151
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Esgalhado M, Kemp JA, Damasceno NR, Fouque D, Mafra D. Short-chain fatty acids: a link between prebiotics and microbiota in chronic kidney disease. Future Microbiol 2017; 12:1413-1425. [PMID: 29027814 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiologic conditions, the human gut microbiota performs several activities essential to the body health. In contrast, their imbalances exacerbate some actions which can promote a cascade of metabolic abnormalities, and vice versa. Numerous diseases, including chronic kidney disease, are associated with gut microbiota imbalance, and among several strategies to re-establish gut symbiosis, prebiotics seem to represent an effective nonpharmacological approach. Prebiotics fermentation by gut microbiota produce short-chain fatty acids, which improve the gut barrier integrity and function, and modulate the glucose and lipid metabolism as well as the inflammatory response and immune system. Therefore, this literature review intends to discuss the beneficial effects of prebiotics in human health through short-chain fatty acids production, with a particular interest on chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Esgalhado
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julie A Kemp
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nagila Rt Damasceno
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health Nutrition, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denis Fouque
- Department of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, University Lyon, UCBL, Inserm Carmen, CENS, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - Denise Mafra
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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152
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Alexandri E, Ahmed R, Siddiqui H, Choudhary MI, Tsiafoulis CG, Gerothanassis IP. High Resolution NMR Spectroscopy as a Structural and Analytical Tool for Unsaturated Lipids in Solution. Molecules 2017; 22:E1663. [PMID: 28981459 PMCID: PMC6151582 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mono- and polyunsaturated lipids are widely distributed in Nature, and are structurally and functionally a diverse class of molecules with a variety of physicochemical, biological, medicinal and nutritional properties. High resolution NMR spectroscopic techniques including 1H-, 13C- and 31P-NMR have been successfully employed as a structural and analytical tool for unsaturated lipids. The objective of this review article is to provide: (i) an overview of the critical 1H-, 13C- and 31P-NMR parameters for structural and analytical investigations; (ii) an overview of various 1D and 2D NMR techniques that have been used for resonance assignments; (iii) selected analytical and structural studies with emphasis in the identification of major and minor unsaturated fatty acids in complex lipid extracts without the need for the isolation of the individual components; (iv) selected investigations of oxidation products of lipids; (v) applications in the emerging field of lipidomics; (vi) studies of protein-lipid interactions at a molecular level; (vii) practical considerations and (viii) an overview of future developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Alexandri
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Raheel Ahmed
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Hina Siddiqui
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad I Choudhary
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 214412, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Ioannis P Gerothanassis
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece.
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
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153
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite immense research efforts, type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains an autoimmune disease without a known trigger or approved intervention. Over the last three decades, studies have primarily focused on delineating the role of the adaptive immune system in the mechanism of T1D. The discovery of Toll-like receptors in the 1990s has advanced the knowledge on the role of the innate immune system in host defense as well as mechanisms that regulate adaptive immunity including the function of autoreactive T cells. RECENT FINDINGS Recent investigations suggest that inflammation plays a key role in promoting a large number of autoimmune disorders including T1D. Data from the LEW1.WR1 rat model of virus-induced disease and the RIP-B7.1 mouse model of diabetes suggest that innate immune signaling plays a key role in triggering disease progression. There is also evidence that innate immunity may be involved in the course of T1D in humans; however, a small number of clinical trials have shown that interfering with the function of the innate immune system following disease onset exerts only a modest effect on β-cell function. The data implying that innate immune pathways are linked with mechanisms of islet autoimmunity hold great promise for the identification of novel disease pathways that may be harnessed for clinical intervention. Nevertheless, more work needs to be done to better understand mechanisms by which innate immunity triggers β-cell destruction and assess the therapeutic value in blocking innate immunity for diabetes prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Needell
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Danny Zipris
- Innate Biotechnologies LLC, Denver, CO, 80231, USA.
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154
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The lauric acid-activated signaling prompts apoptosis in cancer cells. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17063. [PMID: 28924490 PMCID: PMC5601385 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The saturated medium-chain fatty-acid lauric acid (LA) has been associated to certain health-promoting benefits of coconut oil intake, including the improvement of the quality of life in breast cancer patients during chemotherapy. As it concerns the potential to hamper tumor growth, LA was shown to elicit inhibitory effects only in colon cancer cells. Here, we provide novel insights regarding the molecular mechanisms through which LA triggers antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in both breast and endometrial cancer cells. In particular, our results demonstrate that LA increases reactive oxygen species levels, stimulates the phosphorylation of EGFR, ERK and c-Jun and induces the expression of c-fos. In addition, our data evidence that LA via the Rho-associated kinase-mediated pathway promotes stress fiber formation, which exerts a main role in the morphological changes associated with apoptotic cell death. Next, we found that the increase of p21Cip1/WAF1 expression, which occurs upon LA exposure in a p53-independent manner, is involved in the apoptotic effects prompted by LA in both breast and endometrial cancer cells. Collectively, our findings may pave the way to better understand the anticancer action of LA, although additional studies are warranted to further corroborate its usefulness in more comprehensive therapeutic approaches.
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155
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Lee ES, Lee DS, Pandeya PR, Kim YC, Kang DG, Lee HS, Oh BC, Lee DH. Sodium butyrate has context-dependent actions on dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and other metabolic parameters. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 21:519-529. [PMID: 28883756 PMCID: PMC5587602 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2017.21.5.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sodium butyrate (SB) has various metabolic actions. However, its effect on dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) needs to be studied further. We aimed to evaluate the metabolic actions of SB, considering its physiologically relevant concentration. We evaluated the effect of SB on regulation of DPP-4 and its other metabolic actions, both in vitro (HepG2 cells and mouse mesangial cells) and in vivo (high fat diet [HFD]-induced obese mice). Ten-week HFD-induced obese C57BL/6J mice were subjected to SB treatment by adding SB to HFD which was maintained for an additional 16 weeks. In HepG2 cells, SB suppressed DPP-4 activity and expression at sub-molar concentrations, whereas it increased DPP-4 activity at a concentration of 1,000 µM. In HFD-induced obese mice, SB decreased blood glucose, serum levels of insulin and IL-1β, and DPP-4 activity, and suppressed the increase in body weight. On the contrary, various tissues including liver, kidney, and peripheral blood cells showed variable responses of DPP-4 to SB. Especially in the kidney, although DPP-4 activity was decreased by SB in HFD-induced obese mice, it caused an increase in mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. The pro-inflammatory actions of SB in the kidney of HFD-induced obese mice were recapitulated by cultured mesangial cell experiments, in which SB stimulated the secretion of several cytokines from cells. Our results showed that SB has differential actions according to its treatment dose and the type of cells and tissues. Thus, further studies are required to evaluate its therapeutic relevance in metabolic diseases including diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Sol Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Dong-Sung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | | | - Youn-Chul Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Dae-Gil Kang
- Hanbang Body Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea.,College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Ho-Sub Lee
- Hanbang Body Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea.,College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Oh
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea.,Department of physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
| | - Dae Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon 21565, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21999, Korea
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156
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Boland BB, Rhodes CJ, Grimsby JS. The dynamic plasticity of insulin production in β-cells. Mol Metab 2017; 6:958-973. [PMID: 28951821 PMCID: PMC5605729 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells are quite capable of adapting to both acute and chronic changes in metabolic demand, persistently high demand for insulin will ultimately lead to their progressive dysfunction and eventual loss. Recent and historical studies highlight the importance of 'resting' the β-cell as a means of preserving functional β-cell mass. SCOPE OF REVIEW We provide experimental evidence to highlight the remarkable plasticity for insulin production and secretion by the pancreatic β-cell alongside some clinical evidence that supports leveraging this unique ability to preserve β-cell function. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Treatment strategies for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) targeted towards reducing the systemic metabolic burden, rather than demanding greater insulin production from an already beleaguered β-cell, should be emphasized to maintain endogenous insulin secretory function and delay the progression of T2DM.
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Key Words
- ATF6, Activating Transcription Factor 6
- CHOP, CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Homologous Protein
- EPAC, Exchange Factor Directly Activated by cAMP
- EROβ1, ER-resident oxidoreductase β1
- GIP, Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide
- GLP-1, Glucagon-like Peptide 1
- GLUT2, Glucose Transporter 2
- GSIS, Glucose Stimulated Insulin Secretion
- IREα, Inositol Requiring Enzyme α
- Insulin production
- NEFA, Non-esterified Fatty Acid
- PERK, Protein Kinase RNA-like Endoplasmic Reticulum Kinase
- PKA, Protein Kinase A
- PKC, Protein Kinase C
- PLC, Phospholipase C
- ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species
- SNAP-25, Soluble NSF Attachment Protein 25
- SNARE, Soluble NSF Attachment Protein Receptor
- STZ, Streptozotocin
- T2DM
- T2DM, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
- TRP, Transient Receptor Potential
- VAMP-2, Vehicle Associated Membrane Protein 2
- VDCC, Voltage Dependent Calcium Channel
- mTORC1, Mammalian Target of Rapamycin 1
- nH, Hill coefficient
- β-cell rest
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon B. Boland
- MedImmune, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research, 1 MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
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157
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Abstract
Various mechanisms in the mammalian body provide resilience against food deprivation and dietary stress. The ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is synthesized in the liver from fatty acids and represents an essential carrier of energy from the liver to peripheral tissues when the supply of glucose is too low for the body's energetic needs, such as during periods of prolonged exercise, starvation, or absence of dietary carbohydrates. In addition to its activity as an energetic metabolite, BHB is increasingly understood to have cellular signaling functions. These signaling functions of BHB broadly link the outside environment to epigenetic gene regulation and cellular function, and their actions may be relevant to a variety of human diseases as well as human aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Newman
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945; ,
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California 94158
- Division of Geriatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Eric Verdin
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945; ,
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California 94158
- Division of Geriatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
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158
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Kohl KD, Carey HV. A place for host-microbe symbiosis in the comparative physiologist's toolbox. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 219:3496-3504. [PMID: 27852759 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.136325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although scientists have long appreciated that metazoans evolved in a microbial world, we are just beginning to appreciate the profound impact that host-associated microbes have on diverse aspects of animal biology. The enormous growth in our understanding of host-microbe symbioses is rapidly expanding the study of animal physiology, both technically and conceptually. Microbes associate functionally with various body surfaces of their hosts, although most reside in the gastrointestinal tract. Gut microbes convert dietary and host-derived substrates to metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, thereby providing energy and nutrients to the host. Bacterial metabolites incorporated into the host metabolome can activate receptors on a variety of cell types and, in doing so, alter host physiology (including metabolism, organ function, biological rhythms, neural activity and behavior). Given that host-microbe interactions affect diverse aspects of host physiology, it is likely that they influence animal ecology and, if they confer fitness benefits, the evolutionary trajectory of a species. Multiple variables - including sampling regime, environmental parameters, host metadata and analytical methods - can influence experimental outcomes in host-microbiome studies, making careful experimental design and execution crucial to ensure reproducible and informative studies in the laboratory and field. Integration of microbiomes into comparative physiology and ecophysiological investigations can reveal the potential impacts of the microbiota on physiological responses to changing environments, and is likely to bring valuable insights to the study of host-microbiome interactions among a broad range of metazoans, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Kohl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 53705, USA
| | - Hannah V Carey
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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159
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Shtriker MG, Hahn M, Taieb E, Nyska A, Moallem U, Tirosh O, Madar Z. Fenugreek galactomannan and citrus pectin improve several parameters associated with glucose metabolism and modulate gut microbiota in mice. Nutrition 2017; 46:134-142.e3. [PMID: 28993009 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Galactomannans derived from fenugreek confer known health benefits; however, there is little information regarding health benefits of citrus pectin (CP) and its association with gut microbiome metabolites. The aim of this study was to examine links between galactomannan and CP consumption, microbiota development, and glucose metabolism. DESIGN Male C57 BL/6 J mice ages 7 to 8 wk were fed ad libitum with a normal diet or one supplemented with 15% of either galactomannan or CP. At 3 wk, an oral glucose tolerance test was performed. Animals were sacrificed at 4 wk and relevant organs were harvested. RESULTS Fiber enrichment led to reductions in weight gain, fasting glucose levels, and total serum cholesterol (P < 0.05). Compared with mice fed the normal diet, microbiota populations were altered in both fiber groups and were found to be richer in Bacteroidetes rather than Firmicutes (P < 0.05). The modification was significantly greater in galactomannan-fed than in CP-fed mice (P < 0.0001). Also, enhanced levels of the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) propionate were found in the cecal contents of CP-fed animals (P < 0.05). Protein expression levels of monocarboxylate transporter 1, which may promote transport of SCFA, were measured in the large intestines after fiber consumption. Enhanced adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation was observed in livers of galactomannan-fed mice (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Consumption of diets containing soluble fibers, as used in this study, resulted in gut microbiota comprising a healthier flora, and led to positive effects on weight, glycemic control, and liver β oxidation via AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam G Shtriker
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Hahn
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Elise Taieb
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Abraham Nyska
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, and Consultant in Toxicologic Pathology, Timrat, Israel
| | - Uzi Moallem
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Oren Tirosh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zecharia Madar
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
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160
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Epigenetic Metabolite Acetate Inhibits Class I/II Histone Deacetylases, Promotes Histone Acetylation, and Increases HIV-1 Integration in CD4 + T Cells. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01943-16. [PMID: 28539453 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01943-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of acetate, the most concentrated short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) in the gut and bloodstream, on the susceptibility of primary human CD4+ T cells to HIV-1 infection. We report that HIV-1 replication is increased in CD3/CD28-costimulated CD4+ T cells upon acetate treatment. This enhancing effect correlates with increased expression of the early activation marker CD69 and impaired class I/II histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity. In addition, acetate enhances acetylation of histones H3 and H4 and augments HIV-1 integration into the genome of CD4+ T cells. Thus, we propose that upon antigen presentation, acetate influences class I/II HDAC activity that transforms condensed chromatin into a more relaxed structure. This event leads to a higher level of viral integration and enhanced HIV-1 production. In line with previous studies showing reactivation of latent HIV-1 by SCFAs, we provide evidence that acetate can also increase the susceptibility of primary human CD4+ T cells to productive HIV-1 infection.IMPORTANCE Alterations in the fecal microbiota and intestinal epithelial damage involved in the gastrointestinal disorder associated with HIV-1 infection result in microbial translocation that leads to disease progression and virus-related comorbidities. Indeed, notably via production of short-chain fatty acids, bacteria migrating from the lumen to the intestinal mucosa could influence HIV-1 replication by epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, such as histone acetylation. We demonstrate that acetate enhances virus production in primary human CD4+ T cells. Moreover, we report that acetate impairs class I/II histone deacetylase activity and increases integration of HIV-1 DNA into the host genome. Therefore, it can be postulated that bacterial metabolites such as acetate modulate HIV-1-mediated disease progression.
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161
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Zhuang P, Shou Q, Lu Y, Wang G, Qiu J, Wang J, He L, Chen J, Jiao J, Zhang Y. Arachidonic acid sex-dependently affects obesity through linking gut microbiota-driven inflammation to hypothalamus-adipose-liver axis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2715-2726. [PMID: 28711599 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Unraveling the role of dietary lipids is beneficial to treat obesity and metabolic dysfunction. Nonetheless, how dietary lipids affect existing obesity remains unknown. Arachidonic acid (AA), a derivative of linoleic acid, is one of the crucial n-6 fatty acids. The aim of this study was to investigate whether AA affects obesity through associating microbiota-driven inflammation with hypothalamus-adipose-liver axis. Four-week old C57BL/6J mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD, 45% fat) for 10weeks to induce obesity, and then fed a HFD enriched with 10g/kg of AA or a continuous HFD in the following 15weeks. Systemic adiposity and inflammation, metabolic profiles, gut microbiota composition, short-chain fatty acids production, hypothalamic feeding regulators, browning process of adipocytes, hepatosteatosis, and insulin resistance in adipose were investigated. The results indicated that AA aggravates obesity for both genders whereas sex-dependently affects gut microbiota composition. Also, AA favors pro-inflammatory microbiota and reduces butyrate production and circulating serotonin, which augments global inflammation and triggers hypothalamic leptin resistance via microglia accumulation in male. AA exacerbates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis along with amplified inflammation through TLR4-NF-κB pathway and induces insulin resistance. Reversely, AA alleviates obesity-related disorders via rescuing anti-inflammatory and butyrate-producing microbiota, up-regulating GPR41 and GPR109A and controlling hypothalamic inflammation in female. Nevertheless, AA modifies adipocyte browning and promotes lipid mobilization for both genders. We show that AA affects obesity likely through a gut-hypothalamus-adipose-liver axis. Our findings formulate recommendations of n-6 fatty acids like AA from dietary intake for obese subjects preferably in a sexually dimorphic way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhuang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiyang Shou
- Experimental Animal Research Center & Institute of Comparative Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanhua Lu
- Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangfa Wang
- Department of PET Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jieni Qiu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lilin He
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingnan Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Jiao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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162
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Yalagala PCR, Sugasini D, Ramaprasad TR, Lokesh BR. Minor Constituents in Rice Bran Oil and Sesame Oil Play a Significant Role in Modulating Lipid Homeostasis and Inflammatory Markers in Rats. J Med Food 2017. [PMID: 28650728 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.3780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of feeding rats with groundnut oil (GNO), rice bran oil (RBO), and sesame oil (SESO) on serum lipids, liver lipids, and inflammatory markers were evaluated in rats. Male Wistar rats were fed with AIN-93 diet supplemented with 10 wt% of GNO, RBO, and SESO in the form of native (N) and minor constituent-removed (MCR) oils. Rats given RBO and SESO showed significant reduction in serum and liver lipids, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, cytokines in liver, and eicosanoids in leukocytes as compared with the rats given GNO and MCR oils. The rats fed with native oils of RBO and SESO showed an upregulation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and downregulation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65. These effects of native oil were significantly compromised when rats were given MCR oils. In conclusion, the minor constituents significantly support the hypolipidemic and anti-inflammatory properties of RBO and SESO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poorna C R Yalagala
- 1 Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (MC 797), Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dhavamani Sugasini
- 1 Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (MC 797), Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Belur Ramaswamy Lokesh
- 3 Department of Lipid Science, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute , Mysuru, Karnataka, India
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163
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Nadeem A, Ahmad SF, Al-Harbi NO, El-Sherbeeny AM, Al-Harbi MM, Almukhlafi TS. GPR43 activation enhances psoriasis-like inflammation through epidermal upregulation of IL-6 and dual oxidase 2 signaling in a murine model. Cell Signal 2017; 33:59-68. [PMID: 28212864 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The gut is densely inhabited by commensal bacteria, which metabolize dietary fibers/undigested carbohydrates and produce short-chain fatty acids such as acetate. GPR43 is one of the receptors to sense short-chain fatty acids, and expressed in various immune and non-immune cells. Acetate/GPR43 signaling has been shown to affect various inflammatory diseases through Th17 responses and NADPH oxidase (NOX)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. However, no study has previously explored the effects of GPR43 activation during psoriasis-like inflammation. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of acetate/phenylacetamide (GPR43 agonists) on imiquimod induced skin inflammation in mice. Mice were administered phenylacetamide/acetate followed by assessment of skin inflammation, NOXs (NOX-2, NOX-4, dual oxidases), and Th17 related signaling. Our study showed induction of epidermal GPR43 after imiquimod treatment, i.e. psoriasis-like inflammation. Acetate administration in psoriatic mice led to further increase in skin inflammation (ear thickness/myeloperoxidase activity) with concurrent increase in Th17 immune responses and epidermal dual oxidase-2 signaling. Further, topical application of GPR43 agonist, phenylacetamide led to enhanced ear thickness with concomitant epidermal IL-6 signaling as well as dual oxidase-2 upregulation which may be responsible for increased psoriasis-like inflammation. Taken together, dual oxidase-2 and IL-6 play important roles in GPR43-mediated skin inflammation. The current study suggests that GPR43 activation in psoriatic patients may lead to aggravation of psoriatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif O Al-Harbi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M El-Sherbeeny
- Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Al-Harbi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talal S Almukhlafi
- College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
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164
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Ding Q, Nie S, Hu J, Zong X, Li Q, Xie M. In vitro and in vivo gastrointestinal digestion and fermentation of the polysaccharide from Ganoderma atrum. Food Hydrocoll 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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165
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Puebla C, Retamal MA, Acuña R, Sáez JC. Regulation of Connexin-Based Channels by Fatty Acids. Front Physiol 2017; 8:11. [PMID: 28174541 PMCID: PMC5258758 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this mini-review, we briefly summarize the current knowledge about the effects of fatty acids (FAs) on connexin-based channels, as well as discuss the limited information about the impact FAs may have on pannexins (Panxs). FAs regulate diverse cellular functions, some of which are explained by changes in the activity of channels constituted by connexins (Cxs) or Panxs, which are known to play critical roles in maintaining the functional integrity of diverse organs and tissues. Cxs are transmembrane proteins that oligomerize into hexamers to form hemichannels (HCs), which in turn can assemble into dodecamers to form gap junction channels (GJCs). While GJCs communicate the cytoplasm of contacting cells, HCs serve as pathways for the exchange of ions and small molecules between the intra and extracellular milieu. Panxs, as well as Cx HCs, form channels at the plasma membrane that enable the interchange of molecules between the intra and extracellular spaces. Both Cx- and Panx-based channels are controlled by several post-translational modifications. However, the mechanism of action of FAs on these channels has not been described in detail. It has been shown however that FAs frequently decrease GJC-mediated cell-cell communication. The opposite effect also has been described for HC or Panx-dependent intercellular communication, where, the acute FA effect can be reversed upon washout. Additionally, changes in GJCs mediated by FAs have been associated with post-translational modifications (e.g., phosphorylation), and seem to be directly related to chemical properties of FAs (e.g., length of carbon chain and/or degree of saturation), but this possible link remains poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Puebla
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de ChileSantiago, Chile; Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del DesarrolloSantiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio A Retamal
- Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Acuña
- Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan C Sáez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile; Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Intituto Milenio, Universidad de ValparaísoValparaíso, Chile
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166
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Wheat Bran Does Not Affect Postprandial Plasma Short-Chain Fatty Acids from 13C-inulin Fermentation in Healthy Subjects. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9010083. [PMID: 28117694 PMCID: PMC5295127 DOI: 10.3390/nu9010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat bran (WB) is a constituent of whole grain products with beneficial effects for human health. Within the human colon, such insoluble particles may be colonized by specific microbial teams which can stimulate cross-feeding, leading to a more efficient carbohydrate fermentation and an increased butyrate production. We investigated the extent to which WB fractions with different properties affect the fermentation of other carbohydrates in the colon. Ten healthy subjects performed four test days, during which they consumed a standard breakfast supplemented with 10 g 13C-inulin. A total of 20 g of a WB fraction (unmodified WB, wheat bran with a reduced particle size (WB RPS), or de-starched pericarp-enriched wheat bran (PE WB)) was also added to the breakfast, except for one test day, which served as a control. Blood samples were collected at regular time points for 14 h, in order to measure 13C-labeled short-chain fatty acid (SCFA; acetate, propionate and butyrate) concentrations. Fermentation of 13C-inulin resulted in increased plasma SCFA for about 8 h, suggesting that a sustained increase in plasma SCFA can be achieved by administering a moderate dose of carbohydrates, three times per day. However, the addition of a single dose of a WB fraction did not further increase the 13C-SCFA concentrations in plasma, nor did it stimulate cross-feeding (Wilcoxon signed ranks test).
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167
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Sparks SM, Aquino C, Banker P, Collins JL, Cowan D, Diaz C, Dock ST, Hertzog DL, Liang X, Swiger ED, Yuen J, Chen G, Jayawickreme C, Moncol D, Nystrom C, Rash V, Rimele T, Roller S, Ross S. Exploration of phenylpropanoic acids as agonists of the free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4): Identification of an orally efficacious FFA4 agonist. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1278-1283. [PMID: 28148462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The long chain free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4/GPR120) has recently been recognized as lipid sensor playing important roles in nutrient sensing and inflammation and thus holds potential as a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. To explore the effects of stimulating this receptor in animal models of metabolic disease, we initiated work to identify agonists with appropriate pharmacokinetic properties to support progression into in vivo studies. Extensive SAR studies of a series of phenylpropanoic acids led to the identification of compound 29, a FFA4 agonist which lowers plasma glucose in two preclinical models of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Sparks
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
| | - Christopher Aquino
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Pierette Banker
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Jon L Collins
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - David Cowan
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Caroline Diaz
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Steven T Dock
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Donald L Hertzog
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Xi Liang
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Erin D Swiger
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Josephine Yuen
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Grace Chen
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Channa Jayawickreme
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - David Moncol
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Christopher Nystrom
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Vincent Rash
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Thomas Rimele
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Shane Roller
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Sean Ross
- GlaxoSmithKline, Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technology and Science, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
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168
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He M, Fang S, Huang X, Zhao Y, Ke S, Yang H, Li Z, Gao J, Chen C, Huang L. Evaluating the Contribution of Gut Microbiota to the Variation of Porcine Fatness with the Cecum and Fecal Samples. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2108. [PMID: 28066405 PMCID: PMC5179512 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial community in gastrointestinal tract participates in the development of the obesity as well as quite a few metabolic diseases in human. However, there are few studies about the relationship between gut microbiota and porcine fatness. Here, we used high-throughput sequencing to perform 16S rRNA gene analysis in 256 cecum luminal samples from Erhualian pigs and 244 stools from Bamaxiang pigs, and adopted a two-part model statistical method to evaluate the association of gut microbes with porcine fatness. As the results, we identified a total of 6 and 108 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), and 9 and 10 bacterial taxa which showed significant associations with fatness traits in the stool and cecum samples, respectively. Cross-validation analysis indicated that gut microbiome showed the largest effect on abdominal adipose by explaining 2.73% phenotypic variance of abdominal fat weight. Significantly more fatness-associated OTUs were identified in the cecum samples than that in the stools, suggesting that cecum luminal samples were better used for identification of fatness-associated microbes than stools. The fatness-associated OTUs were mainly annotated to Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Prevotella, Treponema, and Bacteroides. These microbes have been reported to produce short-chain fatty acids by fermenting dietary indigested polysaccharide and pectin. The short-chain fatty acids can regulate host body energy homeostasis, protect host from inflammation and inhibit fat mass development. Our findings suggested that the gut microbiome may be an important factor modulating fatness in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maozhang He
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang, China
| | - Shaoming Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaochang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang, China
| | - Yuanzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang, China
| | - Shanlin Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang, China
| | - Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang, China
| | - Zhuojun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang, China
| | - Jun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang, China
| | - Congying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang, China
| | - Lusheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang, China
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169
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FFA2 Contribution to Gestational Glucose Tolerance Is Not Disrupted by Antibiotics. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167837. [PMID: 27959892 PMCID: PMC5154512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During the insulin resistant phase of pregnancy, the mRNA expression of free fatty acid 2 receptor (Ffar2) is upregulated and as we recently reported, this receptor contributes to insulin secretion and pancreatic beta cell mass expansion in order to maintain normal glucose homeostasis during pregnancy. As impaired gestational glucose levels can affect metabolic health of offspring, we aimed to explore the role of maternal Ffar2 expression during pregnancy on the metabolic health of offspring and also the effects of antibiotics, which have been shown to disrupt gut microbiota fermentative activity (the source of the FFA2 ligands) on gestational glucose homeostasis. We found that maternal Ffar2 expression and impaired glucose tolerance during pregnancy had no effect on the growth rates, ad lib glucose and glucose tolerance in the offspring between 3 and 6 weeks of age. To disrupt short chain fatty acid production, we chronically treated WT mice and Ffar2-/- mice with broad range antibiotics and further compared their glucose tolerance prior to pregnancy and at gestational day 15, and also quantified cecum and plasma SCFAs. We found that during pregnancy antibiotic treatment reduced the levels of SCFAs in the cecum of the mice, but resulted in elevated levels of plasma SCFAs and altered concentrations of individual SCFAs. Along with these changes, gestational glucose tolerance in WT mice, but not Ffar2-/- mice improved while on antibiotics. Additional data showed that gestational glucose tolerance worsened in Ffar2-/- mice during a second pregnancy. Together, these results indicate that antibiotic treatment alone is inadequate to deplete plasma SCFA concentrations, and that modulation of gut microbiota by antibiotics does not disrupt the contribution of FFA2 to gestational glucose tolerance.
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170
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Heimann E, Nyman M, Pålbrink AK, Lindkvist-Petersson K, Degerman E. Branched short-chain fatty acids modulate glucose and lipid metabolism in primary adipocytes. Adipocyte 2016; 5:359-368. [PMID: 27994949 PMCID: PMC5160390 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2016.1252011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), e.g. acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid, generated through colonic fermentation of dietary fibers, have been shown to reach the systemic circulation at micromolar concentrations. Moreover, SCFAs have been conferred anti-obesity properties in both animal models and human subjects. Branched SCFAs (BSCFAs), e.g., isobutyric and isovaleric acid, are generated by fermentation of branched amino acids, generated from undigested protein reaching colon. However, BSCFAs have been sparsely investigated when referring to effects on energy metabolism. Here we primarily investigate the effects of isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid on glucose and lipid metabolism in primary rat and human adipocytes. BSCFAs inhibited both cAMP-mediated lipolysis and insulin-stimulated de novo lipogenesis at 10 mM, whereas isobutyric acid potentiated insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by all concentrations (1, 3 and 10 mM) in rat adipocytes. For human adipocytes, only SCFAs inhibited lipolysis at 10 mM. In both in vitro models, BSCFAs and SCFAs reduced phosphorylation of hormone sensitive lipase, a rate limiting enzyme in lipolysis. In addition, BSCFAs and SCFAs, in contrast to insulin, inhibited lipolysis in the presence of wortmannin, a phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase inhibitor and OPC3911, a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor in rat adipocytes. Furthermore, BSCFAs and SCFAs reduced insulin-mediated phosphorylation of protein kinase B. To conclude, BSCFAs have effects on adipocyte lipid and glucose metabolism that can contribute to improved insulin sensitivity in individuals with disturbed metabolism.
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171
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Hippe B, Remely M, Aumueller E, Pointner A, Magnet U, Haslberger A. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii phylotypes in type two diabetic, obese, and lean control subjects. Benef Microbes 2016; 7:511-7. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2015.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is one of the main butyrate producers in the healthy human gut. Information on its genetic diversity is lacking, although two genetic phylotypes have been differentiated. In the present study, F. prausnitzii phylotypes were examined in faeces of obese and type two diabetes with similar eating behaviour compared to a lean control group. The purpose of the study was to analyse if an excessive butyrate production induced by different F. prausnitzii phylotypes discriminates between obese developing type two diabetes or not. The faecal samples were analysed for the total abundance of F. prausnitzii 16S rRNA copies, fragment lengths polymorphism, high resolution melt curve analysis (HRM) and the butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase gene copies and melt curve variances. The diabetic group was found to differ significantly from the lean control group in the results of qPCR, butyryl-CoA:acetyate CoA-transferase gene melt curve, and HRM. F. prausnitzii phylotypes differed in obese with and without developed diabetes type two. Different phylotypes of F. prausnitzii may lead to differences in the inflammatory genesis in the host. F. prausnitzii phylotypes may have an influence on developing type two diabetes and might also act as starting points for prevention and therapy of obesity associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Hippe
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Althanstr. 14, UZA 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - M. Remely
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Althanstr. 14, UZA 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - E. Aumueller
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Althanstr. 14, UZA 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - A. Pointner
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Althanstr. 14, UZA 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - U. Magnet
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Althanstr. 14, UZA 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - A.G. Haslberger
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Althanstr. 14, UZA 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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172
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Priyadarshini M, Wicksteed B, Schiltz GE, Gilchrist A, Layden BT. SCFA Receptors in Pancreatic β Cells: Novel Diabetes Targets? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:653-664. [PMID: 27091493 PMCID: PMC4992600 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient sensing receptors are key metabolic mediators of responses to dietary and endogenously derived nutrients. These receptors are largely G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and many are gaining significant interest as drug targets with a potential therapeutic role in metabolic diseases. A distinct subclass of nutrient sensing GPCRs, two short chain fatty acid (SCFA) receptors (FFA2 and FFA3) are uniquely responsive to gut microbiota derived nutrients (such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate). Pharmacological, molecular, and genetic studies have investigated their role in organismal glucose metabolism and recently in pancreatic β cell biology. Here, we summarize the present knowledge on the role of these receptors as metabolic sensors in β cell function and physiology, revealing new therapeutic opportunities for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha Priyadarshini
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Barton Wicksteed
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Gary E Schiltz
- Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Annette Gilchrist
- Midwestern University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Brian T Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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173
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Erny D, Hrabě de Angelis AL, Prinz M. Communicating systems in the body: how microbiota and microglia cooperate. Immunology 2016; 150:7-15. [PMID: 27392533 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are tissue macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). Their key tasks are immune surveillance as well as responding to infections or other pathological states such as neurological diseases or injury. In recent years it has been discovered that microglia are additionally crucial for the maintenance of brain homeostasis during development and adulthood by adjusting the neuronal network and phagocytosing neuronal debris. Microglia persist in the CNS throughout the life of the organism and self-renew without engraftment of bone-marrow-derived cells. Until recently it remained unknown what controls their maturation and activation under homeostatic conditions. In this review we discuss new aspects of the interaction between host microbiota and brain function with special focus on the brain-resident innate immune cells, the microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Erny
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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174
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Franco-Robles E, López MG. Agavins Increase Neurotrophic Factors and Decrease Oxidative Stress in the Brains of High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21080998. [PMID: 27490526 PMCID: PMC6273709 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21080998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fructans obtained from agave, called agavins, have recently shown significant benefits for human health including obesity. Therefore, we evaluated the potential of agavins as neuroprotectors and antioxidants by determining their effect on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) as well as oxidative brain damage in of obese mice. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and treated daily with 5% (HFD/A5) or 10% (HFD/A10) of agavins or a standard diet (SD) for 10 weeks. The levels of BDNF and GDNF were evaluated by ELISA. The oxidative stress was evaluated by lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and carbonyls. SCFAs were also measured with GC-FID. Differences between groups were assessed using ANOVA and by Tukey's test considering p < 0.05. RESULTS The body weight gain and food intake of mice HFD/A10 group were significantly lower than those in the HFD group. Agavins restored BDNF levels in HFD/A5 group and GDNF levels of HFD/A5 and HFD/A10 groups in cerebellum. Interestingly, agavins decreased TBARS levels in HFD/A5 and HFD/A10 groups in the hippocampus, frontal cortex and cerebellum. Carbonyl levels were also lower in HFD/A5 and HFD/A10 for only the hippocampus and cerebellum. It was also found that agavins enhanced SCFAs production in feces. CONCLUSION Agavins may act as bioactive ingredients with antioxidant and protective roles in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Franco-Robles
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad de Biotecnología e Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, Irapuato, Guanajuato C.P. 36821, México.
| | - Mercedes G López
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad de Biotecnología e Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, Irapuato, Guanajuato C.P. 36821, México.
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175
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by fat deposition in hepatocytes, and a strong association with nutritional factors. Dietary fatty acids are classified according to their biochemical properties, which confer their bioactive roles. Monounsaturated fatty acids have a dual role in various human and murine models. In contrast, polyunsaturated fatty acids exhibit antiobesity, anti steatosic and anti-inflammatory effects. The combination of these forms of fatty acids—according to dietary type, daily intake and the proportion of n-6 to n-3 fats—can compromise hepatic lipid metabolism. A chemosensory rather than a nutritional role makes bioactive fatty acids possible biomarkers for NAFLD. Bioactive fatty acids provide health benefits through modification of fatty acid composition and modulating the activity of liver cells during liver fibrosis. More and better evidence is necessary to elucidate the role of bioactive fatty acids in nutritional and clinical treatment strategies for patients with NAFLD.
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176
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Zhang Q, Koser SL, Donkin SS. Propionate induces the bovine cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase promoter activity. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:6654-6664. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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177
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Astakhova L, Ngara M, Babich O, Prosekov A, Asyakina L, Dyshlyuk L, Midtvedt T, Zhou X, Ernberg I, Matskova L. Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA) Reprogram Gene Expression in Human Malignant Epithelial and Lymphoid Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154102. [PMID: 27441625 PMCID: PMC4956219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) on gene expression in human, malignant cell lines was investigated, with a focus on signaling pathways. The commensal microbial flora produce high levels of SCFAs with established physiologic effects in humans. The most abundant SCFA metabolite in the human microflora is n-butyric acid. It is well known to activate endogenous latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), that was used as a reference read out system and extended to EBV+ epithelial cancer cell lines. N-butyric acid and its salt induced inflammatory and apoptotic responses in tumor cells of epithelial and lymphoid origin. Epithelial cell migration was inhibited. The n-butyric gene activation was reduced by knock-down of the cell membrane transporters MCT-1 and -4 by siRNA. N-butyric acid show biologically significant effects on several important cellular functions, also with relevance for tumor cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiia Astakhova
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Kemerovo, Russia
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mtakai Ngara
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (LICR), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olga Babich
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Kemerovo, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Tore Midtvedt
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Ernberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Liudmila Matskova
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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178
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Lim J, Henry CJ, Haldar S. Vinegar as a functional ingredient to improve postprandial glycemic control-human intervention findings and molecular mechanisms. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1837-49. [PMID: 27213723 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes prevalence worldwide is increasing and the burden is particularly high in Asian countries. Identification of functional food ingredients to curb the rise of diabetes among various Asian population groups is warranted. Vinegar is widely consumed throughout Asia, where the principle bioactive component is acetic acid. This review has collated data from human intervention trials to show that vinegar consumption seems more effective in modulating glycemic control in normal glucose-tolerant individuals than in either type 2 diabetics or in those with impaired glucose tolerance. The molecular mechanisms by which vinegar can improve glycemic control have been presented using human, animal and cell culture data. These mechanisms include (i) activation of the free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2) receptors localized in the enteroendocrine L-cells of the intestinal lumen, leading to increased glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion, (ii) increased 5'adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, leading to increased fatty acid oxidation and decreased hepatic gluconeogenesis, (iii) lowering of free fatty acid in circulation, potentially leading to improved insulin sensitivity, (iv) increased blood flow to the peripheral tissues and (v) increased satiety, leading to lower food intake. The review also discusses why these mechanisms appear more effective in nondiabetics than in diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lim
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore
| | - Christiani Jeyakumar Henry
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sumanto Haldar
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore
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179
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Villa SR, Priyadarshini M, Fuller MH, Bhardwaj T, Brodsky MR, Angueira AR, Mosser RE, Carboneau BA, Tersey SA, Mancebo H, Gilchrist A, Mirmira RG, Gannon M, Layden BT. Loss of Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 leads to impaired islet mass and beta cell survival. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28159. [PMID: 27324831 PMCID: PMC4914960 DOI: 10.1038/srep28159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of pancreatic β cell mass is a critical factor to help maintain normoglycemia during insulin resistance. Nutrient-sensing G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) contribute to aspects of β cell function, including regulation of β cell mass. Nutrients such as free fatty acids (FFAs) contribute to precise regulation of β cell mass by signaling through cognate GPCRs, and considerable evidence suggests that circulating FFAs promote β cell expansion by direct and indirect mechanisms. Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 (FFA2) is a β cell-expressed GPCR that is activated by short chain fatty acids, particularly acetate. Recent studies of FFA2 suggest that it may act as a regulator of β cell function. Here, we set out to explore what role FFA2 may play in regulation of β cell mass. Interestingly, Ffar2(-/-) mice exhibit diminished β cell mass at birth and throughout adulthood, and increased β cell death at adolescent time points, suggesting a role for FFA2 in establishment and maintenance of β cell mass. Additionally, activation of FFA2 with Gαq/11-biased agonists substantially increased β cell proliferation in in vitro and ex vivo proliferation assays. Collectively, these data suggest that FFA2 may be a novel therapeutic target to stimulate β cell growth and proliferation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Survival
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/metabolism
- Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism
- Humans
- Insulin Resistance
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Pancreas/pathology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R. Villa
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Medha Priyadarshini
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Miles H. Fuller
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tanya Bhardwaj
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael R. Brodsky
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anthony R. Angueira
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rockann E. Mosser
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bethany A. Carboneau
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sarah A. Tersey
- Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Annette Gilchrist
- Midwestern University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Raghavendra G. Mirmira
- Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Nashville, TN, USA
- Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brian T. Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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180
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Ferguson LR, De Caterina R, Görman U, Allayee H, Kohlmeier M, Prasad C, Choi MS, Curi R, de Luis DA, Gil Á, Kang JX, Martin RL, Milagro FI, Nicoletti CF, Nonino CB, Ordovas JM, Parslow VR, Portillo MP, Santos JL, Serhan CN, Simopoulos AP, Velázquez-Arellano A, Zulet MA, Martinez JA. Guide and Position of the International Society of Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics on Personalised Nutrition: Part 1 - Fields of Precision Nutrition. Lifestyle Genom 2016; 9:12-27. [DOI: 10.1159/000445350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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181
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Role of the microbiome in the normal and aberrant glycemic response. CLINICAL NUTRITION EXPERIMENTAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yclnex.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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182
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Xiong Q, Zhang L, Zhan S, Ge W, Tang P. Investigation of proteome changes in osteoclastogenesis in low serum culture system using quantitative proteomics. Proteome Sci 2016; 14:8. [PMID: 27034619 PMCID: PMC4815185 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-016-0097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background RAW 264.7 cells can differentiate into osteoclasts when cultured in medium supplemented with 1 % FBS. However, the proteomic changes in the development of RAW 264.7 cells into osteoclasts in low serum culture system have not been elucidated. Therefore, we conducted quantitative proteomics analysis to investigate proteomic changes during osteoclastogenesis in low serum culture system. Results Our study confirmed that mature multinucleated osteoclasts were generated in a low serum culture system, validated by upregulated expression of 15 characteristic marker proteins, including TRAP, CTSK, MMP9, V-ATPase and ITGAV. Proteomics results demonstrated that 549 proteins expressed differentially in osteoclastogenesis in low serum culture system. In-depth bioinformatics analysis suggested that the differentially expressed proteins were mainly involved in mitochondrial activities and energy metabolism, including the electron transport chain pathway, TCA cycle pathway, mitochondrial LC-fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway and fatty acid biosynthesis pathway. The data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001935. Conclusion Osteoclast formation is an ATP consuming procedure, whether occurring in a low serum culture system or a conventional culture system. In contrast to osteoclasts formed in conventional culture system, the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway was upregulated in osteoclasts cultured in low serum condition. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12953-016-0097-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xiong
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Fuxing Road 28#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Lihai Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Fuxing Road 28#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Shaohua Zhan
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, DongdanSantiao 5#, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005 China
| | - Wei Ge
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, DongdanSantiao 5#, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005 China
| | - Peifu Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Fuxing Road 28#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853 China
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183
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Zhang GY, Nie SP, Huang XJ, Hu JL, Cui SW, Xie MY, Phillips GO. Study on Dendrobium officinale O-Acetyl-glucomannan (Dendronan). 7. Improving Effects on Colonic Health of Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2485-2491. [PMID: 26329540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This research was aimed to study the effect of Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide (Dendronan) on colonic health. Mice were fed Dendronan at doses of 40, 80, and 160 mg/kg body weight for 0, 10, 20, and 30 days, respectively. Results showed that Dendronan, which has a special structure formed by mannose and glucose, rich in O-acetyl groups, exhibited improving effects on colonic and fecal parameters of Balb/c mice. After Dendronan feeding, the content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), colon length and index, and fecal moisture were increased, whereas colonic pH was decreased and defecation time was shortened. All of these changes were significantly different between polysaccharide-treated groups and the control group (p < 0.05). These findings suggested that an adequate intake of Dendronan is beneficial to the process of fermentation and regulation of colonic microenvironment, thus playing a role in the maintenance of colonic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-ya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-ping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-lun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Steve W Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Ming-yong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Glyn O Phillips
- Glyn O. Phillips Hydrocolloid Research Centre, Glyndŵr University , Wrexham LL11 2AW, United Kingdom
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184
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He X, Ji G, Jia W, Li H. Gut Microbiota and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Insights on Mechanism and Application of Metabolomics. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:300. [PMID: 26999104 PMCID: PMC4813164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota are intricately involved in the development of obesity-related metabolic diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), type 2 diabetes, and insulin resistance. In the current review, we discuss the role of gut microbiota in the development of NAFLD by focusing on the mechanisms of gut microbiota-mediated host energy metabolism, insulin resistance, regulation of bile acids and choline metabolism, as well as gut microbiota-targeted therapy. We also discuss the application of a metabolomic approach to characterize gut microbial metabotypes in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyun He
- Center for Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Wei Jia
- Center for Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
- Center for Translational Medicine, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Houkai Li
- Center for Chinese Medical Therapy and Systems Biology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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185
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Ramezani A, Massy ZA, Meijers B, Evenepoel P, Vanholder R, Raj DS. Role of the Gut Microbiome in Uremia: A Potential Therapeutic Target. Am J Kidney Dis 2016; 67:483-98. [PMID: 26590448 PMCID: PMC5408507 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Also known as the "second human genome," the gut microbiome plays important roles in both the maintenance of health and the pathogenesis of disease. The symbiotic relationship between host and microbiome is disturbed due to the proliferation of dysbiotic bacteria in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Fermentation of protein and amino acids by gut bacteria generates excess amounts of potentially toxic compounds such as ammonia, amines, thiols, phenols, and indoles, but the generation of short-chain fatty acids is reduced. Impaired intestinal barrier function in patients with CKD permits translocation of gut-derived uremic toxins into the systemic circulation, contributing to the progression of CKD, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, and protein-energy wasting. The field of microbiome research is still nascent, but is evolving rapidly. Establishing symbiosis to treat uremic syndrome is a novel concept, but if proved effective, it will have a significant impact on the management of patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ramezani
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Ziad A Massy
- Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris Ouest-ersailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Boulogne-Billancourt/Paris, France; INSERM U1018, Research Centre in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP) Team 5, University of Paris Ouest-Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Villejuif, France
| | - Björn Meijers
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Evenepoel
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raymond Vanholder
- Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominic S Raj
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University, Washington, DC.
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186
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Bourassa MW, Alim I, Bultman SJ, Ratan RR. Butyrate, neuroepigenetics and the gut microbiome: Can a high fiber diet improve brain health? Neurosci Lett 2016; 625:56-63. [PMID: 26868600 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As interest in the gut microbiome has grown in recent years, attention has turned to the impact of our diet on our brain. The benefits of a high fiber diet in the colon have been well documented in epidemiological studies, but its potential impact on the brain has largely been understudied. Here, we will review evidence that butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) produced by bacterial fermentation of fiber in the colon, can improve brain health. Butyrate has been extensively studied as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor but also functions as a ligand for a subset of G protein-coupled receptors and as an energy metabolite. These diverse modes of action make it well suited for solving the wide array of imbalances frequently encountered in neurological disorders. In this review, we will integrate evidence from the disparate fields of gastroenterology and neuroscience to hypothesize that the metabolism of a high fiber diet in the gut can alter gene expression in the brain to prevent neurodegeneration and promote regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan W Bourassa
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Ave, White Plains, NY 10605, USA; Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Ave. Box 65, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ishraq Alim
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Ave, White Plains, NY 10605, USA; Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Ave. Box 65, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Scott J Bultman
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina Genetic Medicine Building, Room 5060, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rajiv R Ratan
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Ave, White Plains, NY 10605, USA; Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Ave. Box 65, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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187
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Verspreet J, Damen B, Broekaert WF, Verbeke K, Delcour JA, Courtin CM. A Critical Look at Prebiotics Within the Dietary Fiber Concept. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2016; 7:167-90. [PMID: 26735801 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-081315-032749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the current knowledge of the health effects of dietary fiber and prebiotics and establishes the position of prebiotics within the broader context of dietary fiber. Although the positive health effects of specific fibers on defecation, reduction of postprandial glycemic response, and maintenance of normal blood cholesterol levels are generally accepted, other presumed health benefits of dietary fibers are still debated. There is evidence that specific dietary fibers improve the integrity of the epithelial layer of the intestines, increase the resistance against pathogenic colonization, reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer, increase mineral absorption, and have a positive impact on the immune system, but these effects are neither generally acknowledged nor completely understood. Many of the latter effects are thought to be particularly elicited by prebiotics. Although the prebiotic concept evolved significantly during the past two decades, the line between prebiotics and nonprebiotic dietary fiber remains vague. Nevertheless, scientific evidence demonstrating the health-promoting potential of prebiotics continues to accumulate and suggests that prebiotic fibers have their rightful place in a healthy diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joran Verspreet
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe).,Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, and
| | - Bram Damen
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe).,Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, and
| | | | - Kristin Verbeke
- Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe).,Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Jan A Delcour
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe).,Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, and
| | - Christophe M Courtin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe).,Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, and
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188
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He M, Fang S, Huang X, Zhao Y, Ke S, Yang H, Li Z, Gao J, Chen C, Huang L. Evaluating the Contribution of Gut Microbiota to the Variation of Porcine Fatness with the Cecum and Fecal Samples. Front Microbiol 2016. [PMID: 28066405 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02108/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial community in gastrointestinal tract participates in the development of the obesity as well as quite a few metabolic diseases in human. However, there are few studies about the relationship between gut microbiota and porcine fatness. Here, we used high-throughput sequencing to perform 16S rRNA gene analysis in 256 cecum luminal samples from Erhualian pigs and 244 stools from Bamaxiang pigs, and adopted a two-part model statistical method to evaluate the association of gut microbes with porcine fatness. As the results, we identified a total of 6 and 108 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), and 9 and 10 bacterial taxa which showed significant associations with fatness traits in the stool and cecum samples, respectively. Cross-validation analysis indicated that gut microbiome showed the largest effect on abdominal adipose by explaining 2.73% phenotypic variance of abdominal fat weight. Significantly more fatness-associated OTUs were identified in the cecum samples than that in the stools, suggesting that cecum luminal samples were better used for identification of fatness-associated microbes than stools. The fatness-associated OTUs were mainly annotated to Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Prevotella, Treponema, and Bacteroides. These microbes have been reported to produce short-chain fatty acids by fermenting dietary indigested polysaccharide and pectin. The short-chain fatty acids can regulate host body energy homeostasis, protect host from inflammation and inhibit fat mass development. Our findings suggested that the gut microbiome may be an important factor modulating fatness in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maozhang He
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang, China
| | - Shaoming Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaochang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang, China
| | - Yuanzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang, China
| | - Shanlin Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang, China
| | - Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang, China
| | - Zhuojun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang, China
| | - Jun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang, China
| | - Congying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang, China
| | - Lusheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang, China
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189
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Sunarti, Kusuma RJ, Luglio HF. Dioscorea esculenta increase cytochrome c oxidase 1 expression and adenosine triphosphate in diabetic rats. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2015. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-150047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunarti
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rio Jati Kusuma
- Department of Health Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas GadjahMada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Harry Freitag Luglio
- Department of Health Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas GadjahMada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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190
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Fuller M, Priyadarshini M, Gibbons SM, Angueira AR, Brodsky M, Hayes MG, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Bäckhed F, Gilbert JA, Lowe WL, Layden BT. The short-chain fatty acid receptor, FFA2, contributes to gestational glucose homeostasis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E840-51. [PMID: 26394664 PMCID: PMC4838121 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00171.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the human gastrointestinal microbiota can change during pregnancy, which may influence gestational metabolism; however, a mechanism of action remains unclear. Here we observed that in wild-type (WT) mice the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes increased during pregnancy. Along with these changes, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are mainly produced through gut microbiota fermentation, significantly changed in both the cecum and peripheral blood throughout gestation in these mice. SCFAs are recognized by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) such as free fatty acid receptor-2 (FFA2), and we have previously demonstrated that the fatty acid receptor-2 gene (Ffar2) expression is higher in pancreatic islets during pregnancy. Using female Ffar2-/- mice, we explored the physiological relevance of signaling through this GPCR and found that Ffar2-deficient female mice developed fasting hyperglycemia and impaired glucose tolerance in the setting of impaired insulin secretion compared with WT mice during, but not before, pregnancy. Insulin tolerance tests were similar in Ffar2-/- and WT mice before and during pregnancy. Next, we examined the role of FFA2 in gestational β-cell mass, observing that Ffar2-/- mice had diminished gestational expansion of β-cells during pregnancy. Interestingly, mouse genotype had no significant impact on the composition of the gut microbiome, but did affect the observed SCFA profiles, suggesting a functional difference in the microbiota. Together, these results suggest a potential link between increased Ffar2 expression in islets and the alteration of circulating SCFA levels, possibly explaining how changes in the gut microbiome contribute to gestational glucose homeostasis.
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MESH Headings
- Actinobacteria/classification
- Actinobacteria/growth & development
- Actinobacteria/isolation & purification
- Actinobacteria/metabolism
- Animals
- Bacteroidetes/classification
- Bacteroidetes/growth & development
- Bacteroidetes/isolation & purification
- Bacteroidetes/metabolism
- Cecum/metabolism
- Cecum/microbiology
- Diabetes, Gestational/blood
- Diabetes, Gestational/metabolism
- Diabetes, Gestational/microbiology
- Fatty Acids, Volatile/blood
- Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism
- Female
- Fermentation
- Gastrointestinal Contents/chemistry
- Gastrointestinal Contents/microbiology
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome
- Insulin/blood
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin Secretion
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Typing
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Maintenance
- Principal Component Analysis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/agonists
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Tenericutes/classification
- Tenericutes/growth & development
- Tenericutes/isolation & purification
- Tenericutes/metabolism
- Tissue Culture Techniques
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles Fuller
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Medha Priyadarshini
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sean M Gibbons
- Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Institute for Genomic and Systems Biology, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois
| | - Anthony R Angueira
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michael Brodsky
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - M Geoffrey Hayes
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Petia Kovatcheva-Datchary
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jack A Gilbert
- Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Institute for Genomic and Systems Biology, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois; Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - William L Lowe
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brian T Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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191
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Sergeev E, Hansen AH, Pandey SK, MacKenzie AE, Hudson BD, Ulven T, Milligan G. Non-equivalence of Key Positively Charged Residues of the Free Fatty Acid 2 Receptor in the Recognition and Function of Agonist Versus Antagonist Ligands. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:303-17. [PMID: 26518871 PMCID: PMC4697166 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.687939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced in the gut by bacterial fermentation of poorly digested carbohydrates. A key mediator of their actions is the G protein-coupled free fatty acid 2 (FFA2) receptor, and this has been suggested as a therapeutic target for the treatment of both metabolic and inflammatory diseases. However, a lack of understanding of the molecular determinants dictating how ligands bind to this receptor has hindered development. We have developed a novel radiolabeled FFA2 antagonist to probe ligand binding to FFA2, and in combination with mutagenesis and molecular modeling studies, we define how agonist and antagonist ligands interact with the receptor. Although both agonist and antagonist ligands contain negatively charged carboxylates that interact with two key positively charged arginine residues in transmembrane domains V and VII of FFA2, there are clear differences in how these interactions occur. Specifically, although agonists require interaction with both arginine residues to bind the receptor, antagonists require an interaction with only one of the two. Moreover, different chemical series of antagonist interact preferentially with different arginine residues. A homology model capable of rationalizing these observations was developed and provides a tool that will be invaluable for identifying improved FFA2 agonists and antagonists to further define function and therapeutic opportunities of this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Sergeev
- From the Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom and
| | - Anders Højgaard Hansen
- the Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Sunil K Pandey
- the Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Amanda E MacKenzie
- From the Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom and
| | - Brian D Hudson
- From the Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom and
| | - Trond Ulven
- the Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Graeme Milligan
- From the Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom and
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192
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Cueno ME, Ochiai K. Re-discovering periodontal butyric acid: New insights on an old metabolite. Microb Pathog 2015; 94:48-53. [PMID: 26466516 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The oral microbiome is composed of detrimental and beneficial microbial communities producing several microbial factors that could contribute to the development of the oral microbiome and, likewise, may lead to the development of host diseases. Metabolites, like short-chain fatty acids, are commonly produced by the oral microbiome and serve various functions. Among the periodontal short-chain fatty acids, butyric acid is mainly produced by periodontopathic bacteria and, attributable to the butyrate paradox, is postulated to exhibit a dual function depending on butyric acid concentration. A better understanding of the interconnecting networks that would influence butyric acid function in the oral cavity may shed a new light on the current existing knowledge and view regarding butyric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marni E Cueno
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan.
| | - Kuniyasu Ochiai
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan.
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193
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194
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Liu X, Cao S, Zhang X. Modulation of Gut Microbiota-Brain Axis by Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Diet. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7885-7895. [PMID: 26306709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There exists a bidirectional communication system between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. Increasing evidence shows that gut microbiota can play a critical role in this communication; thus, the concept of a gut microbiota and brain axis is emerging. Here, we review recent findings in the relationship between intestinal microbes and brain function, such as anxiety, depression, stress, autism, learning, and memory. We highlight the advances in modulating brain development and behavior by probiotics, prebiotics, and diet through the gut microbiota-brain axis. A variety of mechanisms including immune, neural, and metabolic pathways may be involved in modulation of the gut microbiota-brain axis. We also discuss some future challenges. A deeper understanding of the relationship between the gut bacteria and their hosts is implicated in developing microbial-based therapeutic strategies for brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, China
| | - Shangqing Cao
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou, China
- Library, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuewu Zhang
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, China
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195
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Dan MCT, Cardenette GHL, Sardá FAH, Giuntini EB, Bello-Pérez LA, Carpinelli ÂR, Lajolo FM, Menezes EW. Colonic Fermentation of Unavailable Carbohydrates from Unripe Banana and its Influence over Glycemic Control. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 70:297-303. [PMID: 26092708 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-015-0493-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the colonic fermentation of unavailable carbohydrates from unripe banana (mass - UBM - and starch - UBS) over parameters related to glucose and insulin response in rats. Wistar male rats were fed either a control diet, a UBM diet (5 % resistant starch - RS) or a UBS diet (10 % RS) for 28 days. In vivo (oral glucose tolerance test) and in vitro (cecum fecal fermentation, pancreatic islet insulin secretion) analyses were performed. The consumption of UBM and UBS diets by Wistar rats for 28 days improved insulin/glucose ratio. Also, pancreatic islets isolated from the test groups presented significant lower insulin secretion compared to the control group, when the same in vitro glucose stimulation was done. Total short chain fatty acids produced were higher in both experimental groups in relation to the control group. These findings suggest that UBM and UBS diets promote colonic fermentation and can influence glycemic control, improving insulin sensitivity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milana C T Dan
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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196
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Ringel-Kulka T, Choi CH, Temas D, Kim A, Maier DM, Scott K, Galanko JA, Ringel Y. Altered Colonic Bacterial Fermentation as a Potential Pathophysiological Factor in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110:1339-46. [PMID: 26303129 PMCID: PMC4983766 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2015.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dysbiosis leading to abnormal intestinal fermentation has been suggested as a possible etiological mechanism in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We aimed to investigate the location and magnitude of altered intestinal bacterial fermentation in IBS and its clinical subtypes. METHODS IBS patients who satisfied the Rome III criteria (114) and 33 healthy controls (HC) were investigated. Intestinal fermentation was assessed using two surrogate measures: intestinal intraluminal pH and fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Intraluminal pH and intestinal transit times were measured in the small and large bowel using a wireless motility capsule (SmartPill) in 47 IBS and 10 HC. Fecal SCFAs including acetate, propionate, butyrate, and lactate were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography in all enrolled subjects. Correlations between intestinal pH, fecal SCFAs, intestinal transit time, and IBS symptom scores were analyzed. RESULTS Colonic intraluminal pH levels were significantly lower in IBS patients compared with HC (total colonic pH, 6.8 for IBS vs. 7.3 for HC, P=0.042). There were no differences in total and segmental pH levels in the small bowel between IBS patients and HC (6.8 vs. 6.8, P=not significant). The intraluminal colonic pH differences were consistent in all IBS subtypes. Total SCFA level was significantly lower in C-IBS patients than in D-IBS and M-IBS patients and HC. The total SCFA level in all IBS subjects was similar with that of HC. Colonic pH levels correlated positively with colon transit time (CTT) and IBS symptoms severity. Total fecal SCFAs levels correlated negatively with CTT and positively with stool frequency. CONCLUSIONS Colonic intraluminal pH is decreased, suggesting higher colonic fermentation, in IBS patients compared with HC. Fecal SCFAs are not a sensitive marker to estimate intraluminal bacterial fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Ringel-Kulka
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chang Hwan Choi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel Temas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ari Kim
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University College of Medicine, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniele M Maier
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Karen Scott
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph A Galanko
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yehuda Ringel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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197
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Sun Y, Luo J, Zhu J, Shi H, Li J, Qiu S, Wang P, Loor JJ. Effect of short-chain fatty acids on triacylglycerol accumulation, lipid droplet formation and lipogenic gene expression in goat mammary epithelial cells. Anim Sci J 2015; 87:242-9. [PMID: 26304676 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the major energy sources for ruminants and are known to regulate various physiological functions in other species. However, their roles in ruminant milk fat metabolism are still unclear. In this study, goat mammary gland epithelial cells (GMECs) were treated with 3 mmol/L acetate, propionate or butyrate for 24 h to assess their effects on lipogenesis. Data revealed that the content of triacylglycerol (TAG) and lipid droplet formation were significantly stimulated by propionate and butyrate. The expression of FABP3, SCD1, PPARG, SREBP1, DGAT1, AGPAT6 and ADRP were upregulated by propionate and butyrate treatment. In contrast, the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of FASN and LXRα was not affected by propionate, but reduced by butyrate. Acetate had no obvious effect on the content of TAG and lipid droplets but increased the mRNA expression of SCD1 and FABP3 in GMECs. Additionally, it was observed that propionate significantly increased the relative content of mono-unsaturated fatty acids (C18:1 and C16:1) at the expense of decreased saturated fatty acids (C16:0 and C18:0). Butyrate and acetate had no significant effect on fatty acid composition. Overall, the results from this work help enhance our understanding of the regulatory role of SCFAs on goat mammary cell lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Sun
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Jun Luo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Jiangjiang Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Hengbo Shi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Siyuan Qiu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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198
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Etxeberria U, Arias N, Boqué N, Macarulla MT, Portillo MP, Milagro FI, Martinez JA. Shifts in microbiota species and fermentation products in a dietary model enriched in fat and sucrose. Benef Microbes 2015; 6:97-111. [PMID: 25213025 DOI: 10.3920/bm2013.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract harbours a 'superorganism' called the gut microbiota, which is known to play a crucial role in the onset and development of diverse diseases. This internal ecosystem, far from being a static environment, can be manipulated by diet and dietary components. Feeding animals with high-fat sucrose (HFS) diets entails diet-induced obesity, a model which is usually used in research to mimic the obese phenotype of Western societies. The aim of the present study was to identify gut microbiota dysbiosis and associated metabolic changes produced in male Wistar rats fed a HFS diet for 6 weeks and compare it with the basal microbial composition. For this purpose, DNA extracted from faeces at baseline and after treatment was analysed by amplification of the V4-V6 region of the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene using 454 pyrosequencing. Short-chain fatty acids, i.e. acetate, propionate and butyrate, were also evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. At the end of the treatment, gut microbiota composition significantly differed at phylum level (Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria) and class level (Erisypelotrichi, Deltaproteobacteria, Bacteroidia and Bacilli). Interestingly, the class Clostridia showed a significant decrease after HFS diet treatment, which correlated with visceral adipose tissue, and is likely mediated by dietary carbohydrates. Of particular interest, Clostridium cluster XIVa species were significantly reduced and changes were identified in the relative abundance of other specific bacterial species (Mitsuokella jalaludinii, Eubacterium ventriosum, Clostridium sp. FCB90-3, Prevotella nanceiensis, Clostridium fusiformis, Clostridium sp. BNL1100 and Eubacterium cylindroides) that, in some cases, showed opposite trends to their relative families. These results highlight the relevance of characterising gut microbial population differences at species level and contribute to understand the plausible link between diet and specific gut bacterial species that are able to influence the inflammatory status, intestinal barrier function and obesity development.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Etxeberria
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea St. E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - N Arias
- Nutrition and Obesity group, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
| | - N Boqué
- Nutrition and Health Research Group. Technological Center of Nutrition and Health (CTNS), TECNIO, CEIC S. Avinguda Universitat, 1, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - M T Macarulla
- Nutrition and Obesity group, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria, Spain CIBERobn Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - M P Portillo
- Nutrition and Obesity group, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria, Spain CIBERobn Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - F I Milagro
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea St. E-31008 Pamplona, Spain CIBERobn Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Martinez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea St. E-31008 Pamplona, Spain CIBERobn Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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199
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Priyadarshini M, Villa SR, Fuller M, Wicksteed B, Mackay CR, Alquier T, Poitout V, Mancebo H, Mirmira RG, Gilchrist A, Layden BT. An Acetate-Specific GPCR, FFAR2, Regulates Insulin Secretion. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1055-66. [PMID: 26075576 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors have been well described to contribute to the regulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). The short-chain fatty acid-sensing G protein-coupled receptor, free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2), is expressed in pancreatic β-cells, and in rodents, its expression is altered during insulin resistance. Thus, we explored the role of FFAR2 in regulating GSIS. First, assessing the phenotype of wild-type and Ffar2(-/-) mice in vivo, we observed no differences with regard to glucose homeostasis on normal or high-fat diet, with a marginally significant defect in insulin secretion in Ffar2(-/-) mice during hyperglycemic clamps. In ex vivo insulin secretion studies, we observed diminished GSIS from Ffar2(-/-) islets relative to wild-type islets under high-glucose conditions. Further, in the presence of acetate, the primary endogenous ligand for FFAR2, we observed FFAR2-dependent potentiation of GSIS, whereas FFAR2-specific agonists resulted in either potentiation or inhibition of GSIS, which we found to result from selective signaling through either Gαq/11 or Gαi/o, respectively. Lastly, in ex vivo insulin secretion studies of human islets, we observed that acetate and FFAR2 agonists elicited different signaling properties at human FFAR2 than at mouse FFAR2. Taken together, our studies reveal that FFAR2 signaling occurs by divergent G protein pathways that can selectively potentiate or inhibit GSIS in mouse islets. Further, we have identified important differences in the response of mouse and human FFAR2 to selective agonists, and we suggest that these differences warrant consideration in the continued investigation of FFAR2 as a novel type 2 diabetes target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha Priyadarshini
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Stephanie R Villa
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Miles Fuller
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Barton Wicksteed
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Charles R Mackay
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Thierry Alquier
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Vincent Poitout
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Helena Mancebo
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Annette Gilchrist
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Brian T Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
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Padayachee A, Day L, Howell K, Gidley MJ. Complexity and health functionality of plant cell wall fibers from fruits and vegetables. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 57:59-81. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.850652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Padayachee
- Department of Agriculture and Food Systems, Melbourne School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - L. Day
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - K. Howell
- Department of Agriculture and Food Systems, Melbourne School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - M. J. Gidley
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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