151
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Wang XK, Jiang XJ, Wang YN, Sun J, Wang C, Shen TT. Occurrence, distribution, and multi-phase partitioning of triclocarban and triclosan in an urban river receiving wastewater treatment plants effluent in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:7065-7074. [PMID: 24535666 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2617-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence, distribution, spatial and seasonal variations, and partitioning between aqueous phase and suspended particulate matters (SPM) of triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) in Xiaoqing River, which receives wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents, were studied. The distribution of the total TCC and TCS levels in surface water and sediments along the river were discussed. The highest TCC and TCS concentrations were both found near the discharge port of WWTPs, and the TCC and TCS levels decreased downstream of the WWTPs as a result of their distances from the source of WWTP discharges. The mean values of TCC and TCS in low-flow season were 1.62 and 1.80 times, respectively, as much as in high-flow season in surface water. The study on partitioning of TCC and TCS between aqueous phase and SPM shown the mean level of dissolved TCC accounted for about 10 % of the total level in surface water, whereas the TCS level was about 30 %. The TCC concentrations detected in the surface sediment samples (0 to 5 cm) ranged from 226 to 1,956 ng/g, with a mean value of 733 ng/g. The TCS levels were between 85 and 705 ng/g, with a mean value of 255 ng/g. The distribution and variations of TCC and TCS in sediments along the river were highly consistent with those in the water phase. The TCC and TCS levels in deep sediments (5 to 10 cm) were significantly lower than those in surface sediments. The mean TCC level in surface sediments was about 2.4 times as much as in deep sediments, and the TCS level in surface sediments was 3.1 times as much as in deep sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Kui Wang
- School of Light Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, 250353, China,
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152
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Hwang J, Suh SS, Chang M, Yun Park S, Ryu TK, Lee S, Lee TK. Effects of triclosan on reproductive prarmeters and embryonic development of sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus nudus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 100:148-152. [PMID: 24238721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS, 2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether), a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent, is commonly found in the aquatic environment. In this study, we investigated TCS toxicity with pertaining to gamete viability, fertilization, and embryogenesis up to pluteus stage of the sea urchin, (Strongylocentrotus nudus). When the sperm and eggs were exposed to TCS (0-3.0 μM), the viability of sperm was significantly decreased at molarities higher than 1 μM of TCS. In addition, for exposure of 2.0 μM TCS the viability of eggs was not influenced and none of the sperm was viable. Fertilization rate was significantly decreased when sperm were exposed to 0.5 and 1 μM of TCS (p<0.001) and no fertilization was observed for the exposure of 1.5 μM of TCS. In embryonic development, embryos are treated with higher than 1.0 μM levels of TCS displayed arrested development. For TCS, the EC50 and LOECs values were 1.8, 1.49 and 0.99 μM and 0.53, 0.62 and 0.39 μM for sperm viability, fertilization rate, and larval development to pluteus, respectively. In the recovery test regarding normal development of arrested embryos based upon TCS exposure time, it was observed that embryos exposed to 1 μM TCS for 15 h were normally recovered for normal development, while embryos with more than 30 h exposure were not recovered to normal larvae. Overall, the results of this study strongly suggest that the gametes and embryos of S. nudus can provide the basis for an effective bioassay, with a fast and sensitive means of evaluating TCS contamination in the marine ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinik Hwang
- South Sea Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 656-830, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Suk Suh
- South Sea Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 656-830, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Chang
- Marine Ecosystem Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Ansan 426-744, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yun Park
- Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kwon Ryu
- Medical Research Center of Neural Dysfunction, Gyeonsang National University, Jinju 660-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukchan Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Kyun Lee
- South Sea Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 656-830, Republic of Korea.
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153
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Holzem RM, Stapleton HM, Gunsch CK. Determining the ecological impacts of organic contaminants in biosolids using a high-throughput colorimetric denitrification assay: a case study with antimicrobial agents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:1646-1655. [PMID: 24410196 DOI: 10.1021/es404431k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Land application accounts for ∼ 50% of wastewater solid disposal in the United States. Still, little is known regarding the ecological impacts of nonregulated contaminants found in biosolids. Because of the myriad of contaminants, there is a need for a rapid, high-throughput method to evaluate their ecotoxicity. Herein, we developed a novel assay that measures denitrification inhibition in a model denitrifier, Paracoccus denitrificans Pd1222. Two common (triclosan and triclocarban) and four emerging (2,4,5 trichlorophenol, 2-benzyl-4-chlorophenol, 2-chloro-4-phenylphenol, and bis(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)methane) antimicrobial agents found in biosolids were analyzed. Overall, the assay was reproducible and measured impacts on denitrification over 3 orders of magnitude exposure. The lowest observable adverse effect concentrations (LOAECs) were 1.04 μM for triclosan, 3.17 μM for triclocarban, 0.372 μM for bis-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)methane, 4.89 μM for 2-chloro-4-phenyl phenol, 45.7 μM for 2-benzyl-4-chorophenol, and 50.6 μM for 2,4,5-trichlorophenol. Compared with gene expression and cell viability based methods, the denitrification assay was more sensitive and resulted in lower LOAECs. The increased sensitivity, low cost, and high-throughput adaptability make this method an attractive alternative for meeting the initial testing regulatory framework for the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, and recommended for the Toxic Substances Control Act, in determining the ecotoxicity of biosolids-derived emerging contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Holzem
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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154
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Occurrence of PCPs in Natural Waters from Europe. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2014_276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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155
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Pintado-Herrera MG, González-Mazo E, Lara-Martín PA. Determining the distribution of triclosan and methyl triclosan in estuarine settings. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 95:478-485. [PMID: 24200050 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a method for the analysis of two sewage-derived contaminants: triclosan (TCS), an antibacterial agent, and methyl triclosan (MTCS), a TCS metabolite. For solid samples (4 g), extraction and cleanup were integrated into the same step using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with in-cell-clean-up (1g of florisil). The extraction was performed using dichloromethane at 100 °C, 1500 psi and 3 static extraction cycles of 5 min each. For water samples (100mL), stir bar sorptive extraction-liquid desorption (SBSE-LD) was used. Bars were stirred for 10h and analytes were later desorbed using acetonitrile. Finally, MTCS and a silylated derivative of TCS were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Recovery experiments in water and sediments were performed and the results ranged from 67% to 78%. Limits of detection (LODs) were 5 ng L(-1) for TCS and 1 ng L(-1) for MTCS, in water samples, and 0.1 ng g(-1) for TCS and MTCS in solid samples. The method was applied then to determine the levels of these compounds in the estuary of Guadalete River (SW Spain). TCS and MTCS concentrations up to 9.6 ng g(-1) in sediments and 310 ng L(-1) in water were measured. Their distribution was strongly influenced by the presence of wastewater sources, treated and untreated, along the sampling area, where maximum concentrations were detected. Highest values were reached in the water column during low tides as the water volume in the estuary becomes lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina G Pintado-Herrera
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Spain
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156
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Lozano N, Andrade NA, Deng D, Torrents A, Rice CP, McConnell LL, Ramirez M, Millner PD. Fate of microconstituents in biosolids composted in an aerated silage bag. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2014; 49:720-730. [PMID: 24521417 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2014.865461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although most composting studies report pathogen concentrations, little is known about the fate of Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals (EDCs) during composting. In this study, a positively aerated polyethylene bag composting system was filled with a mixture of woodchips and limed biosolids from a large Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) to study the removal efficiency of two different groups of EDCs. Two antibacterial compounds, Triclocarban (TCC) and Triclosan (TCS), and a TCS byproduct, Methyltriclosan (MeTCS), as well as seven congeners of flame retardants known as PBDEs (Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers) were studied during two phases of composting: 1) a thermophilic phase, in which positive mechanical aeration, pushing air into and through the materials matrix, was conducted for 2 months; and 2) a curing and stabilization phase in which no mechanical aeration was provided and the bag was opened to ambient passive aeration to simulate storage conditions for seven months. Our results showed that while TCC concentrations remained constant, TCS degradation took place during both phases. The degradation of TCS was corroborated by the formation of MeTCS in both phases. The TCS concentrations decreased from 18409 ± 1,877 to 11955 ± 288 ng g(-1) dry wt. during the thermophilic phase and declined from 11,955 ± 288 to 7,244 ± 909. ng g(-1) dry wt. by the end of the curing phase. Thus, slightly greater TCS transformation occurred during the second than during the first (35.1 vs. 39.4%). MeTCS concentrations increased from 189.3 ± 8.6 to 364.6 ± 72.5 ng g(-1) dry wt. during the first phase and reached 589.0 ± 94.9 ng g(-1) dry wt. at the end of the second phase. PBDEs concentrations were below quantification limits for all but two of the congeners analyzed (BDE-47 and BDE-99). PBDE concentrations were measured at the end of the first phase only and were comparable to initial concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Lozano
- a Department of Water and Environmental Science and Technology , University of Cantabria , Santander , Cantabria , Spain
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157
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López-Morales J, Sánchez-Rivera D, Luna-Pineda T, Perales-Pérez O, Román-Velázquez F. Entrapment of Tyre Crumb Rubber in Calcium-Alginate Beads for Triclosan Removal. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1260/0263-6174.31.10.931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. López-Morales
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez 00680, Puerto Rico
| | - D. Sánchez-Rivera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez 00680, Puerto Rico
| | - T. Luna-Pineda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez 00680, Puerto Rico
| | - O. Perales-Pérez
- Department of Engineering Science and Materials, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez 00680, Puerto Rico
| | - F. Román-Velázquez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez 00680, Puerto Rico
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158
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Nietch CT, Quinlan EL, Lazorchak JM, Impellitteri CA, Raikow D, Walters D. Effects of a chronic lower range of triclosan exposure on a stream mesocosm community. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:2874-2887. [PMID: 24038532 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol) is an antimicrobial found in consumer soaps and toothpaste. It is in treated wastewater effluents at low parts-per-billion concentrations, representing a potentially chronic exposure condition for biota inhabiting receiving streams. For the present study, a naturally colonized benthos was created using flow-through indoor mesocosms; then, the benthic communities were dosed to achieve different in-stream triclosan concentrations (control, 0.1 μg/L, 0.5 μg/L, 1.0 μg/L, 5.0 μg/L, and 10 μg/L) for 56 d. Water quality parameters and endpoints from bacteria to macroinvertebrates, as well as interacting abiotic components, were measured. Effects of triclosan on specific microbial endpoints were observed at all doses, including an effect on litter decomposition dynamics at doses of 1.0 μg/L and higher. Resistance of periphytic bacteria to triclosan significantly increased at doses of 0.5 μg/L and above. By the end of dosing, the antimicrobial appeared to stimulate the stream periphyton at the 3 lowest doses, while the 2 highest doses exhibited decreased stocks of periphyton, including significantly lower bacteria cell densities and cyanobacteria abundance compared with the control. Other than an effect on benthic ostracods, the changes that occurred in the periphyton did not translate to significant change in the colonizing nematodes, the macroinvertebrate community as a whole, or other measurements of stream function. The results shed light on the role a low, chronic exposure to triclosan may play in effluent-dominated streams.
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159
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Lv W, Chen Y, Li D, Chen X, Leszczynski J. Methyl-triclosan binding to human serum albumin: multi-spectroscopic study and visualized molecular simulation. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:1125-30. [PMID: 23911262 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Methyl-triclosan (MTCS), a transformation product and metabolite of triclosan, has been widely spread in environment through the daily use of triclosan which is a commonly used anti-bacterial and anti-fungal substance in consumer products. Once entering human body, MTCS could affect the conformation of human serum albumin (HSA) by forming MTCS-HSA complex and alter function of protein and endocrine in human body. To evaluate the potential toxicity of MTCS, the binding mechanism of HSA with MTCS was investigated by UV-vis absorption, circular dichroism and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Binding constants, thermodynamic parameters, the binding forces and the specific binding site were studied in detail. Binding constant at room tempreture (T = 298K) is 6.32 × 10(3)L mol(-1); ΔH(0), ΔS(0) and ΔG(0) were 22.48 kJ mol(-1), 148.16 J mol(-1)K(-1) and -21.68 kJ mol(-1), respectively. The results showed that the interactions between MTCS and HSA are mainly hydrophobic forces. The effects of MTCS on HSA conformation were also discussed. The binding distance (r = 1.2 nm) for MTCS-HSA system was calculated by the efficiency of fluorescence resonance energy transfer. The visualized binding details were also exhibited by molecular modeling method and the results could agree well with that from the experimental study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Lv
- Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Interdisciplinary Nanotoxicity Center, Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, United States.
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160
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Zhang QQ, Zhao JL, Liu YS, Li BG, Ying GG. Multimedia modeling of the fate of triclosan and triclocarban in the Dongjiang River Basin, South China and comparison with field data. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2013; 15:2142-2152. [PMID: 24121820 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00316g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are two active ingredients widely used in many home and personal care products. Multimedia fate of TCS and TCC in the Dongjiang River basin, South China were addressed by the developed level III fugacity model based on their usage. Under the assumption of steady state, the concentrations in air, water, soil, sediment, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and fish as well as transfer flux across the interface between the compartments were simulated. The measured concentrations for the two compounds in water, SPM, and sediment from field monitoring campaigns were then compared to validate the model. The results showed that the model predicted reasonably accurate concentrations and the differences between the measured and modeled concentrations were all less than 0.7 log units. TCS and TCC had a tendency to distribute into the sediment phase, which accounted for more than 66.3% and 90.3% of the total masses, respectively. Wastewater discharge was the main source for the occurrence of the two compounds in the aquatic environment, while degradation was the primary process for the loss in the study area, followed by the advection export. Sensitivity analysis showed that the most influential parameters for the fate of the target chemicals were source term, degradation rates and adsorption coefficients. Monte Carlo simulation could well describe the modeling uncertainty and variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, P R China.
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161
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Kookana RS, Shareef A, Fernandes MB, Hoare S, Gaylard S, Kumar A. Bioconcentration of triclosan and methyl-triclosan in marine mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) under laboratory conditions and in metropolitan waters of Gulf St Vincent, South Australia. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 74:66-72. [PMID: 23920105 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The anti-microbial agent triclosan (TCS), and its derivative methyl-triclosan (Me-TCS), are discharged with treated effluents from wastewater treatment plants to receiving environments. We investigated the bioconcentration of TCS and Me-TCS in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) exposed to TCS (100 ng L(-1)) for 30 days in seawater aquaria (19±2°C) with fresh phytoplankton as a food source. Bioconcentration increased with time reaching a steady-state around 24-30 days. The bioconcentration factor (log BCF) for TCS were 2.81 L kg(-1) (dry weight) and 4.13 L kg(-1), when lipid normalised concentrations were used. Mussels were also deployed in cages at four marine locations receiving effluents from WWTPs. The mean (±SD) TCS and Me-TCS concentrations for mussels from these sites were 9.87 (±1.34) and 6.99 (±2.44) μg kg(-1). The study showed that mussels can be a useful tool for monitoring pollution of TCS and Me-TCS in marine and estuarine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rai S Kookana
- CSIRO Land and Water, Adelaide Laboratory, PMB 2, Glen Osmond SA 5064, Australia.
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162
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Wang S, Wang X, Poon K, Wang Y, Li S, Liu H, Lin S, Cai Z. Removal and reductive dechlorination of triclosan by Chlorella pyrenoidosa. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:1498-1505. [PMID: 23648333 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan that is widely used as antimicrobial agent has been detected as contaminant in various aquatic environments. In this work, removal and biodegradation of triclosan in water by using a ubiquitous green alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa was investigated. When C. pyrenoidosa was exposed to a series concentration of triclosan from 100 to 800ngmL(-1), more than 50% of triclosan was eliminated by algal uptake from the culture medium during the first 1h exposure and reached equilibrium after the 6h treatment. In the biodegradation experiments, a removal percentage of 77.2% was obtained after C. pyrenoidosa was cultivated with 800ngmL(-1) triclosan for 96h. A major metabolite from the reductive dechlorination of triclosan was identified by using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. The ultrastructural morphology of algal cells grown in the presence of triclosan was observed by using transmission electron microscopy and the growth of algal cells was detected. It was found that the trilcosan treatment resulted in the disruption of the chloroplast and the release of organic material into aquatic environment, which indicated that triclosan may affect membrane metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Wang
- Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University, United International College, Zhuhai, China
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163
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Lozano N, Rice CP, Ramirez M, Torrents A. Fate of Triclocarban, Triclosan and Methyltriclosan during wastewater and biosolids treatment processes. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:4519-4527. [PMID: 23764601 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC) and Triclosan (TCS) are two antibacterial chemicals present in household and personal care products. Methyltriclosan is a biodegradation product of TCS formed under aerobic conditions. TCC and TCS are discharged to Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTP) where they are removed from the liquid phase mainly by concentrating in the solids. This study presents a thorough investigation of TCC, TCS and MeTCS concentrations in the liquid phase (dissolved + particulate) as well as solid phases within a single, large WWTP in the U.S. Total TCC and TCS concentrations decreased by >97% with about 79% of TCC and 64% of TCS transferred to the solids. The highest TCC and TCS removal rates from the liquid phase were reached in the primary treatment mainly though sorption and settling of solids. The TCC mass balances showed that TCC levels remain unchanged through the secondary treatment (activated sludge process) and about an 18% decrease was observed through the nitrification-denitrification process. On the other hand, TCS levels decreased in both processes (secondary and nitrification-denitrification) by 10.4 and 22.6%, respectively. The decrease in TCS levels associated with observed increased levels of MeTCS in secondary and nitrification-denitrification processes providing evidence of TCS biotransformation. Dissolved-phase concentrations of TCC and TCS remained constant during filtration and disinfection. TCC and TCS highest sludge concentrations were analyzed in the primary sludge (13.1 ± 0.9 μg g(-1) dry wt. for TCC and 20.3 ± 0.9 μg g(-1) dry wt. for TCS) but for MeTCS the highest concentrations were analyzed in the secondary sludge (0.25 ± 0.04 μg g(-1) dry wt.). Respective TCC, TCS and MeTCS concentrations of 4.15 ± 0.77; 5.37 ± 0.97 and 0.058 ± 0.003 kg d(-1) are leaving the WWTP with the sludge and 0.13 ± 0.01; 0.24 ± 0.07 and 0.021 ± 0.002 kg d(-1) with the effluent that is discharged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Lozano
- Department of Water and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Cantabria, Santander, Cantabria 39005, Spain
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164
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Drury B, Scott J, Rosi-Marshall EJ, Kelly JJ. Triclosan exposure increases triclosan resistance and influences taxonomic composition of benthic bacterial communities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:8923-8930. [PMID: 23865377 DOI: 10.1021/es401919k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial compound that is incorporated into numerous consumer products. TCS has been detected in aquatic ecosystems across the U.S., raising concern about its potential ecological effects. We conducted a field survey and an artificial stream experiment to assess effects of TCS on benthic bacterial communities. Field sampling indicated that TCS concentrations in stream sediments increased with degree of urbanization. There was significant correlation between sediment TCS concentration and the proportion of cultivable benthic bacteria that were resistant to TCS, demonstrating that the levels of TCS present in these streams was affecting the native communities. An artificial stream experiment confirmed that TCS exposure could trigger increases in TCS resistance within cultivable benthic bacteria, and pyrosequencing analysis indicated that TCS resulted in decreased benthic bacterial diversity and shifts in bacterial community composition. One notable change was a 6-fold increase in the relative abundance of cyanobacterial sequences and a dramatic die-off of algae within the artificial streams. Selection of cyanobacteria over algae could have significant implications for higher trophic levels within streams. Finally, there were no observed effects of TCS on bacterial abundance or respiration rates, suggesting that bacterial density and function were highly resilient to TCS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Drury
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60660, United States
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165
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Vikesland PJ, Fiss EM, Wigginton KR, McNeill K, Arnold WA. Halogenation of bisphenol-A, triclosan, and phenols in chlorinated waters containing iodide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:6764-6772. [PMID: 23470081 DOI: 10.1021/es304927j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Free chlorine reacts with the iodide (I(-)) present in disinfected waters to produce free iodine. Past research has indicated that this nonchlorinated oxidant exhibits greater reactivity and potentially produces more toxic byproducts than free chlorine alone. In this study, we examined the reactivity of the phenolic compounds 2,4-dichlorophenol, triclosan, and bisphenol A in chlorinated waters containing I(-). The free iodine mediated reactions were probed as a function of the initial I(-) concentration and the solution pH. Over the pH range of 5.5 to 10 for an initial I(-) concentration of 10 μM, the observed transformation kinetics of 2,4-dichlorophenol were generally 2-15× faster than reactions with free chlorine alone, while for triclosan and bisphenol A the free iodine mediated transformations were ≈3-20× and ≈230-660× faster, respectively. A comprehensive reaction model that simultaneously accounts for free chlorine and free iodine reactivity in these systems was developed to determine second-order rate constants for the chlorinated and iodinated oxidants. For all test compounds, iodinated daughter products are rapidly produced when free chlorine reacts in the presence of I(-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Vikesland
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 415 Durham Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States.
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166
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Kliegman S, Eustis SN, Arnold WA, McNeill K. Experimental and theoretical insights into the involvement of radicals in triclosan phototransformation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:6756-6763. [PMID: 23282071 DOI: 10.1021/es3041797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The phototransformation of triclosan has been a matter of longstanding interest due to both its prevalence in the environment and the discovery of 2,8-dichlorodibenzodioxin as a photoproduct. In this study, photolysis of triclosan resulted in several primary photoproducts including the following: 2,8-dichlorodibenzodioxin (4%), 4,5'-dichloro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,2'-diol (10%), 5-chloro-2-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenol (0.5%), and 2,4-dichlorophenol (7%). Trapping studies using d8-isopropanol showed deuterium incorporation in 5-chloro-2-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenol, providing strong evidence for the involvement of organic radicals in this reaction. Density functional calculations of the excited states of triclosan support the involvement of a radical intermediate in the mechanisms responsible for the dioxin, biphenyl, and phenoxyphenol photoproducts. The pathways for C-Cl bond cleavage and cyclization reactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kliegman
- Institute for Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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167
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Pomati F, Nizzetto L. Assessing triclosan-induced ecological and trans-generational effects in natural phytoplankton communities: a trait-based field method. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2013; 22:779-94. [PMID: 23564369 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-013-1068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We exposed replicated phytoplankton communities confined in semi-permeable membrane-based mesocosms to 0, 0.1, 1 and 10 μg L(-1) triclosan (TCS) and placed them back in their original environment to investigate the occurrence of trans-generational responses at individual, population and community levels. TCS diffused out of mesocosms with a half-life of less than 8 h, so that only the parental generation was directly stressed. At the beginning of the experiment and after 7 days (approximately 2 generations) we analysed responses in the phytoplankton using scanning flow-cytometry. We acquired information on several individually expressed phenotypic traits, such as size, biovolume, pigment fluorescence and packaging, for thousands of individuals per replicated population and derived population and community aggregated traits. We found significant changes in community functioning (increased productivity in terms of biovolume and total fluorescence), with maximal effects at 1 μg L(-1) TCS. We detected significant and dose-dependent responses on population traits, such as changes in abundance for several populations, increased average size and fluorescence of cells, and strong changes in within-population trait mean and variance (suggesting micro-evolutionary effects). We applied the Price equation approach to partition community effects (changes in biovolume or fluorescence) in their physiological and ecological components, and quantified the residual component (including also evolutionary responses). Our results suggested that evolutionary or inheritable phenotypic plasticity responses may represent a significant component of the total observed change following exposure and over relatively small temporal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pomati
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG), Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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168
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Perez AL, De Sylor MA, Slocombe AJ, Lew MG, Unice KM, Donovan EP. Triclosan occurrence in freshwater systems in the United States (1999-2012): a meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:1479-87. [PMID: 23471841 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, concern has grown regarding the presence of triclosan (TCS) in waters because of its potential for causing ecological and human health effects. The authors present a statistical analysis of TCS concentrations reported between 1999 and 2012 in freshwater environments in the United States and provide a comparison with available health-based and aquatic guidance values. Data from 46 peer-reviewed and unpublished investigations from 45 states and 1 US territory were included in the meta-analysis, encompassing the following coded water types: untreated (raw wastewater), effluent (wastewater treatment plant effluent), effluent-impacted environmental, environmental, and finished drinking water (total n = 2305). Triclosan was most frequently detected in untreated waters (92% detection frequency; mean ± standard error, 11 270 ± 2925 ng/L; n = 237), but concentrations were significantly reduced in effluent waters (83% detection frequency 775 ± 311 ng/L; n = 192, α = 0.05). Triclosan concentration in effluent-impacted environmental waters (62% detection frequency; 130 ± 17 ng/L; n = 228) was not significantly reduced from effluent waters but was significantly greater than TCS in environmental waters not classified as effluent impacted (11% detection frequency; 13 ± 3 ng/L; n = 1195). In finished drinking water, TCS was largely undetected (1% detection frequency; 4 ± 2 ng/L n = 453), suggesting that for the United States, drinking water is not an appreciable source of TCS exposure. In posttreatment waters, average TCS concentrations were below part-per-billion levels. Although no US regulatory standard exists for TCS in aquatic systems, comparison of averages reported in the present study with a predicted-no-effect concentration (PNEC) of 500 ng/L showed that 5.3% of effluent-impacted environmental waters were above the PNEC for changes in algal biomass, while only 0.25% of environmental waters surpassed this value.
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169
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Rüdel H, Böhmer W, Müller M, Fliedner A, Ricking M, Teubner D, Schröter-Kermani C. Retrospective study of triclosan and methyl-triclosan residues in fish and suspended particulate matter: results from the German Environmental Specimen Bank. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:1517-1524. [PMID: 23336923 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A retrospective monitoring of triclosan (TCS; period 1994-2003 and 2008) and its potential transformation product methyl-triclosan (MTCS; period 1994-2008) was performed using archived fish samples from German rivers (16 sites, including Elbe and Rhine). At four of these sites suspended particulate matter (SPM) was also investigated covering the period 2005-2007. Samples were analyzed by GC/MS, either directly (MTCS) or after derivatization (TCS). TCS burdens of fish muscle tissue ranged from <0.2-3.4 ng g(-1) ww (wet weight; corresponding to <2-69 ng g(-1) lw, lipid weight) without apparent concentration trends over time. MTCS was detected at considerably higher concentrations in fish ranging from 1.0-33 ng g(-1) ww (47-1010 ng g(-1) lw) and increased until about 2003-2005. Thereafter, concentrations generally were lower, although at some sites single higher values were observed in recent years. In SPM, decreasing MTCS concentrations in the range 1-4 ng g(-1) dry weight were detected while TCS was always below the limit of quantification. Assuming that MTCS concentrations are correlated to TCS consumption, the observed decrease in MTCS levels may be partly a result of the voluntary renunciation of TCS use in detergents for, e.g., laundry or dishwashing declared by a manufacturers' association in 2001. Because of a lack of ecotoxicity studies for MTCS, a QSAR-derived predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) was compared to averaged ambient water concentrations of fish which were calculated from maximum tissue residues by applying an appropriate bioconcentration factor from literature. Since these calculated water concentrations were below the PNEC it is assumed that MTCS alone poses no immediate risk to aquatic organism. The conversion to a PNEC for SPM organisms and comparison with detected SPM levels of MTCS also revealed no risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Rüdel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (Fraunhofer IME), 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany.
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170
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Anger CT, Sueper C, Blumentritt DJ, McNeill K, Engstrom DR, Arnold WA. Quantification of triclosan, chlorinated triclosan derivatives, and their dioxin photoproducts in lacustrine sediment cores. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:1833-1843. [PMID: 23320506 DOI: 10.1021/es3045289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
When discharged into surface waters via wastewater effluents, triclosan, the antimicrobial agent in handsoaps, and chlorinated triclosan derivatives (CTDs, formed during disinfection with chlorine) react photochemically to form polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. To evaluate the historical exposure of waters to these compounds, the levels of triclosan, CTDs, and their derived dioxins were determined in sediment cores collected from wastewater-impacted Minnesota lakes. The accumulation rates and temporal trends of triclosan, CTDs, and dioxins in aquatic sediments were found to be a function of historical wastewater treatment operations and lake system scale. Cores collected from large-scale riverine systems with many wastewater sources recorded increasing concentrations of triclosan, CTDs, and their derived dioxins since the patent of triclosan in 1964. In small-scale lakes with a single wastewater source, the trends were directly attributed to increased triclosan use, local improvements in treatment, and changes in wastewater disinfection since the 1960s. In the lake with no wastewater input, no triclosan or CTDs were detected. Overall, concentrations of triclosan, CTDs, and their dioxins were higher in small-scale systems, reflecting a greater degree of wastewater impact. In cores collected in northern MN, the four dioxins derived from triclosan are present prior to the patent of triclosan, suggesting a secondary source. It is clear, however, that triclosan and CTDs are the dominant source of these congeners after 1965 in systems impacted by wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cale T Anger
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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171
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Jachero L, Sepúlveda B, Ahumada I, Fuentes E, Richter P. Rotating disk sorptive extraction of triclosan and methyl-triclosan from water samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7711-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6679-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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172
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Marlatt VL, Veldhoen N, Lo BP, Bakker D, Rehaume V, Vallée K, Haberl M, Shang D, van Aggelen GC, Skirrow RC, Elphick JR, Helbing CC. Triclosan exposure alters postembryonic development in a Pacific tree frog (Pseudacris regilla) Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay (TREEMA). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 126:85-94. [PMID: 23159728 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay (AMA), developed for Xenopus laevis, is designed to identify chemicals that disrupt thyroid hormone (TH)-mediated biological processes. We adapted the AMA for use on an ecologically-relevant North American species, the Pacific tree frog (Pseudacris regilla), and applied molecular endpoints to evaluate the effects of the antibacterial agent, triclosan (TCS). Premetamorphic (Gosner stage 26-28) tadpoles were immersed for 21 days in solvent control, 1.5 μg/L thyroxine (T(4)), 0.3, 3 and 30 μg/L (nominal) TCS, or combined T(4)/TCS treatments. Exposure effects were scored by morphometric (developmental stage, wet weight, and body, snout-vent and hindlimb lengths) and molecular (mRNA abundance using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction) criteria. T(4) treatment alone accelerated development concomitant with altered levels of TH receptors α and β, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and gelatinase B mRNAs in the brain and tail. We observed TCS-induced perturbations in all of the molecular and morphological endpoints indicating that TCS exposure disrupts coordination of postembryonic tadpole development. Clear alterations in molecular endpoints were evident at day 2 whereas the earliest morphological effects appeared at day 4 and were most evident at day 21. Although TCS alone (3 and 30 μg/L) was protective against tadpole mortality, this protection was lost in the presence of T(4). The Pacific tree frog is the most sensitive species examined to date displaying disruption of TH-mediated development by a common antimicrobial agent.
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173
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Chiaia-Hernandez AC, Krauss M, Hollender J. Screening of lake sediments for emerging contaminants by liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure photoionization and electrospray ionization coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:976-986. [PMID: 23215447 DOI: 10.1021/es303888v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We developed a multiresidue method for the target and suspect screening of more than 180 pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides, biocides, additives, corrosion inhibitors, musk fragrances, UV light stabilizers, and industrial chemicals in sediments. Sediment samples were freeze-dried, extracted by pressurized liquid extraction, and cleaned up by liquid-liquid partitioning. The quantification and identification of target compounds with a broad range of physicochemical properties (log K(ow) 0-12) was carried out by liquid chromatography followed by electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) coupled to high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry (HRMS/MS). The overall method average recoveries and precision are 103% and 9% (RSD), respectively. The method detection limits range from 0.010 to 4 ng/g(dw), while limits of quantification range from 0.030 to 14 ng/g(dw). The use of APPI as an alternative ionization source helped to distinguish two isomeric musk fragrances by means of different ionization behavior. The method was demonstrated on sediment cores from Lake Greifensee located in northeastern Switzerland. The results show that biocides, musk fragrances, and other personal care products were the most frequently detected compounds with concentrations ranging from pg/g(dw) to ng/g(dw), whereas none of the targeted pharmaceuticals were found. The concentrations of many urban contaminants originating from wastewater correlate with the highest phosphorus input into the lake as a proxy for treatment efficiency. HRMS enabled a retrospective analysis of the full-scan data acquisition allowing the detection of suspected compounds like quaternary ammonium surfactants, the biocide triclocarban, and the tentative identification of further compounds without reference standards, among others transformation products of triclosan and triclocarban.
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174
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Emerging Organic Contaminants in Groundwater. SMART SENSORS, MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37006-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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175
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Zhang X, Guo Q, Hu Y, Lin H. Effects of monorhamnolipid and dirhamnolipid on sorption and desorption of triclosan in sediment-water system. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:581-587. [PMID: 23044351 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of monorhamnolipid (RL-F1) and dirhamnolipid (RL-F2) on the sorption and desorption of triclosan (TCS) in sediment-water system were investigated in this study. Results of the bath equilibrium experiments showed that RL-F2 provided much higher solubilization enhancement for TCS than RL-F1. Sorption of both rhamnolipids by the sediments was highly correlated with the sediment clay content. Moreover, the apparent distribution coefficients of TCS K(d)(*) decreased with the increase of rhamnolipid concentration (0.05-7.5 mM), and RL-F2 presented a larger distribution capacity of TCS into the aqueous phase at relatively higher concentrations (>2.5 mM). Further results also indicated that the release of TCS from sediment could be enhanced by both rhamnolipids. RL-F2 was more efficient than RL-F1 in desorbing TCS from the sediment with low clay content. The TCS desorption percentages R(d)(*) of RL-F2 (5mM) was 1.8-2.4 times that of RL-F1. These findings could provide useful guidelines for the application of rhamnolipid-enhanced remediation technologies for TCS contaminated sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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176
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Hontela A, Habibi HR. Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment: A Case Study on the Effects of Triclosan in Fish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398254-4.00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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177
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Methods for Elucidation of Transformation Pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62657-8.00016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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178
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Zhao JL, Zhang QQ, Chen F, Wang L, Ying GG, Liu YS, Yang B, Zhou LJ, Liu S, Su HC, Zhang RQ. Evaluation of triclosan and triclocarban at river basin scale using monitoring and modeling tools: implications for controlling of urban domestic sewage discharge. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:395-405. [PMID: 23127624 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are two commonly used personal care products. They may enter into aquatic environments after consumption and pose potential risks to aquatic organisms. We investigated the occurrence and fate of TCS and TCC in five large rivers (the Liao River, Hai River, Yellow River, Zhujiang River and Dongjiang River) in China, and compared the monitoring data with the predicted results from Level III fugacity modeling. TCS and TCC were detected in the five large rivers with the detection frequencies of 100% or close to 100% in surface water and sediments of almost every river. TCS and TCC were found at concentrations of up to 478 ng/L and 338 ng/L in surface water, and up to 1329 ng/g and 2723 ng/g in sediments. Cluster analysis indicated that the sites with higher concentrations were usually located in or near urban area. Meanwhile, principal component analysis also suggested that the mass inventories of TCS and TCC in water and sediment were significantly influenced by the factors such as the total or untreated urban domestic sewage discharge at river basin scale. The concentrations and mass inventories from the fugacity modeling were found at the same order of magnitude with the measured values, suggesting that the fugacity modeling can provide a useful tool for evaluating the fate of TCS and TCC in riverine environments. Both monitoring and modeling results indicated that the majority of mass inventories of TCS and TCC were stored into sediment, which could be a potential pollution source for river water. The wide presence of TCS and TCC in these large rivers of China implies that better controlling of urban domestic sewage discharge is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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179
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López-Morales J, Perales-Pérez O, Román-Velázquez F. Sorption of Triclosan onto Tyre Crumb Rubber. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1260/0263-6174.30.10.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. López-Morales
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, 00680
| | - O. Perales-Pérez
- Department of Engineering Science and Materials, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, 00680
| | - F. Román-Velázquez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, 00680
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180
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Anderson SE, Franko J, Kashon ML, Anderson KL, Hubbs AF, Lukomska E, Meade BJ. Exposure to triclosan augments the allergic response to ovalbumin in a mouse model of asthma. Toxicol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23192912 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, there has been a remarkable and unexplained increase in the prevalence of asthma. These studies were conducted to investigate the role of dermal exposure to triclosan, an endocrine-disrupting compound, on the hypersensitivity response to ovalbumin (OVA) in a murine model of asthma. Triclosan has had widespread use in the general population as an antibacterial and antifungal agent and is commonly found in consumer products such as soaps, deodorants, toothpastes, shaving creams, mouthwashes, and cleaning supplies. For these studies, BALB/c mice were exposed dermally to concentrations of triclosan ranging from 0.75 to 3% (0.375-1.5mg/mouse/day) for 28 consecutive days. Concordantly, mice were ip injected with OVA (0.9 µg) and aluminum hydroxide (0.5mg) on days 1 and 10 and challenged with OVA (125 µg) by pharyngeal aspiration on days 19 and 27. Compared with the animals exposed to OVA alone, increased spleen weights, OVA-specific IgE, interleukin-13 cytokine levels, and numbers of lung eosinophils were demonstrated when mice were coexposed to OVA and triclosan. Statistically significant increases in OVA-specific and nonspecific airway hyperreactivity were observed for all triclosan coexposed groups compared with the vehicle and OVA controls. In these studies, exposure to triclosan alone was not demonstrated to be allergenic; however, coexposure with a known allergen resulted in enhancement of the hypersensitivity response to that allergen, suggesting that triclosan exposure may augment the allergic responses to other environmental allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey E Anderson
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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181
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James MO, Marth CJ, Rowland-Faux L. Slow O-demethylation of methyl triclosan to triclosan, which is rapidly glucuronidated and sulfonated in channel catfish liver and intestine. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 124-125:72-82. [PMID: 22926334 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The antibacterial personal care product triclosan is discharged in municipal waste, and converted in part by bacteria in sewage sludge and soil to its more lipid-soluble methyl ether, methyl triclosan. Triclosan and methyl triclosan have been detected in water, sediment, fish and invertebrates near sewage treatment facilities. Understanding the biotransformation of methyl triclosan and triclosan in a model food fish, the channel catfish, will be of value in assessing the likelihood that these compounds will bioaccumulate in exposed fish, and therefore potentially pass up the food chain. We hypothesize that cytochrome P450 will catalyze the O-demethylation of methyl triclosan to yield triclosan, which is likely to undergo glucuronidation or sulfonation of the phenolic hydroxyl group. Conversion of methyl triclosan to triclosan was measured by LC/MS/MS following aerobic incubation of varying concentrations of methyl triclosan with NADPH and hepatic and intestinal microsomes from untreated, 3-methylcholanthrene-treated (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or PCB-126-treated (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) channel catfish (n=4 per treatment group). The K(m) values for methyl triclosan were similar for untreated, 3-methylcholanthrene-treated and PCB-126-treated catfish liver microsomes, ranging from 80 to 250 μM. V(max) values for O-demethylation ranged from 30 to 150 pmol/min/mg protein, with no significant differences between controls, PCB-126-treated or 3-methylcholanthrene-treated fish, suggesting that methyl triclosan O-demethylation was not a CYP1-catalyzed reaction. Methyl triclosan O-demethylation activities in intestinal microsomes were similar to or lower than those found with liver microsomes. The calculated rate of O-demethylation of methyl triclosan in catfish liver at 1 μM, a concentration reported in exposed fish, and 21°C, an early summer water temperature, is 0.10 pmol/min/mg protein. This slow rate of metabolism suggests that upon continued exposure, methyl triclosan may bioaccumulate in the channel catfish. Triclosan itself, however, was readily glucuronidated by hepatic and intestinal microsomes and sulfonated by hepatic and intestinal cytosol. Triclosan glucuronidation followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics when rates were measured across a concentration range of 5-1000 μM, whereas triclosan sulfonation exhibited substrate inhibition at concentrations above 10-20 μM in both intestinal and hepatic cytosol. Based on the enzyme kinetic constants measured in hepatic and intestinal fractions at 21°C, triclosan at 1 μM could be glucuronidated at rates of 23 and 3.2 pmol/min/mg protein respectively in liver and intestine, and sulfonated at rates of 277 (liver) and 938 (intestine) pmol/min/mg protein. These rates are much higher than the rates of demethylation of methyl triclosan, and suggest that triclosan would be rapidly cleared and unlikely to bioaccumulate in catfish tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret O James
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0485, United States.
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182
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Lolas IB, Chen X, Bester K, Nielsen JL. Identification of triclosan-degrading bacteria using stable isotope probing, fluorescence in situ hybridization and microautoradiography. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2012; 158:2796-2804. [PMID: 22956759 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.061077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Triclosan is considered a ubiquitous pollutant and can be detected in a wide range of environmental samples. Triclosan removal by wastewater treatment plants has been largely attributed to biodegradation processes; however, very little is known about the micro-organisms involved. In this study, DNA-based stable isotope probing (DNA-SIP) combined with microautoradiography-fluorescence in situ hybridization (MAR-FISH) was applied to identify active triclosan degraders in an enrichment culture inoculated with activated sludge. Clone library sequences of 16S rRNA genes derived from the heavy DNA fractions of enrichment culture incubated with (13)C-labelled triclosan showed a predominant enrichment of a single bacterial clade most closely related to the betaproteobacterial genus Methylobacillus. To verify that members of the genus Methylobacillus were actively utilizing triclosan, a specific probe targeting the Methylobacillus group was designed and applied to the enrichment culture incubated with (14)C-labelled triclosan for MAR-FISH. The MAR-FISH results confirmed a positive uptake of carbon from (14)C-labelled triclosan by the Methylobacillus. The high representation of Methylobacillus in the (13)C-labelled DNA clone library and its observed utilization of (14)C-labelled triclosan by MAR-FISH reveal that these micro-organisms are the primary consumers of triclosan in the enrichment culture. The results from this study show that the combination of SIP and MAR-FISH can shed light on the networks of uncultured micro-organisms involved in degradation of organic micro-pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihab Bishara Lolas
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Sohngaardsholmsvej 49, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Xijuan Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.,Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Sohngaardsholmsvej 49, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Lund Nielsen
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Sohngaardsholmsvej 49, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
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183
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Cortez FS, Seabra Pereira CD, Santos AR, Cesar A, Choueri RB, Martini GDA, Bohrer-Morel MB. Biological effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of the pharmaceutical Triclosan in the marine mussel Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 168:145-150. [PMID: 22610038 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (5-Chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol) is an antibacterial compound widely employed in pharmaceuticals and personal care products. Although this emerging compound has been detected in aquatic environments, scarce information is found on the effects of Triclosan to marine organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of a concentration range of Triclosan through fertilization assay (reproductive success), embryo-larval development assay (early life stage) and physiological stress (Neutral Red Retention Time assay - NRRT) (adult stage) in the marine sentinel organism Perna perna. The mean inhibition concentrations for fertilization (IC(50) = 0.490 mg L(-1)) and embryo-larval development (IC(50) = 0.135 mg L(-1)) tests were above environmental relevant concentrations (ng L(-1)) given by previous studies. Differently, significant reduction on NRRT results was found at 12 ng L(-1), demonstrating the current risk of the continuous introduction of Triclosan into aquatic environments, and the need of ecotoxicological studies oriented by the mechanism of action of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Sanzi Cortez
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares IPEN-CNEN/SP, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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184
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Riva C, Cristoni S, Binelli A. Effects of triclosan in the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha: a proteomic investigation. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 118-119:62-71. [PMID: 22522169 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS, 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol) is commonly used in several personal care products, textiles, and children's toys. Because the removal of TCS by wastewater treatment plants is incomplete, its environmental fate is to be discharged into freshwater ecosystems, where its ecotoxicological impact is still largely unexplored. Previously, we began a structured multi-tiered approach in order to evaluate TCS toxicity in the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha. The results of our previous studies, based on in vitro and in vivo experiments, highlighted a pronounced cytogenotoxic effect exerted by TCS, and showed that an increase in oxidative stress was likely to be one of its main toxic mechanisms. In this work, in order to investigate TCS toxicity mechanisms in aquatic non-target species in greater depth, we decided to use a proteomic approach, analysing changes in protein expression profiles in gills of D. polymorpha exposed for seven days to TCS. Moreover, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured to investigate further the role played by TCS in inducing oxidative stress. Finally, TCS bioaccumulation in mussel tissues was also assessed, to ensure an effective accumulation of the toxicant. Our results not only confirmed the role played by TCS in inducing oxidative stress, but furthered knowledge about the mechanism exerted by TCS in inducing toxicity in an aquatic non-target organisms. TCS induced significant alterations in protein expression profiles in gills of D. polymorpha. The wide range of proteins affected suggested that this chemical has marked effects on various biological processes, especially those involved in calcium binding or stress response. We also confirmed that the proteomic analysis, using 2-DE and de novo sequencing, is a reliable and powerful approach to investigate cellular responses to pollutants in a non-model organism with few genomic sequences available in databases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Cristoni
- I.S.B., Ion Source & Biotechnologies S.r.l., Gerenzano, Varese, Italy
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185
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Butler E, Whelan MJ, Sakrabani R, van Egmond R. Fate of triclosan in field soils receiving sewage sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 167:101-109. [PMID: 22561896 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The anti-microbial substance triclosan can partition to sewage sludge during wastewater treatment and subsequently transfer to soil when applied to land. Here, we describe the fate of triclosan in a one-year plot experiment on three different soils receiving sludge. Triclosan and methyl-triclosan concentrations were measured in soil samples collected monthly from three depths. A large fraction of triclosan loss appeared to be explained by transformation to methyl-triclosan. After 12 months less than 20% of the initial triclosan was recovered from each soil. However, the majority was recovered as methyl-triclosan. Most of the chemical recovered at the end of the experiment (both triclosan and methyl-triclosan) was still in the top 10 cm layer, although there was translocation to lower soil horizons in all three soils. Between 16.5 and 50.6% of the applied triclosan was unaccounted for after 12 months either as a consequence of degradation or the formation of non-extractable residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Butler
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK.
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186
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Gaume B, Bourgougnon N, Auzoux-Bordenave S, Roig B, Le Bot B, Bedoux G. In vitro effects of triclosan and methyl-triclosan on the marine gastropod Haliotis tuberculata. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 156:87-94. [PMID: 22580217 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Triclosan (2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxy-diphenyl ether; TCS) is an antibacterial agent incorporated in a wide variety of household and personal care products. Because of its partial elimination in sewage treatment plants, TCS is commonly detected in natural waters and sediments. Moreover, due to its high hydrophobicity, TCS accumulates in fatty tissues in various aquatic organisms. TCS can be converted into methyl-triclosan (2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-methoxydiphenyl ether; MTCS) after biological methylation. In this study, the acute cytotoxicity of TCS and MTCS in short-term in vitro experiments was assessed on cell cultures from the European abalone Haliotis tuberculata. The results showed that morphology and density of hemocyte are affected from a concentration of 8 μM TCS. Using the XTT reduction assay, TCS has been demonstrated to decrease hemocyte metabolism activity in a dose- and time-dependent exposure. The IC(50) was evaluated at 6 μM for both hemocyte and gill cells after a 24 h-incubation with TCS. A significant cytotoxicity of MTCS was also observed from 4 μM in 24 h-old hemocyte culture. Our results reveal a toxic effect of TCS and MTCS on immune (hemocytes) and/or respiratory cells (gill cells) of the abalone, species living in coastal waters areas and exposed to anthropogenic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Gaume
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, Université de Bretagne-Sud, IUEM, Vannes, France
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187
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Tamura I, Kagota KI, Yasuda Y, Yoneda S, Morita J, Nakada N, Kameda Y, Kimura K, Tatarazako N, Yamamoto H. Ecotoxicity and screening level ecotoxicological risk assessment of five antimicrobial agents: triclosan, triclocarban, resorcinol, phenoxyethanol and p-thymol. J Appl Toxicol 2012; 33:1222-9. [PMID: 22806922 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Acute and chronic (or sub-chronic) toxicity of five selected antimicrobial agents, including triclosan (TCS), triclocarban (TCC), resorcinol, phenoxyethanol and p-thymol, was investigated using the conventional three-aquatic-organism battery. These compounds are widely used in cosmetics and other personal care products and their ecological risk has recently become a significant concern. As results of toxicity tests, TCS was found to be most strongly toxic for green algae [e.g. 72 h no observed effect concentration (NOEC) of 0.50 µg l(-1) ] among the selected compounds, followed by TCC, while TCC was more toxic or similar to TCS for Daphnia and fish (e.g. Daphnia 8 day NOEC of 1.9 µg l(-1) ). Having compared the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) determined from the toxicity data with measured environmental concentrations (MEC), the preliminary ecological risk assessment of these five antimicrobials was conducted. The MEC/PNEC ratios of TCS and TCC were over 1 for some monitoring data, especially in urban streams with watershed areas without sewage service coverage, and their potential risk for green algae and Daphnia might be at a level of concern, although the contribution of TCS/TCC on the total toxicity of the those sites needs to be further investigated. For the three other antimicrobials, the maximum MEC/PNEC ratio for resorcinol was 0.1-1, but those for phenoxyethanol and p-thymol were <0.1 and their risk to aquatic organisms is limited, although the additive effects with TCS, TCC and other antimicrobial agents, such as parabens, need to be further examined in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikumi Tamura
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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188
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Chen X, Richard J, Liu Y, Dopp E, Tuerk J, Bester K. Ozonation products of triclosan in advanced wastewater treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:2247-2256. [PMID: 22365369 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan is an antimicrobial agent widely used in many household and personal care products. Widespread use of this compound has led to the elevated concentrations of triclosan in wastewater, wastewater treatment plants and receiving waters. In this study removal of triclosan by aqueous ozone was investigated and the degradation products formed during ozonation of an aqueous solution of triclosan were analyzed by GC-MS and HPLC-MS/MS. The following transformation products have been identified: 2,4-dichlorophenol, chloro-catecol, mono-hydroxy-triclosan and di-hydroxy-triclosan during treatment process. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of pure triclosan and 2,4-dichlorophenol have been investigated and the results showed reduced genotoxic effects after ozonation, though the respective chlorophenol is harmful to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijuan Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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189
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Bedoux G, Roig B, Thomas O, Dupont V, Le Bot B. Occurrence and toxicity of antimicrobial triclosan and by-products in the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:1044-65. [PMID: 22057832 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS A review was undertaken on the occurrence, toxicity, and degradation of triclosan (TCS; 5-chloro-2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol) in the environment. TCS is a synthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial agent incorporated in a wide variety of household and personal care products such as hand soap, toothpaste, and deodorants but also in textile fibers used in a range of other consumer products (e.g., toys, undergarments and cutting boards among other things). OCCURRENCE Because of its partial elimination in sewage treatment plants, most reports describe TCS as one of the most commonly encountered substances in solid and water environmental compartments. It has been detected in a microgram per liter or microgram per kilogram level in sewage treatment plants (influents, effluents, and sludges), natural waters (rivers, lakes, and estuarine waters), and sediments as well as in drinking water. TOXICITY Moreover, due to its high hydrophobicity, TCS can accumulate in fatty tissues and has been found in fish and human samples (urine, breast milk, and serum). TCS is known to be biodegradable, photo-unstable, and reactive towards chlorine and ozone. DISCUSSION As a consequence, it can be transformed into potentially more toxic and persistent compounds, such as chlorinated phenols and biphenyl ethers after chlorination, methyl triclosan after biological methylation, and chlorinated dibenzodioxins after photooxidation. The toxicity of TCS toward aquatic organisms like fish, crustaceans, and algae has been demonstrated with EC50 values near TCS environmental concentrations. It has even been shown to produce cytotoxic, genotoxic, and endocrine disruptor effects. CONCLUSION Furthermore, the excessive use of TCS is suspected to increase the risk of emergence of TCS-resistant bacteria and the selection of resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Bedoux
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Bretagne Sud, Vannes Cedex, France.
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190
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Fenech C, Rock L, Nolan K, Tobin J, Morrissey A. The potential for a suite of isotope and chemical markers to differentiate sources of nitrate contamination: a review. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:2023-41. [PMID: 22348997 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate is naturally found within the environment as part of the nitrogen cycle. However, anthropogenic inputs have greatly increased nitrate loads within ground and surface waters. This has had a severe impact on aquatic ecosystems and has given rise to health considerations in humans and livestock. Therefore, the identification of nitrate sources is important in preserving water quality and achieving sustainability of our water resources. Nitrate sources can be determined based on the nitrate nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) isotopic compositions (δ(15)N, δ(18)O). However, sewage and manure have overlapping δ(15)N and δ(18)O values making their differentiation on this basis problematic. The specific differentiation between sources of faecal contamination is of particular importance, because the risk to humans is usually considered higher from human faecal contamination (sewage) than from animal faecal contamination. This review summarises the current state of knowledge in using isotope tracers to differentiate various nitrate sources and identifies potential chemical tracers for differentiating sewage and manure. In particular, an in depth review of the current state of knowledge regarding the necessary considerations in using chemical markers, such as pharmaceuticals and food additives, to differentiate sewage and manure sources of nitrate contamination will be given, through an understanding of their use, occurrence and fate, in order to identify the most suitable potential chemical markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fenech
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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191
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Lubarsky HV, Gerbersdorf SU, Hubas C, Behrens S, Ricciardi F, Paterson DM. Impairment of the bacterial biofilm stability by triclosan. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31183. [PMID: 22523534 PMCID: PMC3327702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of the widely-used antibacterial and antifungal compound triclosan (TCS) in freshwaters raises concerns about the impact of this harmful chemical on the biofilms that are the dominant life style of microorganisms in aquatic systems. However, investigations to-date rarely go beyond effects at the cellular, physiological or morphological level. The present paper focuses on bacterial biofilms addressing the possible chemical impairment of their functionality, while also examining their substratum stabilization potential as one example of an important ecosystem service. The development of a bacterial assemblage of natural composition – isolated from sediments of the Eden Estuary (Scotland, UK) – on non-cohesive glass beads (<63 µm) and exposed to a range of triclosan concentrations (control, 2 – 100 µg L−1) was monitored over time by Magnetic Particle Induction (MagPI). In parallel, bacterial cell numbers, division rate, community composition (DGGE) and EPS (extracellular polymeric substances: carbohydrates and proteins) secretion were determined. While the triclosan exposure did not prevent bacterial settlement, biofilm development was increasingly inhibited by increasing TCS levels. The surface binding capacity (MagPI) of the assemblages was positively correlated to the microbial secreted EPS matrix. The EPS concentrations and composition (quantity and quality) were closely linked to bacterial growth, which was affected by enhanced TCS exposure. Furthermore, TCS induced significant changes in bacterial community composition as well as a significant decrease in bacterial diversity. The impairment of the stabilization potential of bacterial biofilm under even low, environmentally relevant TCS levels is of concern since the resistance of sediments to erosive forces has large implications for the dynamics of sediments and associated pollutant dispersal. In addition, the surface adhesive capacity of the biofilm acts as a sensitive measure of ecosystem effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen V. Lubarsky
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering, University Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Sediment Ecology Research Group, Scottish Ocean Institute, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine U. Gerbersdorf
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering, University Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Cédric Hubas
- Département Milieux et Peuplements Aquatiques (DMPA), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR BOREA (Biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques) MNHN-CNRS-UPMC-IRD, Paris, France
| | - Sebastian Behrens
- Geomicrobiology/Microbial Ecology Group, Centre for Applied Geosciences (ZAG), Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - David M. Paterson
- Sediment Ecology Research Group, Scottish Ocean Institute, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
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192
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Taujale S, Zhang H. Impact of interactions between metal oxides to oxidative reactivity of manganese dioxide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:2764-2771. [PMID: 22309023 DOI: 10.1021/es204294c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Manganese oxides typically exist as mixtures with other metal oxides in soil-water environments; however, information is only available on their redox activity as single oxides. To bridge this gap, we examined three binary oxide mixtures containing MnO(2) and a secondary metal oxide (Al(2)O(3), SiO(2) or TiO(2)). The goal was to understand how these secondary oxides affect the oxidative reactivity of MnO(2). SEM images suggest significant heteroaggregation between Al(2)O(3) and MnO(2) and to a lesser extent between SiO(2)/TiO(2) and MnO(2). Using triclosan and chlorophene as probe compounds, pseudofirst-order kinetic results showed that Al(2)O(3) had the strongest inhibitory effect on MnO(2) reactivity, followed by SiO(2) and then TiO(2). Al(3+) ion or soluble SiO(2) had comparable inhibitory effects as Al(2)O(3) or SiO(2), indicating the dominant inhibitory mechanism was surface complexation/precipitation of Al/Si species on MnO(2) surfaces. TiO(2) inhibited MnO(2) reactivity only when a limited amount of triclosan was present. Due to strong adsorption and slow desorption of triclosan by TiO(2), precursor-complex formation between triclosan and MnO(2) was much slower and likely became the new rate-limiting step (as opposed to electron transfer in all other cases). These mechanisms can also explain the observed adsorption behavior of triclosan by the binary oxide mixtures and single oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saru Taujale
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Temple University 1947 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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193
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Kwon JW, Xia K. Fate of triclosan and triclocarban in soil columns with and without biosolids surface application. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:262-269. [PMID: 22105314 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The leaching and transformation behaviors of triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) in soil columns (20 cm high, 4 cm in diameter) packed with an agricultural soil (Roxana very fine sandy loam) with and without biosolids surface application were investigated. The column leachates and soil samples were analyzed for TCS, TCC, and their transformation products. Significantly more TCS was transformed compared with TCC. Surface application of biosolids significantly retarded their transformation. Downward movement of TCS and TCC occurred within a 10-cm soil depth. Methyl-TCS was not detectable in the leachates but was detected in the top 5-cm soil layer, with more appearing in the biosolids-applied soil. At the end of the column study, carbanilide (CBA) was the only detectable TCC reductive dechlorination product in the soil. No TCC reductive dechlorination products were detectable in the leachates. Detection of 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) and 4-chloroaniline (4-CA) suggested the occurrence of TCC hydrolysis. Rapid leaching of 4-CA through the soil column was observed. The 3,4-DCA was detected throughout the entire 20-cm depth of the soil column but not in the leachates. The fact that only small percentages of the transformed TCS and TCC appeared, after a 101-d column study, in the forms of the products analyzed suggested that either the investigated transformation pathways were minor pathways or further rapid transformation of those products had occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Wook Kwon
- Mississippi State Chemical Laboratory, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
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194
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von der Ohe PC, Schmitt-Jansen M, Slobodnik J, Brack W. Triclosan--the forgotten priority substance? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:585-91. [PMID: 21833630 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0580-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Triclosan (TCS) is a multi-purpose biocide. Its wide use in personal care products (PCPs) fosters its dispersal in the aquatic environment. Despite enhanced awareness of both scientists and the public in the last decade with regard to fate and effects, TCS received little attention regarding its prioritisation as a candidate river basin-specific pollutant or even priority substance, due to scarce monitoring data. METHODS Applying a new prioritisation methodology, the potential risk of TCS was assessed based on a refined hazard assessment and occurrences at 802 monitoring sites in the Elbe River basin. RESULTS The suggested acute-based predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) of 4.7 ng/l for the standard test species Selenastrum capricornutum was in good agreement with effect concentrations in algal communities and was exceeded in the Elbe River basin at 75% of the sites (limit of quantification of 5 ng/l). The 95th percentile of the maximum environmental concentrations at each site exceeded the PNEC by a factor of 12, indicating potential hazards for algal communities. Among 500 potential river basin-specific pollutants which were recently prioritised, triclosan ranks on position 6 of the most problematic substances, based on the Elbe River data alone. CONCLUSION Considering the worldwide application of PCPs containing triclosan, we expect that the TCS problem is not restricted to the Elbe River basin, even if monitoring data from other river basins are scarce. Thus, we suggest to include TCS into routine monitoring programmes and to consider it as an important candidate for prioritisation at the European scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Carsten von der Ohe
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
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195
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Stuart M, Lapworth D, Crane E, Hart A. Review of risk from potential emerging contaminants in UK groundwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 416:1-21. [PMID: 22209399 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides a review of the types of emerging organic groundwater contaminants (EGCs) which are beginning to be found in the UK. EGCs are compounds being found in groundwater that were previously not detectable or known to be significant and can come from agricultural, urban and rural point sources. EGCs include nanomaterials, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, industrial compounds, personal care products, fragrances, water treatment by-products, flame retardants and surfactants, as well as caffeine and nicotine. Many are relatively small polar molecules which may not be effectively removed by drinking water treatment. Data from the UK Environment Agency's groundwater screening programme for organic pollutants found within the 30 most frequently detected compounds a number of EGCs such as pesticide metabolites, caffeine and DEET. Specific determinands frequently detected include pesticides metabolites, pharmaceuticals including carbamazepine and triclosan, nicotine, food additives and alkyl phosphates. This paper discusses the routes by which these compounds enter groundwater, their toxicity and potential risks to drinking water and the environment. It identifies challenges that need to be met to minimise risk to drinking water and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Stuart
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK.
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196
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Wu JL, Leung KF, Tong SF, Lam CW. Organochlorine isotopic pattern-enhanced detection and quantification of triclosan and its metabolites in human serum by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:123-132. [PMID: 22173800 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorines possess special isotopic patterns that obey the chlorine rule. In the case of triclosan (TCS), which contains three chlorine atoms, the isotopic patterns are composed of seven obvious peaks with the calculated masses ranging from 286.9435 to 292.9350 in negative ion mode and with specific isotopic abundance ratios of 100:13.1:97.1:12.6:31.8:4.1:3.6. In this study, mass differences between the calculated and observed m/z values for all isotopic peaks of TCS were less than 3.5 ppm in the analyses of the serum samples by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS). Combining the characteristics described above, four metabolites were identified as sulfonated TCS, glucuronidated TCS and hydroxylated sulfonated TCS. Several novel MS techniques were applied to improve the sensitivity of quantification of TCS. The limit of detection for TCS in a 250 μL serum sample was 0.05 ng/mL, which was over twenty times lower than values obtained by the LC/triple quadrupole-MS/MS method reported in the literature. The concentration of total TCS (free and conjugated) was quantified to range from 0.15 to 217 ng/mL, whereas free TCS ranged from 0.15 to 10 ng/mL. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the identification of TCS and metabolites in human serum, and it also provides the most sensitive LC/MS approach for the quantification of TCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-lin Wu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
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197
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Herrero O, Pérez Martín JM, Fernández Freire P, Carvajal López L, Peropadre A, Hazen MJ. Toxicological evaluation of three contaminants of emerging concern by use of the Allium cepa test. Mutat Res 2012; 743:20-4. [PMID: 22249112 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, triclosan and propylparaben are contaminants of emerging concern that have been subjected to extensive toxicological studies, but for which limited information is currently available concerning adverse effects on terrestrial plant systems. The Allium cepa test, which is considered one of the most efficient approaches to assess toxic effects of environmental chemicals, was selected to evaluate the potential risks of these ubiquitous pollutants. Our data demonstrate that all three compounds studied may in some way be considered toxic, but different effects were noted depending on the chemical and the end point analysed. Results derived from the analysis of macroscopic parameters used in testing for general toxicity, revealed that while di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate had no apparent effects, the other two chemicals inhibited A. cepa root growth in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, although all three compounds caused alterations in the mitotic index of root-tip cells, propylparaben was the only one that did not show evidence of genotoxicity in assays for chromosome aberrations and micronuclei. The results of the present study clearly indicate that sensitive plant bioassays are useful and complementary tools to determine environmental impact of contaminants of emerging concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Herrero
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin, 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Sudak NL, Harvie J. Integrative Strategies for Planetary Health. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-1793-8.00089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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199
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TAMURA I, YAMAMOTO H. Biodegradation and Photodegradation of Selected Antimicrobial/ Antifungal Agents in the Aquatic Environment and Their Sorption onto Sediments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5985/jec.22.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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200
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Kuş N, Reva I, Bayarı S, Fausto R. In situ photoproduction of dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin from non-ionic triclosan isolated in solid argon. J Mol Struct 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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