically significant relationships between the level of physical activity and the effectiveness of cognitive processes. These results show that about 5000 steps a day is enough to see a positive effect on the mental health and cognitive functioning of this group of the elderly population. The women had an average BMI of 28.1 ± 4.7. BMI, indicating an overweight condition (over 30 kg/m2), was observed in 31% of women. The results of this study lead the authors to conclude that physical activity positively influences cognitive function and can be recommended for all seniors who do not have other serious comorbidities that would prevent them from playing sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Cisek-Woźniak
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzow Wielkopolski, Poznan University of Physical Education, 66-400 Gorzow Wielkopolski, Poland;
| | - Kinga Mruczyk
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Physical Culture in Gorzow Wielkopolski, Poznan University of Physical Education, 66-400 Gorzow Wielkopolski, Poland;
| | - Rafał W. Wójciak
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland;
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189
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Sicard V, Caron G, Moore RD, Ellemberg D. Post-exercise cognitive testing to assess persisting alterations in athletes with a history of concussion. Brain Inj 2021; 35:978-985. [PMID: 34223775 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2021.1944668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Primary Objective: To determine whether a physical exercise protocol could reveal persistent cognitive alterations in university athletes with a history of concussion (HOC). Thirty-four HOC and 34 controls participated in this study.Research Design: Cross-sectional.Methods and Procedures: The exercise protocol consisted of a 20-min bout on a stationary bike at 80% of the theoretical maximal heart rate. Before and after the exercise, participants performed a computerized switch task designed specifically to recruit executive functions. Group × Condition (pre- and post-exercise) repeated measures of ANCOVAs for accuracy, reaction time, and inverse efficiency score on the switch task were conducted. Chi-square tests were run to determine if the proportion of HOC and controls who underperformed (at least 2SD lower than the control group's average score) at rest and post-exercise were similar. Whilst no interaction or main effects were found with ANCOVAs, significantly more HOC athletes (21%) underperformed following exercise than at rest (3%) on the switch task, p = .02. The current results indicate that an acute bout of exercise can reveal persistent alterations that are not present at rest in the protracted phase of concussion. They also highlight the importance of considering inter-individual differences in recovery trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronik Sicard
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Université De Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre De Recherche En Neuropsychologie Et Cognition, 90 Rue Vincent d'Indy, Université De Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gabriel Caron
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Université De Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre De Recherche En Neuropsychologie Et Cognition, 90 Rue Vincent d'Indy, Université De Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Robert Davis Moore
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Dave Ellemberg
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Université De Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre De Recherche En Neuropsychologie Et Cognition, 90 Rue Vincent d'Indy, Université De Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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190
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Nieman T, Bergelt M, Clancy J, Regan K, Hobson N, Dos Santos A, Middleton LE. Changes in cognitive control and mood across repeated exercise sessions. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2021; 13:853-870. [PMID: 34196482 PMCID: PMC9291128 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute exercise elicits benefits to cognition and mood. The consistency and accumulation of benefits across exercise sessions remains unclear. This exploratory study evaluated the reproducibility and accumulation of changes in cognitive control and mood across multiple exercise sessions. Thirty young healthy adults (18-35 years) were recruited to exercise (N = 14; age: 21.71 [SD = 1.64]; 57% female) or control (N = 16; age: 22.25 [SD = 3.68]; 56% female) groups. Participants attended six sessions over 2 weeks (EX = 20-min mod-intensity cycling; CO = 20-min reading). Cognitive control was assessed using a Flanker task (accuracy-adjusted response time, RTLISAS ) pre-/post-intervention. Mood was reported 5×/day on exercise and non-exercise days (pre, post, 11:30 am, 3 pm, and 8 pm) using the Bond-Lader VAS. Cognitive control and mood improved acutely (within session) following exercise compared with control (F(1, 592) = 6.11, p = .0137; F(1, 305.93) = 38.68, p < .0001; F(1, 307.06) = 13.69, p = .0003) and were consistent across sessions. Cognitive control also improved across sessions in both groups (F(5, 282.22) = 11.06, p < .0001). These results suggest that: (1) acute effects of exercise on cognition and mood are consistent across multiple sessions; (2) the Flanker task learning effects continue over many trials/sessions; and (3) accumulated mood effects require further investigation. Future studies should further explore the connection between acute exercise exposures and accumulated cognitive benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kayla Regan
- The University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Nic Hobson
- The University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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191
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Martins RMG, Duncan MJ, Clark CCT, Eyre ELJ. The acute effects of continuous and intermittent cycling on executive function in children. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 218:103363. [PMID: 34218076 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the effect of acute continuous and intermittent physical activity (PA) on children's executive function (EF). Twenty-four participants (14 boys M = 10.32 ± 0.48 years), using a within-subjects design, performed a continuous (70% HRmax) and an intermittent (≥85%HRmax; 12 bouts: 30 s work, 45 s rest) PA bout of cycling, both lasting 15 min. Executive function was assessed using the Stroop task, Digit Span and Corsi Blocks tests and these were administered before and 1 min and 30 min post PA. Comparing both conditions, performance at the Stroop task (i.e., reaction time) improved in the continuous condition after 1 min and after 30 min (congruent stimuli) (mean diff = 126 ms ± 59; p = 0.047 and mean diff = 89 ms ± 38; p = 0.031, respectively). The intermittent condition improved at 30 min post (congruent and incongruent) (mean diff = 116 ms ± 46; p = 0.021 and mean diff = 111 ms ± 49; p = 0.039, respectively) showing a delayed benefit from the PA bout and greater improvements compared to the continuous condition. Verbal memory was improved for the continuous condition 1 min post only and no effects on visual memory were observed for both experimental conditions. The results demonstrated that both acute PA bouts might be a time-efficient approach for enhancing EF, with intermittent PA having a delayed and greater benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M G Martins
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael J Duncan
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L J Eyre
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
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192
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The features and mission of sport psychology in China. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SPORT AND EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajsep.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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193
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Blakely MJ, Smith SL, Russell PN, Helton WS. The impact of cognitive load on climbing and climbing on cognitive performance. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2021; 94:103413. [PMID: 33838432 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the impact of increasing cognitive load on climbing performance and the impact of climbing on concurrent cognitive task performance. BACKGROUND Generally when two tasks are performed simultaneously performance of one or both suffers relative to performance of each alone. Such dual task decrement is not confined to competing cognitive tasks, but has also been found when one task involves demanding physical activity. METHOD Skilled climbers performed a traverse climb alone and in combination with low and high cognitive load counting tasks, which were also performed alone. RESULTS In more realistic physical settings, physical and cognitive tasks will interfere, unlike what some literature using laboratory physical tasks may indicate. CONCLUSION Compared to single task (climb only) performance concurrent counting and climbing resulted in impaired performance. However, climbers appeared to prioritize climbing over cognitive task performance. APPLICATION The results and this program of research have implications for occupations that involve concurrent demanding physical activity and cognitive task performance. PRéCIS: High risk, physical tasks in real world conditions appear to hinder cognitive performance more so than low-risk physical tasks carried out in laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Blakely
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Samantha L Smith
- Department of Psychology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Paul N Russell
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - William S Helton
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand; Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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194
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Zhu Y, Sun F, Chiu MM, Siu AYS. Effects of high-intensity interval exercise and moderate-intensity continuous exercise on executive function of healthy young males. Physiol Behav 2021; 239:113505. [PMID: 34153324 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study compared the executive function (EF) performance induced by moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) versus high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), under two exercise modalities (i.e., running vs. cycling), and explored whether the changes in EF performance were related to the hemodynamics response of the cerebral prefrontal area of the brain. METHODS In a randomized cross-over design, 16 male participants completed 4 main trials, i.e., 40 min of moderate-intensity continuous running (MICR) or cycling (MICC) with 60% maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), 33 min of high-intensity interval running (HIIR) or cycling (HIIC). For HIIR or HIIC trials, the exercise intensity was 60% VO2max for the first 5 min, followed by four 4-minute bouts of exercise at 90% VO2max, separated by 3-minute active recovery at 60% VO2max. EF was assessed via the Eriksen Flanker task (EFT) before (Pre), immediately after (Post 0), and 10 min after exercise (Post 10). Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) measured oxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb) concentrations in the prefrontal area. Each main trial measured the concentrations of blood glucose and lactate, heart rate, and rate of perceived exertion. RESULTS (1) Compared to the reaction time in EFT during the pretest, the corresponding reaction time was shorter at Post 10 (P < 0.01) but not at Post 0 (P = 0.06). Specifically, reaction time was shorter at Post 10 than in the pretest in HIIC (P = 0.04), MICC (P = 0.01), and HIIR (P < 0.01) but not MICR. (2) The fNIRS results revealed that O2Hb concentrations in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex area were much lower during Post 10 than during the pretest. (3) The blood lactate concentrations were not associated with EF performance regarding both accuracy and reaction time. CONCLUSION Compared to the pretest, EF was greater after the 10-minute rest during recovery but not immediately after exercise. The different HIIE or MICE protocols adopted in the present study may elicit minor differences regarding their effects on EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhu
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fenghua Sun
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Ming Ming Chiu
- Department of Special Education and Counselling & Assessment Research Centre, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Agatha Yi-Sum Siu
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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195
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Quinlan C, Rattray B, Pryor D, Northey JM, Coxon J, Cherbuin N, Andrews SC. A Short-Term Intervention of High-Intensity Exercise and Anodal-tDCS on Motor Learning in Middle-Aged Adults: An RCT. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:661079. [PMID: 34220470 PMCID: PMC8241928 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.661079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity exercise has enhanced motor learning in healthy young adults. Anodal-transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) may optimize these effects. This study aimed to determine the effects of a short-term high-intensity interval exercise intervention either with or without a-tDCS on the learning and retention of a novel motor task in middle-aged adults. Forty-two healthy middle-aged adults (age = 44.6 ± 6.3, female = 76%) were randomized into three groups: exercise and active a-tDCS, exercise and sham a-tDCS, and a non-exercise and sham a-tDCS control. Participants completed a baseline testing session, followed by three intervention sessions 48-h apart. The exercise groups completed 20-min of high-intensity exercise followed by a novel sequential visual isometric pinch task (SVIPT) while receiving 20-min of 1.5 mA a-tDCS, or sham tDCS. The control group completed 20-min of reading before receiving sham a-tDCS during the SVIPT. Learning was assessed by skill change within and between intervention sessions. Participants returned 5–7 days after the final intervention session and performed the SVIPT task to assess retention. All three groups showed evidence of learning on the SVIPT task. Neither group displayed enhanced overall learning or retention when compared to the control group. High-intensity exercise with or without a-tDCS did not improve learning or retention of a novel motor task in middle-aged adults. The methodological framework provides direction for future research to investigate the potential of differing exercise intensity effects on learning and retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Quinlan
- UC Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ben Rattray
- UC Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Disa Pryor
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Joseph M Northey
- UC Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - James Coxon
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicolas Cherbuin
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sophie C Andrews
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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196
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Schellewald V, Kleinert J, Ellegast R. Effects of two types of dynamic office workstations (DOWs) used at two intensities on cognitive performance and office work in tasks with various complexity. ERGONOMICS 2021; 64:806-818. [PMID: 33289621 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2020.1862308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the possible effects on objective work performance while using two types of dynamic office workstations (DOWs). 20 participants each used one type with three intensities (seated, light, moderate) and completed a task battery assessing cognitive performance and office work with two levels of complexity. Repeated measures MANOVA showed a significant interaction effect for work performance between the type of workstation and intensity for the simple level and a significant main effect for intensity for the complex level. Comparing the types of DOWs to each other, accuracy of text processing differed when working sedentary. Using both devices with light and moderate intensity had a significant detrimental effect on mouse tasks compared to working sedentary, but none comparing the intensities. No further results indicated neither a detrimental nor an enhancing effect of using DOWs on cognitive performance and office-work related tasks, regardless of the intensity of use or the task complexity. Practitioner Summary: By using DOWs, light physical activity can be integrated while working at a desk. Results showed that using different types of DOWs with different intensities does have a detrimental effect on tasks requiring a high motor control, but not on cognitive or further office work-related tasks of various complexity. Abbreviations: DOW: dynamic office workstation; aLT: activeLife Trainer; DB: deskbike; RPE: rated perceived exertion; MANOVA: multivariate analysis of variance; ANOVA: analysis of variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Schellewald
- Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (IFA), German Social Accident Insurance, Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Jens Kleinert
- Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Rolf Ellegast
- Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (IFA), German Social Accident Insurance, Sankt Augustin, Germany
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197
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The design fluency test: a reliable and valid instrument for the assessment of game intelligence? GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-020-00697-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe design fluency test (DFT) has been reported to predict successful sports performance of soccer players and has therefore been in the spotlight of sport psychology research. There is, however, a lack of research regarding the psychometric properties of the DFT in elite sports. Thus, the aim of this research was to provide findings of test–retest reliability, practice effects and the diagnostic power of the DFT. Multiple studies of youth and adult elite athletes, as well as nonathlete students, were conducted in applied settings. Test–retest relationship demonstrated poor to acceptable short-term and long-term correlations. Furthermore, significant changes between test and retest were obtained in some variables that differed among samples. The differential value of the DFT was corroborated by significant differences between adolescent students and adolescent elite soccer players. Regarding the prospective value, significant partial correlation coefficients were found between DFT scores and volleyball performance in adult elite players. Although our research partially confirmed previous findings on the differential and prospective power of the DFT, the findings on test–retest reliability indicate that the DFT cannot be recommended for application in sports. The psychometric properties—in particular the findings on test–retest reliability—of the DFT have to be improved before research can be carried out on the application for the selection of team sport athletes and for the prediction of future success in team sports. Further research is needed to develop a scientific instrument for the assessment of game intelligence.
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198
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Burin D, Kawashima R. Repeated Exposure to Illusory Sense of Body Ownership and Agency Over a Moving Virtual Body Improves Executive Functioning and Increases Prefrontal Cortex Activity in the Elderly. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:674326. [PMID: 34135743 PMCID: PMC8200494 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.674326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that the illusory sense of ownership and agency over a moving body in immersive virtual reality (displayed in a first-person perspective) can trigger subjective and physiological reactions on the real subject’s body and, therefore, an acute improvement of cognitive functions after a single session of high-intensity intermittent exercise performed exclusively by one’s own virtual body, similar to what happens when we actually do physical activity. As well as confirming previous results, here, we aimed at finding in the elderly an increased improvement after a longer virtual training with similar characteristics. Forty-two healthy older subjects (28 females, average age = 71.71 years) completed a parallel-group randomized controlled trial (RCT; UMIN000039843, umin.ac.jp) including an adapted version of the virtual training previously used: while sitting, participants observed the virtual body in a first-person perspective (1PP) or a third-person perspective (3PP) performing 20 min of virtual high-intensity intermittent exercise (vHIE; the avatar switched between fast and slow walking every 2 min). This was repeated twice a week for 6 weeks. During the vHIE, we measured the heart rate and administered questionnaires to evaluate illusory body ownership and agency. Before the beginning of the intervention, immediately after the first session of vHIE, and at the end of the entire intervention, we evaluated the cognitive performance at the Stroop task with online recording of the hemodynamic activity over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. While we confirm previous results regarding the virtual illusion and its physiological effects, we did not find significant cognitive or neural improvement immediately after the first vHIE session. As a novelty, in the 1PP group only, we detected a significant decrease in the response time of the Stroop task in the post-intervention assessment compared to its baseline; coherently, we found an increased activation on left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (lDLPFC) after the entire intervention. While the current results strengthen the impact of the virtual full-body illusion and its physiological consequences on the elderly as well, they might have stronger and more established body representations. Perhaps, a longer and increased exposure to those illusions is necessary to initiate the cascade of events that culminates to an improved cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Burin
- Department of Advanced Brain Science, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Smart Aging International Research Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Department of Advanced Brain Science, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Smart Aging International Research Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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199
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Bailey BW, Muir AM, Bartholomew CL, Christensen WF, Carbine KA, Marsh H, LaCouture H, McCutcheon C, Larson MJ. The impact of exercise intensity on neurophysiological indices of food-related inhibitory control and cognitive control: A randomized crossover event-related potential (ERP) study. Neuroimage 2021; 237:118162. [PMID: 34020012 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Food-related inhibitory control, the ability to withhold a dominant response towards highly palatable foods, influences dietary decisions. Food-related inhibitory control abilities may increase following a bout of aerobic exercise; however, the impact of exercise intensity on both food-related inhibitory control and broader cognitive control processes is currently unclear. We used a high-powered, within-subjects, crossover design to test how relative intensity of aerobic exercise influenced behavioral (response time, accuracy) and neural (N2 and P3 components of the scalp-recorded event-related potential [ERP]) measures of food-related inhibitory and cognitive control. Two hundred and ten participants completed three separate conditions separated by approximately one week in randomized order: two exercise conditions (35% VO2max or 70% VO2max) and seated rest. Directly following exercise or rest, participants completed a food-based go/no-go task and a flanker task while electroencephalogram data were recorded. Linear mixed models showed generally faster response times (RT) and improved accuracy following 70% VO2max exercise compared to rest, but not 35% VO2max; RTs and accuracy did not differ between 35% VO2max exercise and rest conditions. N2 and P3 amplitudes were larger following 70% VO2max exercise for the food-based go/no-go task compared to rest and 35% VO2max exercise. There were no differences between exercise conditions for N2 amplitude during the flanker task; however, P3 amplitude was more positive following 70% VO2max compared to rest, but not 35% VO2max exercise. Biological sex did not moderate exercise outcomes. Results suggest improved and more efficient food-related recruitment of later inhibitory control and cognitive control processes following 70% VO2max exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce W Bailey
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, 267 SFH, Provo, UT 84606, United States.
| | - Alexandra M Muir
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, United States
| | - Ciera L Bartholomew
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, 267 SFH, Provo, UT 84606, United States
| | | | - Kaylie A Carbine
- Department of Psychology, California State University Dominguez Hills, United States
| | - Harrison Marsh
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, 267 SFH, Provo, UT 84606, United States
| | - Hunter LaCouture
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, 267 SFH, Provo, UT 84606, United States
| | - Chance McCutcheon
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, 267 SFH, Provo, UT 84606, United States
| | - Michael J Larson
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, United States; Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, United States
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200
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Pruitt M, Morini G. Examining the Role of Physical Activity on Word Learning in School-Aged Children. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2021; 64:1712-1725. [PMID: 33909448 DOI: 10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Previous studies show that there is increased brain activity after exercise, leading to improved word recall in adults. The aim of this study was to examine whether different types of exercise (i.e., aerobic vs. anaerobic) may also lead to improved performance during vocabulary learning in children. Method A total of 48 participants (24 in Experiment 1 and 24 in Experiment 2) between the ages of 6 and 12 years completed a word learning task. Training of words took place in a resting and in an exercise condition using a within-subject design. In the resting measure, children were taught names of novel objects and then colored for 3 min before being tested on their ability to recognize the words. In the exercise condition, the same steps were followed, but instead of coloring, children engaged in 3 min of either aerobic exercise (i.e., swimming in Experiment 1) or anaerobic exercise (i.e., a CrossFit-like workout in Experiment 2). Results In Experiment 1, accuracy of word recognition was significantly higher for words that were trained in the aerobic exercise compared to the resting condition. In Experiment 2, there was no significant difference in performance between the anaerobic exercise and resting conditions. Conclusions These findings suggest that previously identified benefits of exercise on language abilities in adults also extend to school-aged children. However, not all types of physical activity lead to this boost in performance, as only aerobic (but not anaerobic) exercise improved children's ability to acquire new word-object relations. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14462187.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Pruitt
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, University of Delaware, Newark
| | - Giovanna Morini
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, University of Delaware, Newark
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