151
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Phytotoxic Mechanism of Nanoparticles: Destruction of Chloroplasts and Vascular Bundles and Alteration of Nutrient Absorption. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11618. [PMID: 26108166 PMCID: PMC4479828 DOI: 10.1038/srep11618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study focused on determining the phytotoxic mechanism of CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs): destroying chloroplasts and vascular bundles and altering absorption of nutrients on conventional and Bt-transgenic cottons. Experiments were designed with three concentrations of CeO2 NPs including: 0, 100 and 500 mg·L(-1), and each treatment was three replications. Results indicate that absorbed CeO2 nanoparticles significantly reduced the Zn, Mg, Fe, and P levels in xylem sap compared with the control group and decreased indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations in the roots of conventional cotton. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed that CeO2 NPs were absorbed into the roots and subsequently transported to the stems and leaves of both conventional and Bt-transgenic cotton plants via xylem sap. In addition, the majority of aggregated CeO2 NPs were attached to the external surface of chloroplasts, which were swollen and ruptured, especially in Bt-transgenic cotton. The vascular bundles were destroyed by CeO2 nanoparticles, and more damage was observed in transgenic cotton than conventional cotton.
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152
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Ma C, White JC, Dhankher OP, Xing B. Metal-based nanotoxicity and detoxification pathways in higher plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:7109-22. [PMID: 25974388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The potential risks from metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) in the environment have increased with the rapidly rising demand for and use of nanoenabled consumer products. Plant's central roles in ecosystem function and food chain integrity ensure intimate contact with water and soil systems, both of which are considered sinks for NPs accumulation. In this review, we document phytotoxicity caused by metal-based NPs exposure at physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels. Although the exact mechanisms of plant defense against nanotoxicity are unclear, several relevant studies have been recently published. Possible detoxification pathways that might enable plant resistance to oxidative stress and facilitate NPs detoxification are reviewed herein. Given the importance of understanding the effects and implications of metal-based NPs on plants, future research should focus on the following: (1) addressing key knowledge gaps in understanding molecular and biochemical responses of plants to NPs stress through global transcriptome, proteome, and metablome assays; (2) designing long-term experiments under field conditions at realistic exposure concentrations to investigate the impact of metal-based NPs on edible crops and the resulting implications to the food chain and to human health; and (3) establishing an impact assessment to evaluate the effects of metal-based NPs on plants with regard to ecosystem structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxin Ma
- †Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jason C White
- ‡Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States
| | - Om Parkash Dhankher
- †Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Baoshan Xing
- †Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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153
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Srivastava V, Gusain D, Sharma YC. Critical Review on the Toxicity of Some Widely Used Engineered Nanoparticles. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b01610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry,
Green Chemistry and Renewable Energy Laboratories, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Deepak Gusain
- Department of Chemistry,
Green Chemistry and Renewable Energy Laboratories, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Yogesh Chandra Sharma
- Department of Chemistry,
Green Chemistry and Renewable Energy Laboratories, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, India
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154
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Schwab F, Zhai G, Kern M, Turner A, Schnoor JL, Wiesner MR. Barriers, pathways and processes for uptake, translocation and accumulation of nanomaterials in plants – Critical review. Nanotoxicology 2015; 10:257-78. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2015.1048326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Schwab
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,
- Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (CEINT), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA, and
| | - Guangshu Zhai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Meaghan Kern
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Amalia Turner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,
- Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (CEINT), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA, and
| | - Jerald L. Schnoor
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mark R. Wiesner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,
- Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (CEINT), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA, and
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155
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Pereira AES, Narciso AM, Seabra AB, Fraceto LF. Evaluation of the effects of nitric oxide-releasing nanoparticles on plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/617/1/012025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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156
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Kamada K, Soh N. Enzyme-mimetic activity of Ce-intercalated titanate nanosheets. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:5309-14. [PMID: 25822086 DOI: 10.1021/jp512038x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Colloidal solutions of Ce-doped titanate nanosheets (Ce-TNS) with tiny dimensions (<10 nm) were fabricated through a hydrolysis reaction of titanium tetraisopropoxide and Ce(NO3)3, and their annihilation activity for reactive oxygen species (ROS) was investigated. The obtained Ce-TNS had an akin crystal structure to layered tetratitanate (Ti4O9(2-)) and Ce ions occupied interlayer space between the host layers with a negative charge. The Ce-TNS possessed a superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic activity for disproportionation of superoxide anion radicals (O2(-)) as target ROS. It was explained that the annihilation of O2(-) caused a valence fluctuation of Ce ions existing in the interlayer. Moreover, the activity of Ce-TNS exceeded that of CeO2 nanoparticles recently attracting much attention as an inorganic SOD mimic. The superior performance was explained mainly by a high dispersion stability of the Ce-TNS bringing about a huge reaction area. Moreover, the Ce-TNS protected DNA molecules from ultraviolet light induced oxidative damage, demonstrating effectiveness as one of the new inorganic protecting agents for biomolecules and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kamada
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Soh
- ‡Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
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157
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Anjum NA, Adam V, Kizek R, Duarte AC, Pereira E, Iqbal M, Lukatkin AS, Ahmad I. Nanoscale copper in the soil-plant system - toxicity and underlying potential mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 138:306-25. [PMID: 25749126 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale copper particles (nano-Cu) are used in many antimicrobial formulations and products for their antimicrobial activity. They may enter deliberately and/or accidentally into terrestrial environments including soils. Being the major 'eco-receptors' of nanoscale particles in the terrestrial ecosystem, soil-microbiota and plants (the soil-plant system) have been used as a model to dissect the potential impact of these particles on the environmental and human health. In the soil-plant system, the plant can be an indirect non-target organism of the soil-associated nano-Cu that may in turn affect plant-based products and their consumers. By all accounts, information pertaining to nano-Cu toxicity and the underlying potential mechanisms in the soil-plant system remains scanty, deficient and little discussed. Therefore, based on some recent reports from (bio)chemical, molecular and genetic studies of nano-Cu versus soil-plant system, this article: (i) overviews the status, chemistry and toxicity of nano-Cu in soil and plants, (ii) discusses critically the poorly understood potential mechanisms of nano-Cu toxicity and tolerance both in soil-microbiota and plants, and (iii) proposes future research directions. It appears from studies hitherto made that the uncontrolled generation and inefficient metabolism of reactive oxygen species through different reactions are the major factors underpinning the overall nano-Cu consequences in both the systems. However, it is not clear whether the nano-Cu or the ion released from it is the cause of the toxicity. We advocate to intensify the multi-approach studies focused at a complete characterization of the nano-Cu, its toxicity (during life cycles of the least-explored soil-microbiota and plants), and behavior in an environmentally relevant terrestrial exposure setting. Such studies may help to obtain a deeper insight into nano-Cu actions and address adequately the nano-Cu-associated safety concerns in the 'soil-plant system'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser A Anjum
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Armando C Duarte
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Pereira
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Muhammad Iqbal
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Alexander S Lukatkin
- Department of Botany, Plant Physiology and Ecology, N.P. Ogarev Mordovia State University, Bolshevistskaja Str., 68. Saransk 430005, Russia
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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158
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Wang S, Liu H, Zhang Y, Xin H. The effect of CuO NPs on reactive oxygen species and cell cycle gene expression in roots of rice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:554-61. [PMID: 25475023 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of CuO nanoparticles (NPs) on root growth, root reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and the expression of 2 genes (OsCDC2 and OsCYCD) associated with root growth of Oryza sativa (rice), rice roots were treated with 5 mg/L CuO NP suspension, 5 mg/L CuO bulk particle suspension, and 0.27 mg/L CuSO4 · 5H2 O solution, with distilled water as control. The results indicated that CuO NPs and Cu(2+) severely inhibited the elongation and biomass of rice roots after 72-h exposure. Dyeing with 7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein-diacetate (DCFH-DA) showed that in all 3 treatment groups, the fluorescence was primarily located in the meristem zone, demonstrating that the meristem zone was where ROS were primarily generated. In addition, a significant increase in ROS was detected in the meristem zone of roots treated with the CuO NP suspension and the CuSO4 · 5H2 O solution, both of which greatly influenced the expression level of OsCDC2 and OsCYCD. The impact of Cu(2+) on these 2 genes was smaller than that of CuO NPs. The Cu content in roots of rice after treatment with CuO NPs was much higher than that found after the other treatments, which indicated that CuO NPs may have been absorbed into root tissue. Collectively, these data suggest that growth inhibition, higher ROS production, and gene expression inhibition may be caused not only by the ions themselves, but also the NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Wang
- Qingdao Agricultural University, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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159
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Rui Y, Zhang P, Zhang Y, Ma Y, He X, Gui X, Li Y, Zhang J, Zheng L, Chu S, Guo Z, Chai Z, Zhao Y, Zhang Z. Transformation of ceria nanoparticles in cucumber plants is influenced by phosphate. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 198:8-14. [PMID: 25549862 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Transformation is a critical factor that affects the fate and toxicity of manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) in the environment and living organisms. This paper aims to investigate the effect of phosphate on the transformation of CeO2 NPs in hydroponic plants. Cucumber seedlings were treated with 2000 mg/L CeO2 NPs in nutrient solutions with or without adding phosphate (+P or -P) for 3 weeks. Large quantities of needle-like CePO4 was found outside the epidermis in the +P group. While in the -P group, CePO4 only existed in the intercellular spaces and vacuole of root cells. X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) indicates that content and percentage of Ce-carboxylates in the shoots of -P group (418 mg/kg, 67.5%) were much higher than those in the +P group (30.1 mg/kg, 21%). The results suggest that phosphate might influence the transformation process of CeO2 NPs in plants and subsequently their ultimate fate in the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukui Rui
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanbei Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yuhui Ma
- Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao He
- Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Gui
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shengqi Chu
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi Guo
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Zhifang Chai
- Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Radiation and Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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160
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Zhang P, Ma Y, Zhang Z, He X, Li Y, Zhang J, Zheng L, Zhao Y. Species-specific toxicity of ceria nanoparticles to Lactuca plants. Nanotoxicology 2015; 9:1-8. [PMID: 24256192 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.855829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Species-specific differences in the toxicity of manufactured nanoparticles (MNPs) have been reported, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We previously found that CeO2 NPs inhibited root elongation of head lettuce, whereas no toxic effect was observed on other plants (such as wheat, cucumber and radish). In this study, interactions between Lactuca plants and three types of CeO2 NPs (lab-synthesized 7 and 25 nm CeO2 NPs, and a commercial CeO2 NPs) were investigated. It was found that CeO2 NPs were toxic to three kinds of Lactuca genus plants and different CeO2 NPs showed different degrees of toxicity. The results of X-ray absorption near edge fine structure indicate that small parts of CeO2 NPs were transformed from Ce(IV) to Ce(III) in roots of the plants that were treated with CeO2 NPs during the seed germination stage. But the high sensitivity of Lactuca plants to the released Ce(3+) ions caused the species-specific phytotoxicity of CeO2 NPs. Differences in sizes and zeta potentials among three types of CeO2 NPs resulted in their different degrees of biotransformation which accounted for the discrepancy in the toxicity to Lactuca plants. This study is among the few, and may indeed the first, that addresses the relation between the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles and its species-specific phytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Techniques, Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety , Beijing , China and
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161
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Environmental geochemistry of cerium: applications and toxicology of cerium oxide nanoparticles. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:1253-78. [PMID: 25625406 PMCID: PMC4344665 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120201253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cerium is the most abundant of rare-earth metals found in the Earth’s crust. Several Ce-carbonate, -phosphate, -silicate, and -(hydr)oxide minerals have been historically mined and processed for pharmaceutical uses and industrial applications. Of all Ce minerals, cerium dioxide has received much attention in the global nanotechnology market due to their useful applications for catalysts, fuel cells, and fuel additives. A recent mass flow modeling study predicted that a major source of CeO2 nanoparticles from industrial processing plants (e.g., electronics and optics manufactures) is likely to reach the terrestrial environment such as landfills and soils. The environmental fate of CeO2 nanoparticles is highly dependent on its physcochemical properties in low temperature geochemical environment. Though there are needs in improving the analytical method in detecting/quantifying CeO2 nanoparticles in different environmental media, it is clear that aquatic and terrestrial organisms have been exposed to CeO2 NPs, potentially yielding in negative impact on human and ecosystem health. Interestingly, there has been contradicting reports about the toxicological effects of CeO2 nanoparticles, acting as either an antioxidant or reactive oxygen species production-inducing agent). This poses a challenge in future regulations for the CeO2 nanoparticle application and the risk assessment in the environment.
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162
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Zhang W, Ebbs SD, Musante C, White JC, Gao C, Ma X. Uptake and accumulation of bulk and nanosized cerium oxide particles and ionic cerium by radish (Raphanus sativus L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:382-390. [PMID: 25531028 DOI: 10.1021/jf5052442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential toxicity and accumulation of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in agricultural crops has become an area of great concern and intense investigation. Interestingly, although below-ground vegetables are most likely to accumulate the highest concentrations of ENMs, little work has been done investigating the potential uptake and accumulation of ENMs for this plant group. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate how different forms of cerium (bulk cerium oxide, cerium oxide nanoparticles, and the cerium ion) affected the growth of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and accumulation of cerium in radish tissues. Ionic cerium (Ce(3+)) had a negative effect on radish growth at 10 mg CeCl3/L, whereas bulk cerium oxide (CeO2) enhanced plant biomass at the same concentration. Treatment with 10 mg/L cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) had no significant effect on radish growth. Exposure to all forms of cerium resulted in the accumulation of this element in radish tissues, including the edible storage root. However, the accumulation patterns and their effect on plant growth and physiological processes varied with the characteristics of cerium. This study provides a critical frame of reference on the effects of CeO2 NPs versus their bulk and ionic counterparts on radish growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilan Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and ‡Department of Plant Biology and Center for Ecology, Southern Illinois University , Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
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163
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Gui X, He X, Ma Y, Zhang P, Li Y, Ding Y, Yang K, Li H, Rui Y, Chai Z, Zhao Y, Zhang Z. Quantifying the distribution of ceria nanoparticles in cucumber roots: the influence of labeling. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13915a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Study on the fluorescent-labeling-caused changes in the distribution and bio-effects of ceria nanoparticles.
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164
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Rico CM, Peralta-Videa JR, Gardea-Torresdey JL. Differential effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles on rice, wheat, and barley roots: a fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy study. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 69:287-95. [PMID: 25587938 DOI: 10.1366/14-07495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cerium oxide nanoparticles (nCeO2) have extensive industrial applications, and concerns regarding their threat to the environment have been raised. This study includes structural analysis of intact root xylem of rice (Oryza sativaL.), wheat (Triticum aestivumL.), and barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) seedlings exposed to nCeO2 suspensions (0, 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 mg L(-1)). Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy was applied to determine compositional alterations in the root xylem, and principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out to examine spectral differences between nCeO2 treatments. Results demonstrated that nCeO2 at ≥ 125 mg L(-1) changed the region of spectra around 1696-1760 cm(-1) in rice root, 125 and 250 mg L(-1) modified 1744-1792 cm(-1) in wheat, and 62.5 and 125 mg L(-1) altered 1727-1760 cm(-1) in barley. PCA afforded the clustering of nCeO2 treatments at 0 and 62.5 mg L(-1) in rice and wheat and 0 and 500 mg L(-1) in barley. Furthermore, major peaks at 1744 or 1760 cm(-1) appeared in primary PC and 1728 cm(-1) in secondary PC score loadings. These findings illustrated that nCeO2 induced compositional modifications in the root xylem of cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyren M Rico
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968 USA
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165
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Singh PK, Banerjee S, Srivastava AL, Sharma YC. Kinetic and equilibrium modeling for removal of nitrate from aqueous solutions and drinking water by a potential adsorbent, hydrous bismuth oxide. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11213j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetic, equilibrium modeling and adsorption characteristics of hydrous bismuth oxides (HBOs) have been investigated for the removal of nitrate from aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Kumar Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi
- Varanasi 221005
- India
| | | | - Arun Lal Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi
- Varanasi 221005
- India
| | - Yogesh Chandra Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi
- Varanasi 221005
- India
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166
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Kleandrova VV, Luan F, González-Díaz H, Ruso JM, Speck-Planche A, Cordeiro MNDS. Computational tool for risk assessment of nanomaterials: novel QSTR-perturbation model for simultaneous prediction of ecotoxicity and cytotoxicity of uncoated and coated nanoparticles under multiple experimental conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:14686-14694. [PMID: 25384130 DOI: 10.1021/es503861x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have revolutionized modern science and technology due to their multiple applications in engineering, physics, chemistry, and biomedicine. Nevertheless, the use and manipulation of nanoparticles (NPs) can bring serious damages to living organisms and their ecosystems. For this reason, ecotoxicity and cytotoxicity assays are of special interest in order to determine the potential harmful effects of NPs. Processes based on ecotoxicity and cytotoxicity tests can significantly consume time and financial resources. In this sense, alternative approaches such as quantitative structure-activity/toxicity relationships (QSAR/QSTR) modeling have provided important insights for the better understanding of the biological behavior of NPs that may be responsible for causing toxicity. Until now, QSAR/QSTR models have predicted ecotoxicity or cytotoxicity separately against only one organism (bioindicator species or cell line) and have not reported information regarding the quantitative influence of characteristics other than composition or size. In this work, we developed a unified QSTR-perturbation model to simultaneously probe ecotoxicity and cytotoxicity of NPs under different experimental conditions, including diverse measures of toxicities, multiple biological targets, compositions, sizes and conditions to measure those sizes, shapes, times during which the biological targets were exposed to NPs, and coating agents. The model was created from 36488 cases (NP-NP pairs) and exhibited accuracies higher than 98% in both training and prediction sets. The model was used to predict toxicities of several NPs that were not included in the original data set. The results of the predictions suggest that the present QSTR-perturbation model can be employed as a highly promising tool for the fast and efficient assessment of ecotoxicity and cytotoxicity of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria V Kleandrova
- REQUIMTE/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Porto , 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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167
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Kleandrova VV, Luan F, González-Díaz H, Ruso JM, Melo A, Speck-Planche A, Cordeiro MNDS. Computational ecotoxicology: simultaneous prediction of ecotoxic effects of nanoparticles under different experimental conditions. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 73:288-94. [PMID: 25173945 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has brought great advances to many fields of modern science. A manifold of applications of nanoparticles have been found due to their interesting optical, electrical, and biological/chemical properties. However, the potential toxic effects of nanoparticles to different ecosystems are of special concern nowadays. Despite the efforts of the scientific community, the mechanisms of toxicity of nanoparticles are still poorly understood. Quantitative-structure activity/toxicity relationships (QSAR/QSTR) models have just started being useful computational tools for the assessment of toxic effects of nanomaterials. But most QSAR/QSTR models have been applied so far to predict ecotoxicity against only one organism/bio-indicator such as Daphnia magna. This prevents having a deeper knowledge about the real ecotoxic effects of nanoparticles, and consequently, there is no possibility to establish an efficient risk assessment of nanomaterials in the environment. In this work, a perturbation model for nano-QSAR problems is introduced with the aim of simultaneously predicting the ecotoxicity of different nanoparticles against several assay organisms (bio-indicators), by considering also multiple measures of ecotoxicity, as well as the chemical compositions, sizes, conditions under which the sizes were measured, shapes, and the time during which the diverse assay organisms were exposed to nanoparticles. The QSAR-perturbation model was derived from a database containing 5520 cases (nanoparticle-nanoparticle pairs), and it was shown to exhibit accuracies of ca. 99% in both training and prediction sets. In order to demonstrate the practical applicability of our model, three different nickel-based nanoparticles (Ni) with experimental values reported in the literature were predicted. The predictions were found to be in very good agreement with the experimental evidences, confirming that Ni-nanoparticles are not ecotoxic when compared with other nanoparticles. The results of this study thus provide a single valuable tool toward an efficient prediction of the ecotoxicity of nanoparticles under multiple experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria V Kleandrova
- REQUIMTE/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Feng Luan
- REQUIMTE/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Department of Applied Chemistry, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Humberto González-Díaz
- Department of Organic Chemistry II, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Bilbao, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Juan M Ruso
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - André Melo
- REQUIMTE/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alejandro Speck-Planche
- REQUIMTE/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Department of Applied Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - M Natália D S Cordeiro
- REQUIMTE/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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168
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Hawthorne J, De la Torre Roche R, Xing B, Newman LA, Ma X, Majumdar S, Gardea-Torresdey J, White JC. Particle-size dependent accumulation and trophic transfer of cerium oxide through a terrestrial food chain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:13102-9. [PMID: 25340623 DOI: 10.1021/es503792f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation and trophic transfer of nanoparticle (NP) or bulk CeO2 through a terrestrial food chain was evaluated. Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) was planted in soil with 0 or 1228 μg/g bulk or NP CeO2. After 28 d, zucchini tissue Ce content was determined by ICP-MS. Leaf tissue from each treatment was used to feed crickets (Acheta domesticus). After 14 d, crickets were analyzed for Ce content or were fed to wolf spiders (family Lycosidae). NP CeO2 significantly suppressed flower mass relative to control and bulk treatments. The Ce content of zucchini was significantly greater when exposure was in the NP form. The flowers, leaves, stems, and roots of zucchini exposed to bulk CeO2 contained 93.3, 707, 331, and 119,000 ng/g, respectively; NP-exposed plants contained 153, 1510, 479, and 567 000 ng/g, respectively. Crickets fed NP CeO2-exposed zucchini leaves contained significantly more Ce (33.6 ng/g) than did control or bulk-exposed insects (15.0-15.2 ng/g). Feces from control, bulk, and NP-exposed crickets contained Ce at 248, 393, and 1010 ng/g, respectively. Spiders that consumed crickets from control or bulk treatments contained nonquantifiable Ce; NP-exposed spiders contained Ce at 5.49 ng/g. These findings show that NP CeO2 accumulates in zucchini at greater levels than equivalent bulk materials and that this greater NP intake results in trophic transfer and possible food chain contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Hawthorne
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station , New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States
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169
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Corral-Diaz B, Peralta-Videa JR, Alvarez-Parrilla E, Rodrigo-García J, Morales MI, Osuna-Avila P, Niu G, Hernandez-Viezcas JA, Gardea-Torresdey JL. Cerium oxide nanoparticles alter the antioxidant capacity but do not impact tuber ionome in Raphanus sativus (L). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 84:277-285. [PMID: 25439500 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The effects of nCeO2 on food quality are not well known yet. This research was performed to determine the impact of nCeO2 on radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Plants were cultivated to full maturity in potting soil treated with nCeO2 at concentrations of 0, 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg. Germination, growth, photosynthesis, ionome, and antioxidants were evaluated at different growth stages. Results showed that at 500 mg/kg, nCeO2 significantly retarded seed germination but did not reduce the number of germinated seeds. None of the treatments affected gas exchange, photosynthesis, growth, phenols, flavonoids, and nutrients' accumulation in tubers and leaves of adult plants. However, tubers' antioxidant capacity, expressed as FRAP, ABTS(•-) and DPPH, increased by 30%, 32%, and 85%, respectively, in plants treated with 250 mg nCeO2kg(-1) soil. In addition, cerium accumulation in tubers of plants treated with 250 and 500 mg/kg reached 72 and 142 mg/kg d wt, respectively. This suggests that nCeO2 could improve the radical scavenging potency of radish but it might introduce nCeO2 into the food chain with unknown consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baltazar Corral-Diaz
- The University of Texas at El Paso, Department of Chemistry, 500 West University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA; Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juarez, Departamento de Química y Biología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Anillo envolvente PRONAF y Estocolmo, Ciudad Juarez, Chih 32310, Mexico
| | - Jose R Peralta-Videa
- The University of Texas at El Paso, Department of Chemistry, 500 West University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA; Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA; UC Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UCCEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Emilio Alvarez-Parrilla
- Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juarez, Departamento de Química y Biología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Anillo envolvente PRONAF y Estocolmo, Ciudad Juarez, Chih 32310, Mexico
| | - Joaquin Rodrigo-García
- Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juarez, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Anillo envolvente PRONAF y Estocolmo, Ciudad Juarez, Chih 32310, Mexico
| | - Maria Isabel Morales
- The University of Texas at El Paso, Department of Chemistry, 500 West University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Pedro Osuna-Avila
- Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juarez, Departamento de Química y Biología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Anillo envolvente PRONAF y Estocolmo, Ciudad Juarez, Chih 32310, Mexico
| | - Genhua Niu
- Texas AgriLife Research and Extension Center at El Paso, Texas A&M University, 1380 A&M Circle, El Paso, TX 79927, USA
| | - Jose A Hernandez-Viezcas
- The University of Texas at El Paso, Department of Chemistry, 500 West University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Jorge L Gardea-Torresdey
- The University of Texas at El Paso, Department of Chemistry, 500 West University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA; Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA; UC Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UCCEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
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170
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Gao JL, Wu M, Wang X, Zhang YZ, Jiang FL, Liu Y, Dai J. Membrane permeability transition and dysfunction of rice mitochondria effected by Er(III). J Membr Biol 2014; 248:39-46. [PMID: 25249020 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-014-9730-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the biological effects of heavy rare earth ion Er(III) on rice mitochondria were comprehensively investigated mainly by spectroscopic methods. The experimental results demonstrated that Er(III) could lead to the swelling of rice mitochondria, collapse of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, decrease of membrane fluidity, promotion of H(+) permeability and suppression of K(+) permeability. These further indicated that Er(III) could induce the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) and the dysfunction of rice mitochondria. The ultra-structure change of mitochondria observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) also proved that Er(III) induced MPT. Moreover, the testing results of the protective effect of four different agents on mitochondrial swelling implied that the thiol chelation on the mitochondrial inner membrane was the main reason that caused the MPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-ling Gao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, People's Republic of China,
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171
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First evidence on phloem transport of nanoscale calcium oxide in groundnut using solution culture technique. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-014-0348-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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172
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Majumdar S, Peralta-Videa JR, Bandyopadhyay S, Castillo-Michel H, Hernandez-Viezcas JA, Sahi S, Gardea-Torresdey JL. Exposure of cerium oxide nanoparticles to kidney bean shows disturbance in the plant defense mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 278:279-287. [PMID: 24981679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Overwhelming use of engineered nanoparticles demands rapid assessment of their environmental impacts. The transport of cerium oxide nanoparticles (nCeO2) in plants and their impact on cellular homeostasis as a function of exposure duration is not well understood. In this study, kidney bean plants were exposed to suspensions of ∼ 8 ± 1 nm nCeO2 (62.5 to 500 mg/L) for 15 days in hydroponic conditions. Plant parts were analyzed for cerium accumulation after one, seven, and 15 days of nCeO2 exposure. The primary indicators of stress like lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities, total soluble protein and chlorophyll contents were studied. Cerium in tissues was localized using scanning electron microscopy and synchrotron μ-XRF mapping, and the chemical forms were identified using μ-XANES. In the root epidermis, cerium was primarily shown to exist as nCeO2, although a small fraction (12%) was biotransformed to Ce(III) compound. Cerium was found to reach the root vascular tissues and translocate to aerial parts with time. Upon prolonged exposure to 500 mg nCeO2/L, the root antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly reduced, simultaneously increasing the root soluble protein by 204%. In addition, leaf's guaiacol peroxidase activity was enhanced with nCeO2 exposure in order to maintain cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghamitra Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968 USA; University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), USA
| | - Jose R Peralta-Videa
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968 USA; Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968 USA; University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), USA
| | - Susmita Bandyopadhyay
- Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968 USA; University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), USA
| | | | - Jose-Angel Hernandez-Viezcas
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968 USA; University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), USA
| | - Shivendra Sahi
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA
| | - Jorge L Gardea-Torresdey
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968 USA; Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave., El Paso, TX 79968 USA; University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), USA.
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173
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Aslani F, Bagheri S, Muhd Julkapli N, Juraimi AS, Hashemi FSG, Baghdadi A. Effects of engineered nanomaterials on plants growth: an overview. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:641759. [PMID: 25202734 PMCID: PMC4150468 DOI: 10.1155/2014/641759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid development and wide applications of nanotechnology brought about a significant increment on the number of engineered nanomaterials (ENs) inevitably entering our living system. Plants comprise of a very important living component of the terrestrial ecosystem. Studies on the influence of engineered nanomaterials (carbon and metal/metal oxides based) on plant growth indicated that in the excess content, engineered nanomaterials influences seed germination. It assessed the shoot-to-root ratio and the growth of the seedlings. From the toxicological studies to date, certain types of engineered nanomaterials can be toxic once they are not bound to a substrate or if they are freely circulating in living systems. It is assumed that the different types of engineered nanomaterials affect the different routes, behavior, and the capability of the plants. Furthermore, different, or even opposing conclusions, have been drawn from most studies on the interactions between engineered nanomaterials with plants. Therefore, this paper comprehensively reviews the studies on the different types of engineered nanomaterials and their interactions with different plant species, including the phytotoxicity, uptakes, and translocation of engineered nanomaterials by the plant at the whole plant and cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Aslani
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Samira Bagheri
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), University Malaya, IPS Building, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Abdul Shukor Juraimi
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Ali Baghdadi
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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174
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Iavicoli I, Fontana L, Leso V, Calabrese EJ. Hormetic dose-responses in nanotechnology studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 487:361-74. [PMID: 24793332 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
While exposure to nanoparticles is a growing concern, research into their toxicological impact and possible hazard for human health is limited. There remains a lack of information concerning the nature of the dose-response relationship especially at low level exposures. The present paper assesses the occurrence of hormetic-like biphasic dose responses within the nanotoxicology literature. The findings indicate that nanoparticles may induce hormetic-like biphasic dose responses in a wide range of biological cell types, and that these responses can be highly dependent upon the physical and chemical properties of the agent. While the mechanistic foundations of hormetic dose responses induced by chemicals and pharmaceuticals have markedly advanced over the past decade, this remains an important data need for nanotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Iavicoli
- Institute of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Roma, Italy.
| | - Luca Fontana
- Institute of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Roma, Italy.
| | - Veruscka Leso
- Institute of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Roma, Italy.
| | - Edward J Calabrese
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Morrill I, N344, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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175
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Li X, Gui X, Rui Y, Ji W, Van Nhan L, Yu Z, Peng S. Bt-transgenic cotton is more sensitive to CeO₂ nanoparticles than its parental non-transgenic cotton. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 274:173-80. [PMID: 24793293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Because genetically modified crops are developing widely in the world while nanoparticles (NPs) are being synthesized and applied in various fields, they will have many opportunities for interactions in the future. The effects of NPs on genetically modified crops therefore require investigation. In the present study, CeO2 NPs were revealed to have toxic effects on root biomass of Bt 29317 at 100 and 500 mg L(-1), but had no toxic effects on Jihe 321. Besides, we also studied the effects of CeO2 NPs on nutrient element uptake in transgenic cotton, and found that contents of most nutrient elements (Fe, Ca, Mg, Zn and Na) in roots of Bt 29317 were affected at lower NP concentrations (100 mg L(-1)) compared with Jihe 321. In addition, ICP-MS analysis revealed that CeO2 NPs were more heavily adsorbed by roots of Bt 29317 than Jihe 321, whereas fewer CeO2 NPs were transported from roots to shoots of Bt 29317 than its non-transgenic counterpart. These data confirm that Bt 29317 is more sensitive to CeO2 NPs than its parental non-transgenic cotton, indicating that nanomaterials are potentially more detrimental to transgenic plants than conventional ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xin Gui
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yukui Rui
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Weikang Ji
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Le Van Nhan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Research Institute for Aquaculture No1, Tu Son - Bac Ninh, Vietnam
| | - Zihan Yu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shengnan Peng
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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176
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Ma Y, Zhang P, Zhang Z, He X, Li Y, Zhang J, Zheng L, Chu S, Yang K, Zhao Y, Chai Z. Origin of the different phytotoxicity and biotransformation of cerium and lanthanum oxide nanoparticles in cucumber. Nanotoxicology 2014; 9:262-70. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2014.921344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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177
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Das S, Dowding JM, Klump KE, McGinnis JF, Self W, Seal S. Cerium oxide nanoparticles: applications and prospects in nanomedicine. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 8:1483-508. [PMID: 23987111 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Promising results have been obtained using cerium (Ce) oxide nanoparticles (CNPs) as antioxidants in biological systems. CNPs have unique regenerative properties owing to their low reduction potential and the coexistence of both Ce(3+)/Ce(4+) on their surfaces. Defects in the crystal lattice due to the presence of Ce(3+) play an important role in tuning the redox activity of CNPs. The surface Ce(3+):Ce(4+) ratio is influenced by the microenvironment. Therefore, the microenvironment and synthesis method adopted also plays an important role in determining the biological activity and toxicity of CNPs. The presence of a mixed valance state plays an important role in scavenging reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. CNPs are found to be effective against pathologies associated with chronic oxidative stress and inflammation. CNPs are well tolerated in both in vitro and in vivo biological models, which makes CNPs well suited for applications in nanobiology and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Das
- Advanced Materials Processing Analysis Center, Nanoscience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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178
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Pereira AES, Grillo R, Mello NFS, Rosa AH, Fraceto LF. Application of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) nanoparticles containing atrazine herbicide as an alternative technique to control weeds and reduce damage to the environment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 268:207-15. [PMID: 24508945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) containing the herbicide atrazine were prepared, characterized, and evaluated in terms of their herbicidal activity and genotoxicity. The stability of the nanoparticles was evaluated over a period of three months, considering the variables: size, polydispersion index, pH, and encapsulation efficiency. Tests on plants were performed with target (Brassica sp.) and non-target (Zea mays) organisms, and the nanoparticle formulations were shown to be effective for the control of the target species. Experiments using soil columns revealed that the use of nanoparticles reduced the mobility of atrazine in the soil. Application of the Allium cepa chromosome aberration assay demonstrated that the nanoparticle systems were able to reduce the genotoxicity of the herbicide. The formulations developed offer a useful means of controlling agricultural weeds, while at the same time reducing the risk of harm to the environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson E S Pereira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campus Universitário Zeferino Vaz, s/n, Cidade Universitária, CEP 13083-870 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato Grillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campus Universitário Zeferino Vaz, s/n, Cidade Universitária, CEP 13083-870 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathalie F S Mello
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campus Universitário Zeferino Vaz, s/n, Cidade Universitária, CEP 13083-870 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Andre H Rosa
- Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) , Avenida Três de Março, 511, CEP 18087-180 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo F Fraceto
- Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) , Avenida Três de Março, 511, CEP 18087-180 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil.
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179
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Huang GR, Wang LH, Zhou Q. Combined effects of lanthanum(III) and elevated ultraviolet-B radiation on root growth and ion absorption in soybean seedlings. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:3621-33. [PMID: 24271737 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Rare earth element accumulation in the soil and elevated ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation (280-315 nm) are important environmental issues worldwide. To date, there have been no reports concerning the combined effects of lanthanum (La)(III) and elevated UV-B radiation on plant roots in regions where the two issues occur simultaneously. Here, the combined effects of La(III) and elevated UV-B radiation on the growth, biomass, ion absorption, activities, and membrane permeability of roots in soybean (Glycine max L.) seedlings were investigated. A 0.08 mmol L(-1) La(III) treatment improved the root growth and biomass of soybean seedlings, while ion absorption, activities, and membrane permeability were obviously unchanged; a combined treatment with 0.08 mmol L(-1) La(III) and elevated UV-B radiation (2.63/6.17 kJ m(-2) day(-1)) exerted deleterious effects on the investigated indices. The deleterious effects were aggravated in the other combined treatments and were stronger than those of treatments with La(III) or elevated UV-B radiation alone. The combined treatment with 0.24/1.20 mmol L(-1) La(III) and elevated UV-B radiation exerted synergistically deleterious effects on the growth, biomass, ion absorption, activities, and membrane permeability of roots in soybean seedlings. In addition, the deleterious effects of the combined treatment on the root growth were due to the inhibition of ion absorption induced by the changes in the root activity and membrane permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Rong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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180
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Zhao L, Peralta-Videa JR, Peng B, Bandyopadhyay S, Corral-Diaz B, Osuna-Avila P, Montes MO, Keller AA, Gardea-Torresdey JL. Alginate modifies the physiological impact of CeO2 nanoparticles in corn seedlings cultivated in soil. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:382-9. [PMID: 25076529 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60559-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Alginates are naturally occurring components of organic matter in natural soil whose effects on nanoparticle (NP) toxicity to plants is not well understood. In the present study, corn plants were grown for one month in soil spiked with 400 mg/kg CeO2 NPs with various alginate concentrations. After one month of growth in the NPs impacted soil, plants were harvested and analyzed for Ce and mineral element concentrations. Chlorophyll concentration and heat shock protein 70, used as biomarkers for oxidative stress, were also evaluated. Results showed that, compared to CeO2 NPs treatment, alginate at 10, 50, and 100 mg/kg increased Ce concentration in roots by approximately 46%, 38%, and 29% and by 115%, 45%, and 56% in shoots, respectively. CeO2 NPs without alginate increased Mn accumulation in roots by 34% compared to control. CeO2 NPs with low and medium alginate increased Mn by ca. 92% respect to NPs without alginate and by ca. 155% respect to control. CeO2 NPs without/with alginate significantly increased accumulation of Fe and Al in roots. In addition, alginate at 50 mg/kg increased Zn accumulation in roots by 52% compared to control. In shoots, K increased at all NP treatments but the accumulation of other elements was not affected. Alginate enlarged the impact of CeO2 NPs to corn plants by reducing chlorophyll a content and triggering overexpression of heat shock protein 70.
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181
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Jiang Y, Hua Z, Zhao Y, Liu Q, Wang F, Zhang Q. The Effect of Carbon Nanotubes on Rice Seed Germination and Root Growth. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2012 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON APPLIED BIOTECHNOLOGY (ICAB 2012) 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37922-2_129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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182
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Trujillo-Reyes J, Vilchis-Nestor AR, Majumdar S, Peralta-Videa JR, Gardea-Torresdey JL. Citric acid modifies surface properties of commercial CeO2 nanoparticles reducing their toxicity and cerium uptake in radish (Raphanus sativus) seedlings. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 263 Pt 2:677-84. [PMID: 24231324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the mobility, reactivity, and toxicity to plants of coated engineered nanoparticles (ENPs). Surface modification may change the interaction of ENPs with living organisms. This report describes surface changes in commercial CeO2 NPs coated with citric acid (CA) at molar ratios of 1:2, 1:3, 1:7, and 1:10 CeO2:CA, and their effects on radish (Raphanus sativus) seed germination, cerium and nutrients uptake. All CeO2 NPs and their absorption by radish plants were characterized by TEM, DLS, and ICP-OES. Radish seeds were germinated in pristine and CA coated CeO2 NPs suspensions at 50mg/L, 100mg/L, and 200mg/L. Deionized water and CA at 100mg/L were used as controls. Results showed ζ potential values of 21.6 mV and -56 mV for the pristine and CA coated CeO2 NPs, respectively. TEM images showed denser layers surrounding the CeO2 NPs at higher CA concentrations, as well as better distribution and smaller particle sizes. None of the treatments affected seed germination. However, at 200mg/L the CA coated NPs at 1:7 ratio produced significantly (p ≤ 0.05) more root biomass, increased water content and reduced by 94% the Ce uptake, compared to bare NPs. This suggests that CA coating decrease CeO2 NPs toxicity to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Trujillo-Reyes
- Chemistry Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Av., El Paso, TX 79968, USA
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183
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Liang C, Wang W. Antioxidant response of soybean seedlings to joint stress of lanthanum and acid rain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:8182-91. [PMID: 23653318 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1776-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Excess of rare earth elements in soil can be a serious environmental stress on plants, in particular when acid rain coexists. To understand how such a stress affects plants, we studied antioxidant response of soybean leaves and roots exposed to lanthanum (0.06, 0.18, and 0.85 mmol L(-1)) under acid rain conditions (pH 4.5 and 3.0). We found that low concentration of La3+ (0.06 mmol L(-1)) did not affect the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase and peroxidase) whereas high concentration of La3+ (≥0.18 mmol L(-1)) did. Compared to treatment with acid rain (pH 4.5 and pH 3.0) or La3+ alone, joint stress of La3+ and acid rain affected more severely the activity of catalase and peroxidase, and induced more H2O2 accumulation and lipid peroxidation. When treated with high level of La3+ (0.85 mmol L(-1)) alone or with acid rain (pH 4.5 and 3.0), roots were more affected than leaves regarding the inhibition of antioxidant enzymes, physiological function, and growth. The severity of oxidative damage and inhibition of growth caused by the joint stress associated positively with La3+ concentration and soil acidity. These results will help us understand plant response to joint stress, recognize the adverse environmental impact of rare earth elements in acidic soil, and develop measures to eliminate damage caused by such joint stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China,
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184
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Kumar V, Guleria P, Kumar V, Yadav SK. Gold nanoparticle exposure induces growth and yield enhancement in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 461-462:462-8. [PMID: 23747561 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize agriculture field. Towards this effort, carbon nanotubes have recently been reported to induce growth enhancement of tobacco cells. In this study, exposure to 24 nm size gold nanoparticles (GNPs) at 10 μg/ml concentration was found to enhance the total seed yield of Arabidopsis thaliana by 3 times over the control. In addition, 24 nm size GNP exposure at both 10 and 80 μg/ml concentrations has significantly improved seed germination rate, vegetative growth and free radical scavenging activity. A considerable correlation was found between expression of key plant regulatory molecules, microRNAs (miRs) and seed germination, growth and antioxidant potential of A. thaliana on GNP exposure. This is the first report showing GNPs as a promising tool to enhance seed yield of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, HP, India
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185
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Sun Z, Wang L, Zhou Q, Huang X. Effects and mechanisms of the combined pollution of lanthanum and acid rain on the root phenotype of soybean seedlings. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:344-52. [PMID: 23726884 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Rare earth pollution and acid rain pollution are both important environmental issues worldwide. In regions which simultaneously occur, the combined pollution of rare earth and acid rain becomes a new environmental issue, and the relevant research is rarely reported. Accordingly, we investigated the combined effects and mechanisms of lanthanum ion (La(3+)) and acid rain on the root phenotype of soybean seedlings. The combined pollution of low-concentration La(3+) and acid rain exerted deleterious effects on the phenotype and growth of roots, which were aggravated by the combined pollution of high-concentration La(3+) and acid rain. The deleterious effects of the combined pollution were stronger than those of single La(3+) or acid rain pollution. These stronger deleterious effects on the root phenotype and growth of roots were due to the increased disturbance of absorption and utilization of mineral nutrients in roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoguo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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186
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Morales MI, Rico CM, Hernandez-Viezcas JA, Nunez JE, Barrios AC, Tafoya A, Flores-Marges JP, Peralta-Videa JR, Gardea-Torresdey JL. Toxicity assessment of cerium oxide nanoparticles in cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.) plants grown in organic soil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:6224-30. [PMID: 23799644 DOI: 10.1021/jf401628v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that CeO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) can be accumulated in plants without modification, which could pose a threat for human health. In this research, cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.) plants were germinated and grown for 30 days in soil amended with 0 to 500 mg kg⁻¹ CeO₂ NPs and analyzed by spectroscopic techniques and biochemical assays. At 125 mg kg⁻¹, plants produced longer roots (p ≤ 0.05), and at 500 mg kg⁻¹, there was higher Ce accumulation in tissues (p ≤ 0.05). At 125 mg, catalase activity significantly increased in shoots and ascorbate peroxidase in roots (p ≤ 0.05). The FTIR analyses revealed that at 125 mg kg⁻¹ the CeO₂ NPs changed the chemical environment of carbohydrates in cilantro shoots, for which changes in the area of the stretching frequencies were observed. This suggests that the CeO₂ NPs could change the nutritional properties of cilantro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabel Morales
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, USA
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187
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Mohammadi R, Maali-Amiri R, Abbasi A. Effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on chickpea response to cold stress. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 152:403-10. [PMID: 23456351 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) in agricultural systems can potentially be used as appropriate candidate for change in growth, development, productivity, and quality of plants. In the present study, we assessed the effect of TiO2 NP concentrations (0, 2, 5, and 10 ppm) on changes of membrane damage indexes like electrolyte leakage index (ELI) and malondialdehyde (MDA) during cold stress (CS) 4 °C in sensitive (ILC 533) and tolerant (Sel 11439) chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes. Aggregation of NPs within the vacuole and chloroplast indicated absorbed NPs in seedlings. Bioaccumulation of NPs showed that, under thermal treatments, the sensitive genotype had more permeability to NPs compared to the tolerant one, and TiO2 content was higher during CS compared to optimum temperature. Physiological indexes were positively affected by NP treatments during thermal treatments. TiO2 NP treatments (especially 5 ppm) caused a decrease in ELI during thermal treatments, whereas ELI content under CS treatment increased at 0 ppm TiO2 in both genotypes. Under thermal treatments, although the genotype 11439 showed lower accumulation of MDA than ILC 533 genotype, a significant decrease was observed in MDA content at 5 ppm TiO2. Results showed that TiO2 treatments not only did not induce oxidative damage in sensitive and tolerant chickpea genotypes but also alleviated membrane damage indexes under CS treatment. It was suggested for the first time that TiO2 NPs improved redox status of the genotypes under thermal treatments. New findings possibly would reveal the use of NPs generally or TiO2 NPs especially for increase of cold tolerance in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmat Mohammadi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, 31587-77871 Karaj, Iran
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188
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Pokhrel LR, Dubey B. Evaluation of developmental responses of two crop plants exposed to silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 452-453:321-32. [PMID: 23532040 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The increasing applications of different nanomaterials in the myriad of nano-enabled products and their potential for leaching have raised considerable environmental, health and safety (EHS) concerns. As systematic studies investigating potential anomalies in the morphology and anatomy of crop plants are scarce, herein we report on the developmental responses of two agriculturally significant crop plants, maize (Zea mays L.) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.), upon in vitro exposure to nanoparticles of citrate-coated silver (Citrate-nAg) and zinc oxide (nZnO). Analyses involve histology of the primary root morphology and anatomy using light microscopy, metal biouptake, moisture content, rate of germination, and root elongation. Comparative toxicity profiles of the ionic salts (AgNO3 and ZnSO4) are developed. Notably, we uncover structural changes in maize primary root cells upon exposure to Citrate-nAg, nZnO, AgNO3, and ZnSO4, possibly due to metal biouptake, suggesting potential for functional impairments in the plant growth and development. Citrate-nAg exposure results in lower Ag biouptake compared to AgNO3 treatment in maize. Microscopic evidence reveals 'tunneling-like effect' with nZnO treatment, while exposure to AgNO3 leads to cell erosion in maize root apical meristem. In maize, a significant change in metaxylem count is evident with Citrate-nAg, AgNO3, and ZnSO4 treatment, but not with nZnO treatment (p>0.1). In both maize and cabbage, measures of germination and root elongation reveal lower nanoparticle toxicity compared to free ions. As moisture data do not support osmotically-induced water stress hypothesis for explaining toxicity, we discuss other proximate mechanisms including the potential role of growth hormones and transcription factors. These findings highlight previously overlooked, anatomically significant effects of metal nanoparticles, and recommend considering detailed anatomical investigations in tandem with the standard developmental phytotoxicity assays (germination and root elongation) as the latter ones appear less sensitive for screening plant responses to nanomaterial insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok R Pokhrel
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614-1700, USA
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189
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Betts JN, Johnson MG, Rygiewicz PT, King GA, Andersen CP. Potential for metal contamination by direct sonication of nanoparticle suspensions. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:889-893. [PMID: 23322586 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
While conducting toxicity tests with nano titanium dioxide, the authors found that test suspensions were being contaminated with aluminum and titanium from tip erosion during direct sonication. The contaminating alloy particles had a measurable size distribution and zeta potential using dynamic light scattering, which changed the measured characteristics of the suspensions. Caution should be used when employing direct sonication for preparing test suspensions due to potential interferences of these particles in toxicological assessments.
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190
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Schwabe F, Schulin R, Limbach LK, Stark W, Bürge D, Nowack B. Influence of two types of organic matter on interaction of CeO2 nanoparticles with plants in hydroponic culture. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:512-20. [PMID: 23352517 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
An important aspect in risk assessment of nanoparticles (NPs) is to understand their environmental interactions. We used hydroponic plant cultures to study nanoparticle-plant-root interaction and translocation and exposed wheat and pumpkin to suspensions of uncoated CeO2-NP for 8d (primary particle size 17-100 nm, 100 mg L(-1)) in the absence and presence of fulvic acid (FA) and gum arabic (GA) as representatives of different types of natural organic matter. The behavior of CeO2-NPs in the hydroponic solution was monitored regarding agglomeration, sedimentation, particle size distribution, surface charge, amounts of root association, and translocation into shoots. NP-dispersions were stable over 8d in the presence of FA or GA, but with growing plants, changes in pH, particle agglomeration rate, and hydrodynamic diameter were observed. None of the plants exhibited reduced growth or any toxic response during the experiment. We found that CeO2-NPs translocated into pumpkin shoots, whereas this did not occur in wheat plants. The presence of FA and GA affected the amount of CeO2 associated with roots (pure>FA>GA) but did not affect the translocation factor. Additionally, we could confirm via TEM and SEM that CeO2-NPs adhered strongly to root surfaces of both plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Schwabe
- Soil Protection, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH-Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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191
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Maurer-Jones MA, Gunsolus IL, Murphy CJ, Haynes CL. Toxicity of engineered nanoparticles in the environment. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3036-49. [PMID: 23427995 PMCID: PMC4104669 DOI: 10.1021/ac303636s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
While nanoparticles occur naturally in the environment and have been intentionally used for centuries, the production and use of engineered nanoparticles has seen a recent spike, which makes environmental release almost certain. Therefore, recent efforts to characterize the toxicity of engineered nanoparticles have focused on the environmental implications, including exploration of toxicity to organisms from wide-ranging parts of the ecosystem food webs. Herein, we summarize the current understanding of toxicity of engineered nanoparticles to representatives of various trophic levels, including bacteria, plants, and multicellular aquatic/terrestrial organisms, to highlight important challenges within the field of econanotoxicity, challenges that analytical chemists are expertly poised to address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Maurer-Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ian L. Gunsolus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Catherine J. Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Christy L. Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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192
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Shi J, Peng C, Yang Y, Yang J, Zhang H, Yuan X, Chen Y, Hu T. Phytotoxicity and accumulation of copper oxide nanoparticles to the Cu-tolerant plant Elsholtzia splendens. Nanotoxicology 2013; 8:179-88. [PMID: 23311584 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.766768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The release of nanoparticles (NPs) to the environment poses an increasing potential threat to biological systems. This study investigated the phytotoxicity and accumulation of copper oxide (CuO) NPs to Elsholtzia splendens (a Cu-tolerant plant) under hydroponic conditions. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) of CuO NPs to E. splendens was about 480 mg/L, implying the tolerance of E. splendens to CuO NPs. The Cu content in the shoots treated with 1000 mg/L CuO NPs was much higher than those exposed to the comparable 0.5 mg/L soluble Cu and CuO bulk particles. CuO NPs-like deposits were found in the root cells and leaf cells. Cu K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure analysis further revealed that the accumulated Cu species existed predominantly as CuO NPs in the plant tissues. All these results suggested that CuO NPs can be absorbed by the roots and translocated to the shoots in E. splendens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyan Shi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , People's Republic of China
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193
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Hong J, Peralta-Videa JR, Gardea-Torresdey JL. Nanomaterials in Agricultural Production: Benefits and Possible Threats? ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2013-1124.ch005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hong
- Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program and The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave., El Paso, Texas 79968
- Chemistry Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave., El Paso, Texas 79968
| | - Jose R. Peralta-Videa
- Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program and The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave., El Paso, Texas 79968
- Chemistry Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave., El Paso, Texas 79968
| | - Jorge L. Gardea-Torresdey
- Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program and The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave., El Paso, Texas 79968
- Chemistry Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave., El Paso, Texas 79968
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194
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Wang Q, Ebbs SD, Chen Y, Ma X. Trans-generational impact of cerium oxide nanoparticles on tomato plants. Metallomics 2013; 5:753-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00033h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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195
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Krystofova O, Sochor J, Zitka O, Babula P, Kudrle V, Adam V, Kizek R. Effect of magnetic nanoparticles on tobacco BY-2 cell suspension culture. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 10:47-71. [PMID: 23343980 PMCID: PMC3564130 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are structures whose exceptionality is based on their large surface, which is closely connected with reactivity and modification possibilities. Due to these properties nanomaterials are used in textile industry (antibacterial textiles with silver nanoparticles), electronics (high-resolution imaging, logical circuits on the molecular level) and medicine. Medicine represents one of the most important fields of application of nanomaterials. They are investigated in connection with targeted therapy (infectious diseases, malignant diseases) or imaging (contrast agents). Nanomaterials including nanoparticles have a great application potential in the targeted transport of pharmaceuticals. However, there are some negative properties of nanoparticles, which must be carefully solved, as hydrophobic properties leading to instability in aqueous environment, and especially their possible toxicity. Data about toxicity of nanomaterials are still scarce. Due to this fact, in this work we focused on studying of the effect of magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) and modified magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) on tobacco BY-2 plant cell suspension culture. We aimed at examining the effect of NPs and MNPs on growth, proteosynthesis - total protein content, thiols - reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, phytochelatins PC2-5, glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and antioxidant activity of BY-2 cells. Whereas the effect of NPs and MNPs on growth of cell suspension culture was only moderate, significant changes were detected in all other biochemical parameters. Significant changes in protein content, phytochelatins levels and GST activity were observed in BY-2 cells treated with MNPs nanoparticles treatment. Changes were also clearly evident in the case of application of NPs. Our results demonstrate the ability of MNPs to negatively affect metabolism and induce biosynthesis of protective compounds in a plant cell model represented by BY-2 cell suspension culture. The obtained results are discussed, especially in connection with already published data. Possible mechanisms of NPs' and MNPs' toxicity are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Krystofova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (O.K.); (J.S.); (O.Z.); (V.A.)
- Karel Englis College, Sujanovo nam. 356/1, CZ-602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mail:
| | - Jiri Sochor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (O.K.); (J.S.); (O.Z.); (V.A.)
- Karel Englis College, Sujanovo nam. 356/1, CZ-602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mail:
| | - Ondrej Zitka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (O.K.); (J.S.); (O.Z.); (V.A.)
- Karel Englis College, Sujanovo nam. 356/1, CZ-602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1-3, CZ-612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Babula
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mail:
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1-3, CZ-612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vit Kudrle
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mail:
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (O.K.); (J.S.); (O.Z.); (V.A.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mail:
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (O.K.); (J.S.); (O.Z.); (V.A.)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mail:
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196
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Bioactivity and Biomodification of Ag, ZnO, and CuO Nanoparticles with Relevance to Plant Performance in Agriculture. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2012. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2012.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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197
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Zhao L, Peng B, Hernandez-Viezcas JA, Rico C, Sun Y, Peralta-Videa JR, Tang X, Niu G, Jin L, Varela-Ramirez A, Zhang JY, Gardea-Torresdey JL. Stress response and tolerance of Zea mays to CeO2 nanoparticles: cross talk among H2O2, heat shock protein, and lipid peroxidation. ACS NANO 2012; 6:9615-22. [PMID: 23050848 PMCID: PMC4326050 DOI: 10.1021/nn302975u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of nanotechnology will inevitably release nanoparticles (NPs) into the environment with unidentified consequences. In addition, the potential toxicity of CeO(2) NPs to plants and the possible transfer into the food chain are still unknown. Corn plants (Zea mays) were germinated and grown in soil treated with CeO(2) NPs at 400 or 800 mg/kg. Stress-related parameters, such as H(2)O(2), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), lipid peroxidation, cell death, and leaf gas exchange were analyzed at 10, 15, and 20 days post-germination. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to image H(2)O(2) distribution in corn leaves. Results showed that the CeO(2) NP treatments increased accumulation of H(2)O(2), up to day 15, in phloem, xylem, bundle sheath cells and epidermal cells of shoots. The CAT and APX activities were also increased in the corn shoot, concomitant with the H(2)O(2) levels. Both 400 and 800 mg/kg CeO(2) NPs triggered the up-regulation of the HSP70 in roots, indicating a systemic stress response. None of the CeO(2) NPs increased the level of thiobarbituric acid reacting substances, indicating that no lipid peroxidation occurred. CeO(2) NPs, at both concentrations, did not induce ion leakage in either roots or shoots, suggesting that membrane integrity was not compromised. Leaf net photosynthetic rate, transpiration, and stomatal conductance were not affected by CeO(2) NPs. Our results suggest that the CAT, APX, and HSP70 might help the plants defend against CeO(2) NP-induced oxidative injury and survive NP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhao
- Chemistry Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West Univ. Av., El Paso, TX 79968
- UC Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, USA
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West Univ. Av., El Paso, TX 79968
| | - Jose A. Hernandez-Viezcas
- Chemistry Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West Univ. Av., El Paso, TX 79968
- UC Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, USA
| | - Cyren Rico
- Chemistry Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West Univ. Av., El Paso, TX 79968
- UC Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, USA
| | - Youping Sun
- Texas AgriLife Research Center at El Paso, Texas A&M University System, El Paso, TX 79927
| | - Jose R. Peralta-Videa
- Chemistry Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West Univ. Av., El Paso, TX 79968
- UC Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, USA
| | - Xiaolei Tang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West Univ. Av., El Paso, TX 79968
| | - Genhua Niu
- Texas AgriLife Research Center at El Paso, Texas A&M University System, El Paso, TX 79927
| | - Lixin Jin
- Department of Geology Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West Univ. Av., El Paso, TX 79968
| | - Armando Varela-Ramirez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West Univ. Av., El Paso, TX 79968
| | - Jian-ying Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West Univ. Av., El Paso, TX 79968
| | - Jorge L. Gardea-Torresdey
- Chemistry Department, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West Univ. Av., El Paso, TX 79968
- Environmental Science and Engineering PhD program, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West Univ. Av., El Paso, TX 79968
- UC Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), The University of Texas at El Paso, USA
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198
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Hu F, Zhao YS. Inorganic nanoparticle-based T1 and T1/T2 magnetic resonance contrast probes. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:6235-43. [PMID: 22971876 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr31865b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) yields high spatially resolved contrast with anatomical details for diagnosis, deeper penetration depth and rapid 3D scanning. To improve imaging sensitivity, adding contrast agents accelerates the relaxation rate of water molecules, thereby greatly increasing the contrast between specific issues or organs of interest. Currently, the majority of T(1) contrast agents are paramagnetic molecular complexes, typically Gd(iii) chelates. Various nanoparticulate T(1) and T(1)/T(2) contrast agents have recently been investigated as novel agents possessing the advantages of both the T(1) contrast effect and nanostructural characteristics. In this minireview, we describe the recent progress of these inorganic nanoparticle-based MRI contrast agents. Specifically, we mainly report on Gd and Mn-based inorganic nanoparticles and ultrasmall iron oxide/ferrite nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqin Hu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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199
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Wang Q, Ma X, Zhang W, Pei H, Chen Y. The impact of cerium oxide nanoparticles on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and its implications for food safety. Metallomics 2012; 4:1105-12. [PMID: 22986766 DOI: 10.1039/c2mt20149f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sustainable development of nanotechnology requires an understanding of the long term ecotoxicological impact of engineered nanomaterials on the environment. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO₂-NPs) have great potential to accumulate and adversely affect the environment owing to their widespread applications in commercial products. This study documented the chronic phenotypic response of tomato plants to CeO₂-NPs (0.1-10 mg L⁻¹) and determined the effect of CeO₂-NPs on tomato yield. The results indicated that CeO₂-NPs at the concentrations applied in this study had either an inconsequential or a slightly positive effect on plant growth and tomato production. However, elevated cerium content was detected in plant tissues exposed to CeO₂-NPs, suggesting that CeO₂-NPs were taken up by tomato roots and translocated to shoots and edible tissues. In particular, substantially higher Ce concentrations were detected in the fruits exposed to 10 mg L⁻¹ CeO₂-NPs, compared with controls. This study sheds light on the long term impact of CeO₂-NPs on plant health and its implications for our food safety and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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200
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Miralles P, Johnson E, Church TL, Harris AT. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes in alfalfa and wheat: toxicology and uptake. J R Soc Interface 2012; 9:3514-27. [PMID: 22977097 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2012.0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Data on the bioavailability and toxicity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the environment, and, in particular, on their interactions with vascular plants, are limited. We investigated the effects of industrial-grade multiwalled CNTs (75 wt% CNTs) and their impurities on alfalfa and wheat. Phytotoxicity assays were performed during both seed germination and seedling growth. The germinations of both species were tolerant of up to 2560 mg l(-1) CNTs, and root elongation was enhanced in alfalfa and wheat seedlings exposed to CNTs. Remarkably, catalyst impurities also enhanced root elongation in alfalfa seedlings as well as wheat germination. Thus the impurities, not solely the CNTs, impacted the plants. CNT internalization by plants was investigated using electron microscopy and two-dimensional Raman mapping. The latter showed that CNTs were adsorbed onto the root surfaces of alfalfa and wheat without significant uptake or translocation. Electron microscopy investigations of internalization were inconclusive owing to poor contrast, so Fe(3)O(4)-functionalized CNTs were prepared and studied using energy-filter mapping of Fe(3)O(4). CNTs bearing Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles were detected in the epidermis of one wheat root tip only, suggesting that internalization was possible but unusual. Thus, alfalfa and wheat tolerated high concentrations of industrial-grade multiwalled CNTs, which adsorbed onto their roots but were rarely taken up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pola Miralles
- Laboratory for Sustainable Technology, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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