151
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Akpinar I, Yazaydin AO. Rapid and Efficient Removal of Carbamazepine from Water by UiO-67. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b03208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isil Akpinar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - A. Ozgur Yazaydin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
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152
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Sun Z, Zhang C, Chen P, Zhou Q, Hoffmann MR. Impact of humic acid on the photoreductive degradation of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) by UV/Iodide process. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 127:50-58. [PMID: 29031799 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Iodide photolysis under UV illumination affords an effective method to produce hydrated electrons (eaq-) in aqueous solution. Therefore, UV/Iodide photolysis can be utilized for the reductive degradation of many recalcitrant pollutants. However, the effect of naturally occurring organic matter (NOM) such as humic and fulvic acids (HA/FA), which may impact the efficiency of UV/Iodide photoreduction, is poorly understood. In this study, the UV photoreductive degradation of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in the presence of I- and HA is studied. PFOS undergoes a relatively slow direct photoreduction in pure water, a moderate level of degradation via UV/Iodide, but a rapid degradation via UV/Iodide/HA photolysis. After 1.5 h of photolysis, 86.0% of the initial [PFOS] was degraded in the presence of both I- and HA with a corresponding defluorination ratio of 55.6%, whereas only 51.7% of PFOS was degraded with a defluorination ratio of 4.4% via UV/Iodide illumination in the absence of HA. The relative enhancement in the presence of HA in the photodegradation of PFOS can be attributed to several factors: a) HA enhances the effective generation of eaq- due to the reduction of I2, HOI, IO3- and I3- back to I-; b) certain functional groups of HA (i.e., quinones) enhance the electron transfer efficiency as electron shuttles; c) a weakly-bonded association of I- and PFOS with HA increases the reaction probability; and d) absorption of UV photons by HA itself produces eaq-. The degradation and defluorination efficiency of PFOS by UV/Iodide/HA process is dependent on pH and HA concentration. As pH increases from 7.0 to 10.0, the enhancement effect of HA improves significantly. The optimal HA concentration for the degradation of 0.03 mM PFOS is 1.0 mg L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chaojie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Pei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Michael R Hoffmann
- Linde-Robinson Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States
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153
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Yin T, Chen H, Reinhard M, Yi X, He Y, Gin KYH. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances removal in a full-scale tropical constructed wetland system treating landfill leachate. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 125:418-426. [PMID: 28892769 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Landfill leachate is often an important source of emerging organic contaminants including perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) requiring proper treatment to protect surface water and groundwater resources. This study investigated the occurrence of PFASs in the leachate of a capped landfill site in Singapore and the efficacy of PFASs removal during flow through a constructed wetland (CW) treatment system. The CW treatment system consists of equalization tank, aeration lagoons, sedimentation tank, reed beds and polishing ponds. Target compounds included 11 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) (7 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and 4 perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs)) and 7 PFAA precursors. Although total PFASs concentrations in the leachate varied widely (1269 to 7661 ng/L) over the one-year sampling period, the PFASs composition remained relatively stable with PFCAs consistently being predominant (64.0 ± 3.8%). Perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) concentrations were highly correlated with total PFASs concentrations and could be an indicator for the release of PFASs from this landfill. The release of short-chain PFAAs strongly depended on precipitation whereas concentrations of the other PFASs appeared to be controlled by partitioning. Overall, the CW treatment system removed 61% of total PFASs and 50-96% of individual PFASs. PFAAs were removed most efficiently in the reed bed (42-49%), likely due to the combination of sorption to soils and sediments and plant uptake, whereas most of the PFAA precursors (i.e. 5:3 fluorotelomer carboxylate (5:3 acid), N-substituted perfluorooctane sulfonamides (N-MeFOSAA and N-EtFOSAA)) were removed in the aeration lagoon (>55%) by biodegradation. The sedimentation tank and polishing ponds were relatively inefficient, with only 7% PFASs removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingru Yin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Huiting Chen
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, T-Lab Building, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Martin Reinhard
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, T-Lab Building, Singapore, 117411, Singapore; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Xinzhu Yi
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, T-Lab Building, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Yiliang He
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore, 117576, Singapore; NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, T-Lab Building, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.
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154
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Inyang M, Dickenson ERV. The use of carbon adsorbents for the removal of perfluoroalkyl acids from potable reuse systems. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:168-175. [PMID: 28586657 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bench- and pilot-scale sorption tests were used to probe the performance of several biochars at removing perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) from field waters, compared to granular activated carbon (GAC). Screening tests using organic matter-free water resulted in hardwood (HWC) (Kd = 41 L g-1) and pinewood (PWC) (Kd = 49 L g-1) biochars having the highest perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) removal performance that was comparable to bituminous coal GAC (Kd = 41 L g-1). PWC and HWC had a stronger affinity for PFOA sorbed in Lake Mead surface water (KF = 11 mg(1-n) Ln g-1) containing a lower (2 mg L-1) dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration than in a tertiary-filtered wastewater (KF = 8 mg(1-n) Ln g-1) with DOC of 4.9 mg L-1. A pilot-scale study was performed using three parallel adsorbers (GAC, anthracite, and HWC biochar) treating the same tertiary-filtered wastewater. Compared to HWC, and anthracite, GAC was the most effective in mitigating perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPnA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PHxA), PFOA, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), and DOC (45-67% removed at 4354 bed volumes) followed by HWC, and then anthracite. Based on bench- and pilot-scale results, shorter-chain PFAA [perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), PFPnA, or PFHxA] were more difficult to remove with both biochar and GAC than the longer-chain, PFOS and PFOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandu Inyang
- Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority, Henderson, NV 89015, USA.
| | - Eric R V Dickenson
- Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority, Henderson, NV 89015, USA.
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155
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Liu J, Weinholtz L, Zheng L, Peiravi M, Wu Y, Chen D. Removal of PFOA in groundwater by Fe 0 and MnO 2 nanoparticles under visible light. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2017; 52:1048-1054. [PMID: 28738170 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1338889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to find a cost-effective, efficient and environmentally-friendly solution to remove perfluorooctanic acid (PFOA) from groundwater by using Fe0 and MnO2 nanoparticles. The selected method was expected to be applicable to the remediation of PFOA-contaminated groundwater. Phytotoxicity of the nanoparticle treatment was studied to demonstrate the safe application of the nanomaterials. Zero-valent Fe (100 mg L-1) and MnO2 (100 mg L-1) nanoparticles, produced in our lab, were used to remove PFOA up to 10 mg L-1. The test was conducted under visible light with or without addition of 0.88 mol L-1 H2O2 in a pH range of 0.5-11.0 for a duration of 18 h. Using Fe nanoparticles, a higher percentage of PFOA was removed under extreme acidic environment of pH 0.5 than under the basic environment of pH 11.0, and a minimum removal rate was reached under the neutral environment. The Fe nanoparticles were more efficient than the MnO2 nanoparticles at pH 0.5 with a removal rate of 69.7% and 89.7% without and with H2O2 addition, respectively. Phytotoxicity study showed that the treatment by Fe nanoparticles under mild pH reduced the phytotoxicity of groundwater-associated PFOA to Arabidopsis thaliana. The Fe nanoparticles did not show negative effect to A. thaliana under the experimental conditions used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Southern Illinois University , Carbondale , Illinois , USA
| | - Lindsey Weinholtz
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Southern Illinois University , Carbondale , Illinois , USA
| | - Linan Zheng
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Southern Illinois University , Carbondale , Illinois , USA
| | - Meisam Peiravi
- a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Southern Illinois University , Carbondale , Illinois , USA
| | - Yan Wu
- b Department of Zoology and Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory , Southern Illinois University , Carbondale , Illinois , USA
| | - Da Chen
- c School of Environment , Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health , and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
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156
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Facile and efficient synthesis of polyacrylonitrile-based functional fibers and its sorption properties of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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157
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Adsorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) on corn straw-derived biochar prepared at different pyrolytic temperatures. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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158
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McCleaf P, Englund S, Östlund A, Lindegren K, Wiberg K, Ahrens L. Removal efficiency of multiple poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking water using granular activated carbon (GAC) and anion exchange (AE) column tests. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 120:77-87. [PMID: 28478297 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been detected in drinking water at relatively high concentrations throughout the world which has led to implementation of regulatory guidelines for specific PFASs in drinking water in several European countries and in the U.S. The Swedish National Food Agency has determined that the drinking water of over one third of the country's municipal consumers is at risk or already affected by PFAS contamination. The present study investigated the effects of perfluorocarbon chain length, functional group and isomer structure (branched or linear) on removal of multiple PFASs using granular activated carbon (GAC, Filtrasorb® 400) and anion exchange (AE, Purolite® A600) column experiments. The removal of 14 different PFASs, i.e. the C3C11, C14 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) (PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA, PFTeDA), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA), and the C4, C6, C8 perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) (PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS), was monitored for a 217 day period. The results indicate the selective nature of PFAS removal as the absorbents are loaded with PFASs and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). A clear relationship between perfluorocarbon chain length and removal efficiency of PFASs using GAC and AE was found while PFASs with sulfonate functional groups displayed greater removal efficiency than those with carboxylate groups. Similarly, time to column breakthrough increased with increasing perfluorocarbon chain length and was greater for the PFSAs than the PFCAs for both GAC and AE. Shorter carbon chained PFASs such as PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA showed desorption behavior and long-chained PFASs showed increased removal towards the end of the experiment indicating agglomeration or micelle development. Linear isomers of PFOS, PFHxS, and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) had greater column removal efficiencies using GAC (and also for AE at greater bed volume throughput) than the branched and this difference increased at greater bed volume throughputs. The GAC and AE columns showed a poor correlation between DOC and PFAS removal efficiency. The results indicate that designers and operators of AE and GAC treatment processes must take into consideration the selective nature of PFAS removal and associated desorption of short-chain PFCAs during co-removal of multiple PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip McCleaf
- Uppsala Water and Waste AB, P.O. Box 1444, SE-751 44, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Sophie Englund
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P. O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Östlund
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P. O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Klara Lindegren
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P. O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P. O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P. O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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159
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Wu D, Li X, Tang Y, Lu P, Chen W, Xu X, Li L. Mechanism insight of PFOA degradation by ZnO assisted-photocatalytic ozonation: Efficiency and intermediates. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 180:247-252. [PMID: 28411540 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods were prepared by a directly pyrolysis method and employed as catalyst for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) degradation. Comparative experiments were conducted to discuss the catalytic activity and flexibility of ZnO. After ZnO addition, the best PFOA degradation efficiency (70.5%) was achieved by ZnO/UV/O3 system, only 9.5% by sole ozonation and 18.2% by UV254 light irradiation. PFOA degradation was sensitive with pH value and temperature. The better PFOA removal efficiency was achieved at acidic condition. A novel relationship was found among PFOA degradation efficiency with hydroxyl radicals and photo-generated holes. Hydroxyl radicals generated on the surfaces of ZnO nanorods played dominant roles in PFOA degradation. PFOA degradation was found to follow the photo-Kolbe reaction mechanism. C2-C7 shorter-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids and fluoride ion were detected as main intermediates during PFOA degradation process. Based on the results, a proposal degradation pathway was raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xukai Li
- School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Functional Materials for Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yiming Tang
- School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Functional Materials for Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ping Lu
- School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Functional Materials for Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weirui Chen
- School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoting Xu
- School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Laisheng Li
- School of Chemistry & Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Functional Materials for Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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160
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Xiao L, Ling Y, Alsbaiee A, Li C, Helbling DE, Dichtel WR. β-Cyclodextrin Polymer Network Sequesters Perfluorooctanoic Acid at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7689-7692. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Xiao
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yuhan Ling
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Alaaeddin Alsbaiee
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Chenjun Li
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Damian E. Helbling
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - William R. Dichtel
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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161
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Fagbayigbo BO, Opeolu BO, Fatoki OS, Akenga TA, Olatunji OS. Removal of PFOA and PFOS from aqueous solutions using activated carbon produced from Vitis vinifera leaf litter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:13107-13120. [PMID: 28382450 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8912-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The removal of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from aqueous solutions using agro-waste biomass of Vitis vinifera (grape) leaf litter was studied. Activated carbons were produced from the biomass and chemical activation achieved by using phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) for the modification of the carbons' surface morphology. Activated carbons were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) in order to understand removal mechanisms of the contaminants by activated carbons. The effect of solution concentration, pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time and temperature was evaluated to optimize the removal efficiency of activated carbons. Adsorption isotherm models were used to analyse the equilibrium data obtained, and kinetic models were applied to study sorption mechanisms. The results fitted well into Freundlich isotherm with both AC-KOH and AC-H3PO4 having high K f values. Maximum adsorption capacities for AC-H3PO4 were 78.90 and 75.13 mg/g for PFOA and PFOS, respectively. Equilibrium was reached before 60 min on both adsorbents, and thermodynamic studies indicated that the process was exothermic and spontaneous. Surface morphology showed the abundance of microspores (>60%) with BET total surface area of 295.488 and 158.67 m2/g for AC-H3PO4 and AC-KOH activated carbons, respectively. Removal efficiencies were 95 and 90% for PFOA using AC-H3PO4 and AC-KOH, respectively; corresponding values for PFOS were 94 and 88%. Adsorbents' removal capacities depended on the physicochemical characteristics of adsorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bamidele Oladapo Fagbayigbo
- Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Beatrice Olutoyin Opeolu
- Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
| | - Olalekan Siyanbola Fatoki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Terresa Ayuko Akenga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Olatunde Stephen Olatunji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
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162
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Schuricht F, Borovinskaya ES, Reschetilowski W. Removal of perfluorinated surfactants from wastewater by adsorption and ion exchange - Influence of material properties, sorption mechanism and modeling. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 54:160-170. [PMID: 28391925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) has attracted increasing concern in recent years due to its world-wide distribution, persistence, bioaccumulation and potential toxicity. The influence of sorbent properties on the adsorptive elimination of PFOS from wastewater by activated carbons, polymer adsorbents and anion exchange resins was investigated with regard to their isotherms and kinetics. The batch and column tests were combined with physicochemical characterization methods, e.g., N2 physisorption, mercury porosimetry, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, titrations, as well as modeling. Sorption kinetics was successfully modelled applying the linear driving force (LDF) approach for surface diffusion after introducing a load dependency of the mass transfer coefficient βs. The big difference in the initial mass transfer coefficient βs,0, when non-functionalized adsorbents and ion-exchange resins are compared, suggests that the presence of functional groups impedes the intraparticle mass transport. The more functional groups a resin possesses and the longer the alkyl moieties are the bigger is the decrease in sorption rate. But the selectivity for PFOS sorption is increasing when the character of the functional groups becomes more hydrophobic. Accordingly, ion exchange and hydrophobic interaction were found to be involved in the sorption processes on resins, while PFOS is only physisorptively bound to activated carbons and polymer adsorbents. In agreement with the different adsorption mechanisms, resins possess higher total sorption capacities than adsorbents. Hence, the latter ones are rendered more effective in PFOS elimination at concentrations in the low μg/L range, due to a less pronounced convex curvature of the sorption isotherm in this concentration range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Schuricht
- Institute of Industrial Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Wladimir Reschetilowski
- Institute of Industrial Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
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163
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Yang K, Yu J, Guo Q, Wang C, Yang M, Zhang Y, Xia P, Zhang D, Yu Z. Comparison of micropollutants' removal performance between pre-ozonation and post-ozonation using a pilot study. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 111:147-153. [PMID: 28068535 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the strong oxidizing ability of ozone, pre-ozonation has seldom been employed for the purpose of micropollutant removal in drinking water utilities. In this paper, the possibility of using pre-ozonation instead of post-ozonation for the removal of micropollutants was explored because of the lower risk of forming carcinogenic bromate. A 1.0 m3/h pilot system was utilized to compare the efficacy of pre- and post-ozonation in the removal of bulk organic pollutants as well as micropollutants, including typical odor-causing compounds, pharmaceuticals, and typical pesticides, from one source water (Huangpu River) characterized by the occurrence of various micropollutants. Both pre-ozonation and post-ozonation could achieve similar water purification performance under an ozone dose of 1.5 mg/L, in terms of bulk water quality parameters like CODMn (66% in combination with biological activated carbon (BAC) treatment, compared to 62% with the pre-ozonation-BAC combination) or micropollutants including 27 pharmaceuticals (85% in combination with BAC compared to 87% with the pre-ozonation-BAC combination) and 25 pesticides (72% in combination with BAC compared to 61% with the pre-ozonation-BAC combination). Pre-ozonation exhibited slightly better odorant removal performance (100% in combination with BAC compared to 92% with the post-ozonation-BAC combination); however, post-ozonation generated approximately 6.0 μg/L bromate at an ozone dose of 2.0 mg/L, while pre-ozonation did not form bromate even at an ozone dose as high as 3.0 mg/L. So pre-ozonation in combination with BAC might be a solution for the removal of micropollutants from source water with high bromate formation risk. The results of this study will be helpful for the optimization of ozonation processes in the water supply industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100019, China
| | - Jianwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100019, China.
| | - Qingyuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100019, China
| | - Chunmiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100019, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100019, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100019, China
| | - Ping Xia
- Shanghai National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resources Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Shanghai National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resources Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Zhiyong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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164
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Hale SE, Arp HPH, Slinde GA, Wade EJ, Bjørseth K, Breedveld GD, Straith BF, Moe KG, Jartun M, Høisæter Å. Sorbent amendment as a remediation strategy to reduce PFAS mobility and leaching in a contaminated sandy soil from a Norwegian firefighting training facility. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 171:9-18. [PMID: 28002769 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) containing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) used for firefighting have led to the contamination of soil and water at training sites. The unique physicochemical properties of PFAS results in environmental persistency, threatening water quality and making remediation of such sites a necessity. This work investigated the role of sorbent amendment to PFAS contaminated soils in order to immobilise PFAS and reduce mobility and leaching to groundwater. Soil was sampled from a firefighting training facility at a Norwegian airport and total and leachable PFAS concentrations were quantified. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) was the most dominant PFAS present in all soil samples (between 9 and 2600 μg/kg). Leaching was quantified using a one-step batch test with water (L/S 10). PFOS concentrations measured in leachate water ranged between 1.2 μg/L and 212 μg/L. Sorbent amendment (3%) was tested by adding activated carbon (AC), compost soil and montmorillonite to selected soils. The extent of immobilisation was quantified by measuring PFAS concentrations in leachate before and after amendment. Leaching was reduced between 94 and 99.9% for AC, between 29 and 34% for compost soil and between 28 and 40% for the montmorillonite amended samples. Sorbent + soil/water partitioning coefficients (KD) were estimated following amendment and were around 8 L/kg for compost soil and montmorillonite amended soil and ranged from 1960 to 16,940 L/kg for AC amended soil. The remediation of AFFF impacted soil via immobilisation of PFAS following sorbent amendment with AC is promising as part of an overall remediation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gijs D Breedveld
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway; Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
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165
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Devi P, Saroha AK. Utilization of sludge based adsorbents for the removal of various pollutants: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 578:16-33. [PMID: 27838056 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Sludge based adsorbents are widely used for the removal of various pollutants from water and wastewater systems and the available data is much diversified. The purpose of this review is to organize and critically review the scattered available information on the potential of use of sludge based adsorbents for the removal of various pollutants. It was observed that performance of the sludge based adsorbents varies depending on the type of pollutants, type of precursor sludge, carbonization time-temperature profile and the type of activation conditions used. The variation in pyrolysis and activation conditions found to directly affect the adsorbent properties, adsorption capacity and the mechanism of pollutant removal by sludge based adsorbents. The interaction mechanisms of pollutants with adsorbent surface found to have a detrimental effect on desorption and regeneration of the adsorbents and its recycling potential. Therefore, desorption and regeneration technique used for recycle of the adsorbents is also discussed in detail. Moreover, life cycle and cost analysis of sludge based adsorbents is assessed to ensure the cost effectiveness of their application in water treatment operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parmila Devi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Anil K Saroha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
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166
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Gao Q, Chen W, Chen Y, Werner D, Cornelissen G, Xing B, Tao S, Wang X. Surfactant removal with multiwalled carbon nanotubes. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 106:531-538. [PMID: 27770729 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to remove a non-ionic surfactant, Triton X-100 (TX100), an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzenesulonate (SDBS), and a cationic surfactant, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) from the aqueous phase was investigated. Untreated, OH-, and COOH-functionalized MWCNTs with different outer diameters and chemical composition were examined and compared. As both the concentrations of surfactants and MWCNTs initially added may affect removal efficiency of surfactants, a relationship between the initial concentration ratio of surfactants and MWCNTs (Rc) and the removal efficiency (E) was established. The results showed that for a given Rc (e.g., 0.8), removal efficiency of the tested surfactants by a specific MWCNT (e.g., the untreated one with outer diameter <8 nm) decreased in the following order: TX100 (52.3%) > SDBS (26.2%) > CTAB (3.8%). TX100 was more readily removed by MWCNTs than SDBS and CTAB, due to its longer aliphatic chain compared to SDBS and CTAB thus higher hydrophobicity, and stronger π-π interactions with the aromatic structure of the surfaces of graphite sheets relative to CTAB. Based upon the established relationship between Rc and E of surfactants by MWCNTs, the maximum removal efficiency and the most appropriate Rc of TX100 and SDBS by two MWCNTs (UT8 and OH8) were derived. It was interesting to notice that, except for the case to remove TX100 using UT8, even though a large quantity of UT8 or OH8 was added to the TX100 or SDBS removal systems, they cannot be completely removed, with the maximum removal efficiency in the range of 55.88-87.17%. This mostly resulted from strong aggregation of MWCNTs thus reducing their readily accessible surface area and porosity for sorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Gao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Weixiao Chen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yin Chen
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - David Werner
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gerard Cornelissen
- NGI, Department of Environmental Engineering, N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), N-1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xilong Wang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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167
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Ulrich H, Freier KP, Gierig M. Getting on with persistent pollutants: Decreasing trends of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in sewage sludge. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 161:527-535. [PMID: 27472434 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge can be a relevant source of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) for the environment. In order to reduce emissions from this source, Bavarian authorities enforced in 2008 an analysis of PFAAs from sewage sludge derived from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). 4981 sludge samples from 1165 different WWTPs were analyzed between 2008 and 2013 for 11 PFAAs compounds. During this period, 71 WWTPs exceeded the precautionary limit of 125 μg kg(-1) dm of total PFAAs in sludge samples at least once with a decreasing tendency. The yearly exceedances of the investigated WWTPs decreased from 6% in 2008 to 0.8% in 2013. At the same time, the percentage of uncontaminated WWTPs increased from 33% to 65%. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was the predominant compound found in 41% of all sludge samples. Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) was detected in 19% and Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in 7%. Very high PFAAs concentrations (>500 μg kg(-1) dm) in sewage sludge were generally caused by firefighting foams containing PFAAs or emissions from PFAAs-using industries including metal plating, textile, leather or paper industries. Trend analyses of the six year period show that PFAAs contamination in sewage sludge clearly decreased for 47% of the WWTPs. However, for 16% of the WWTPs an increasing trend was detected, even though the concentration levels were below the precautionary limit. During the six years of investigation the load of total PFAAs in sewage sludge was reduced by more than 90%, from 17 t a(-1) in 2008 to 1.5 t a(-1) in 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Ulrich
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Demollstraße 31, D-82407 Wielenbach, Germany
| | - Korbinian P Freier
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Bürgermeister-Ulrich-Straße 160, D-86179 Augsburg, Germany; Research Unit Sustainability and Global Change, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, Grindelberg 5, D- 20144 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Gierig
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Demollstraße 31, D-82407 Wielenbach, Germany; Bavarian Environment Agency, Bürgermeister-Ulrich-Straße 160, D-86179 Augsburg, Germany
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168
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Ochoa-Herrera V, Field JA, Luna-Velasco A, Sierra-Alvarez R. Microbial toxicity and biodegradability of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and shorter chain perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2016; 18:1236-1246. [PMID: 27711852 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00366d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and related perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are emerging contaminants that have been widely applied in consumer and industrial applications for decades. However, PFOS has raised public concern due to its high bioaccumulative character, environmental persistence, and toxicity. Shorter PFASs such as perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and polyfluoroalkyl compounds have been proposed as alternatives to PFOS but it is unclear whether these fluorinated substances pose a risk for public health and the environment. The objective of this research was to investigate the microbial toxicity and the susceptibility to microbial degradation of PFOS and several related fluorinated compounds, i.e., short-chain perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl sulfonic and carboxylic acids. None of the compounds tested were toxic to the methanogenic activity of anaerobic wastewater sludge even at very high concentrations (up to 500 mg L-1). All PFASs evaluated were highly resistant to microbial degradation. PFOS was not reductively dehalogenated by the anaerobic microbial consortium even after very long periods of incubation (3.4 years). Similarly, the tested short chain perfluoroalkyl substances (i.e., PFBS and trifluoroacetic acid) and a polyfluoroalkyl PFOS analogue, 6 : 2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (FTSA) were also resistant to anaerobic biodegradation. Likewise, no conclusive evidence of microbial degradation was observed under aerobic conditions for any of the short-chain perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids tested after 32 weeks of incubation. Collectively, these results indicate that PFOS and its alternatives such as short chain perfluoroalkyl sulfonates and carboxylates and their polyfluorinated homologues are highly resistant to microbial degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Ochoa-Herrera
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA. and Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Colegio de Ciencias e Ingeniería, El Politécnico, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, 17-1200-841, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jim A Field
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA.
| | - Antonia Luna-Velasco
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA. and Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Ave. Miguel de Cervantes 120, Industrial Chihuahua, 31109 Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Reyes Sierra-Alvarez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA.
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169
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Santos A, Rodríguez S, Pardo F, Romero A. Use of Fenton reagent combined with humic acids for the removal of PFOA from contaminated water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 563-564:657-663. [PMID: 26412418 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are receiving significant attention due to its global distribution, high persistence, and bioaccumulation properties. Among them, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is one of the most commonly found in the environment. The strong bond C-F in PFOA is extremely difficult to degrade, therefore advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) at room temperature and pressure are not able to oxidize them, as was noticed here using Fenton like reagent (FR) or persulfate (PS) at 25°C. On the contrary, by using persulfate activated by heat (100mM and T=70°C) a complete defluorination of PFOA 0.1mM was noticed after 18h, with a sequential degradation mechanism of losing one CF2 unit from PFOA and its intermediates (perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPA) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA)). Since this thermal treatment is not usually desirable from an economical point of view, alternative process has been tested. For this scope, a hybrid process is proposed in this work, by adding humic acid, HA, (600mgL(-1)) and FR, (165mM in H2O2 and 3mM in Fe(3+)) to the 0.1mM PFOA solution. It was found that the HA was oxidized by FR. PFOA was entrapped quantitatively and irreversibly during HA oxidation, resulting PFOA non-available to the aqueous phase. Oxidized HA with PFOA entrapped precipitates. Both, the leftover Fe(III) acting as a coagulant and neutral pH enhance the separation of this solid phase. The precipitation noticed by adding HA to the PFOA solution in absence of FR was negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Santos
- Av. Complutense s/N, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, UCM, Spain.
| | - Sergio Rodríguez
- Av. Complutense s/N, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, UCM, Spain
| | - Fernando Pardo
- Av. Complutense s/N, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, UCM, Spain
| | - Arturo Romero
- Av. Complutense s/N, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, UCM, Spain
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170
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Wang B, Lee LS, Wei C, Fu H, Zheng S, Xu Z, Zhu D. Covalent triazine-based framework: A promising adsorbent for removal of perfluoroalkyl acids from aqueous solution. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 216:884-892. [PMID: 27389552 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are highly stable, persistent, and ubiquitous in the environment with significant concerns growing with regards to both human and ecosystem health. Due to the high stability to both biological and chemical attack, the only currently feasible approach for their removal from water is adsorbent technology. The main objective of this study was to assess a covalent triazine-based framework (CTF) adsorbent for removal from aqueous solutions of perfluoro C4, C6, and C8 carboxylates and sulfonates including the two C8s most commonly monitored, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Adsorption affinity and capacity were quantified and compared to three commonly used sorbents: pulverized microporous activated carbon, single-walled carbon nanotubes, and Amberlite IRA-400 anion-exchange resin. CTF adsorbent exhibited pronouncedly higher adsorption affinity and capacity of PFAAs than other test sorbents. The remarkably strong adsorption to CTF can be attributed to the favored electrostatic interaction between the protonated triazine groups on the inner wall of the hydrophobic CTF pore and the negatively charged head groups of the PFAAs intercalated between the CTF layers. The homogeneous, nanosized pores (1.2 nm) of CTF hindered adsorption of a large-sized dissolved humic acid, thus minimizing the suppression of PFAA adsorption. Additionally, regeneration of CTF was easily accomplished by simply raising pH > 11, which inhibited the electrostatic adsorptive interaction of PFAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse/School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210046, China
| | - Linda S Lee
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chenhui Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse/School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210046, China
| | - Heyun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse/School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210046, China
| | - Shourong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse/School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210046, China
| | - Zhaoyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse/School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210046, China
| | - Dongqiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse/School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, 210046, China; School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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171
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Sun B, Ma J, Sedlak DL. Chemisorption of Perfluorooctanoic Acid on Powdered Activated Carbon Initiated by Persulfate in Aqueous Solution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7618-7624. [PMID: 27336204 PMCID: PMC6389328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a perfluorocarboxylic acid that is difficult to treat by most conventional methods. As a result, it is often removed from solution by adsorption on powdered activated carbon (PAC), followed by incineration of the spent carbon. To provide a new approach for treatment, PFOA was exposed to sulfate radicals (SO4(-•)) produced by thermolysis of persulfate (S2O8(2-)) in the presence of PAC. Under acidic conditions, thermal activation of persulfate resulted in transformation of PFOA to shorter-chain-length perfluorinated compounds, as previously reported. However, when thermolysis of persulfate occurred under circumneutral pH conditions in the presence of PAC, a new removal pathway for PFOA was observed. Under these conditions, the removal of PFOA was attributable to chemisorption, a process in which PAC catalyzed persulfate decomposition and reacted with the transformation products to produce covalently bound PFOA. At PAC concentrations between 200 and 1000 mg/L and an initial PFOA concentration of 0.5 μM, covalent bonding resulted in removal of 10-40% of the PFOA. Under these conditions, the process resulted in removal of more than half of a more hydrophilic perfluoroalkyl acid (i.e., perfluorobutanoic acid, PFBA), which was greater than the amount of PFBA removed by physical adsorption on PAC. Although the high reaction temperatures (i.e., 80 °C) and relatively high doses of PAC used in this study may be impractical for drinking water treatment, this process may be applied to the treatment of these recalcitrant compounds in industrial wastewater, reverse osmosis concentrate, and other waters that contain high concentrations of PFOA and other perfluorocarboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720-1710
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - David L. Sedlak
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720-1710
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172
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Milinovic J, Lacorte S, Rigol A, Vidal M. Sorption of perfluoroalkyl substances in sewage sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:8339-8348. [PMID: 26780052 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-6019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The sorption behaviour of three perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS)) was studied in sewage sludge samples. Sorption isotherms were obtained by varying initial concentrations of PFOS, PFOA and PFBS. The maximum values of the sorption solid-liquid distribution coefficients (Kd,max) varied by almost two orders of magnitude among the target PFASs: 140-281 mL g(-1) for PFOS, 30-54 mL g(-1) for PFOA and 9-18 mL g(-1) for PFBS. Freundlich and linear fittings were appropriate for describing the sorption behaviour of PFASs in the sludge samples, and the derived KF and Kd,linear parameters correlated well. The hydrophobicity of the PFASs was the key parameter that influenced their sorption in sewage sludge. Sorption parameters and log(KOW) were correlated, and for PFOS (the most hydrophobic compound), pH and Ca + Mg status of the sludge controlled the variation in the sorption parameter values. Sorption reversibility was also tested from desorption isotherms, which were also linear. Desorption parameters were systematically higher than the corresponding sorption parameters (up to sixfold higher), thus indicating a significant degree of irreversible sorption, which decreased in the sequence PFOS > PFOA > PFBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Milinovic
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Lacorte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Rigol
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Miquel Vidal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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173
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Chen L, Torkelson JM. Tuning the Tg-confinement effect in thin polymer films via minute levels of residual surfactant which “cap” the free surface. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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174
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A Porous Aromatic Framework Constructed from Benzene Rings Has a High Adsorption Capacity for Perfluorooctane Sulfonate. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20311. [PMID: 26843015 PMCID: PMC4740861 DOI: 10.1038/srep20311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A low-cost and easily constructed porous aromatic framework (PAF-45) was successfully prepared using the Scholl reaction. PAF-45 was, for the first time, used to remove perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from aqueous solution. Systematic experiments were performed to determine the adsorption capacity of PAF-45 for PFOS and to characterize the kinetics of the adsorption process. The adsorption of PFOS onto PAF-45 reached equilibrium in 30 min, and the adsorption capacity of PAF-45 for PFOS was excellent (5847 mg g−1 at pH 3). The amount of PFOS adsorbed by PAF-45 increased significantly as the cation (Na+, Mg2+, or Fe3+) concentration increased, which probably occurred because the cations enhanced the interactions between the negatively charged PFOS molecules and the positively charged PAF-45 surface. The cations Na+, Mg2+, and Fe3+ were found to form complexes with PFOS anions in solution. Density functional theory was used to identify the interactions between PFOS and Na+, Mg2+, and Fe3+. We expect that materials of the same type as PAF-45 could be useful adsorbents for removing organic pollutants from industrial wastewater and contaminated surface water.
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175
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Zhang D, Luo Q, Gao B, Chiang SYD, Woodward D, Huang Q. Sorption of perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluoroheptanoic acid on granular activated carbon. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:2336-2342. [PMID: 26606188 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The sorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) on granular activated carbon (GAC) was characterized and compared to explore the underlying mechanisms. Sorption of the three perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) on GAC appeared to be a rapid intra-particle diffusion process, which were well represented by the pseudo-second-order rate model with the sorption rate following the order PFOS > PFOA > PFHpA. Sorption isotherm data were well fitted by the Freundlich model with the sorption capacity (Kf) of PFOS, PFOA and PFHpA being 4.45, 2.42 and 1.66 respectively. This suggests that the hydrophilic head group on PFAAs, i.e. sulfonate vs carboxylic, has a strong influence on their sorption. Comparison between PFOA and PFHpA revealed that hydrophobicity could also play a role in the sorption of PFAAs on GAC when the fluorocarbon chain length is different. Analyses using Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR)-Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy suggested possible formation of a negative charge-assisted H-bond between PFAAs and the functionalities on GAC surfaces, including non-aromatic ketones, sulfides, and halogenated hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- Department of Resources and Environmental Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China; Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA
| | - Qi Luo
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | | | - Qingguo Huang
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA.
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176
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Kupryianchyk D, Hale SE, Breedveld GD, Cornelissen G. Treatment of sites contaminated with perfluorinated compounds using biochar amendment. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 142:35-40. [PMID: 25956025 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been attracting increasing attention due to their considerable persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. Here, we studied the sorption behavior of three PFCs, viz. perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanecarboxylic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), on one activated carbon (AC) and two biochars from different feedstocks, viz. mixed wood (MW) and paper mill waste (PMW). In addition, we explored the potential of remediating three natively PFC contaminated soils by the addition of AC or biochar. The sorption coefficient i.e. Freundlich coefficients LogKF, (μg/kg)/(μg/L)(n), for the two biochars were 4.61±0.11 and 4.41±0.05 for PFOS, 3.02±0.04 and 3.01±0.01 for PFOA, and 3.21±0.07 and 3.18±0.03 for PFHxS, respectively. The AC sorbed the PFCs so strongly that aqueous concentrations were reduced to below detection limits, implying that the LogKF values were above 5.60. Sorption capacities decreased in the order: AC>MW>PMW, which was consistent with the material's surface area and pore size distribution. PFC sorption to MW biochar was near-linear (Freundlich exponent nF of 0.87-0.90), but non-linear for PMW biochar (0.64-0.73). Addition of the AC to contaminated soils resulted in almost complete removal of PFCs from the water phase and a significant (i.e. 1-3 Log unit) increase in soil-water distribution coefficient LogKd. However, small to no reduction in pore water concentration, and no effect on LogKd was found for the biochars. We conclude that amendment with AC but not biochar can be a useful method for in situ remediation of PFC-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Kupryianchyk
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, P.O. Box 3930 Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, P.O. Box 3930 Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gijs D Breedveld
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, P.O. Box 3930 Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway; Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1047 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, P.O. Box 3930 Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway; Institute for Environmental Sciences (IMV), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway; Department of Applied Environmental Sciences (ITM), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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177
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Kishimoto N, Kobayashi M. Effects of three additives on the removal of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) by coagulation using ferric chloride or aluminum sulfate. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2016; 73:2971-2977. [PMID: 27332843 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2016.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid and its salts (PFOS) are emerging contaminants with long half-lives in water and human bodies. Accordingly, PFOS removal from water streams is required for controlling the PFOS pollution. To provide a simple PFOS separation technology, effects of three additives, powdered activated carbon (PAC), gelatin, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), on the PFOS removal by coagulation with ferric chloride or aluminum sulfate were investigated in this study. As a result, coagulation with PAC or CTAB addition was effective in the PFOS removal, though the conventional coagulation and coagulation with gelatin addition were ineffective. A PFOS removal efficiency of over 90% was observed for the CTAB dose of over 1.6 μM (0.58 mg/L) and for the PAC dose of over 40 mg/L, and that of over 95% was achieved by the CTAB dose of over 2.4 μM (0.87 mg/L), when the initial PFOS concentration was 1.84 μM. The positive effect of CTAB would be caused by micelle formation, which was enhanced by both the association of hydrophobic tails and the electrostatic attraction of hydrophilic heads of PFOS and CTAB. Thus, a linear cationic surfactant of CTAB was concluded to be an effective additive for the PFOS removal by coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Kishimoto
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, 1-5 Yokotani, Setaoe-cho, Otsu 520-2194, Japan E-mail:
| | - Masanori Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, 1-5 Yokotani, Setaoe-cho, Otsu 520-2194, Japan
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178
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Arvaniti OS, Stasinakis AS. Review on the occurrence, fate and removal of perfluorinated compounds during wastewater treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 524-525:81-92. [PMID: 25889547 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) consist of a fully fluorinated hydrophobic alkyl chain attached to a hydrophilic end group. Due to their wide use in several industrial and household applications, they have been detected in numerous Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) during the last ten years. The present review reports the occurrence of 22 PFCs (C4-C14, C16, C18 carboxylates; C4-C8 and C10 sulfonates; 3 sulfonamides) in municipal or/and industrial wastewater, originating from 24 monitoring studies. PFCs levels in sewage sludge have also been reported using data from 12 studies. Most of the above monitoring data originate from the USA, North Europe and Asia and concern perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), while limited information is available from Mediterranean area, Canada and Australia. PFCs concentrations range up to some hundreds ng/L and some thousands ng/g dry weight in raw wastewater and sludge, respectively. They are not significantly removed during secondary biological treatment, while their concentrations in treated wastewater are often higher compared to raw sewage. Their biodegradation during wastewater treatment does not seem possible; whereas some recent studies have noted the potential transformation of precursor compounds to PFCs during biological wastewater treatment. PFCs sorption onto sludge has been studied in depth and seems to be an important mechanism governing their removal in STPs. Concerning tertiary treatment technologies, significant PFCs removal has been observed using activated carbon, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis or applying advanced oxidation and reduction processes. Most of these studies have been conducted using pure water, while in many cases the experiments have been performed under extreme laboratory conditions (high concentrations, high radiation source, temperature or pressure). Future efforts should be focused on better understanding of biotransformation processes occurred in aerobic and anaerobic bioreactors and result to PFCs formation and on the application of advanced treatment technologies under conditions commonly found in STPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S Arvaniti
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, Greece
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179
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Xu C, Chen H, Jiang F. Adsorption of perflourooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) on polyaniline nanotubes. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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180
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Wang F, Shih K, Ma R, Li XY. Influence of cations on the partition behavior of perfluoroheptanoate (PFHpA) and perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS) on wastewater sludge. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 131:178-183. [PMID: 25841073 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of different cations on the sorption behavior of PFHpA and PFHxS on two types of sludge were investigated in this study. The sodium and potassium ions did not significantly affect PFHpA and PFHxS sorption on different sludge. For calcium and magnesium, the sorption amount of PFAS increased with calcium and magnesium concentration increasing from 1 to 30 mM and then decreased with those increasing from 30 to 100 mM. The sorption level of PFHxS or PFHpA greatly increased with increasing Al3+ and Fe3+ cation concentrations due to the strong sorption and coagulation effects by the formation of aluminum hydroxide (or ferric hydroxide) colloids or precipitates. After the organics in sludge has been removed by thermal treatment, the PFAS sorption on sludge was greatly reduced. Such finding indicated that sorption to organic matter is more important for anionic PFASs than adsorption to mineral surfaces. However, due to the higher content of biological organics, a secondary activated sludge has higher affinity toward PFAS species than chemically enhanced primary treatment sludge. It indicated that the organic types in sludge were also crucial to the sorption levels of PFASs by sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong.
| | - Kaimin Shih
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Ruowei Ma
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Xiao-yan Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
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181
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Zhi Y, Liu J. Adsorption of perfluoroalkyl acids by carbonaceous adsorbents: Effect of carbon surface chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 202:168-176. [PMID: 25827692 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption by carbonaceous sorbents is among the most feasible processes to remove perfluorooctane sulfonic (PFOS) and carboxylic acids (PFOA) from drinking and ground waters. However, carbon surface chemistry, which has long been recognized essential for dictating performance of such sorbents, has never been considered for PFOS and PFOA adsorption. Thus, the role of surface chemistry was systematically investigated using sorbents with a wide range in precursor material, pore structure, and surface chemistry. Sorbent surface chemistry overwhelmed physical properties in controlling the extent of uptake. The adsorption affinity was positively correlated carbon surface basicity, suggesting that high acid neutralizing or anion exchange capacity was critical for substantial uptake of PFOS and PFOA. Carbon polarity or hydrophobicity had insignificant impact on the extent of adsorption. Synthetic polymer-based Ambersorb and activated carbon fibers were more effective than activated carbon made of natural materials in removing PFOS and PFOA from aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhi
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Jinxia Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada.
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182
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Nano-Sized Cyclodextrin-Based Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Adsorbents for Perfluorinated Compounds-A Mini-Review. NANOMATERIALS 2015; 5:981-1003. [PMID: 28347047 PMCID: PMC5312915 DOI: 10.3390/nano5020981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent efforts have been directed towards the design of efficient and contaminant selective remediation technology for the removal of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) from soils, sediments, and aquatic environments. While there is a general consensus on adsorption-based processes as the most suitable methodology for the removal of PFCs from aquatic environments, challenges exist regarding the optimal materials design of sorbents for selective uptake of PFCs. This article reviews the sorptive uptake of PFCs using cyclodextrin (CD)-based polymer adsorbents with nano- to micron-sized structural attributes. The relationship between synthesis of adsorbent materials and their structure relate to the overall sorption properties. Hence, the adsorptive uptake properties of CD-based molecularly imprinted polymers (CD-MIPs) are reviewed and compared with conventional MIPs. Further comparison is made with non-imprinted polymers (NIPs) that are based on cross-linking of pre-polymer units such as chitosan with epichlorohydrin in the absence of a molecular template. In general, MIPs offer the advantage of selectivity, chemical tunability, high stability and mechanical strength, ease of regeneration, and overall lower cost compared to NIPs. In particular, CD-MIPs offer the added advantage of possessing multiple binding sites with unique physicochemical properties such as tunable surface properties and morphology that may vary considerably. This mini-review provides a rationale for the design of unique polymer adsorbent materials that employ an intrinsic porogen via incorporation of a macrocyclic compound in the polymer framework to afford adsorbent materials with tunable physicochemical properties and unique nanostructure properties.
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183
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Das P, Megharaj M, Naidu R. Perfluorooctane sulfonate release pattern from soils of fire training areas in Australia and its bioaccumulation potential in the earthworm Eisenia fetida. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:8902-8910. [PMID: 23695853 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1782-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) are used to extinguish hydrocarbon fuel fires. Certain AFFF products such as 3M Lightwater contain perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) as the active ingredient which is highly persistent in the environment and is thus globally prevalent. With thousands of tons of soils potentially contaminated with PFOS stockpiled at a number of sites in Australia, the lack of reliable information on bioavailability of this recalcitrant contaminant constrains the application of a risk-based strategy for managing such soils. In this study, the PFOS release pattern from soils collected from the contaminated sites of fire training areas and its bioaccumulation potential in earthworm were investigated. The study was conducted at two temperatures (25 and 37 °C) and 60 % of the maximum water-holding capacity of soils. The greatest release into water was found to occur from the soil having the highest PFOS concentration, 16.17 μg g(-1) (Tindal FTA064), thereby demonstrating the role of contaminant loading on release behaviour. The release could also be related to the soil physico-chemical properties. The maximum amount of PFOS was desorbed from the soil with the lowest clay and organic matter content. Bioaccumulation of PFOS in earthworms (Eisensia fetida) as expressed by the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was found to be highest from soil with the lowest PFOS concentration (RBD soil). The range of BAF found in our study was 1.23 (spiked Tindal SS01 soil) to 13.9 (field contaminated RBD soil). Our study suggests that PFOS could indeed pose a potential risk to ecological safety of soil if present even at concentrations as low as 0.8 μg g(-1) since the highest bioaccumulation factor was found to be from such a soil (field contaminated RBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Piw Das
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, SA, 5095, Australia
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184
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Urtiaga A, Fernández-González C, Gómez-Lavín S, Ortiz I. Kinetics of the electrochemical mineralization of perfluorooctanoic acid on ultrananocrystalline boron doped conductive diamond electrodes. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 129:20-26. [PMID: 24981910 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This work deals with the electrochemical degradation and mineralization of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Model aqueous solutions of PFOA (100mg/L) were electro-oxidized under galvanostatic conditions in a flow-by undivided cell provided with a tungsten cathode and an anode formed by a commercial ultrananocrystalline boron doped diamond (BDD) coating on a niobium substrate. A systematic experimental study was conducted in order to analyze the influence of the following operation variables: (i) the supporting electrolyte, NaClO4 (1.4 and 8.4g/L) and Na2SO4 (5g/L); (ii) the applied current density, japp, in the range 50-200 A/m(2) and (iii) the hydrodynamic conditions, in terms of flowrate in the range 0.4×10(-4)-1.7×10(-4)m(3)/s and temperature in the range 293-313K. After 6h of treatment and at japp 200A/m(2), PFOA removal was higher than 93% and the mineralization ratio, obtained from the decrease of the total organic carbon (TOC) was 95%. The electrochemical generation of hydroxyl radicals in the supporting electrolyte was experimentally measured based on their reaction with dimethyl sulfoxide. The enhanced formation of hydroxyl radicals at higher japp was related to the faster kinetics of PFOA removal. The fitting of experimental data to the proposed kinetic model provided the first order rate constants of PFOA degradation, kc(1) that moved from 2.06×10(-4) to 15.58×10(-4)s(-1), when japp varied from 50 to 200A/m(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Urtiaga
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Cantabria, Av. de Los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain.
| | - Carolina Fernández-González
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Cantabria, Av. de Los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Sonia Gómez-Lavín
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Cantabria, Av. de Los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Ortiz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Cantabria, Av. de Los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
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185
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Zhao Z, Xie Z, Tang J, Sturm R, Chen Y, Zhang G, Ebinghaus R. Seasonal variations and spatial distributions of perfluoroalkyl substances in the rivers Elbe and lower Weser and the North Sea. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 129:118-25. [PMID: 24768527 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distributions and seasonal variations of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in surface waters were investigated for the German rivers Elbe and lower Weser, and the North Sea. ∑PFAS concentrations ranged from 4.1 to 250ngL(-1) in the River Elbe, from 3.8 to 16ngL(-1) in the lower Weser, and from 0.13 to 10ngL(-1) in the North Sea. The most abundant compound was perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) with a proportion of 24% in river water and 31% in seawater samples. The concentrations of perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in Elbe River water showed significant seasonal variation in 2011. The seasonal variations might be related to the variations of water discharge. The highest concentrations of PFOA and PFHxA were detected in August. Pearson correlations showed that perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and PFBS had different sources from other PFASs, and the current manufacturing and use of C4-based products could explain the distinction. The estimated fluxes of individual substances and ∑PFASs in the River Elbe showed no significant seasonal variation. The annual fluxes of PFASs to the North Sea were estimated to be 335±100kgyear(-1) from the River Elbe and 102±22kgyear(-1) from the River Weser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Geesthacht, Germany; Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS, Chunhui Road 17, Yantai 264003, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Geesthacht, Germany.
| | - Jianhui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS, Chunhui Road 17, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Renate Sturm
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS, Chunhui Road 17, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, CAS, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Ralf Ebinghaus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Geesthacht, Germany
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186
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Pramanik BK, Pramanik SK, Suja F. A comparative study of coagulation, granular- and powdered-activated carbon for the removal of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate in drinking water treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2015; 36:2610-2617. [PMID: 25860623 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) are persistent organic pollutants in the environment and their occurrence causes toxicological effects on humans. We examined different conventional coagulant treatments such as alum, ferric chloride and polyaluminium chloride in removing these compounds. These were then compared with a natural coagulant (Moringa oleifera). We also investigated the powdered-activated carbon (PAC) and granular-activated carbon (GAC) for removing these compounds. At an initial dose of 5 mg/L, polyaluminium chloride led to a higher reduction of PFOS/PFOA compared with alum which in turn was higher than ferric. The removal efficiency increased with the increase in coagulant dose and decrease in pH. M. oleifera was very effective in reducing PFOS and PFOA than conventional coagulants, with a reduction efficiencies of 65% and 72%, respectively, at a dose of 30 mg/L. Both PAC and GAC were very effective in reducing these compounds than coagulations. PAC led to a higher reduction in PFOS and PFOA than GAC due to its greater surface area and shorter internal diffusion distances. The addition of PAC (10 min contact time) with coagulation (at 5 mg/L dosage) significantly increased the removal efficiency, and the maximum removal efficiency was for M. oleifera with 98% and 94% for PFOS and PFOA, respectively. The reduction efficiency of PFOS/PFOA was reduced with the increase in dissolved organic concentration due to the adsorption competition between organic molecules and PFOS/PFOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplob Kumar Pramanik
- a School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering , RMIT University , GPO Box 2476, Melbourne , 3001 , Australia
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187
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Zhang R, Yan W, Jing C. Experimental and molecular dynamic simulation study of perfluorooctane sulfonate adsorption on soil and sediment components. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 29:131-138. [PMID: 25766021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Soil and sediment play a crucial role in the fate and transport of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in the environment. However, the molecular mechanisms of major soil/sediment components on PFOS adsorption remain unclear. This study experimentally isolated three major components in soil/sediment: humin/kerogen, humic/fulvic acid (HA/FA), and inorganic component after removing organics, and explored their contributions to PFOS adsorption using batch adsorption experiments and molecular dynamic simulations. The results suggest that the humin/kerogen component dominated the PFOS adsorption due to its aliphatic features where hydrophobic effect and phase transfer are the primary adsorption mechanism. Compared with the humin/kerogen, the HA/FA component contributed less to the PFOS adsorption because of its hydrophilic and polar characteristics. The electrostatic repulsion between the polar groups of HA/FA and PFOS anions was attributable to the reduced PFOS adsorption. When the soil organic matter was extracted, the inorganic component also plays a non-negligible role because PFOS molecules might form surface complexes on SiO2 surface. The findings obtained in this study illustrate the contribution of organic matters in soils and sediments to PFOS adsorption and provided new perspective to understanding the adsorption process of PFOS on micro-interface in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Wei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chuanyong Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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188
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Deng S, Nie Y, Du Z, Huang Q, Meng P, Wang B, Huang J, Yu G. Enhanced adsorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate by bamboo-derived granular activated carbon. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 282:150-7. [PMID: 24721493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A bamboo-derived granular activated carbon with large pores was successfully prepared by KOH activation, and used to remove perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) from aqueous solution. The granular activated carbon prepared at the KOH/C mass ratio of 4 and activation temperature of 900°C had fast and high adsorption for PFOS and PFOA. Their adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 24h, which was attributed to their fast diffusion in the micron-sized pores of activated carbon. This granular activated carbon exhibited the maximum adsorbed amount of 2.32mmol/g for PFOS and 1.15mmol/g for PFOA at pH 5.0, much higher than other granular and powdered activated carbons reported. The activated carbon prepared under the severe activation condition contained many enlarged pores, favorable for the adsorption of PFOS and PFOA. In addition, the spent activated carbon was hardly regenerated in NaOH/NaCl solution, while the regeneration efficiency was significantly enhanced in hot water and methanol/ethanol solution, indicating that hydrophobic interaction was mainly responsible for the adsorption. The regeneration percent was up to 98% using 50% ethanol solution at 45°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubo Deng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yao Nie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ziwen Du
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qian Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pingping Meng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Beijing 100084, China
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189
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Ma Q, Liu L, Cui W, Li R, Song T, Cui Z. Electrochemical degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) by Yb-doped Ti/SnO2–Sb/PbO2anodes and determination of the optimal conditions. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14299g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Model aqueous solutions of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, 100 mg L−1) were electro-oxidized in a homemade container.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianchi Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- China
| | - Wei Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- China
| | - Ruifeng Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- China
| | - Tingting Song
- Shandong Province Guohe Circular Economy Research Center
- China
| | - Zhaojie Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- China
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190
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Wang Y, Niu J, Li Y, Zheng T, Xu Y, Liu Y. Performance and mechanisms for removal of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) from aqueous solution by activated carbon fiber. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra15853b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The sorption behavior of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) by activated carbon fiber (ACF) in aqueous solution was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation
- School of Environment
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- PR China
| | - Junfeng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation
- School of Environment
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- PR China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation
- School of Environment
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- PR China
| | - Taojie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation
- School of Environment
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- PR China
| | - Yi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation
- School of Environment
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- PR China
| | - Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation
- School of Environment
- Beijing Normal University
- Beijing 100875
- PR China
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191
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Removal of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) from water by coagulation: Mechanisms and influencing factors. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 434:59-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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192
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Shanmuganathan S, Nguyen TV, Shim W, Kandasamy J, Listowski A, Vigneswaran S. Effluent organic matter removal from reverse osmosis feed by granular activated carbon and purolite A502PS fluidized beds. J IND ENG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2014.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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193
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Arvaniti OS, Andersen HR, Thomaidis NS, Stasinakis AS. Sorption of Perfluorinated Compounds onto different types of sewage sludge and assessment of its importance during wastewater treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 111:405-411. [PMID: 24997945 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The distribution coefficient (Kd) and the organic carbon distribution coefficient (KOC) were determined for four Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs) to three different types of sludge taken from a conventional Sewage Treatment Plant (STP). Batch experiments were performed in six different environmental relevant concentrations (200ngL(-1)to 5μgL(-1)) containing 1gL(-1) sludge. Kd values ranged from 330 to 6015, 329 to 17432 and 162 to 11770Lkg(-1) for primary, secondary and digested sludge, respectively. The effects of solution's pH, ionic strength and cation types on PFCs sorption were also evaluated. Sorption capacities of PFCs significantly decreased with increased pH values from 6 to 8. Furthermore, the divalent cation (Ca(2+)) enhanced PFCs sorption to a higher degree in comparison with the monovalent cation (Na(+)) at the same ionic strength. The obtained Kd values were applied to estimate the sorbed fractions of each PFC in different stages of a typical STP and to calculate their removal through treated wastewater and sludge. In primary settling tank, the predicted sorbed fractions ranged from 3% for Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) to 55% for Perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUdA), while in activated sludge tank and anaerobic digester sorption was more than 50% for all target compounds. Almost 86% of initial PFOA load is expected to be detected in treated wastewater; while Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), PFUdA and Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) can be significantly removed (>49%) via sorption to primary and excess secondary sludge. In anaerobic digester, the major part (>76%) of target PFCs is expected to be sorbed to sludge, while almost 3% of initial PFOA load will be detected in sludge leachates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S Arvaniti
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, Greece
| | - Henrik R Andersen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljoevej, B 113, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
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194
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Li YM, Zhang FS. Characterization of a cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide-modified sorbent for removal of perfluorooctane sulphonate from water. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2014; 35:2556-2568. [PMID: 25145211 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2014.912253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to develop a cost-effective and practicable sorbent for application in abrupt perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) pollution accidents. The main merit of this work was that a waste material, namely construction and demolition (C&D) waste, was employed as a raw base material for the sorbent synthesis. The waste material underwent alkaline fusion-hydrothermal synthesis and a cationic surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) modification process to form a CTAB-modified sorbent (CMCDSS). Experimental results showed that PFOS concentrations and solution pH had significant effect on the PFOS sorption on construction and demolition waste synthesized sorbent (CDSS) and CMCDSS (using 0.2CMCDSS as representative). PFOS could be effectively and rapidly adsorbed on CMCDSS, and sorption equilibrium was achieved within 2.5 h. The sorption amounts of PFOS on CMCDSSs enhanced along with the increase in CTAB loading amounts. Moreover, the CMCDSS can be applied effectively under acidic condition at pH 2-6 and various removal mechanisms were clarified at different sorption conditions. Accordingly, this work developed a novel and applicable material for dealing with abrupt environmental PFOS contamination accidents.
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195
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Ahrens L, Bundschuh M. Fate and effects of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in the aquatic environment: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:1921-9. [PMID: 24924660 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are distributed ubiquitously in the aquatic environment, which raises concern for the flora and fauna in hydrosystems. The present critical review focuses on the fate and adverse effects of PFASs in the aquatic environment. The PFASs are continuously emitted into the environment from point and nonpoint sources such as sewage treatment plants and atmospheric deposition, respectively. Although concentrations of single substances may be too low to cause adverse effects, their mixtures can be of significant environmental concern. The production of C8 -based PFASs (i.e., perfluorooctane sulfonate [PFOS] and perfluorooctanoate [PFOA]) is largely phased out; however, the emissions of other PFASs, in particular short-chain PFASs and PFAS precursors, are increasing. The PFAS precursors can finally degrade to persistent degradation products, which are, in particular, perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs). In the environment, PFSAs and PFCAs are subject to partitioning processes, whereby short-chain PFSAs and PFCAs are mainly distributed in the water phase, whereas long-chain PFSAs and PFCAs tend to bind to particles and have a substantial bioaccumulation potential. However, there are fundamental knowledge gaps about the interactive toxicity of PFAS precursors and their persistent degradation products but also interactions with other natural and anthropogenic stressors. Moreover, because of the continuous emission of PFASs, further information about their ecotoxicological potential among multiple generations, species interactions, and mixture toxicity seems fundamental to reliably assess the risks for PFASs to affect ecosystem structure and function in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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196
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Motkuri RK, Annapureddy HVR, Vijaykumar M, Schaef HT, Martin PF, McGrail BP, Dang LX, Krishna R, Thallapally PK. Fluorocarbon adsorption in hierarchical porous frameworks. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4368. [PMID: 25006832 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks comprise an important class of solid-state materials and have potential for many emerging applications such as energy storage, separation, catalysis and bio-medical. Here we report the adsorption behaviour of a series of fluorocarbon derivatives on a set of microporous and hierarchical mesoporous frameworks. The microporous frameworks show a saturation uptake capacity for dichlorodifluoromethane of >4 mmol g(-1) at a very low relative saturation pressure (P/Po) of 0.02. In contrast, the mesoporous framework shows an exceptionally high uptake capacity reaching >14 mmol g(-1) at P/Po of 0.4. Adsorption affinity in terms of mass loading and isosteric heats of adsorption is found to generally correlate with the polarizability and boiling point of the refrigerant, with dichlorodifluoromethane > chlorodifluoromethane > chlorotrifluoromethane > tetrafluoromethane > methane. These results suggest the possibility of exploiting these sorbents for separation of azeotropic mixtures of fluorocarbons and use in eco-friendly fluorocarbon-based adsorption cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Kishan Motkuri
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Harsha V R Annapureddy
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - M Vijaykumar
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - H Todd Schaef
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Paul F Martin
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - B Peter McGrail
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Liem X Dang
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Rajamani Krishna
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Praveen K Thallapally
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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197
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Du Z, Deng S, Bei Y, Huang Q, Wang B, Huang J, Yu G. Adsorption behavior and mechanism of perfluorinated compounds on various adsorbents--a review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 274:443-54. [PMID: 24813664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have drawn great attention recently due to their wide distribution in aquatic environments and potential toxic to animals and human beings. Adsorption not only is an effective technology to remove PFCs from water or wastewater, but also affects PFC distribution at solid-liquid interfaces and their fate in aquatic environments. This article reviews the adsorption behavior of different PFCs (mainly perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate) on various adsorptive materials. Some effective adsorbents are introduced in detail in terms of their preparation, characteristics, effects of solution chemistry and PFC properties on adsorption. Adsorption mechanisms of PFCs on different adsorbents are summarized, and various interactions including electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic interaction, ligand exchange, and hydrogen bond are fully reviewed. The adsorbents with amine groups generally have high adsorption capacity for PFCs, and formation of micelles/hemi-micelles plays an important role in achieving high adsorption capacity of perfluorinated surfactants on some porous adsorbents. Hydrophobic interaction is mainly responsible for PFC adsorption, but the difference between PFCs and traditional hydrocarbons has not clearly clarified. This review paper would be helpful for the preparation of effective adsorbents for PFC removal and understanding interfacial process of PFCs during their transport and fate in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Du
- School of Environment, POPs Research Center, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shubo Deng
- School of Environment, POPs Research Center, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yue Bei
- School of Environment, POPs Research Center, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qian Huang
- School of Environment, POPs Research Center, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Environment, POPs Research Center, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Environment, POPs Research Center, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Yu
- School of Environment, POPs Research Center, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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198
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Pasquini L, Munoz JF, Pons MN, Yvon J, Dauchy X, France X, Le ND, France-Lanord C, Görner T. Occurrence of eight household micropollutants in urban wastewater and their fate in a wastewater treatment plant. Statistical evaluation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 481:459-468. [PMID: 24631609 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence in urban wastewater of eight micropollutants (erythromycin, ibuprofen, 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), ofloxacin, sucralose, triclosan, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)) originating from household activities and their fate in a biological wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were investigated. Their concentrations were assessed in the liquid and solid phases (sewage particulate matter and wasted activated sludge (WAS)) by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The analysis of sewage from two different urban catchments connected to the WWTP showed a specific use of ofloxacin in the mixed catchment due to the presence of a hospital, and higher concentrations of sucralose in the residential area. The WWTP process removed over 90% of ibuprofen and triclosan from wastewater, while only 25% of ofloxacin was eliminated. Erythromycin, sucralose and PFOA were not removed from wastewater, the influent and effluent concentrations remaining at about 0.7 μg/L, 3 μg/L and 10 ng/L respectively. The behavior of PFOS and 4-nonylphenol was singular, as concentrations were higher at the WWTP outlet than at its inlet. This was probably related to the degradation of some of their precursors (such as alkylphenol ethoxylates and polyfluorinated compounds resulting in 4-NP and PFOS, respectively) during biological treatment. 4-NP, ofloxacin, triclosan and perfluorinated compounds were found adsorbed on WAS (from 5 ng/kg for PFOA to 1.0mg/kg for triclosan). The statistical methods (principal component analysis and multiple linear regressions) were applied to examine relationships among the concentrations of micropollutants and macropollutants (COD, ammonium, turbidity) entering and leaving the WWTP. A strong relationship with ammonium indicated that some micropollutants enter wastewater via human urine. A statistical analysis of WWTP operation gave a model for estimating micropollutant output from the WWTP based on a measurement of macropollution parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Pasquini
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 15 Avenue du Charmois, 54501 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France.
| | - Jean-François Munoz
- Laboratoire d'Hydrologie de Nancy, ANSES, 40 rue Lionnois, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Pons
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 1 rue Grandville, 54001 Nancy cedex, France
| | - Jacques Yvon
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 15 Avenue du Charmois, 54501 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - Xavier Dauchy
- Laboratoire d'Hydrologie de Nancy, ANSES, 40 rue Lionnois, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Xavier France
- GEMCEA, 149 rue Gabriel Péri, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Nang Dinh Le
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 1 rue Grandville, 54001 Nancy cedex, France
| | - Christian France-Lanord
- Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 15 rue Notre Dame des Pauvres, 54501 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - Tatiana Görner
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 15 Avenue du Charmois, 54501 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
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199
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Zhang C, Yan H, Li F, Hu X, Zhou Q. Sorption of short- and long-chain perfluoroalkyl surfactants on sewage sludges. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 260:689-699. [PMID: 23834900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl surfactants (PASs) have attracted increasing concerns in recent years due to their global distribution, persistence, bioaccumulation and potential toxicity. Since sludge was a significant source of PASs to environment, the sorption of short (C2-C6) and long-chain (C7-C15) PASs on different sewage sludge was investigated in this study. The equilibrium data were well represented by the Freundlich isotherm and were generally nonlinear. In order to elucidate the sorption mechanism of PASs to sludge, effect of sludge property, solution chemistry and molecular structure were also investigated in details. The dominant sludge parameter influencing sorption of PASs was protein in extracellular polymeric substances. The sorption of PASs onto sludge increased as solution pH decreased. For all the PASs homologues, enhanced adsorption occurred with increasing calcium concentration in solution. For PASs with C5-C15, sorption on sludge increases with increasing alkyl chain length, while for PASs with C2-C5, the association of sludge decreases when the alkyl chain length increases. The perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) demonstrated substantially stronger sorption than perfluorinated carboxylic acid (PFCA) analog. Evidence for both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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200
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Chularueangaksorn P, Tanaka S, Fujii S, Kunacheva C. Batch and column adsorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate on anion exchange resins and granular activated carbon. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pattarawan Chularueangaksorn
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies; Kyoto University, Yoshida Campus; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Shuhei Tanaka
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies; Kyoto University, Yoshida Campus; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Shigeo Fujii
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies; Kyoto University, Yoshida Campus; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Chinagarn Kunacheva
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies; Kyoto University, Yoshida Campus; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
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