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Bae HJ, Jung KH, Eun JW, Shen Q, Kim HS, Park SJ, Shin WC, Yang HD, Park WS, Lee JY, Nam SW. MicroRNA-221 governs tumor suppressor HDAC6 to potentiate malignant progression of liver cancer. J Hepatol 2015; 63:408-19. [PMID: 25817558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Most common reason behind changes in histone deacetylase (HDAC) function is its overexpression in cancer. However, among HDACs in liver cancer, HDAC6 is uniquely endowed with a tumor suppressor, but the mechanism underlying HDAC6 inactivation has yet to be uncovered. METHODS Microarray profiling and target prediction programs were used to identify miRNAs targeting HDAC6. A series of inhibitors, activators and siRNAs was introduced to validate regulatory mechanisms for microRNA-221-3p (miR-221) governing HDAC6 in hepatocarcinogenesis. RESULTS Comprehensive miRNA profiling analysis identified seven putative endogenous miRNAs that are significantly upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While miR-221 was identified as a suppressor of HDAC6 by ectopic expression of miRNA mimics in Dicer knockdown cells, targeted-disruption of miR-221 repressed cancer cell growth through derepressing HDAC6 expression. Suppression of HDAC6 via miR-221 was induced by JNK/c-Jun signaling in liver cancer cells but not in normal hepatic cells. Additionally, cytokine-induced NF-κBp65 independently regulated miR-221, thereby suppressing HDAC6 expression in HCC cells. HCC tissues derived from chemical-induced rat and H-ras12V transgenic mice liver cancer models validated that JNK/c-Jun activation and NF-κBp65 nuclear translocation are essential for the transcription of miR-221 leading to repression of HDAC6 in HCC. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the functional loss or suppression of the tumor suppressor HDAC6 is caused by induction of miR-221 through coordinated JNK/c-Jun- and NF-κB-signaling pathways during liver tumorigenesis, providing a novel target for the molecular treatment of liver malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jin Bae
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea; Functional RNomics Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Hwa Jung
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea; Functional RNomics Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Woo Eun
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea; Functional RNomics Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Qingyu Shen
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea; Functional RNomics Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Seok Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea; Functional RNomics Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea; Functional RNomics Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Chan Shin
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea; Functional RNomics Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Doo Yang
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea; Functional RNomics Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sang Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea; Functional RNomics Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Young Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea; Functional RNomics Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Woo Nam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea; Functional RNomics Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea; Cancer Evolution Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea.
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152
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes a large proportion of chronic liver disease worldwide. The limited efficiency of current treatments based on the use of nucleotide/nucleoside analogues or interferon-alpha requires the development of new therapeutic tools for the treatment of chronic HBV. We summarize the most recent therapeutic strategies designed to directly target HBV-infected hepatocytes or to restore antiviral immunity during chronic HBV infection. RECENT FINDINGS Novel therapies directly target HBV-infected hepatocytes by inducing covalently closed circular DNA degradation or by inhibiting HBV entry or the expression of viral proteins. In addition, immunotherapeutic approaches may boost HBV-specific T-cell responses or stimulate the intrahepatic innate response. SUMMARY These new therapeutic approaches have mainly been tested in animal models. In humans, therapeutic strategies could be tailored to different chronic HBV patients in relation to their clinical and virological disease profile.
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153
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Lymphotoxin α, a novel target of posttranscriptional gene regulation by HuR in HepG2 cells. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1943-50. [PMID: 25980610 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The role of the RNA-binding protein human antigen R (HuR) in hepatocarcinogenesis is still elusive. By employing short hairpin (sh)RNA-dependent knockdown approach, we demonstrate that lymphotoxin α (LTα) is a target of posttranscriptional gene regulation by HuR in hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. Consequently, the increased mRNA decay upon HuR depletion significantly affects lymphotoxin expression at both, the mRNA and protein level. Biotin-pulldown assay showed that HuR specifically interacts with the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of the LTα mRNA. Furthermore, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) implicates that the RNA-binding critically depends on the RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) and the hinge region of HuR.
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154
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Schinzari V, Barnaba V, Piconese S. Chronic hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections and cancer: synergy between viral and host factors. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:969-74. [PMID: 26163104 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections represent major causes of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite inducing shared pathological events leading to oncogenic transformation, these two viruses present profound differences in their molecular features, life cycle and interplay with host factors, which significantly differentiate the prognostic and therapeutic approach to the related diseases. In the present review, we report the main mechanisms involved in the multistep process leading from HCV/HBV infection and cancer development, discussing side-by-side the analogies and differences between the two viruses. Such events can be broadly categorized into (a) direct oncogenic effects, involving integration in the host genome (in the case of HBV) and chromosomal instability, interference with oncosuppressor pathways, induction of oxidative stress, promotion of angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, alterations in the epigenetic asset and interaction with non-coding RNAs; and (b) indirect activities mostly mediated by host events, including chronic inflammation sustained by peculiar cytokine networks (such as interleukin-6 and lymphotoxins), metabolic dysfunctions promoted by steatohepatitis, interplay with gut microbiota and fibrotic events (mainly in HCV infection). This scenario suggests that the integrated study of viral and host factors may lead to the successful development of novel biomarkers and targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Schinzari
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - V Barnaba
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy; Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy.
| | - S Piconese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy; Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
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155
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Tan A, Koh S, Bertoletti A. Immune Response in Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 5:a021428. [PMID: 26134480 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) can replicate within hepatocytes without causing direct cell damage. The host immune response is, therefore, not only essential to control the spread of virus infection, but it is also responsible for the inflammatory events causing liver pathologies. In this review, we discuss how HBV deals with host immunity and how we can harness it to achieve virus control and suppress liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Tan
- Program Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857
| | - Sarene Koh
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, Singapore 117609
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Program Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857 Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, Singapore 117609 School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B16 2TT, United Kingdom
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156
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Robertson CL, Srivastava J, Rajasekaran D, Gredler R, Akiel MA, Jariwala N, Siddiq A, Emdad L, Fisher PB, Sarkar D. The role of AEG-1 in the development of liver cancer. Hepat Oncol 2015; 2:303-312. [PMID: 26798451 DOI: 10.2217/hep.15.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AEG-1 is an oncogene that is overexpressed in all cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma. AEG-1 plays a seminal role in promoting cancer development and progression by augmenting proliferation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis and chemoresistance, all hallmarks of aggressive cancer. AEG-1 mediates its oncogenic function predominantly by interacting with various protein complexes. AEG-1 acts as a scaffold protein, activating multiple protumorigenic signal transduction pathways, such as MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin while regulating gene expression at transcriptional, post-transcriptional and translational levels. Our recent studies document that AEG-1 is fundamentally required for activation of inflammation. A comprehensive and convincing body of data currently points to AEG-1 as an essential component critical to the onset and progression of cancer. The present review describes the current knowledge gleaned from patient and experimental studies as well as transgenic and knockout mouse models, on the impact of AEG-1 on hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadia L Robertson
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Sanger Hall, Room 11-0051101 East Marshall Street, PO Box 980033, Richmond, VA 23298-0033, USA
| | - Jyoti Srivastava
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Sanger Hall, Room 11-0051101 East Marshall Street, PO Box 980033, Richmond, VA 23298-0033, USA
| | - Devaraja Rajasekaran
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Sanger Hall, Room 11-0051101 East Marshall Street, PO Box 980033, Richmond, VA 23298-0033, USA
| | - Rachel Gredler
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Sanger Hall, Room 11-0051101 East Marshall Street, PO Box 980033, Richmond, VA 23298-0033, USA
| | - Maaged A Akiel
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Sanger Hall, Room 11-0051101 East Marshall Street, PO Box 980033, Richmond, VA 23298-0033, USA
| | - Nidhi Jariwala
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Sanger Hall, Room 11-0051101 East Marshall Street, PO Box 980033, Richmond, VA 23298-0033, USA
| | - Ayesha Siddiq
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Sanger Hall, Room 11-0051101 East Marshall Street, PO Box 980033, Richmond, VA 23298-0033, USA
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Sanger Hall, Room 11-0051101 East Marshall Street, PO Box 980033, Richmond, VA 23298-0033, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Sanger Hall, Room 11-0051101 East Marshall Street, PO Box 980033, Richmond, VA 23298-0033, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building 1220 East Broad Street, 7th Floor PO Box 980033, Richmond, VA 23298-0033, USA
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Sanger Hall, Room 11-0051101 East Marshall Street, PO Box 980033, Richmond, VA 23298-0033, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Molecular Medicine Research Building 1220 East Broad Street, 7th Floor PO Box 980033, Richmond, VA 23298-0033, USA
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157
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Naing C, Sitt T, Aung AT, Aung K. Sustained Virologic Response to a Dual Peginterferon alfa-2a and Ribavirin in Treating Chronic hepatitis C Infection: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1234. [PMID: 26222859 PMCID: PMC4554122 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Myanmar, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection prevalence is 2%. A combination therapy of pegylated interferon alfa-2a and ribavirin (PEG-IFNa/RBV) is a standard treatment, but the effect of this antiviral therapy needs evaluation as to determine the efficacy and safety of dual PEG-IFNa/RBV therapy in treating patients infected with HCV in Myanmar.This was a retrospective analysis of data from a single clinic exclusively for gastrointestinal diseases in Yangon, Myanmar. We assessed treatment responses at the defined time points and stratified by genotypes of HCV. We also determined incidences of adverse events (AEs). We investigated independent predictors of sustained virologic response (SVR) in the participants.A total of 362 HCV-infected cases were included in this study. The majority were females (51.7%) with mean age of 47.12 years (±11.6) and noncirrhosis patients (82%). Rapid virologic response (RVR), early virologic response (EVR), end of treatment response (ETR), and SVR 24 weeks after completion of the dual treatment were 50.3% (178/362), 88% (314/357), 80.1% (286/357), and 85.6% (167/195), respectively. The most frequently reported AEs were nausea/anorexia (72.8%) and flu-like symptoms (62.4%). In multivariate analysis, 4 factors were independently associated with SVR; SVR to genotype 3 (odds ratio [OR] 2.4, 95% CI: 1.24-4.62), EVR (OR 0.54, 95% CI: 0.3-0.95), and duration of treatment (OR 1.52, 95% CI: 1.18-1.98). Study limitations were acknowledged.The efficacy and safety of the dual therapy in treating HCV-infected patient in Myanmar was acceptable. We recommend a prospective randomized control trial looking at duration of therapy and rates of achieving SVR, which could significantly impact the care of HCV-infected patients in Myanmar and perhaps other countries as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho Naing
- From the Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI), International Medical University (IMU), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (CN); Option Endoscopy Centre (OEC) Specialist Clinic, Yangon, Myanmar (TS, ATA); and School of Medicine, IMU, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (KA)
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158
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Bonamassa B, Ciccarese F, Antonio VD, Contarini A, Palù G, Alvisi G. Hepatitis C virus and host cell nuclear transport machinery: a clandestine affair. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:619. [PMID: 26150811 PMCID: PMC4472997 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that factors encoded by cytoplasmic replicating viruses functionally interact with components of the nucleocytoplasmic transport apparatus. They do so either to access the cell nucleus, thus affecting genes expression, or to interfere with nuclear transport functionality, hindering host immune response. Recent studies revealed that the hepatitis C virus (HCV) makes no exception, interacting with the host cell nuclear transport machinery at two different levels. On the one hand, small amounts of both core and NS5A localize within the host cell nucleus during productive infection, modulating gene expression and signaling functions to promote persistent infection. On the other hand, HCV infection causes a profound redistribution of certain nucleoproteins to the close proximity of endoplasmic reticulum membrane-derived viral replication factories, where viral RNA amplification occurs. These nucleoporins are believed to form nuclear pore complex-like structures, as suggested by their ability to recruit nuclear localization sequence-bearing proteins. Thus, both processes are linked to virus-induced persistence and pathogenesis, representing possible targets for the development of novel anti-HCV therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bonamassa
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua , Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Contarini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua , Padua, Italy
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua , Padua, Italy
| | - Gualtiero Alvisi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua , Padua, Italy
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159
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Abstract
The inflammatory status of the tumor microenvironment (TME) has been heavily investigated in recent years. Chemokine- and cytokine-signaling pathways such as CCR7, CXCR5, lymphotoxin, and IL-36, which are involved in the generation of secondary lymphoid organs and effector immune responses, are now recognized as having value both as prognostic factors and as immunomodulatory therapeutics in the context of cancer. Furthermore, when produced in the TME, these mediators have been shown to promote the recruitment of immune cells, including T cells, B cells, dendritic cells (DCs), and other specialized immune cell subsets such as follicular DCs and T follicular helper cells, in association with the formation of "tertiary" lymphoid structures (TLSs) within or adjacent to sites of disease. Although TLSs are composed of a heterogeneous collection of immune cell types, whose composition differs based on cancer subtype, the qualitative presence of TLSs has been shown to represent a biomarker of good prognosis for cancer patients. A comprehensive understanding of the role each of these pathways plays within the TME may support the rational design of future immunotherapies to selectively promote/bolster TLS formation and function, leading to improved clinical outcomes across the vast range of solid cancer types.
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160
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Jang SW, Lim SG, Suk K, Lee WH. Activation of lymphotoxin-beta receptor enhances the LPS-induced expression of IL-8 through NF-κB and IRF-1. Immunol Lett 2015; 165:63-9. [PMID: 25887375 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LTβR), a receptor for LIGHT and LTα1β2, is expressed on the epithelial, stromal, and myeloid cells. LTβR is known to affect the lymphoid organ development and immune homeostasis. However, its role in macrophage function has not been sufficiently elucidated. The effect of LTβR stimulation in the inflammatory activation of macrophages was investigated by treating the human macrophage-like cell line THP-1 with LTβR-specific monoclonal antibody. Interestingly, combined treatment with anti-LTβR antibody and LPS caused the synergistic induction of IL-8 expression at the transcriptional level. Analysis indicated that nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity was enhanced via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β/cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) pathways. In addition, LTβR stimulation induced the expression of interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1, one of the major transcription factors of IL-8 gene. Down-regulation of IRF-1 expression reduced the enhancing effect caused by LTβR stimulation. This indicates that the LTβR stimulation enhances the LPS-induced expression of IL-8 via the combined action of NF-κB and IRF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Won Jang
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Geun Lim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
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161
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Markowitz GJ, Michelotti GA, Diehl AM, Wang XF. Inflammatory models drastically alter tumor growth and the immune microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2015; 60:762-772. [PMID: 26029472 DOI: 10.1007/s11434-015-0772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Initiation and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is intimately associated with a chronically diseased liver tissue. This diseased liver tissue background is a drastically different microenvironment from the healthy liver, especially with regard to immune cell prevalence and presence of mediators of immune function. To better understand the consequences of liver disease on tumor growth and the interplay with its microenvironment, we utilized two standard methods of fibrosis induction and orthotopic implantation of tumors into the inflamed and fibrotic liver to mimic the liver condition in human HCC patients. Compared to non-diseased controls, tumor growth was significantly enhanced under fibrotic conditions. The immune cells that infiltrated the tumors were also drastically different, with decreased numbers of natural killer cells but greatly increased numbers of immune-suppressive CD11b+ Gr1hi myeloid cells in both models of fibrosis. In addition, there were model-specific differences: Increased numbers of CD11b+ myeloid cells and CD4+ CD25+ T cells were found in tumors in the bile duct ligation model but not in the carbon tetrachloride model. Induction of fibrosis altered the cytokine production of implanted tumor cells, which could have farreaching consequences on the immune infiltrate and its functionality. Taken together, this work demonstrates that the combination of fibrosis induction with orthotopic tumor implantation results in a markedly different tumor microenvironment and tumor growth kinetics, emphasizing the necessity for more accurate modeling of HCC progression in mice, which takes into account the drastic changes in the tissue caused by chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey J Markowitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Gregory A Michelotti
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiao-Fan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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162
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Viruses in cancer cell plasticity: the role of hepatitis C virus in hepatocellular carcinoma. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2015; 19:A62-7. [PMID: 25691824 PMCID: PMC4322526 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2014.47132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are considered as causative agents of a significant proportion of human cancers. While the very stringent criteria used for their classification probably lead to an underestimation, only six human viruses are currently classified as oncogenic. In this review we give a brief historical account of the discovery of oncogenic viruses and then analyse the mechanisms underlying the infectious causes of cancer. We discuss viral strategies that evolved to ensure virus propagation and spread can alter cellular homeostasis in a way that increases the probability of oncogenic transformation and acquisition of stem cell phenotype. We argue that a useful way of analysing the convergent characteristics of viral infection and cancer is to examine how viruses affect the so-called cancer hallmarks. This view of infectious origin of cancer is illustrated by examples from hepatitis C infection, which is associated with a high proportion of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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163
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Ringelhan M, O'Connor T, Protzer U, Heikenwalder M. The direct and indirect roles of HBV in liver cancer: prospective markers for HCC screening and potential therapeutic targets. J Pathol 2015; 235:355-67. [PMID: 25196558 DOI: 10.1002/path.4434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains the number one risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), accounting for more than 600 000 deaths/year. Despite highly effective antiviral treatment options, chronic hepatitis B (CHB), subsequent end-stage liver disease and HCC development remain a major challenge worldwide. In CHB, liver damage is mainly caused by the influx of immune cells and destruction of infected hepatocytes, causing necro-inflammation. Treatment with nucleoside/nucleotide analogues can effectively suppress HBV replication in patients with CHB and thus decrease the risk for HCC development. Nevertheless, the risk of HCC in treated patients showing sufficient suppression of HBV DNA replication is significantly higher than in patients with inactive CHB, regardless of the presence of baseline liver cirrhosis, suggesting direct, long-lasting, predisposing effects of HBV. Direct oncogenic effects of HBV include integration in the host genome, leading to deletions, cis/trans-activation, translocations, the production of fusion transcripts and generalized genomic instability, as well as pleiotropic effects of viral transcripts (HBsAg and HBx). Analysis of these viral factors in active surveillance may allow early identification of high-risk patients, and their integration into a molecular classification of HCC subtypes might help in the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ringelhan
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Second Medical Department, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Germany
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164
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Gong J, He XX, Tian DEA. Emerging role of microRNA in hepatocellular carcinoma (Review). Oncol Lett 2014; 9:1027-1033. [PMID: 25663852 PMCID: PMC4315036 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is a type of cancer characterized by significant morbidity and high mortality rates worldwide. Previous studies have revealed that alterations in microRNA (miRNA) expression are a common feature of cancer. Furthermore, as evolutionarily conserved, non-encoding RNAs, miRNAs have demonstrated fundamental roles in the various biological processes involved in cancer. Genome-wide miRNA expression profile studies and bioinformatic methods have provided comprehensive insight into the role of cancer-related miRNAs. In addition, investigation of the function and mechanisms of miRNAs has provided an understanding of the association with the pathogenesis of cancer. In the present review, the tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressive roles and underlying mechanisms of certain significant miRNAs at a single and integral level are summarized. Furthermore, the recognition of miRNA-gene networks and current advances in the potential use of miRNA-based diagnosis and therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Gong
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Xing He
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - DE-An Tian
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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165
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Ding
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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166
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Ringelhan M, Reisinger F, Yuan D, Weber A, Heikenwalder M. Modeling human liver cancer heterogeneity: virally induced transgenic models and mouse genetic models of chronic liver inflammation. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 67:14.31.1-14.31.17. [PMID: 25446288 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph1431s67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In addition to being the most common primary liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related death in humans. Treatment options are limited for this chemoresistant cancer, with liver transplantation and surgical intervention in early stages being the most successful treatments. Drug development over the past 15 years has focused on generating mouse models that mimic the human pathology for HCC. This has enabled the laboratory testing of potentially new human therapeutics. Described in this unit are the classification of HCC and an overview of hepatitis virus-related transgenic and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) that are employed for elucidating the mechanism(s) responsible for the development of HCC, with particular emphasis on genetic, dietary, and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ringelhan
- Institute of Virology, München, Germany.,2nd Medical Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), München, Germany
| | | | | | - Achim Weber
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Zürich, Switzerland
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167
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Control of the inflammatory response mechanisms mediated by natural and induced regulatory T-cells in HCV-, HTLV-1-, and EBV-associated cancers. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:564296. [PMID: 25525301 PMCID: PMC4267219 DOI: 10.1155/2014/564296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus infections are involved in chronic inflammation and, in some cases, cancer development. Although a viral infection activates the immune system's response that eradicates the pathogen mainly through inflammatory mechanisms, it is now recognized that this inflammatory condition is also favorable to the development of tumors. Indeed, it is well described that viruses, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), Epstein Barr virus (EBV), human papillomavirus (HPV) or human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1), are important risk factors for tumor malignancies. The inflammatory response is a fundamental immune mechanism which involves several molecular and cellular components consisting of cytokines and chemokines that are released by various proinflammatory cells. In parallel to this process, some endogenous recruited components release anti-inflammatory mediators to restore homeostasis. The development of tools and strategies using viruses to hijack the immune response is mostly linked to the presence of regulatory T-cells (Treg) that can inhibit inflammation and antiviral responses of other effector cells. In this review, we will focus on current understanding of the role of natural and induced Treg in the control and the resolution of inflammatory response in HCV-, HTLV-1-, and EBV-associated cancers.
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168
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Wan LF, Zhao HB, Xue BY. Chronic liver inflammation and liver cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:4757-4761. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i31.4757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepadnavirus infection, alcohol abuse, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and contact with chemical poisons can lead to chronic liver inflammation. Current studies suggest that chronic inflammation of the liver is an important factor contributing to the occurrence, development and prognosis of liver cancer. Liver cancer is highly malignant and has a poor prognosis and high incidence. For better tumor prevention and treatment, it is important to fully understand the relationship between chronic liver inflammation and liver cancer. In this paper, we review recent progress in understanding the relationship between chronic liver inflammation and liver cancer.
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169
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Hoshida Y, Fuchs BC, Bardeesy N, Baumert TF, Chung RT. Pathogenesis and prevention of hepatitis C virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2014; 61:S79-90. [PMID: 25443348 PMCID: PMC4435677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the major aetiologic agents that causes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by generating an inflammatory, fibrogenic, and carcinogenic tissue microenvironment in the liver. HCV-induced HCC is a rational target for cancer preventive intervention because of the clear-cut high-risk condition, cirrhosis, associated with high cancer incidence (1% to 7% per year). Studies have elucidated direct and indirect carcinogenic effects of HCV, which have in turn led to the identification of candidate HCC chemoprevention targets. Selective molecular targeted agents may enable personalized strategies for HCC chemoprevention. In addition, multiple experimental and epidemiological studies suggest the potential value of generic drugs or dietary supplements targeting inflammation, oxidant stress, or metabolic derangements as possible HCC chemopreventive agents. While the successful use of highly effective direct-acting antiviral agents will make important inroads into reducing long-term HCC risk, there will remain an important role for HCC chemoprevention even after viral cure, given the persistence of HCC risk in persons with advanced HCV fibrosis, as shown in recent studies. The successful development of cancer preventive therapies will be more challenging compared to cancer therapeutics because of the requirement for larger and longer clinical trials and the need for a safer toxicity profile given its use as a preventive agent. Molecular biomarkers to selectively identify high-risk population could help mitigate these challenges. Genome-wide, unbiased molecular characterization, high-throughput drug/gene screening, experimental model-based functional analysis, and systems-level in silico modelling are expected to complement each other to facilitate discovery of new HCC chemoprevention targets and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Hoshida
- Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States.
| | - Bryan C Fuchs
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Nabeel Bardeesy
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- INSERM Unité 1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, and Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France; Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Raymond T Chung
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States.
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170
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Shen M, Duan X, Zhou P, Zhou W, Wu X, Xu S, Chen Y, Tao Z. Lymphotoxin β receptor activation promotes bladder cancer in a nuclear factor-κB-dependent manner. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:783-90. [PMID: 25369740 PMCID: PMC4262482 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BCa) is the most common tumor of the urinary system. Chronic inflammation in the papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMP)may contribute to carcinogenesis, including that of BCa, via poorly understood mechanisms. In this study, we show that the lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR) is upregulated in BCa via activation of the canonical and non-canonical nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways. The mRNA expression of LTβR in 81 BCa, 10 chronic cystitis and 23 healthy bladder mucosa tissues was investigated by reverse transcription-fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-FQ-PCR), and protein expression was studied in 73 BCa, 30 cystitis and 15 healthy paraffin-embedded tissue sections by immunohistochemistry. Both LTβR mRNA and protein were upregulated in BCa and cystitis compared to the healthy group (P<0.05). The mRNA level of the downstream NF-κB canonical pathway p65 gene and of the non-canonical pathway RelB gene were higher in the BCa and cystitis groups compared to the healthy one. The level of phosphorylated p65 (p-p65) protein of the canonical NF-κB pathway and that of p52, a protein of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway, were also higher in the BCa and cystitis group compared to the healthy group. The levels of these proteins significantly correlated to the pathological grade, clinical stage and lymph node metastasis of BCa patients (P<0.05). In addition, there was a positive correlation between LTβR and NF-κB pathway proteins. Thus, LTβR signaling may be involved in promoting BCa through the NF-κB pathway, and which may represent the molecular link between inflammation and BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Xiuzhi Duan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, P.R. China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Wenzhou WuMa Community Health Service Center, Wenzhou 325000, P.R. China
| | - Wu Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Xiuling Wu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Siqi Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Yuhua Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, P.R. China
| | - Zhihua Tao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, P.R. China
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171
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Wolf MJ, Adili A, Piotrowitz K, Abdullah Z, Boege Y, Stemmer K, Ringelhan M, Simonavicius N, Egger M, Wohlleber D, Lorentzen A, Einer C, Schulz S, Clavel T, Protzer U, Thiele C, Zischka H, Moch H, Tschöp M, Tumanov AV, Haller D, Unger K, Karin M, Kopf M, Knolle P, Weber A, Heikenwalder M. Metabolic activation of intrahepatic CD8+ T cells and NKT cells causes nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and liver cancer via cross-talk with hepatocytes. Cancer Cell 2014; 26:549-64. [PMID: 25314080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the fastest rising cancer in the United States and increasing in Europe, often occurs with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Mechanisms underlying NASH and NASH-induced HCC are largely unknown. We developed a mouse model recapitulating key features of human metabolic syndrome, NASH, and HCC by long-term feeding of a choline-deficient high-fat diet. This induced activated intrahepatic CD8(+) T cells, NKT cells, and inflammatory cytokines, similar to NASH patients. CD8(+) T cells and NKT cells but not myeloid cells promote NASH and HCC through interactions with hepatocytes. NKT cells primarily cause steatosis via secreted LIGHT, while CD8(+) and NKT cells cooperatively induce liver damage. Hepatocellular LTβR and canonical NF-κB signaling facilitate NASH-to-HCC transition, demonstrating that distinct molecular mechanisms determine NASH and HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Julia Wolf
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Arlind Adili
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Kira Piotrowitz
- LIMES Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn 53125, Germany
| | - Zeinab Abdullah
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53105, Germany
| | - Yannick Boege
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Stemmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München & Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich 81657, Germany
| | - Marc Ringelhan
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich 81675, Germany; Second Medical Department, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich 81657, Germany
| | - Nicole Simonavicius
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Michèle Egger
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Wohlleber
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Anna Lorentzen
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Claudia Einer
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Sabine Schulz
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Thomas Clavel
- Junior Group Intestinal Microbiome, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan 85350, Germany; Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, ZIEL-Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Biofunctionality Unit, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan 85350, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Christoph Thiele
- LIMES Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn 53125, Germany
| | - Hans Zischka
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Holger Moch
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München & Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich 81657, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Haller
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, ZIEL-Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Biofunctionality Unit, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan 85350, Germany
| | - Kristian Unger
- Research Unit of Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Percy Knolle
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53105, Germany; Institute of Molecular Immunology, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Achim Weber
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland.
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich 81675, Germany.
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172
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Bishayee A. The role of inflammation and liver cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 816:401-35. [PMID: 24818732 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0837-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Persistent inflammation is known to promote and exacerbate malignancy. Primary liver cancer, mostly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is a clear example of inflammation-related cancer as more than 90 % of HCCs arise in the context of hepatic injury and inflammation. HCC represents the fifth most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide with about one million new cases diagnosed every year with almost an equal number of deaths. Chronic unresolved inflammation is associated with persistent hepatic injury and concurrent regeneration, leading to sequential development of fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually HCC. Irrespective of the intrinsic differences among various etiological factors, a common denominator at the origin of HCC is the perpetuation of a wound-healing response activated by parenchymal cell death and the resulting inflammatory cascade. Hence, the identification of fundamental inflammatory signaling pathways causing transition from chronic liver injury to dysplasia and HCC could depict new predictive biomarkers and targets to identify and treat patients with chronic liver inflammation. This chapter critically discusses the roles of several major cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, transcription factors, and enzymes as well as a distinct network of inflammatory signaling pathways in the development and progression of HCC. It also highlights and analyzes preclinical animal studies showing innovative approaches of targeting inflammatory mediators and signaling by a variety of natural compounds and synthetic agents to achieve effective therapy as well as prevention of hepatic malignancy. Additionally, current limitations and potential challenges associated with the inhibition of inflammatory signaling as well as future directions of research to accelerate clinical development of anti-inflammatory agents to prevent and treat liver cancer are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Bishayee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, American University of Health Sciences, 1600 East Hill Street, Signal Hill, CA, 90755, USA,
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173
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Yamaguchi T, Yoshida K, Murata M, Matsuzaki K. Smad3 phospho-isoform signaling in hepatitis C virus-related chronic liver diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:12381-12390. [PMID: 25253939 PMCID: PMC4168072 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i35.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development increases as hepatitis virus C (HCV)-related liver diseases progress, especially in patients with active inflammation. Insight into hepatic carcinogenesis have emerged from recent detailed analyses of transforming growth factor-β and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase signaling processes directed by multiple phosphorylated (phospho)-isoforms of a Smad3 mediator. In the course of HCV-related chronic liver diseases, chronic inflammation and host genetic/epigenetic alterations additively shift the hepatocytic Smad3 phospho-isoform signaling from tumor suppression to carcinogenesis, increasing the risk of HCC. Chronic inflammation represents an early carcinogenic step that provides a nonmutagenic tumor-promoting stimulus. After undergoing successful antiviral therapy, patients with chronic hepatitis C could experience a lower risk of HCC as Smad3 phospho-isoform signaling reverses from potential carcinogenesis to tumor suppression. Even after HCV clearance, however, patients with cirrhosis could still develop HCC because of sustained, intense carcinogenic Smad3 phospho-isoform signaling that is possibly caused by genetic or epigenetic alterations. Smad3 phospho-isoforms should assist with evaluating the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing human HCC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/prevention & control
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Hepacivirus/drug effects
- Hepacivirus/genetics
- Hepacivirus/metabolism
- Hepacivirus/pathogenicity
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/complications
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/diagnosis
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/metabolism
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver/virology
- Liver Cirrhosis/drug therapy
- Liver Cirrhosis/genetics
- Liver Cirrhosis/metabolism
- Liver Cirrhosis/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis/virology
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Liver Neoplasms/virology
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Smad3 Protein/genetics
- Smad3 Protein/metabolism
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174
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Yang P, Markowitz GJ, Wang XF. The hepatitis B virus-associated tumor microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma. Natl Sci Rev 2014; 1:396-412. [PMID: 25741453 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwu038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to a majority of cancer types, the initiation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is intimately associated with a chronically diseased liver tissue, with one of the most prevalent etiological factors being hepatitis B virus (HBV). Transformation of the liver in HBV-associated HCC often follows from or accompanies long-term symptoms of chronic hepatitis, inflammation and cirrhosis, and viral load is a strong predictor for both incidence and progression of HCC. Besides aiding in transformation, HBV plays a crucial role in modulating the accumulation and activation of both cellular components of the microenvironment, such as immune cells and fibroblasts, and non-cellular components of the microenvironment, such as cytokines and growth factors, markedly influencing disease progression and prognosis. This review will explore some of these components and mechanisms to demonstrate both underlying themes and the inherent complexity of these interacting systems in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of HBV-positive HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyuan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA ; CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Geoffrey J Markowitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiao-Fan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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175
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Nakagawa H, Umemura A, Taniguchi K, Font-Burgada J, Dhar D, Ogata H, Zhong Z, Valasek MA, Seki E, Hidalgo J, Koike K, Kaufman RJ, Karin M. ER stress cooperates with hypernutrition to trigger TNF-dependent spontaneous HCC development. Cancer Cell 2014; 26:331-343. [PMID: 25132496 PMCID: PMC4165611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of viral hepatitis, insulin resistance, hepatosteatosis, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), disorders that increase risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To determine whether and how ER stress contributes to obesity-driven hepatic tumorigenesis we fed wild-type (WT) and MUP-uPA mice, in which hepatocyte ER stress is induced by plasminogen activator expression, with high-fat diet. Although both strains were equally insulin resistant, the MUP-uPA mice exhibited more liver damage, more immune infiltration, and increased lipogenesis and, as a result, displayed classical NASH signs and developed typical steatohepatitic HCC. Both NASH and HCC development were dependent on TNF produced by inflammatory macrophages that accumulate in the MUP-uPA liver in response to hepatocyte ER stress.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/etiology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
- Fatty Liver/etiology
- Fatty Liver/metabolism
- Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- Lipogenesis
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/etiology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Overnutrition/complications
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Burden
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
- Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator/genetics
- Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Department of Gastroenterology, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Atsushi Umemura
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Koji Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joan Font-Burgada
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Debanjan Dhar
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hisanobu Ogata
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Zhenyu Zhong
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mark A Valasek
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ekihiro Seki
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Juan Hidalgo
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Program in Degenerative Diseases, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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176
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Robertson CL, Srivastava J, Siddiq A, Gredler R, Emdad L, Rajasekaran D, Akiel M, Shen XN, Guo C, Giashuddin S, Wang XY, Ghosh S, Subler MA, Windle JJ, Fisher PB, Sarkar D. Genetic deletion of AEG-1 prevents hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6184-93. [PMID: 25193383 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the oncogene AEG-1 (MTDH, LYRIC) has been implicated recently in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In mice, HCC can be initiated by exposure to the carcinogen DEN, which has been shown to rely upon activation of NF-κB in liver macrophages. Because AEG-1 is an essential component of NF-κB activation, we interrogated the susceptibility of mice lacking the AEG-1 gene to DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. AEG-1-deficient mice displayed resistance to DEN-induced HCC and lung metastasis. No difference was observed in the response to growth factor signaling or activation of AKT, ERK, and β-catenin, compared with wild-type control animals. However, AEG-1-deficient hepatocytes and macrophages exhibited a relative defect in NF-κB activation. Mechanistic investigations showed that IL6 production and STAT3 activation, two key mediators of HCC development, were also deficient along with other biologic and epigenetics findings in the tumor microenvironment, confirming that AEG-1 supports an NF-κB-mediated inflammatory state that drives HCC development. Overall, our findings offer in vivo proofs that AEG-1 is essential for NF-κB activation and hepatocarcinogenesis, and they reveal new roles for AEG-1 in shaping the tumor microenvironment for HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadia L Robertson
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia. Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jyoti Srivastava
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Ayesha Siddiq
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Rachel Gredler
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Devaraja Rajasekaran
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Maaged Akiel
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Xue-Ning Shen
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Chunqing Guo
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Shah Giashuddin
- Department of Pathology, New York Hospital Medical Center, Flushing, New York, New York
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Shobha Ghosh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Mark A Subler
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jolene J Windle
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia. Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia. Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia. VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia. Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia. VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.
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177
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Choi J, Corder NLB, Koduru B, Wang Y. Oxidative stress and hepatic Nox proteins in chronic hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinoma. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 72:267-84. [PMID: 24816297 PMCID: PMC4099059 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major etiologic agent of HCC. A majority of HCV infections lead to chronic infection that can progress to cirrhosis and, eventually, HCC and liver failure. A common pathogenic feature present in HCV infection, and other conditions leading to HCC, is oxidative stress. HCV directly increases superoxide and H2O2 formation in hepatocytes by elevating Nox protein expression and sensitizing mitochondria to reactive oxygen species generation while decreasing glutathione. Nitric oxide synthesis and hepatic iron are also elevated. Furthermore, activation of phagocytic NADPH oxidase (Nox) 2 of host immune cells is likely to exacerbate oxidative stress in HCV-infected patients. Key mechanisms of HCC include genome instability, epigenetic regulation, inflammation with chronic tissue injury and sustained cell proliferation, and modulation of cell growth and death. Oxidative stress, or Nox proteins, plays various roles in these mechanisms. Nox proteins also function in hepatic fibrosis, which commonly precedes HCC, and Nox4 elevation by HCV is mediated by transforming growth factor β. This review summarizes mechanisms of oncogenesis by HCV, highlighting the roles of oxidative stress and hepatic Nox enzymes in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinah Choi
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| | - Nicole L B Corder
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Bhargav Koduru
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Yiyan Wang
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
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178
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Gehrmann M, Cervello M, Montalto G, Cappello F, Gulino A, Knape C, Specht HM, Multhoff G. Heat shock protein 70 serum levels differ significantly in patients with chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Immunol 2014; 5:307. [PMID: 25071768 PMCID: PMC4076752 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family play an important role in assisting protein folding, preventing protein aggregation and transport of proteins across membranes under physiological conditions. Following environmental (i.e., irradiation, chemotherapy), physiological (i.e., cell growth, differentiation), and pathophysiological (i.e., inflammation, tumorigenesis) stress, the synthesis of heat shock proteins (HSPs) is highly up-regulated, whereas protein synthesis in general is reduced. In contrast to normal cells, many tumor entities including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) overexpress HSP70, the major-stress-inducible member of the HSP70 family, present it on their cell surface and secrete it into the extracellular milieu. Herein, the prognostic relevance of serum HSP70 levels in patients with chronic hepatitis (CH; n = 50), liver cirrhosis (LC; n = 46), and HCC (n = 47) was analyzed. Similar to other tumor entities, HSP70 is also present on the surface of primary HCC cells. The staining intensity of intracellular HSP70 in HCC tissue is stronger compared to control and cirrhotic liver sections. HSP70 serum levels in all HCC patients were significantly higher compared to a control group without liver disease (n = 40). No significant age- and gender-related differences in HSP70 serum levels were observed in male and female healthy human volunteers (n = 86). Patients with CH (n = 50) revealed significantly higher HSP70 serum levels compared to the control group, however, these values were significantly lower than those of HCC patients (n = 47). Furthermore, a subgroup of patients with LC who subsequently developed HCC (LC-HCC, n = 13) revealed higher HSP70 serum levels than patients with LC (n = 46, p = 0.05). These data indicate that serum HSP70 levels are consecutively increased in patients with CH, LC and liver carcinomas and thus might have a prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Gehrmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Melchiorre Cervello
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "Alberto Monroy", National Research Council , Palermo , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Montalto
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "Alberto Monroy", National Research Council , Palermo , Italy ; Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy ; Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology , Palermo , Italy
| | - Alessandro Gulino
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Health Science, Human Pathology Section, School of Medicine, University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Clemens Knape
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Hanno M Specht
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany ; Clinical Cooperation Group (CCG) - Innate Immunity in Tumor Biology, Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health , Munich , Germany
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179
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Ehlken H, Krishna-Subramanian S, Ochoa-Callejero L, Kondylis V, Nadi NE, Straub BK, Schirmacher P, Walczak H, Kollias G, Pasparakis M. Death receptor-independent FADD signalling triggers hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma in mice with liver parenchymal cell-specific NEMO knockout. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1721-32. [PMID: 24971483 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) usually develops in the context of chronic hepatitis triggered by viruses or toxic substances causing hepatocyte death, inflammation and compensatory proliferation of liver cells. Death receptors of the TNFR superfamily regulate cell death and inflammation and are implicated in liver disease and cancer. Liver parenchymal cell-specific ablation of NEMO/IKKγ, a subunit of the IκB kinase (IKK) complex that is essential for the activation of canonical NF-κB signalling, sensitized hepatocytes to apoptosis and caused the spontaneous development of chronic hepatitis and HCC in mice. Here we show that hepatitis and HCC development in NEMO(LPC-KO) mice is triggered by death receptor-independent FADD-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis. TNF deficiency in all cells or conditional LPC-specific ablation of TNFR1, Fas or TRAIL-R did not prevent hepatocyte apoptosis, hepatitis and HCC development in NEMO(LPC-KO) mice. To address potential functional redundancies between death receptors we generated and analysed NEMO(LPC-KO) mice with combined LPC-specific deficiency of TNFR1, Fas and TRAIL-R and found that also simultaneous lack of all three death receptors did not prevent hepatocyte apoptosis, chronic hepatitis and HCC development. However, LPC-specific combined deficiency in TNFR1, Fas and TRAIL-R protected the NEMO-deficient liver from LPS-induced liver failure, showing that different mechanisms trigger spontaneous and LPS-induced hepatocyte apoptosis in NEMO(LPC-KO) mice. In addition, NK cell depletion did not prevent liver damage and hepatitis. Moreover, NEMO(LPC-KO) mice crossed into a RAG-1-deficient genetic background-developed hepatitis and HCC. Collectively, these results show that the spontaneous development of hepatocyte apoptosis, chronic hepatitis and HCC in NEMO(LPC-KO) mice occurs independently of death receptor signalling, NK cells and B and T lymphocytes, arguing against an immunological trigger as the critical stimulus driving hepatocarcinogenesis in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ehlken
- 1] Institute for Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, Cologne D-50931, Germany [2] University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg D-20246, Germany
| | - S Krishna-Subramanian
- Institute for Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, Cologne D-50931, Germany
| | - L Ochoa-Callejero
- 1] Institute for Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, Cologne D-50931, Germany [2] Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - V Kondylis
- Institute for Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, Cologne D-50931, Germany
| | - N E Nadi
- Institute for Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, Cologne D-50931, Germany
| | - B K Straub
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H Walczak
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, WC1E 6BT London, UK
| | - G Kollias
- B.S.R.C. Alexander Fleming, 34 Fleming Street, Vari 16672, Greece
| | - M Pasparakis
- Institute for Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, Cologne D-50931, Germany
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180
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Hashikawa K, Yasumoto S, Nakashima K, Arakawa F, Kiyasu J, Kimura Y, Saruta H, Nakama T, Yasuda K, Tashiro K, Kuhara S, Hashimoto T, Ohshima K. Microarray analysis of gene expression by microdissected epidermis and dermis in mycosis fungoides and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1200-8. [PMID: 24970722 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The characteristic histopathological feature of mycosis fungoides (MF) and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is epidermotropism. To identify the mechanism for epidermotropism of lymphoma cells, total RNAs were obtained from skin biopsies of epidermis and dermis of MF and ATLL patients by means of laser capture microdissection, and used for subsequent complementary DNA (cDNA) microarray experiments. This procedure has made it possible for us to observe and evaluate the regional environment of MF and ATLL. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that the cDNAs could be clearly differentiated into MF and ATLL. CCL27 was expressed in the dermis generated from keratinocytes, CCR4/CCR6/CCR7/CCR10/cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA) lymphoma cells in the dermis, and CCL21 in the extracellular matrix (stroma). Lymphotoxin (LT) β and CCL21 expression was significantly higher and that of CCR10 relatively for MF, while CCR4 and CLA expression was relatively higher for ATLL. In the epithelium, keratinocytes expressed CCL20/CCL27, and lymphoma cells CCR4/CCR6/CCR10, while CCR4, CCR6, CCL20 and CCL27 expression was relatively higher for ATLL than MF. The dermis of MF, but not that of ATLL, showed correlation between CCR7 and CCL21. These findings support the suggestion that chemokines and chemokine receptors are involved in the pathogenesis of MF and ATLL, indicate that cutaneous homing seems to be different for MF and ATLL, and point to the possibility that cutaneous T-cell lymphomas originate in regulatory T cells, especially in the case of ATLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Hashikawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | | | - Fumiko Arakawa
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Junichi Kiyasu
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoshizo Kimura
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Saruta
- Department of Dermatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takekuni Nakama
- Department of Dermatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kaori Yasuda
- Cell Innovator, Inc., Venture Business Laboratory of Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tashiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Gene Technics, Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Graduate School of Genetic Resources Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Satoru Kuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Gene Technics, Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Graduate School of Genetic Resources Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Takashi Hashimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan
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181
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Abstract
Signaling pathways have become a major source of targets for novel therapies in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Survival benefits achieved with sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor, are unprecedented and underscore the importance of improving our understanding of how signaling networks interact in transformed cells. Numerous signaling modules are de-regulated in HCC, including some related to growth factor signaling (e.g., IGF, EGF, PDGF, FGF, HGF), cell differentiation (WNT, Hedgehog, Notch), and angiogenesis (VEGF). Intracellular mediators such as RAS and AKT/MTOR may also play a role in HCC development and progression. Different molecular mechanisms have been shown to induce aberrant pathway activation. These include point mutations, chromosomal aberrations, and epigenetically driven down-regulation. The use of novel molecular technologies such as next-generation sequencing in HCC research has enabled the identification of novel pathways previously underexplored in the HCC field, such as chromatin remodeling and autophagy. Considering recent failures of molecular therapies in advanced clinical trials (e.g., sunitinib, brivanib), survey of these and other new pathways may provide alternative therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agrin Moeini
- HCC Translational Research Laboratory, Barcelona-Clinic Liver Cancer Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Catalonia, Madrid, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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182
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Chisari FV, Mason WS, Seeger C. Virology. Comment on "Specific and nonhepatotoxic degradation of nuclear hepatitis B virus cccDNA". Science 2014; 344:1237. [PMID: 24926010 DOI: 10.1126/science.1254082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lucifora et al. (Research Articles, 14 March 2014, p. 1221) report that the hepatitis B virus (HBV) transcriptional template, a long-lived covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) molecule, is degraded noncytolytically by agents that up-regulate APOBEC3A and 3B. If these results can be independently confirmed, they would represent a critical first step toward development of a cure for the 400 million patients who are chronically infected by HBV.
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183
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Xia Y, Lucifora J, Reisinger F, Heikenwalder M, Protzer U. Virology. Response to Comment on "Specific and nonhepatotoxic degradation of nuclear hepatitis B virus cccDNA". Science 2014; 344:1237. [PMID: 24926011 DOI: 10.1126/science.1254083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chisari et al. challenge our central conclusion that the hepatitis B virus (HBV) persistent form, the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), is degraded in a noncytotoxic and specific fashion in the nucleus of infected hepatocytes. Specificity of the assays used, exclusion of cell division or death, and activity of APOBEC3 deaminases in the nucleus, however, were addressed in the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Xia
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julie Lucifora
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Reisinger
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.
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184
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Dibra D, Mishra L, Li S. Molecular mechanisms of oncogene-induced inflammation and inflammation-sustained oncogene activation in gastrointestinal tumors: an under-appreciated symbiotic relationship. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:152-60. [PMID: 24821201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays an integral part in tumor initiation. Specifically, patients with colitis, pancreatitis, or hepatitis have an increased susceptibility to cancer. The activation, mutation, and overexpression of oncogenes have been well documented in cell proliferation and transformation. Recently, oncogenes were found to also regulate the inflammatory milieu in tumors. Similarly, the inflammatory milieu can promote oncogene activation. In this review, we summarize advances of the symbiotic relationship oncogene activation and inflammation in gastrointestinal tumors such as colorectal, hepatic, and pancreatic tumors. NF-κB and STAT3 are the two most common pathways that are deregulated via these oncogenes. Understanding these interactions may yield effective therapeutic strategies for tumor prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denada Dibra
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lopa Mishra
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shulin Li
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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185
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Sica A, Invernizzi P, Mantovani A. Macrophage plasticity and polarization in liver homeostasis and pathology. Hepatology 2014; 59:2034-42. [PMID: 24115204 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Resident and recruited macrophages are key players in the homeostatic function of the liver and in its response to tissue damage. In response to environmental signals, macrophages undergo polarized activation to M1 or M2 or M2-like activation states. These are extremes of a spectrum in a universe of activation states. Progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the polarized activation of mononuclear phagocytes. Resident and recruited macrophages are a key component of diverse homeostatic and pathological responses of hepatic tissue. Polarized macrophages interact with hepatic progenitor cells, integrate metabolic adaptation, mediate responses to infectious agents, orchestrate fibrosis in a yin-yang interaction with hepatic stellate cells, and are a key component of tumor-promoting inflammation. CONCLUSION A better understanding of macrophage diversity and plasticity in liver homeostasis and pathology may pave the way to innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sica
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy; DiSCAFF, University of Piemonte Orientale A. Avogadro, Novara, Italy
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186
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The role of lymphotoxin signaling in the development of autoimmune pancreatitis and associated secondary extra-pancreatic pathologies. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:125-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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187
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Kasama Y, Mizukami T, Kusunoki H, Peveling-Oberhag J, Nishito Y, Ozawa M, Kohara M, Mizuochi T, Tsukiyama-Kohara K. B-cell-intrinsic hepatitis C virus expression leads to B-cell-lymphomagenesis and induction of NF-κB signalling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91373. [PMID: 24651473 PMCID: PMC3961254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection leads to the development of hepatic diseases, as well as extrahepatic disorders such as B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NHL). To reveal the molecular signalling pathways responsible for HCV-associated B-NHL development, we utilised transgenic (Tg) mice that express the full-length HCV genome specifically in B cells and develop non-Hodgkin type B-cell lymphomas (BCLs). The gene expression profiles in B cells from BCL-developing HCV-Tg mice, from BCL-non-developing HCV-Tg mice, and from BCL-non-developing HCV-negative mice were analysed by genome-wide microarray. In BCLs from HCV-Tg mice, the expression of various genes was modified, and for some genes, expression was influenced by the gender of the animals. Markedly modified genes such as Fos, C3, LTβR, A20, NF-κB and miR-26b in BCLs were further characterised using specific assays. We propose that activation of both canonical and alternative NF-κB signalling pathways and down-regulation of miR-26b contribute to the development of HCV-associated B-NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Kasama
- Department of Experimental Phylaxiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto-shi, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takuo Mizukami
- Department of Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-Murayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Kusunoki
- Department of Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-Murayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yasumasa Nishito
- Center for Microarray Analysis, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ozawa
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Mizuochi
- Department of Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-Murayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Hygiene, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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188
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Buck M, Garcia-Tsao G, Groszmann RJ, Stalling C, Grace ND, Burroughs AK, Patch D, Matloff DS, Clopton P, Chojkier M. Novel inflammatory biomarkers of portal pressure in compensated cirrhosis patients. Hepatology 2014; 59:1052-9. [PMID: 24115225 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The rationale for screening inflammatory serum biomarkers of the hepatic vein pressure gradient (HVPG) is based on the fact that portal hypertension is pathogenically related to liver injury and fibrosis, and that in turn these are associated with the activation of inflammatory pathways. This was a nested cohort study in the setting of a randomized, clinical trial to assess the development of gastroesophageal varices (GEV) (N Engl J Med 2005;353:2254). Patients had cirrhosis and portal hypertension but did not have GEV. A total of 90 patients who had baseline day-1 sera available were enrolled in the present study. The objective of this study was to determine whether inflammatory biomarkers in conjunction with clinical parameters could be used to develop a predictive paradigm for HVPG. The correlations between HVPG and interleukin (IL)-1β (P=0.0052); IL-1R-α (P=0.0085); Fas-R (P=0.0354), and serum VCAM-1 (P=0.0007) were highly significant. By using multivariate logistic regression analysis and selected parameters (transforming growth factor beta [TGFβ]; heat shock protein [HSP]-70; at-risk alcohol use; and Child class B) we could exclude HVPG ≥ 12 mmHg with 86% accuracy (95% confidence interval [CI]: 67.78 to 96.16%) and the sensitivity was 87.01% (95% CI: 69.68 to 96.34%). Therefore, the composite test could identify 86% of compensated cirrhosis patients with HVPG below 12 mmHg and prevent unnecessary esophagogastroduodenoscopy with its associated morbidity and costs in these patients. Our diagnostic test was not efficient in predicting HVPG ≥ 12 mmHg. CONCLUSION A blood test for HVPG could be performed in cirrhosis patients to prevent unnecessary esophagogastroduodenoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Buck
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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189
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Lucifora J, Xia Y, Reisinger F, Zhang K, Stadler D, Cheng X, Sprinzl MF, Koppensteiner H, Makowska Z, Volz T, Remouchamps C, Chou WM, Thasler WE, Hüser N, Durantel D, Liang TJ, Münk C, Heim MH, Browning JL, Dejardin E, Dandri M, Schindler M, Heikenwalder M, Protzer U. Specific and nonhepatotoxic degradation of nuclear hepatitis B virus cccDNA. Science 2014; 343:1221-8. [PMID: 24557838 DOI: 10.1126/science.1243462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 698] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Current antiviral agents can control but not eliminate hepatitis B virus (HBV), because HBV establishes a stable nuclear covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). Interferon-α treatment can clear HBV but is limited by systemic side effects. We describe how interferon-α can induce specific degradation of the nuclear viral DNA without hepatotoxicity and propose lymphotoxin-β receptor activation as a therapeutic alternative. Interferon-α and lymphotoxin-β receptor activation up-regulated APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B cytidine deaminases, respectively, in HBV-infected cells, primary hepatocytes, and human liver needle biopsies. HBV core protein mediated the interaction with nuclear cccDNA, resulting in cytidine deamination, apurinic/apyrimidinic site formation, and finally cccDNA degradation that prevented HBV reactivation. Genomic DNA was not affected. Thus, inducing nuclear deaminases-for example, by lymphotoxin-β receptor activation-allows the development of new therapeutics that, in combination with existing antivirals, may cure hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lucifora
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München-Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany
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190
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Dwyer BJ, Olynyk JK, Ramm GA, Tirnitz-Parker JEE. TWEAK and LTβ Signaling during Chronic Liver Disease. Front Immunol 2014; 5:39. [PMID: 24592262 PMCID: PMC3923149 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases (CLD) such as hepatitis B and C virus infection, alcoholic liver disease, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis are associated with hepatocellular necrosis, continual inflammation, and hepatic fibrosis. The induced microenvironment triggers the activation of liver-resident progenitor cells (LPCs) while hepatocyte replication is inhibited. In the early injury stages, LPCs regenerate the liver by proliferation, migration to sites of injury, and differentiation into functional biliary epithelial cells or hepatocytes. However, when this process becomes dysregulated, wound healing can progress to pathological fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma. The other key mediators in the pathogenesis of progressive CLD are fibrosis-driving, activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) that usually proliferate in very close spatial association with LPCs. Recent studies from our group and others have suggested the potential for cytokine and chemokine cross-talk between LPCs and HSCs, which is mainly driven by the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family members, TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and lymphotoxin-β, potentially dictating the pathological outcomes of chronic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Dwyer
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University , Bentley, WA , Australia
| | - John K Olynyk
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University , Bentley, WA , Australia ; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia , Fremantle, WA , Australia ; Department of Gastroenterology, Fremantle Hospital , Fremantle, WA , Australia ; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University , Murdoch, WA , Australia
| | - Grant A Ramm
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD , Australia ; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| | - Janina E E Tirnitz-Parker
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University , Bentley, WA , Australia ; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia , Fremantle, WA , Australia
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191
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Lu TT, Browning JL. Role of the Lymphotoxin/LIGHT System in the Development and Maintenance of Reticular Networks and Vasculature in Lymphoid Tissues. Front Immunol 2014; 5:47. [PMID: 24575096 PMCID: PMC3920476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphoid organs are meeting zones where lymphocytes come together and encounter antigens present in the blood and lymph or as delivered by cells migrating from the draining tissue bed. The exquisite efficiency of this process relies heavily on highly specialized anatomy to direct and position the various players. Gated entry and exit control access to these theaters and reticular networks and associated chemokines guide cells into the proper sections. Lymphoid tissues are remarkably plastic, being able to expand dramatically and then involute upon resolution of the danger. All of the reticular scaffolds and vascular and lymphatic components adapt accordingly. As such, the lymph node (LN) is a wonderful example of a physiologic remodeling process and is potentially a guide to study such elements in pathological settings such as fibrosis, chronic infection, and tumor metastasis. The lymphotoxin/LIGHT axis delivers critical differentiation signals that direct and hone differentiation of both reticular networks and the vasculature. Considerable progress has been made recently in understanding the mesenchymal differentiation pathways leading to these specialized networks and in the remodeling that occurs in reactive LNs. In this article, we will review some new advances in the area in terms of developmental, differentiation, and maintenance events mediated by this axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa T Lu
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program and Pediatric Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery , New York, NY , USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY , USA
| | - Jeffrey L Browning
- Department of Microbiology and Section of Rheumatology, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA
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192
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Lau TS, Chung TKH, Cheung TH, Chan LKY, Cheung LWH, Yim SF, Siu NSS, Lo KW, Yu MMY, Kulbe H, Balkwill FR, Kwong J. Cancer cell-derived lymphotoxin mediates reciprocal tumour-stromal interactions in human ovarian cancer by inducing CXCL11 in fibroblasts. J Pathol 2014; 232:43-56. [PMID: 24014111 DOI: 10.1002/path.4258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the role of cytokine lymphotoxin in tumour-stromal interactions in human ovarian cancer. We found that lymphotoxin overexpression is commonly shared by the cancer cells of various ovarian cancer subtypes, and lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LTBR) is expressed ubiquitously in both the cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). In monoculture, we showed that ovarian cancer cells are not the major lymphotoxin-responsive cells. On the other hand, our co-culture studies demonstrated that the cancer cell-derived lymphotoxin induces chemokine expression in stromal fibroblasts through LTBR-NF-κB signalling. Amongst the chemokines being produced, we found that fibroblast-secreted CXCL11 promotes proliferation and migration of ovarian cancer cells via the chemokine receptor CXCR3. CXCL11 is highly expressed in CAFs in ovarian cancer biopsies, while CXCR3 is found in malignant cells in primary ovarian tumours. Additionally, the overexpression of CXCR3 is significantly associated with the tumour grade and lymph node metastasis of ovarian cancer, further supporting the role of CXCR3, which interacts with CXCL11, in promoting growth and metastasis of human ovarian cancer. Taken together, these results demonstrated that cancer-cell-derived lymphotoxin mediates reciprocal tumour-stromal interactions in human ovarian cancer by inducing CXCL11 in fibroblasts. Our findings suggest that lymphotoxin-LTBR and CXCL11-CXCR3 signalling represent therapeutic targets in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tat-San Lau
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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193
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Wirth TC. Spontaneous and therapeutic immune responses in hepatocellular carcinoma: implications for current and future immunotherapies. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 8:101-10. [PMID: 24410473 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2014.862497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a major health problem in the world, ranking fifth in incidence and third in cancer-related deaths. Due to the unique immunosuppressive microenvironment of the liver, HCC develops in an immunotolerant niche posing an important obstacle to immunotherapy. A number of studies, however, have shown immunogenic properties of HCC by demonstrating spontaneous adaptive immune responses during tumor formation and progression. Furthermore, studies examining immune responses during HCC therapy have revealed that conventional treatments such as surgical resection, locoregional therapy and systemic therapy with antibodies, small molecules or chemotherapy induce adaptive immune responses that contribute to therapeutic effects. These observations have provided a basis for clinical trials involving adoptive transfers of T cells or natural killer cells, peptide and dendritic cell vaccinations or, more recently, virotherapy and inhibition of co-inhibitory molecules. Here, spontaneous and therapeutic immune responses in HCC and their implication for current and future immunotherapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Wirth
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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194
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Jeng JE, Wu HF, Tsai MF, Tsai HR, Chuang LY, Lin ZY, Hsieh MY, Chen SC, Chuang WL, Wang LY, Yu ML, Dai CY, Tsai JF. Independent and additive interaction between tumor necrosis factor β +252 polymorphisms and chronic hepatitis B and C virus infection on risk and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:10209-10215. [PMID: 25556449 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.23.10209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess the contribution of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)β +252 polymorphisms to risk and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we enrolled 150 pairs of sex- and age-matched patients with HCC, patients with cirrhosis alone, and unrelated healthy controls. TNFβ +252 genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction with restriction fragment length polymorphism. Multivariate analysis indicated that TNFβ G/G genotype [odds ratio (OR), 3.64; 95%CI, 1.49-8.91], hepatitis B surface antigen (OR, 16.38; 95%CI, 8.30-32.33), and antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV) (OR, 39.11; 95%CI, 14.83-103.14) were independent risk factors for HCC. There was an additive interaction between TNFβ G/G genotype and chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV)/HCV infection (synergy index=1.15). Multivariate analysis indicated that factors associated with TNFβ G/G genotype included cirrhosis with Child-Pugh C (OR, 4.06; 95%CI, 1.34-12.29), thrombocytopenia (OR, 6.55; 95%CI, 1.46-29.43), and higher serum α-fetoprotein concentration (OR, 2.53; 95%CI, 1.14-5.62). Patients with TNFβ G/G genotype had poor cumulative survival (p=0.005). Cox proportional hazard model indicated that TNFβ G/G genotype was a biomarker for poor HCC survival (hazard ratio, 1.70; 95%CI, 1.07-2.69). In conclusion, there are independent and additive effects between TNFβ G/G genotype and chronic HBV/HCV infection on risk for HCC. It is a biomarker for poor HCC survival. Carriage of this genotype correlates with disease severity and advanced hepatic fibrosis, which may contribute to a higher risk and poor survival of HCC. Chronic HBV/HCV infected subjects with this genotype should receive more intensive surveillance for early detection of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Eing Jeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan E-mail :
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195
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NF-κB and cancer. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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196
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Mossanen JC, Tacke F. Role of lymphocytes in liver cancer. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e26468. [PMID: 24498546 PMCID: PMC3906418 DOI: 10.4161/onci.26468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) typically occurs in patients with chronic inflammatory liver diseases, such as viral hepatitis or (non-)alcoholic steatohepatitis. Inflammation appears indeed as a crucial factor in hepatocarcinogenesis. Nevertheless, sophisticated animal models and studies of human samples revealed that the HCC also elicits antitumor immune responses. Patrolling and infiltrating lymphocytes (e.g., NKT and T cells, respectively) can exert decisive functions in the transition from chronic hepatic inflammation to cancer as well as in antitumor immune responses. An improved understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms whereby inflammation promotes or restricts hepatocarcinogenesis will open new avenues for therapeutic approaches to liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana C Mossanen
- Department of Medicine III; RWTH-University Hospital Aachen; Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III; RWTH-University Hospital Aachen; Aachen, Germany
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197
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Liedtke C, Luedde T, Sauerbruch T, Scholten D, Streetz K, Tacke F, Tolba R, Trautwein C, Trebicka J, Weiskirchen R. Experimental liver fibrosis research: update on animal models, legal issues and translational aspects. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2013; 6:19. [PMID: 24274743 PMCID: PMC3850878 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-6-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is defined as excessive extracellular matrix deposition and is based on complex interactions between matrix-producing hepatic stellate cells and an abundance of liver-resident and infiltrating cells. Investigation of these processes requires in vitro and in vivo experimental work in animals. However, the use of animals in translational research will be increasingly challenged, at least in countries of the European Union, because of the adoption of new animal welfare rules in 2013. These rules will create an urgent need for optimized standard operating procedures regarding animal experimentation and improved international communication in the liver fibrosis community. This review gives an update on current animal models, techniques and underlying pathomechanisms with the aim of fostering a critical discussion of the limitations and potential of up-to-date animal experimentation. We discuss potential complications in experimental liver fibrosis and provide examples of how the findings of studies in which these models are used can be translated to human disease and therapy. In this review, we want to motivate the international community to design more standardized animal models which might help to address the legally requested replacement, refinement and reduction of animals in fibrosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Liedtke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tilman Sauerbruch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - David Scholten
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Konrad Streetz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - René Tolba
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jonel Trebicka
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen D-52074, Germany
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198
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Fernandez A, Matias N, Fucho R, Ribas V, Von Montfort C, Nuño N, Baulies A, Martinez L, Tarrats N, Mari M, Colell A, Morales A, Dubuquoy L, Mathurin P, Bataller R, Caballeria J, Elena M, Balsinde J, Kaplowitz N, Garcia-Ruiz C, Fernandez-Checa JC. ASMase is required for chronic alcohol induced hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial cholesterol loading. J Hepatol 2013; 59:805-13. [PMID: 23707365 PMCID: PMC3779525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The pathogenesis of alcohol-induced liver disease (ALD) is poorly understood. Here, we examined the role of acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) in alcohol induced hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a key mechanism of ALD. METHODS We examined ER stress, lipogenesis, hyperhomocysteinemia, mitochondrial cholesterol (mChol) trafficking and susceptibility to LPS and concanavalin-A in ASMase(-)(/-) mice fed alcohol. RESULTS Alcohol feeding increased SREBP-1c, DGAT-2, and FAS mRNA in ASMase(+/+) but not in ASMase(-/-) mice. Compared to ASMase(+/+) mice, ASMase(-/-) mice exhibited decreased expression of ER stress markers induced by alcohol, but the level of tunicamycin-mediated upregulation of ER stress markers and steatosis was similar in both types of mice. The increase in homocysteine levels induced by alcohol feeding was comparable in both ASMase(+/+) and ASMase(-/-) mice. Exogenous ASMase, but not neutral SMase, induced ER stress by perturbing ER Ca(2+) homeostasis. Moreover, alcohol-induced mChol loading and StARD1 overexpression were blunted in ASMase(-/-) mice. Tunicamycin upregulated StARD1 expression and this outcome was abrogated by tauroursodeoxycholic acid. Alcohol-induced liver injury and sensitization to LPS and concanavalin-A were prevented in ASMase(-/-) mice. These effects were reproduced in alcohol-fed TNFR1/R2(-/-) mice. Moreover, ASMase does not impair hepatic regeneration following partial hepatectomy. Of relevance, liver samples from patients with alcoholic hepatitis exhibited increased expression of ASMase, StARD1, and ER stress markers. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that ASMase is critical for alcohol-induced ER stress, and provide a rationale for further clinical investigation in ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fernandez
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC,Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Matias
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC,Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Fucho
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC,Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Ribas
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC,Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Von Montfort
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC,Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia Nuño
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC,Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Baulies
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC,Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Martinez
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC,Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Tarrats
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC,Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Mari
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC,Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Colell
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC,Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Morales
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC,Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laurent Dubuquoy
- Université Lille Nord de France, and Service des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; Unité 995, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Mathurin
- Université Lille Nord de France, and Service des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Hôpital Huriez, Lille, France; Unité 995, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lille, France
| | - Ramón Bataller
- Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Caballeria
- Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jesus Balsinde
- Institut of Molecular Biology and Genetics, CSIC-CIBERDEM, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Neil Kaplowitz
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Carmen Garcia-Ruiz
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC,Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain,Carmen Garcia-Ruiz and Jose C Fernandez-Checa share senior authorship. Correspondence addressed to Jose C Fernandez-Checa,
| | - Jose C. Fernandez-Checa
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC,Liver Unit-Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, and CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain,Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033,Carmen Garcia-Ruiz and Jose C Fernandez-Checa share senior authorship. Correspondence addressed to Jose C Fernandez-Checa,
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe mucosal tissue damage requiring efficient wound healing is a main feature of inflammatory bowel disease but excessive tissue repair promotes fibrosis. The clinical investigation of fibrosis is confined to the limited amount of biological material available from patients. This makes the establishment of a new animal model, a highly desirable goal. We investigated whether intestinal fibrosis occurs after heterotopic transplantation of small bowel resections in rats. METHODS Donor (Brown Norway or Lewis rats) small bowel resections were transplanted subcutaneously into the neck of recipients (Lewis rats). Grafts were explanted 2, 7, 14, and 21 days after transplantation. RESULTS Heterotopic intestinal transplants remained viable for 21 days. Rapid loss of crypt structures at day 2 after intestinal transplantation was followed by lymphocyte infiltration and obliteration of the intestinal lumen by fibrous tissue at day 21. Loss of the intestinal epithelium was confirmed by the lack of cytokeratin staining in immunohistochemistry. Collagen expression was increased with time after transplantation as confirmed by real-time PCRs, Elastica van Gieson, and Sirius Red staining. Lumen obliteration was connected with increased expression of potent mediators of fibrosis such as α5β6 integrin, interleukin (IL)-13, and transforming growth factor β. Myofibroblast phenotype was demonstrated by the presence of both α-smooth muscle actin and vimentin in the obliterated lumen. CONCLUSIONS We established a method for heterotopic transplantation of small bowel resections. A variety of histologic and molecular features of fibrosis were observed in the heterotopic intestinal grafts which suggests, that this new in vivo model will be instrumental in studying pathogenesis and treatment of intestinal fibrosis.
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200
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Llorente-Izquierdo C, Mayoral R, Cucarella C, Grau C, Alvarez MS, Flores JM, García-Palencia P, Agra N, Castro-Sánchez L, Boscá L, Martín-Sanz P, Casado M. Progression of liver oncogenesis in the double transgenic mice c-myc/TGF α is not enhanced by cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2013; 106:106-15. [PMID: 23579063 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been associated with cell growth regulation, tissue remodeling and carcinogenesis. Overexpression of COX-2 in hepatocytes constitutes an ideal condition to evaluate the role of prostaglandins (PGs) in liver pathogenesis. The effect of COX-2-dependent PGs in genetic hepatocarcinogenesis has been investigated in triple c-myc/transforming growth factor α (TGF-α) transgenic mice that express human COX-2 in hepatocytes on a B6CBAxCD1xB6DBA2 background. Analysis of the contribution of COX-2-dependent PGs to the development of hepatocarcinogenesis, evaluated in this model, suggested a minor role of COX-2-dependent prostaglandins to liver oncogenesis as indicated by liver histopathology, morphometric analysis and specific markers of tumor progression. This allows concluding that COX-2 is insufficient for modifying the hepatocarcinogenesis course mediated by c-myc/TGF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Llorente-Izquierdo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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