151
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Mazzuca MQ, Dang Y, Khalil RA. Enhanced endothelin receptor type B-mediated vasodilation and underlying [Ca²⁺]i in mesenteric microvessels of pregnant rats. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:1335-51. [PMID: 23646960 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Normal pregnancy is associated with decreased vascular resistance and increased release of vasodilators. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) causes vasoconstriction via endothelin receptor type A (ET(A)R), but could activate ET(B)R in the endothelium and release vasodilator substances. However, the roles of ET(B)R in the regulation of vascular function during pregnancy and the vascular mediators involved are unclear. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Pressurized mesenteric microvessels from pregnant and virgin Sprague-Dawley rats were loaded with fura-2/AM for simultaneous measurement of diameter and [Ca²⁺]i. KEY RESULTS High KCl (51 mM) and phenylephrine (PHE) caused increases in vasoconstriction and [Ca²⁺]i that were similar in pregnant and virgin rats. ET-1 caused vasoconstriction that was less in pregnant than virgin rats, with small increases in [Ca²⁺]i. Pretreatment with the ET(B)R antagonist BQ-788 caused greater enhancement of ET-1-induced vasoconstriction in pregnant rats. ACh caused endothelium-dependent relaxation and decreased [Ca²⁺]i, and was more potent in pregnant than in virgin rats. ET-1 + ET(A)R antagonist BQ-123, and the ET(B)R agonists sarafotoxin 6c (S6c) and IRL-1620 caused greater vasodilation in pregnant than in virgin rats with no changes in [Ca²⁺]i, suggesting up-regulated ET(B)R-mediated relaxation pathways. ACh-, S6c- and IRL-1620-induced relaxation was reduced by the NO synthase inhibitor Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, and abolished by tetraethylammonium or endothelium removal. Western blots revealed greater amount of ET(B)R in intact microvessels of pregnant than virgin rats, but reduced levels in endothelium-denuded microvessels, supporting a role of endothelial ET(B)R. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The enhanced ET(B)R-mediated microvascular relaxation may contribute to the decreased vasoconstriction and vascular resistance during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Q Mazzuca
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratory, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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152
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Teoh JP, Park KM, Wang Y, Hu Q, Kim S, Wu G, Huang S, Maihle N, Kim IM. Endothelin-1/endothelin A receptor-mediated biased signaling is a new player in modulating human ovarian cancer cell tumorigenesis. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2885-95. [PMID: 25194819 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The endothelin-1 (ET-1)/endothelin A receptor (ETAR, a G protein-coupled receptor) axis confers pleiotropic effects on both tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment, modulating chemo-resistance and other tumor-associated processes by activating Gαq- and β-arrestin-mediated pathways. While the precise mechanisms by which these effects occur remain to be elucidated, interference with ETAR signaling has emerged as a promising antitumor strategy in many cancers including ovarian cancer (OC). However, current clinical approaches using ETAR antagonists in the absence of a detailed knowledge of downstream signaling have resulted in multiple adverse side effects and limited therapeutic efficacy. To maximize the safety and efficacy of ETAR-targeted OC therapy, we investigated the role of other G protein subunits such as Gαs in the ETAR-mediated ovarian oncogenic signaling. In HEY (human metastatic OC) cells where the ET-1/ETAR axis is well-characterized, Gαs signaling inhibits ETAR-mediated OC cell migration, wound healing, proliferation and colony formation on soft agar while inducing OC cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, ET-1/ETAR is coupled to Gαs/cAMP signaling in the same ovarian carcinoma-derived cell line. Gαs/cAMP/PKA activation inhibits ETAR-mediated β-arrestin activation of angiogenic/metastatic Calcrl and Icam2 expression. Consistent with our findings, Gαs overexpression is associated with improved survival in OC patients in the analysis of the Cancer Genome Atlas data. In conclusion, our results indicate a novel function for Gαs signaling in ET-1/ETAR-mediated OC oncogenesis and may provide a rationale for a biased signaling mechanism, which selectively activates Gαs-coupled tumor suppressive pathways while blocking Gαq-/β-arrestin-mediated oncogenic pathways, to improve the targeting of the ETAR axis in OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-peng Teoh
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Kyoung-mi Park
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yongchao Wang
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Qiuping Hu
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Sangmi Kim
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Guangyu Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Shuang Huang
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Nita Maihle
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Il-man Kim
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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153
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Moraes MNDCM, Lima LHRGD, Ramos BCR, Poletini MDO, Castrucci AMDL. Endothelin modulates the circadian expression of non-visual opsins. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 205:279-86. [PMID: 24816266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The non-visual opsin, melanopsin, expressed in the mammalian retina, is considered a circadian photopigment because it is responsible to entrain the endogenous biological clock. This photopigment is also present in the melanophores of Xenopus laevis, where it was first described, but its role in these cells is not fully understood. X. laevis melanophores respond to light with melanin granule dispersion, the maximal response being achieved at the wavelength of melanopsin maximal excitation. Pigment dispersion can also be triggered by endothelin-3 (ET-3). Here we show that melanin translocation is greater when a blue light pulse was applied in the presence of ET-3. In addition, we demonstrated that mRNA levels of the melanopsins Opn4x and Opn4m exhibit temporal variation in melanophores under light/dark (LD) cycles or constant darkness, suggesting that this variation is clock-driven. Moreover, under LD cycles the oscillations of both melanopsins show a circadian profile suggesting a role for these opsins in the photoentrainment mechanism. Blue-light pulse decreased Opn4x expression, but had no effect on Opn4m. ET-3 abolishes the circadian rhythm of expression of both opsins; in addition the hormone increases Opn4x expression in a dose-, circadian time- and light-dependent way. ET-3 also increases the expression of its own receptor, in a dose-dependent manner. The variation of melanopsin levels may represent an adaptive mechanism to ensure greater melanophore sensitivity in response to environmental light conditions with ideal magnitude in terms of melanin granule dispersion, and consequently color change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maristela de Oliveira Poletini
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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154
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Rosenberger C, Fähling M. Selective endothelin inhibition in diabetic nephropathy: is it the icing on the cake? Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 212:1-4. [PMID: 24947550 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Rosenberger
- Institute of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation; Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - M. Fähling
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology; Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
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155
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Smith TP, Haymond T, Smith SN, Sweitzer SM. Evidence for the endothelin system as an emerging therapeutic target for the treatment of chronic pain. J Pain Res 2014; 7:531-45. [PMID: 25210474 PMCID: PMC4155994 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s65923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many people worldwide suffer from pain and a portion of these sufferers are diagnosed with a chronic pain condition. The management of chronic pain continues to be a challenge, and despite taking prescribed medication for pain, patients continue to have pain of moderate severity. Current pain therapies are often inadequate, with side effects that limit medication adherence. There is a need to identify novel therapeutic targets for the management of chronic pain. One potential candidate for the treatment of chronic pain is therapies aimed at modulating the vasoactive peptide endothelin-1. In addition to vasoactive properties, endothelin-1 has been implicated in pain transmission in both humans and animal models of nociception. Endothelin-1 directly activates nociceptors and potentiates the effect of other algogens, including capsaicin, formalin, and arachidonic acid. In addition, endothelin-1 has been shown to be involved in inflammatory pain, cancer pain, neuropathic pain, diabetic neuropathy, and pain associated with sickle cell disease. Therefore, endothelin-1 may prove a novel therapeutic target for the relief of many types of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terika P Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Tami Haymond
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Sherika N Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Sarah M Sweitzer
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA ; Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, SC, USA
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156
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Miyagawa K, Emoto N. Current state of endothelin receptor antagonism in hypertension and pulmonary hypertension. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 8:202-16. [DOI: 10.1177/1753944714541511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelin 1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictive substance, was discovered in 1988 by Yanagisawa and colleagues, and since then, a quarter of a century has passed. Understanding the biology of ET-1 has rapidly developed by characterizing the components of its receptors and processing enzymes. Numerous studies have revealed not only physiological but also various pathophysiological roles of the ET system. At first, ET-1 was the attractive and promising target for the treatment of hypertension owing to its potent vasoconstrictive nature and a variety of ET receptor antagonists (ERAs) were studied. However, the clinical application to treat hypertension was disappointing because of the side effects, including liver toxicity and fluid retention. On the other hand, ERAs have been established as orphan drugs for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension and improved the prognosis of patients. Furthermore, multipotency of the ET system in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases has led to the development of translational research not only in the field of hypertension but in a variety of fields. Furthermore, a range of studies are ongoing to apply ERAs to clinical situations. In this article, we review the pathophysiological roles of the ET system in hypertension and pulmonary hypertension and the potential of ET receptor antagonism for the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Miyagawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Noriaki Emoto
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki, Chuo, 650-0017 Kobe, Japan
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157
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Abstract
Na x, which is preferentially expressed in the glial cells of sensory circumventricular organs in the brain, is a sodium channel that is poorly homologous to voltage-gated sodium channels. We previously reported that Na x is a sodium concentration ([Na+])-sensitive, but not a voltage-sensitive channel that is critically involved in body-fluid homeostasis. Nax-knockout mice do not stop ingesting salt even when dehydrated and transiently develop hypernatremia. [Na+] in body fluids is strictly controlled at 135 to 145 mM in mammals. Although the set point must be within this range, Na x was shown to have a threshold value of ~150 mM for extracellular [Na+] ([Na+]o) for activation in vitro. Therefore, the [Na+]o dependency of Na x in vivo is presumably modified by an as yet unidentified mechanism. We recently demonstrated that the [Na+]o dependency of Na x in the subfornical organ was adjusted to the physiological range by endothelin-3. Pharmacological experiments revealed that endothelin receptor B signaling was involved in this modulation of Na x gating through protein kinase C and ERK1/2 activation. In addition, we identified a case of essential hypernatremia caused by autoimmunity to Na x. Occurrence of a ganglioneuroma composed of Schwann-like cells that robustly expressed Na x was likely to induce the autoimmune response in this patient. An intravenous injection of the immunoglobulin fraction of the patient’s serum, which contained anti-Na x antibodies, into mice reproduced the patient’s symptoms. This review provides an overview of the physiological functions of Na x by summarizing our recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Noda
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Y. Hiyama
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Japan
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158
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Endothelin-1 and its role in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Life Sci 2014; 118:110-9. [PMID: 24780317 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endothelins are potent regulators of vascular tone, which also have mitogenic, apoptotic, and immunomodulatory properties (Rubanyi and Polokoff, 1994; Kedzierski and Yanagisawa, 2001; Bagnato et al., 2011). Three isoforms of endothelin have been identified to date, with endothelin-1 (ET-1) being the best studied. ET-1 is classically considered a potent vasoconstrictor. However, in addition to the effects of ET-1 on vascular smooth muscle cells, the peptide is increasingly recognized as a pro-inflammatory cytokine (Teder and Noble, 2000; Sessa et al., 1991). ET-1 causes platelet aggregation and plays a role in the increased expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules, the synthesis of inflammatory mediators contributing to vascular dysfunction. High levels of ET-1 are found in alveolar macrophages, leukocytes (Sessa et al., 1991) and fibroblasts (Gu et al., 1991). Clinical and experimental data indicate that ET-1 is involved in the pathogenesis of sepsis (Tschaikowsky et al., 2000; Goto et al., 2012), viral and bacterial pneumonia (Schuetz et al., 2008; Samransamruajkit et al., 2002), Rickettsia conorii infections (Davi et al., 1995), Chagas disease (Petkova et al., 2000, 2001), and severe malaria (Dai et al., 2012; Machado et al., 2006; Wenisch et al., 1996a; Dietmann et al., 2008). In this minireview, we will discuss the role of endothelin in the pathogenesis of infectious processes.
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159
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Paradis A, Zhang L. Role of endothelin in uteroplacental circulation and fetal vascular function. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2014; 11:594-605. [PMID: 24063378 DOI: 10.2174/1570161111311050004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Endothelins are 21-amino acid peptides involved in vascular homeostasis. Three types of peptide have been identified, with endothelin-1 (ET-1) being the most potent vasoconstrictor currently known. Two endothelin receptor subtypes are found in various tissues, including the brain, heart, blood vessel, lung, and placenta. The ETA-receptor is associated with vasoconstriction in vascular smooth muscle. Conversely, the ETB-receptor can elicit a vasoconstrictor effect in vascular smooth muscle and a vasodilator effect via its action in endothelial cells. Both receptors play a key role in maintaining circulatory homeostasis and vascular function. Changes in ET-1 expression are found in various disease states, and overexpression of ET-1 is observed in hypertension and preeclampsia in pregnancy. Placental localization of ET-1 implies a key role in regulating the uteroplacental circulation. Additionally, ET-1 is important in the fetal circulation and is involved in the pulmonary circulation and closure of the ductus arteriosus after birth, as well as fetal growth constriction in utero. ET receptor antagonists and nitric oxide donors may provide therapeutic potential in treating conditions associated with overexpression of ET and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Paradis
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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160
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Hsieh WT, Yeh WL, Cheng RY, Lin C, Tsai CF, Huang BR, Wu CYJ, Lin HY, Huang SS, Lu DY. Exogenous endothelin-1 induces cell migration and matrix metalloproteinase expression in U251 human glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurooncol 2014; 118:257-269. [PMID: 24756349 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1442-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and lethal type of primary brain tumor characterized by its rapid infiltration to surrounding tissues during the early stages. The fast spreading of GBM obscures the initiation of the tumor mass making the treatment outcome undesirable. Endothelin-1 is known as a secretory protein presented in various types of brain cells, which has been indicated as a factor for cancer pathology. The aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular mechanism of cell migration in GBM. We found that various malignant glioma cells expressed higher amounts of endothelin-1, ETA, and ETB receptors than nonmalignant human astrocytes. The application of endothelin-1 enhanced the migratory activity in human U251 glioma cells corresponding to increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and MMP-13. The endothelin-1-induced cell migration was attenuated by MMP-9 and MMP-13 inhibitors and inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and PI3 kinase/Akt. Furthermore, the elevated levels of phosphate c-Jun accumulation in the nucleus and activator protein-1 (AP-1)-DNA binding activity were also found in endothelin-1 treated glioma cells. In migration-prone sublines, cells with greater migration ability showed higher endothelin-1, ETB receptor, and MMP expressions. These results indicate that endothelin-1 activates MAP kinase and AP-1 signaling, resulting in enhanced MMP-9 and MMP-13 expressions and cell migration in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lan Yeh
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering and Department of Medical Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Ruo-Yuo Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chingju Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Fang Tsai
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Ren Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Caren Yu-Ju Wu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yun Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Suo Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Dah-Yuu Lu
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan.
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161
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Endothelin receptor polymorphisms in the cardiovascular system: potential implications for therapy and screening. Heart Fail Rev 2014; 19:743-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s10741-014-9426-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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162
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Pinho-Ribeiro FA, Borghi SM, Staurengo-Ferrari L, Filgueiras GB, Estanislau C, Verri WA. Bosentan, a mixed endothelin receptor antagonist, induces antidepressant-like activity in mice. Neurosci Lett 2014; 560:57-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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163
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Bhandari SS, Davies JE, Struck J, Ng LL. Plasma C-terminal proEndothelin-1 (CTproET-1) is affected by age, renal function, left atrial size and diastolic blood pressure in healthy subjects. Peptides 2014; 52:53-7. [PMID: 24333656 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a short chained peptide primarily of endothelial origin. Concentrations of this peptide are increased in subjects with hypertension, primary pulmonary hypertension and myocardial infarction, however its short half-life makes quantification difficult. The C-terminal of proET-1 (CTproET-1) is stoichiometrically secreted with its bioactive peptide and would be a valid method of measuring the active peptide as it has a stable half-life and is less resistant to proteolytic cleavage. The objective of this study was to understand the factors (clinical, echocardiographic and biochemical) that specifically influence plasma CTproET-1 in healthy subjects. 518 healthy volunteers were recruited from a screening study. Plasma CTproET-1 concentrations were quantified using a novel immunoluminometric sandwich assay. In multivariate analyses, age (P<0.001), diastolic BP (P=0.007), LA size (P=0.001) and eGFR (P<0.001) were independently predictive of plasma CTproET-1 levels in the healthy subjects. Therefore the interpretation of plasma CTproET-1 levels in such individuals should take into account these variables to avoid potential confounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Bhandari
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, United Kingdom.
| | - J E Davies
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, United Kingdom
| | - J Struck
- AdrenoMed AG, Hennigsdorf, Germany
| | - L L Ng
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, United Kingdom
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164
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Kinoshita K, Akiyama T, Mizutani M, Shinomiya A, Ishikawa A, Younis HH, Tsudzuki M, Namikawa T, Matsuda Y. Endothelin receptor B2 (EDNRB2) is responsible for the tyrosinase-independent recessive white (mo(w) ) and mottled (mo) plumage phenotypes in the chicken. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86361. [PMID: 24466053 PMCID: PMC3900529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A mutation that confers white plumage with black eyes was identified in the Minohiki breed of Japanese native chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). The white plumage, with a few partially pigmented feathers, was not associated with the tyrosinase gene, and displayed an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance against the pigmented phenotype. All F1 offspring derived from crosses with mottled chickens (mo/mo), which show characteristic pigmented feathers with white tips, had plumage with a mottled-like pattern. This result indicates that the white plumage mutation is a novel allele at the mo locus; we propose the gene symbol mo(w) for this mutant allele. Furthermore, the F1 hybrid between the mo(w) /mo(w) chicken and the panda (s/s) mutant of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), whose causative gene is the endothelin receptor B2 (EDNRB2) gene, showed a mo(w)/mo(w) chicken-like plumage, suggesting the possibility that the mutations in parental species are alleles of the same gene, EDNRB2. Nucleotide sequencing of the entire coding region of EDNRB2 revealed a non-synonymous G1008T substitution, which causes Cys244Phe amino acid substitution in exon 5 (which is part of the extracellular loop between the putative fourth and fifth transmembrane domains of EDNRB2) in the mutant chicken. This Cys244Phe mutation was also present in individuals of four Japanese breeds with white plumage. We also identified a non-synonymous substitution leading to Arg332His substitution that was responsible for the mottled (mo/mo) plumage phenotype. These results suggest that the EDN3 (endothelin 3)-EDNRB2 signaling is essential for normal pigmentation in birds, and that the mutations of EDNRB2 may cause defective binding of the protein with endothelins, which interferes with melanocyte differentiation, proliferation, and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Kinoshita
- Avian Bioscience Research Center, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Makoto Mizutani
- Avian Bioscience Research Center, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ai Shinomiya
- Department of Biology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akira Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hassan Hassan Younis
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Masaoki Tsudzuki
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- Japanese Avian Bioresource Project Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takao Namikawa
- Avian Bioscience Research Center, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsuda
- Avian Bioscience Research Center, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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165
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Sulica R, Poon M. Medical therapeutics for pulmonary arterial hypertension: from basic science and clinical trial design to evidence-based medicine. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 3:347-60. [PMID: 15853607 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.3.2.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a severe disease with poor prognosis, caused by obliteration of the pulmonary vasculature as a result of pulmonary-vascular remodeling, active vasoconstriction and in situ thrombosis. Left untreated, pulmonary arterial hypertension results in right-ventricular failure and death. There has been dramatic progress in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension during recent years. A remarkable number of randomized-controlled trials with agents known to target specific abnormalities present in pulmonary arterial hypertension have been completed. Most commonly, therapeutic efficacy was judged by the ability of the drug under study to improve exercise capacity and to decrease the rate of severe complications. Completed clinical trials have mainly evaluated patients with relatively advanced disease. Despite these advances, responses to therapy in pulmonary arterial hypertension are not uniformly favorable and frequently incomplete. In addition, the methods of delivery and the adverse effect profile of the currently available pulmonary arterial hypertension-specific drugs create further management difficulties. Based on newly identified pathobiologic abnormalities in the pulmonary vasculature, future studies are likely to focus on the discovery of new therapeutic targets. Clinical trial design will continue to evolve in an attempt to enable inclusion of patients with less advanced disease and evaluation of treatment combinations or comparisons of the currently approved drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Sulica
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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166
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Osano A, Yokoyama Y, Hayashi H, Itoh K, Okura T, Deguchi Y, Ito Y, Yamada S. Bladder Endothelin-1 Receptor Binding of Bosentan and Ambrisentan. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 124:86-91. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13198fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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167
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Matsuki K, Hathaway CK, Lawrence MG, Smithies O, Kakoki M. The role of transforming growth factor β1 in the regulation of blood pressure. Curr Hypertens Rev 2014; 10:223-38. [PMID: 25801626 PMCID: PMC4842018 DOI: 10.2174/157340211004150319123313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Although human association studies suggest a link between polymorphisms in the gene encoding transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 and differing blood pressure levels, a causative mechanism for this correlation remains elusive. Recently we have generated a series of mice with graded expression of TGFβ1, ranging from approximately 10% to 300% compared to normal. We have found that blood pressure and plasma volume are negatively regulated by TGFβ1. Of note, the 10% hypomorph exhibits primary aldosteronism and markedly impaired urinary excretion of water and electrolytes. We here review previous literature highlighting the importance of TGFβ signaling as a natriuretic system, which we postulate is a causative mechanism explaining how polymorphisms in TGFβ1 could influence blood pressure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Masao Kakoki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7525, 701 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA.
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168
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Yokoyama Y, Osano A, Hayashi H, Itoh K, Okura T, Deguchi Y, Ito Y, Yamada S. Endothelin-1 Receptors in Rat Tissues: Characterization by Bosentan, Ambrisentan and CI-1020. Biol Pharm Bull 2014; 37:461-5. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b13-00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinari Yokoyama
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Genetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Ayaka Osano
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Genetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Hideki Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Genetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Kunihiko Itoh
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Genetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Takashi Okura
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition & Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University
| | - Yoshiharu Deguchi
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition & Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University
| | - Yoshihiko Ito
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Genetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Shizuo Yamada
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Genetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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169
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The profibrotic role of endothelin-1: is the door still open for the treatment of fibrotic diseases? Life Sci 2013; 118:156-64. [PMID: 24378671 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The endothelin (ET) system consists of two G-protein-coupled receptors (ETA and ETB), three peptide ligands (ET-1, ET-2 and ET-3), and two activating peptidases (endothelin-converting enzyme-, ECE-1 and ECE-2). While initially described as a vasoregulatory factor, shown to influence several cardiovascular diseases, from hypertension to heart failure, ET-1, the predominant form in most cells and tissues, has expanded its pathophysiological relevance by recent evidences implicating this factor in the regulation of fibrosis. In this article, we review the current knowledge of the role of ET-1 in the development of fibrosis, with particular focus on the regulation of its biosynthesis and the molecular mechanisms involved in its profibrotic actions. We summarize also the contribution of ET-1 to fibrotic disorders in several organs and tissues. The development and availability of specific ET receptor antagonists have greatly stimulated a number of clinical trials in these pathologies that unfortunately have so far given negative or inconclusive results. This review finally discusses the circumstances underlying these disappointing results, as well as provides basic and clinical researchers with arguments to keep exploring the complex physiology of ET-1 and its therapeutic potential in the process of fibrosis.
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170
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ET-1-induced growth promoting responses involving ERK1/2 and PKB signaling and Egr-1 expression are mediated by Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase-II in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cell Calcium 2013; 54:428-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wenner MM, Taylor HS, Stachenfeld NS. Androgens influence microvascular dilation in PCOS through ET-A and ET-B receptors. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E818-25. [PMID: 23921139 PMCID: PMC3798701 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00343.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyperandrogenism and vascular dysfunction often coexist in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We hypothesized that testosterone compromises cutaneous microvascular dilation in women with PCOS via the endothelin-1 ET-B subtype receptor. To control and isolate testosterone's effects on microvascular dilation, we administered a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRHant) for 11 days in obese, otherwise healthy women [controls, 22.0 (4) yr, 36.0 (3.2) kg/m(2)] or women with PCOS [23 (4) yr, 35.4 (1.3) kg/m(2)], adding testosterone (T; 2.5 mg/day) on days 8-11. Using laser Doppler flowmetry and cutaneous microdialysis, we measured changes in skin microcirculatory responsiveness (ΔCVC) to local heating while perfusing ET-A (BQ-123) and ET-B (BQ-788) receptor antagonists under three experimental conditions: baseline (BL; prehormone intervention), GnRHant (day 4 of administration), and T administration. At BL, ET-A receptor inhibition enhanced heat-induced vasodilation in both groups [ΔCVC control 2.03 (0.65), PCOS 2.10 (0.25), AU/mmHg, P < 0.05]; ET-B receptor inhibition reduced vasodilation in controls only [ΔCVC 0.98 (0.39), 1.41 (0.45) AU/mmHg for controls, PCOS] compared with saline [ΔCVC controls 1.27 (0.48), PCOS 1.31 (0.13) AU/mmHg]. GnRHant enhanced vasodilation in PCOS [saline ΔCVC 1.69 (0.23) AU/mmHg vs. BL, P < 0.05] and abolished the ET-A effect in both groups, a response reasserted with T in controls. ET-B receptor inhibition reduced heat-induced vasodilation in both groups during GnRHant and T [ΔCVC, controls: 0.95 (0.21) vs. 0.51 (13); PCOS: 1.27 (0.23) vs. 0.84 (0.27); for GnRHant vs. T, P < 0.05]. These data demonstrate that androgen suppression improves microvascular dilation in PCOS via ET-A and ET-B receptors.
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172
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Moreira IS. Structural features of the G-protein/GPCR interactions. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:16-33. [PMID: 24016604 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The details of the functional interaction between G proteins and the G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) have long been subjected to extensive investigations with structural and functional assays and a large number of computational studies. SCOPE OF REVIEW The nature and sites of interaction in the G-protein/GPCR complexes, and the specificities of these interactions selecting coupling partners among the large number of families of GPCRs and G protein forms, are still poorly defined. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Many of the contact sites between the two proteins in specific complexes have been identified, but the three dimensional molecular architecture of a receptor-Gα interface is only known for one pair. Consequently, many fundamental questions regarding this macromolecular assembly and its mechanism remain unanswered. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE In the context of current structural data we review the structural details of the interfaces and recognition sites in complexes of sub-family A GPCRs with cognate G-proteins, with special emphasis on the consequences of activation on GPCR structure, the prevalence of preassembled GPCR/G-protein complexes, the key structural determinants for selective coupling and the possible involvement of GPCR oligomerization in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina S Moreira
- REQUIMTE/Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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173
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Cao L, Cao YX, Xu CB, Edvinsson L. Altered endothelin receptor expression and affinity in spontaneously hypertensive rat cerebral and coronary arteries. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73761. [PMID: 24023902 PMCID: PMC3759417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertension is associated with arterial hyperreactivity, and endothelin (ET) receptors are involved in vascular pathogenesis. The present study was performed to examine the hypothesis that ET receptors were altered in cerebral and coronary arteries of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Methodology/Principal Findings Cerebral and coronary arteries were removed from SHR. Vascular contraction was recorded using a sensitive myograph system. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to quantify mRNA and protein expression of receptors and essential MAPK pathway molecules. The results demonstrated that both ETA and ETB receptor-mediated contractile responses in SHR cerebral arteries were shifted to the left in a nonparallel manner with increased maximum contraction compared with Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. In SHR coronary arteries, the ETA receptor-mediated contraction curve was shifted to the left in parallel with an increased pEC50 compared with the arteries in WKY rats. There was no significant increase in ETB receptor-mediated contraction in SHR coronary arteries. ETA receptor mRNA and protein expression was increased in SHR cerebral arteries compared with the arteries in WKY rats. However, ETA receptor mRNA and protein levels in coronary arteries and ETB receptor protein levels in cerebral and coronary arteries remained unchanged in SHR compared with WKY rats. Meanwhile, phosphorylated ERK1/2 protein was significantly increased in SHR brain and heart vessels. Conclusions/Significance In SHR cerebral arteries, ETA receptor expression was upregulated. ETA receptor affinity was increased in coronary arteries, and ETB receptor affinity was increased in cerebral arteries. The ERK1/2 activation may be involved in the receptor alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Institute of Clinical Sciences in Lund, Lund University, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Yong-Xiao Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi’an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cang-Bao Xu
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Institute of Clinical Sciences in Lund, Lund University, Sweden
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Institute of Clinical Sciences in Lund, Lund University, Sweden
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174
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Kohan DE. Role of collecting duct endothelin in control of renal function and blood pressure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R659-68. [PMID: 23986358 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00345.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Over 26,000 manuscripts have been published dealing with endothelins since their discovery 25 years ago. These peptides, and particularly endothelin-1 (ET-1), are expressed by, bind to, and act on virtually every cell type in the body, influencing multiple biological functions. Among these actions, the effects of ET-1 on arterial pressure and volume homeostasis have been most extensively studied. While ET-1 modulates arterial pressure through regulation of multiple organ systems, the peptide's actions in the kidney in general, and the collecting duct in particular, are of unique importance. The collecting duct produces large amounts of ET-1 that bind in an autocrine manner to endothelin A and B receptors, causing inhibition of Na(+) and water reabsorption; absence of collecting duct ET-1 or its receptors is associated with marked salt-sensitive hypertension. Collecting duct ET-1 production is stimulated by Na(+) and water loading through local mechanisms that include sensing of salt and other solute delivery as well as shear stress. Thus the collecting duct ET-1 system exists, at least in part, to detect alterations in, and maintain homeostasis for, extracellular fluid volume. Derangements in collecting duct ET-1 production may contribute to the pathogenesis of genetic hypertension. Blockade of endothelin receptors causes fluid retention due, in large part, to inhibition of the action of ET-1 in the collecting duct; this side effect has substantially limited the clinical utility of this class of drugs. Herein, the biology of the collecting duct ET-1 system is reviewed, with particular emphasis on key issues and questions that need addressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald E Kohan
- Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
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175
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McKenzie GAG, Hinsley EE, Hunter K, Lambert DW. The endothelin axis in head and neck cancer: a promising therapeutic opportunity? J Oral Pathol Med 2013; 43:395-404. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon A. G. McKenzie
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences; University of Birmingham; Edgbaston UK
- Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology; School of Clinical Dentistry; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Emma E. Hinsley
- Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology; School of Clinical Dentistry; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Keith Hunter
- Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology; School of Clinical Dentistry; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Daniel W. Lambert
- Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology; School of Clinical Dentistry; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
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176
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Moorhouse RC, Webb DJ, Kluth DC, Dhaun N. Endothelin Antagonism and Its Role in the Treatment of Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2013; 15:489-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s11906-013-0380-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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177
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Gras D, Chanez P, Vachier I, Petit A, Bourdin A. Bronchial epithelium as a target for innovative treatments in asthma. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 140:290-305. [PMID: 23880290 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence of a critical role played by the bronchial epithelium in airway homeostasis is opening new therapeutic avenues. Its unique situation at the interface with the environment suggests that the subtle regulation orchestrated by the epithelium between tolerance and specific immune response might be impaired in asthma. Airway mucus is acting as a physical and a biological fluid between the environment and the epithelium, synergistically moved by the cilia. In asthma, excessive mucus production is a hallmark of airway remodeling. Since many years we tried to therapeutically target mucus hypersecretion, but actually this option is still not achieved. The present review discusses the dynamic processes regulating airway mucus production. Airway inflammation is central in current asthma management. Understanding of how the airway epithelium influences the TH2 paradigm in response to deleterious agents is improving. The multiple receptors expressed by the airway epithelium are the transducers of the biological signals induced by various invasive agents to develop the most adapted response. Airway remodeling is observed in severe chronic airway diseases and may result from ongoing disturbance of signal transduction and epithelial renewal. Chronic airway diseases such as asthma will require assessment of these epithelial abnormalities to identify phenotypic characteristics associated with predicting a clinical benefit for epithelial-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Gras
- UMR INSERM U1067 CNRS 7333, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
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178
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Kallakuri S, Kreipke CW, Rossi N, Rafols JA, Petrov T. Spatial alterations in endothelin receptor expression are temporally associated with the altered microcirculation after brain trauma. Neurol Res 2013; 29:362-8. [PMID: 17626731 DOI: 10.1179/016164107x204675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the cellular distribution of endothelin receptors A and B (ETrA and ETrB) in the post-traumatic sensorimotor cortex and hippocampus. MATERIALS AND METHODS We inflicted closed head trauma to male Sprague-Dawley rats and visualized ETrA and ETrB immunoreactivity with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine. RESULTS ETrA immunolabeling was the most prominent in pyramidal neurons 24 and 48 hours post-trauma, while it reached its peak in the microvasculature at hour 4. ETrB immunolabeling was observed in endothelial cells, perivascular neurons, smooth muscle cells (SM) and pericytes, the expression being the most pronounced 24 hours post-trauma. DISCUSSION The results suggest that the vasoconstrictor effect of endothelin-1 (ET-1) is mediated primarily by ETrA. The dual effects of ETrB are reflected in its vasoconstrictor role at the vascular bed and conversely, in the attenuation of ET-1 availability and synthesis. We conclude that both receptors play a role in the disturbed microvascular autoregulation and in the sustained reduction of blood flow following trauma to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasu Kallakuri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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179
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Abstract
The kidney plays a fundamental role in maintaining body salt and fluid balance and blood pressure homeostasis through the actions of its proximal and distal tubular segments of nephrons. However, proximal tubules are well recognized to exert a more prominent role than distal counterparts. Proximal tubules are responsible for reabsorbing approximately 65% of filtered load and most, if not all, of filtered amino acids, glucose, solutes, and low molecular weight proteins. Proximal tubules also play a key role in regulating acid-base balance by reabsorbing approximately 80% of filtered bicarbonate. The purpose of this review article is to provide a comprehensive overview of new insights and perspectives into current understanding of proximal tubules of nephrons, with an emphasis on the ultrastructure, molecular biology, cellular and integrative physiology, and the underlying signaling transduction mechanisms. The review is divided into three closely related sections. The first section focuses on the classification of nephrons and recent perspectives on the potential role of nephron numbers in human health and diseases. The second section reviews recent research on the structural and biochemical basis of proximal tubular function. The final section provides a comprehensive overview of new insights and perspectives in the physiological regulation of proximal tubular transport by vasoactive hormones. In the latter section, attention is particularly paid to new insights and perspectives learnt from recent cloning of transporters, development of transgenic animals with knockout or knockin of a particular gene of interest, and mapping of signaling pathways using microarrays and/or physiological proteomic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia L Zhuo
- Laboratory of Receptor and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.
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180
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Drawnel FM, Archer CR, Roderick HL. The role of the paracrine/autocrine mediator endothelin-1 in regulation of cardiac contractility and growth. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:296-317. [PMID: 22946456 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a critical autocrine and paracrine regulator of cardiac physiology and pathology. Produced locally within the myocardium in response to diverse mechanical and neurohormonal stimuli, ET-1 acutely modulates cardiac contractility. During pathological cardiovascular conditions such as ischaemia, left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure, myocyte expression and activity of the entire ET-1 system is enhanced, allowing the peptide to both initiate and maintain maladaptive cellular responses. Both the acute and chronic effects of ET-1 are dependent on the activation of intracellular signalling pathways, regulated by the inositol-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol produced upon activation of the ET(A) receptor. Subsequent stimulation of protein kinases C and D, calmodulin-dependent kinase II, calcineurin and MAPKs modifies the systolic calcium transient, myofibril function and the activity of transcription factors that coordinate cellular remodelling. The precise nature of the cellular response to ET-1 is governed by the timing, localization and context of such signals, allowing the peptide to regulate both cardiomyocyte physiology and instigate disease. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Endothelin. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.168.issue-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faye M Drawnel
- Babraham Research Campus, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
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181
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Kittikulsuth W, Sullivan JC, Pollock DM. ET-1 actions in the kidney: evidence for sex differences. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:318-26. [PMID: 22372527 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension and chronic kidney disease are more common in men than in premenopausal women at the same age. In animal models, females are relatively protected against genetic or pharmacological procedures that produce high blood pressure and renal injury. Overactivation or dysfunction of the endothelin (ET) system modulates the progression of hypertension or kidney diseases with the ET(A) receptor primarily mediating vasoconstriction, injury and anti-natriuresis, and ET(B) receptors having opposite effects. The purpose of this review is to examine the role of the ET system in the kidney with a focus on the inequality between the sexes associated with the susceptibility to and progression of hypertension and kidney diseases. In most animal models, males have higher renal ET-1 mRNA expression, greater ET(A) -mediated responses, including renal medullary vasoconstriction, and increased renal injury. These differences are reduced following gonadectomy suggesting a role for sex hormones, mainly testosterone. In contrast, females are relatively protected from high blood pressure and kidney damage via increased ET(B) versus ET(A) receptor function. Furthermore, ET(A) receptors may have a favourable effect on sodium excretion and reducing renal damage in females. In human studies, the genetic polymorphisms of the ET system are more associated with hypertension and renal injury in women. However, the knowledge of sex differences in the efficacy or adverse events of ET(A) antagonists in the treatment of hypertension and kidney disease is poorly described. Increased understanding how the ET system acts differently in the kidneys between sexes, especially with regard to receptor subtype function, could lead to better treatments for hypertension and renal disease. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Endothelin. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.168.issue-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kittikulsuth
- Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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182
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Intracrine endothelin signaling evokes IP3-dependent increases in nucleoplasmic Ca²⁺ in adult cardiac myocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 62:189-202. [PMID: 23756157 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin receptors are present on the nuclear membranes in adult cardiac ventricular myocytes. The objectives of the present study were to determine 1) which endothelin receptor subtype is in cardiac nuclear membranes, 2) if the receptor and ligand traffic from the cell surface to the nucleus, and 3) the effect of increased intracellular ET-1 on nuclear Ca(2+) signaling. Confocal microscopy using fluorescently-labeled endothelin analogs confirmed the presence of ETB at the nuclear membrane of rat cardiomyocytes in skinned-cells and isolated nuclei. Furthermore, in both cardiac myocytes and aortic endothelial cells, endocytosed ET:ETB complexes translocated to lysosomes and not the nuclear envelope. Although ETA and ETB can form heterodimers, the presence or absence of ETA did not alter ETB trafficking. Treatment of isolated nuclei with peptide: N-glycosidase F did not alter the electrophoretic mobility of ETB. The absence of N-glycosylation further indicates that these receptors did not originate at the cell surface. Intracellular photolysis of a caged ET-1 analog ([Trp-ODMNB(21)]ET-1) evoked an increase in nucleoplasmic Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]n) that was attenuated by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor inhibitor 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate and prevented by pre-treatment with ryanodine. A caged cell-permeable analog of the ETB-selective antagonist IRL-2500 blocked the ability of intracellular cET-1 to increase [Ca(2+)]n whereas extracellular application of ETA and ETB receptor antagonists did not. These data suggest that 1) the endothelin receptor in the cardiac nuclear membranes is ETB, 2) ETB traffics directly to the nuclear membrane after biosynthesis, 3) exogenous endothelins are not ligands for ETB on nuclear membranes, and 4) ETB associated with the nuclear membranes regulates nuclear Ca(2+) signaling.
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183
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Pacheco-Quinto J, Herdt A, Eckman CB, Eckman EA. Endothelin-converting enzymes and related metalloproteases in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2013; 33 Suppl 1:S101-10. [PMID: 22903130 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2012-129043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The efficient clearance of amyloid-β (Aβ) is essential to modulate levels of the peptide in the brain and to prevent it from accumulating in senile plaques, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology.We and others have shown that failure in Aβ catabolism can produce elevations in Aβ concentration similar to those observed in familial forms of AD. Based on the available evidence, it remains plausible that in late-onset AD, disturbances in the activity of Aβ degrading enzymes could induce Aβ accumulation, and that this increase could result in AD pathology. The following review presents a historical perspective of the parallel discovery of three vasopeptidases (neprilysin and endothelin-converting enzymes-1 and -2) as important Aβ degrading enzymes. The recognition of the role of these vasopeptidases in Aβ degradation, beyond bringing to light a possible explanation of how cardiovascular risk factors may influence AD risk, highlights a possible risk of the use of inhibitors of these enzymes for other clinical indications such as hypertension. We will discuss in detail the experiments conducted to assess the impact of vasopeptidase deficiency (through pharmacological inhibition or genetic mutation) on Aβ accumulation, as well as the cooperative effect of multiple Aβ degrading enzymes to regulate the concentration of the peptide at multiple sites, both intracellular and extracellular, throughout the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pacheco-Quinto
- Biomedical Research Institute of New Jersey, MidAtlantic Neonatology Associates, and Atlantic Health System, Morristown, NJ, USA
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184
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Kumar S, Oishi PE, Rafikov R, Aggarwal S, Hou Y, Datar SA, Sharma S, Azakie A, Fineman JR, Black SM. Tezosentan increases nitric oxide signaling via enhanced hydrogen peroxide generation in lambs with surgically induced acute increases in pulmonary blood flow. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:435-447. [PMID: 22961736 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that acute increases in pulmonary blood flow (PBF) are limited by a compensatory increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) via an endothelin-1 (ET-1) dependent decrease in nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity. The mechanisms underlying the reduction in NO signaling are unresolved. Thus, the purpose of this study was to elucidate mechanisms of this ET-1-NO interaction. Pulmonary arterial endothelial cells were acutely exposed to shear stress in the presence or absence of tezosentan, a combined ET(A) /ET(B) receptor antagonist. Shear increased NO(x) , eNOS phospho-Ser1177, and H(2) O(2) and decreased catalase activity; tezosentan enhanced, while ET-1 attenuated all of these changes. In addition, ET-1 increased eNOS phospho-Thr495 levels. In lambs, 4 h of increased PBF decreased H(2) O(2) , eNOS phospho-Ser1177, and NO(X) levels, and increased eNOS phospho-Thr495, phospho-catalase, and catalase activity. These changes were reversed by tezosentan. PEG-catalase reversed the positive effects of tezosentan on NO signaling. In all groups, opening the shunt resulted in a rapid increase in PBF by 30 min. In vehicle- and tezosentan/PEG-catalase lambs, PBF did not change further over the 4 h study period. PVR fell by 30 min in vehicle- and tezosentan-treated lambs, and by 60 min in tezosentan/PEG-catalase-treated lambs. In vehicle- and tezosentan/PEG-catalase lambs, PVR did not change further over the 4 h study period. In tezosentan-treated lambs, PBF continued to increase and LPVR to decrease over the 4 h study period. We conclude that acute increases in PBF are limited by an ET-1 dependent decrease in NO production via alterations in catalase activity, H(2) O(2) levels, and eNOS phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Kumar
- Pulmonary Disease Program, Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta GA 30912
| | - Peter E Oishi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco CA 94143.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco CA 94143
| | - Ruslan Rafikov
- Pulmonary Disease Program, Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta GA 30912
| | - Saurabh Aggarwal
- Pulmonary Disease Program, Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta GA 30912
| | - Yali Hou
- Pulmonary Disease Program, Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta GA 30912
| | - Sanjeev A Datar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco CA 94143
| | - Shruti Sharma
- Pulmonary Disease Program, Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta GA 30912
| | - Anthony Azakie
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco CA 94143
| | - Jeffrey R Fineman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco CA 94143.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco CA 94143
| | - Stephen M Black
- Pulmonary Disease Program, Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta GA 30912
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185
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Wang X, Xiang Y, Ren Z, Zhang Y, Qiao Y. Rational questing for inhibitors of endothelin converting enzyme-1 from Salvia miltiorrhiza by combining ligand- and structure-based virtual screening. CAN J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2012-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a virtual screening approach based on pharmacophore and molecular docking was proposed to identify endothelin converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1) (EC 3.4.24.71) inhibitors from Salvia miltiorrhiza. First, the pharmacophore models were generated to recognize the common features of the ECE-1 inhibitors. The models were validated by a test database composed by a set of compounds known as ECE-1 inhibitors and nonactive compounds and proven to be successful in discriminating active and inactive inhibitors. Then, the best pharmacophore model was used to screen the compounds from S. miltiorrhiza. Furthermore, the Surflex-Dock procedure was used for molecular docking. All compounds from S. miltiorrhiza were docked into the active site of the target protein. An empirical scoring function was used to evaluate the affinity of the compounds and the target protein. Comparing the virtual screening results based on pharmacophore and molecular docking, respectively, 11 communal compounds with higher QFIT and docking score were hit, and the activity of some compounds was validated in the literature. The binding modes between these compounds and the ECE-1 binding site were predicted and used to identify the key interactions that contribute to the inhibitory activity of ECE-1 activity. The results show that the two methods have good consistency and can be validated and supplemented with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yuhong Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhenzhen Ren
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yanjiang Qiao
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
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186
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Meyers KEC, Sethna C. Endothelin antagonists in hypertension and kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2013; 28:711-20. [PMID: 23070275 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-012-2316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The endothelin (ET) system seems to play a pivotal role in hypertension and in proteinuric kidney disease, including the micro- and macro-vascular complications of diabetes. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a multifunctional peptide that primarily acts as a potent vasoconstrictor with direct effects on systemic vasculature and the kidney. ET-1 and ET receptors are expressed in the vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and macrophages in systemic vasculature and arterioles of the kidney, and are associated with collagen accumulation, inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and renal fibrosis. Experimental evidence and recent clinical studies suggest that endothelin receptor blockade, in particular selective ETAR blockade, holds promise in the treatment of hypertension, proteinuria, and diabetes. Concomitant blockade of the ETB receptor is not usually beneficial and may lead to vasoconstriction and salt and water retention. The side-effect profile of ET receptor antagonists and relatively poor antagonist selectivity for ETA receptor are limitations that need to be addressed. This review will discuss what is currently known about the endothelin system, the role of ET-1 in the pathogenesis of hypertension and kidney disease, and summarize literature on the therapeutic potential of endothelin system antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin E C Meyers
- Nephrology Division, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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187
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Lee AY, Noh M. The regulation of epidermal melanogenesis via cAMP and/or PKC signaling pathways: insights for the development of hypopigmenting agents. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:792-801. [PMID: 23604723 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal pigmentation, particularly hyperpigmentation, is major issue of concern for people with colored skin. Several hypopigmenting agents, which exert their action by inhibiting tyrosinase activity and/or transcription, have been used for treatment. However, results have been discouraging. To manage abnormal pigmentation properly, the mechanisms of melanogenesis should be understood. Endogenous and exogenous factors affect melanogenesis via intracellular machineries. cAMP and PKC are critical factors of important transduction pathways and cross-talk between them could amplify the melanogenic effect. Here, factors involved in melanogenesis regulation via cAMP and/or PKC pathways are reviewed with their action mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Seoul, Graduate School of Medicine, 814 Siksa-dong, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 410-773, South Korea.
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188
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Houde M, Jamain MD, Labonté J, Desbiens L, Pejler G, Gurish M, Takai S, D'Orléans-Juste P. Pivotal role of mouse mast cell protease 4 in the conversion and pressor properties of Big-endothelin-1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 346:31-7. [PMID: 23596057 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.202275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The serine protease chymase has been reported to generate intracardiac angiotensin-II (Ang-II) from Ang-I as well as an intermediate precursor of endothelin-1 (ET-1), ET-1 (1-31) from Big-ET-1. Although humans possess only one chymase, several murine isoforms are documented, each with its own specific catalytic activity. Among these, mouse mast cell protease 4 (mMCP-4) is the isoform most similar to the human chymase for its activity. The aim of this study was to characterize the capacity of mMCP-4 to convert Big-ET-1 into its bioactive metabolite, ET-1, in vitro and in vivo in the mouse model. Basal mean arterial pressure did not differ between wild-type (WT) and mMCP-4(-/-) mice. Systemic administration of Big-ET-1 triggered pressor responses and increased blood levels of immunoreactive (IR) ET-1 (1-31) and ET-1 that were reduced by more than 50% in mMCP-4 knockout (-/-) mice compared with WT controls. Residual responses to Big-ET-1 in mMCP-4(-/-) mice were insensitive to the enkephalinase/neutral endopeptidase inhibitor thiorphan and the specific chymase inhibitor TY-51469 {2-[4-(5-fluoro-3-methylbenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)sulfonamido-3-methanesulfonylphenyl]thiazole-4-carboxylic acid}. Soluble fractions from the lungs, left cardiac ventricle, aorta, and kidneys of WT but not mMCP-4(-/-) mice generated ET-1 (1-31) from exogenous Big-ET-1 in a TY-51469-sensitive fashion as detected by high-performance liquid chromatography/ matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry. Finally, pulmonary endogenous levels of IR-ET-1 were reduced by more than 40% in tissues derived from mMCP-4(-/-) mice compared with WT mice. Our results show that mMCP-4 plays a pivotal role in the dynamic conversion of systemic Big-ET-1 to ET-1 in the mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Houde
- Department of Pharmacology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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189
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Hiyama TY, Yoshida M, Matsumoto M, Suzuki R, Matsuda T, Watanabe E, Noda M. Endothelin-3 expression in the subfornical organ enhances the sensitivity of Na(x), the brain sodium-level sensor, to suppress salt intake. Cell Metab 2013; 17:507-19. [PMID: 23541371 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Salt homeostasis is essential to survival, but brain mechanisms for salt-intake control have not been fully elucidated. Here, we found that the sensitivity of Na(x) channels to [Na(+)](o) is dose-dependently enhanced by endothelin-3 (ET-3). Na(x) channels began to open when [Na(+)](o) exceeded ~150 mM without ET-3, but opened fully at a physiological [Na(+)](o) (135–145 mM) with 1 nM ET-3. Importantly, ET-3 was expressed in the subfornical organ (SFO) along with Nax, and the level was robustly increased by dehydration. Pharmacological experiments revealed that endothelin receptor B (ET(B)R) signaling is involved in this modulation of Na(x) gating through protein kinase C and ERK1/2 activation. ET(B)R agonists increased the firing rate of GABAergic neurons via lactate in the SFO, and an ET(B)R antagonist attenuated salt aversion during dehydration. These results indicate that ET-3 expression in the SFO is tightly coupled with body-fluid homeostasis through modulation of the [Na(+)](o) sensitivity of Na(x).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Y Hiyama
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
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190
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Yuen TJ, Johnson KR, Miron VE, Zhao C, Quandt J, Harrisingh MC, Swire M, Williams A, McFarland HF, Franklin RJM, ffrench-Constant C. Identification of endothelin 2 as an inflammatory factor that promotes central nervous system remyelination. Brain 2013; 136:1035-47. [PMID: 23518706 PMCID: PMC3613712 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new regenerative therapies for multiple sclerosis is hindered by the lack of potential targets for enhancing remyelination. The study of naturally regenerative processes such as the innate immune response represents a powerful approach for target discovery to solve this problem. By 'mining' these processes using transcriptional profiling we can identify candidate factors that can then be tested individually in clinically-relevant models of demyelination and remyelination. Here, therefore, we have examined a previously described in vivo model of the innate immune response in which zymosan-induced macrophage activation in the retina promotes myelin sheath formation by oligodendrocytes generated from transplanted precursor cells. While this model is not itself clinically relevant, it does provide a logical starting point for this study as factors that promote myelination must be present. Microarray analysis of zymosan-treated retinae identified several cytokines (CXCL13, endothelin 2, CCL20 and CXCL2) to be significantly upregulated. When tested in a cerebellar slice culture model, CXCL13 and endothelin 2 promoted myelination and endothelin 2 also promoted remyelination. In studies to identify the receptor responsible for this regenerative effect of endothelin 2, analysis of both remyelination following experimental demyelination and of different stages of multiple sclerosis lesions in human post-mortem tissue revealed high levels of endothelin receptor type B in oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Confirming a role for this receptor in remyelination, small molecule agonists and antagonists of endothelin receptor type B administered in slice cultures promoted and inhibited remyelination, respectively. Antagonists of endothelin receptor type B also inhibited remyelination of experimentally-generated demyelination in vivo. Our work therefore identifies endothelin 2 and the endothelin receptor type B as a regenerative pathway and suggests that endothelin receptor type B agonists represent a promising therapeutic approach to promote myelin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy J. Yuen
- 1 MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and MS Society/University of Edinburgh Centre for Translational Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- 2 Wellcome Trust MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- 3 Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kory R. Johnson
- 4 Bioinformatics Section, Information Technology and Bioinformatics Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Veronique E. Miron
- 1 MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and MS Society/University of Edinburgh Centre for Translational Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Chao Zhao
- 2 Wellcome Trust MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jacqueline Quandt
- 3 Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marie C. Harrisingh
- 1 MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and MS Society/University of Edinburgh Centre for Translational Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Matthew Swire
- 1 MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and MS Society/University of Edinburgh Centre for Translational Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anna Williams
- 1 MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and MS Society/University of Edinburgh Centre for Translational Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Henry F. McFarland
- 3 Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robin J. M. Franklin
- 2 Wellcome Trust MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Charles ffrench-Constant
- 1 MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and MS Society/University of Edinburgh Centre for Translational Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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191
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Cai J, Chen J, Cao M, Wang P, Feng C, Ji M. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of benzofuran derivatives as ET receptor antagonists. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0542-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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192
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Abstract
Since its discovery over 20 years ago endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been implicated in a number of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Its role in the development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is well established and is an area of ongoing intense research. There are now available a number of ET receptor antagonists many of which have been used in trials with CKD patients and shown to reduce BP and proteinuria. However, ET-1 has a number of BP-independent effects. Importantly, and in relation to the kidney, ET-1 has clear roles to play in cell proliferation, podocyte dysfunction, inflammation and fibrosis, and arguably, these actions of ET-1 may be more significant in the progression of CKD than its prohypertensive actions. This review will focus on the potential role of ET-1 in renal disease with an emphasis on its BP-independent actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Dhaun
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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193
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Yamamoto T, Ono K, Hitomi S, Harano N, Sago T, Yoshida M, Nunomaki M, Shiiba S, Watanabe S, Nakanishi O, Inenaga K. Endothelin receptor-mediated responses in trigeminal ganglion neurons. J Dent Res 2013; 92:335-9. [PMID: 23396520 DOI: 10.1177/0022034513478428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence implicates endothelin in nociception, but it is unclear how endothelin activates trigeminal ganglion (TRG) neurons. In the present study, we investigated the expression of the endothelin receptors ETA and ETB and endothelin-induced responses in rat TRG neurons. Double-immunofluorescence studies demonstrated that ETA and ETB were expressed in TRG neurons and that 26% of ETA- or ETB-expressing neurons expressed both receptors. During whole-cell patch-clamp recording, endothelin-1 enhanced an induced current in response to capsaicin, a TRPV1 agonist, in approximately 20% of dissociated neurons. The enhancement was blocked by the PKC inhibitor chelerythrine and by the ETA antagonist BQ-123, but not by the ETB antagonist BQ-788. Ca(2+)-imaging showed that endothelin-1 increased the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration in more than 20% of the dissociated neurons. Importantly, unlike the effect of endothelin-1 on capsaicin-induced current, the Ca(2+) response was largely suppressed by BQ-788 but not by BQ-123. These results suggest that ETA-mediated TRPV1 hyperactivation via PKC activation and ETB-mediated Ca(2+) mobilization occurs in different subsets of TRG neurons. These endothelin-induced responses may contribute to the induction of orofacial pain. The ETB-mediated function in TRG neurons is a special feature in the trigeminal system because of no ETB expression in dorsal root ganglion neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamamoto
- Division of Physiology, Kokurakitaku, Kitakyushu, Japan
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194
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Kourti P, Zarogiannis SG, Liakopoulos V, Karioti A, Eleftheriadis T, Hatzoglou C, Gourgoulianis K, Molyvdas PA, Stefanidis I. Endothelin-1 acutely reduces the permeability of visceral sheep peritoneum in vitro through both endothelin-A and endothelin-B receptors. Artif Organs 2013; 37:308-12. [PMID: 23369074 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2012.01565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mesothelium is an important part of the peritoneal barrier for water and ion transport, essential for effective peritoneal dialysis (PD). Peritoneal fibrosis has been associated with PD treatment failure. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoactive peptide, involved in pathologic fibrotic processes. Its action is mediated mainly by endothelin type A (ETA ) and type B (ETB ) receptors. The aim of this study was to investigate, by Ussing chamber experiments, the effect of ET-1 on the transmesothelial electrical resistance (RTM ) of the isolated visceral sheep peritoneum. Intact sheets of visceral peritoneum were obtained from 40 adult sheep and mounted in Ussing-type chambers. ET-1 (10(-7) M), BQ-123 (ETA receptor antagonist; 10(-6) M), BQ-788 (ETB receptor antagonist; 10(-6) M), and their combinations were added on the apical and the basolateral side of the peritoneum. RTM was measured before and serially after addition of the substances, and changes were registered as percentage (ΔRTM %). RTM increased within 1 min after addition of ET-1 apically (ΔRTM 65.03 ± 15.87%; P < 0.05) or basolaterally (ΔRTM 85.5 ± 20.86%; P < 0.05). BQ-123 and BQ-788 and their combination significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the effect of ET-1 to a similar degree in all cases. These results clearly indicate that ET-1 reduces ionic permeability of the visceral sheep peritoneum in vitro. Additionally, it is obvious that this inhibitory effect is mediated through both ETA and ETB receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Kourti
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
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195
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Sato A, Ebina K. Endothelin-3 at low concentrations attenuates inflammatory responses via the endothelin B2 receptor. Inflamm Res 2013; 62:417-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0594-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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196
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Hyter S, Coleman DJ, Ganguli-Indra G, Merrill GF, Ma S, Yanagisawa M, Indra AK. Endothelin-1 is a transcriptional target of p53 in epidermal keratinocytes and regulates ultraviolet-induced melanocyte homeostasis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:247-58. [PMID: 23279852 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocytes contribute to melanocyte activity by influencing their microenvironment, in part, through secretion of paracrine factors. Here, we discovered that p53 directly regulates Edn1 expression in epidermal keratinocytes and controls UV-induced melanocyte homeostasis. Selective ablation of endothelin-1 (EDN1) in murine epidermis (EDN1(ep-/-) ) does not alter melanocyte homeostasis in newborn skin but decreases dermal melanocytes in adult skin. Results showed that keratinocytic EDN1 in a non-cell autonomous manner controls melanocyte proliferation, migration, DNA damage, and apoptosis after ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation. Expression of other keratinocyte-derived paracrine factors did not compensate for the loss of EDN1. Topical treatment with EDN1 receptor (EDNRB) antagonist BQ788 abrogated UV-induced melanocyte activation and recapitulated the phenotype seen in EDN1(ep-/-) mice. Altogether, the present studies establish an essential role of EDN1 in epidermal keratinocytes to mediate UV-induced melanocyte homeostasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hyter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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197
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Lin CC, Hsieh HL, Shih RH, Chi PL, Cheng SE, Yang CM. Up-regulation of COX-2/PGE2 by endothelin-1 via MAPK-dependent NF-κB pathway in mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:8. [PMID: 23343326 PMCID: PMC3560266 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a proinflammatory mediator and elevated in the regions of several brain injury and inflammatory diseases. The deleterious effects of ET-1 on endothelial cells may aggravate brain inflammation mediated through the regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) system in various cell types. However, the signaling mechanisms underlying ET-1-induced COX-2 expression in brain microvascular endothelial cells remain unclear. Herein we investigated the effects of ET-1 in COX-2 regulation in mouse brain microvascular endothelial (bEnd.3) cells. Results The data obtained with Western blotting, RT-PCR, and immunofluorescent staining analyses showed that ET-1-induced COX-2 expression was mediated through an ETB-dependent transcriptional activation. Engagement of Gi- and Gq-protein-coupled ETB receptors by ET-1 led to phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and JNK1/2 and then activated transcription factor NF-κB. Moreover, the data of chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and promoter reporter assay demonstrated that the activated NF-κB was translocated into nucleus and bound to its corresponding binding sites in COX-2 promoter, thereby turning on COX-2 gene transcription. Finally, up-regulation of COX-2 by ET-1 promoted PGE2 release in these cells. Conclusions These results suggested that in mouse bEnd.3 cells, activation of NF-κB by ETB-dependent MAPK cascades is essential for ET-1-induced up-regulation of COX-2/PGE2 system. Understanding the mechanisms of COX-2 expression and PGE2 release regulated by ET-1/ETB system on brain microvascular endothelial cells may provide rationally therapeutic interventions for brain injury or inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
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Chen CY, Ho LT, Yang FY, Juan CC, Au LC. Prunellae Spica Extract Contains Antagonists for Human Endothelin Receptors. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2013; 41:85-98. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x13500079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a powerful vasoconstrictor that contributes to blood pressure elevation. The biological effects of ETs are mediated by two receptors, namely, endothelin type A receptor (ETAR) and endothelin type B receptor (ETBR). Chinese herbal medicines (CHM) with antagonist activity for these two receptors were screened by establishing stable clones of CHO-K1 cells expressing high levels of human ETAR and ETBR, namely CHO-ETAR and CHO-ETBR.The aqueous extract of Prunellae Spica (P1) inhibited the binding of 125I-ET-1 to ETAR and ETBR in CHO-ETAR and CHO-ETBR cells, respectively. P1 suppressed the ET-1-induced mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ . Through the alcohol fractionation of P1, the antagonists of human ETAR and ETBR were found to belong to different, separable ingredients and the antagonist of ETAR is more soluble in alcohol. The two antagonists were also effective in the test on human primary cells, HASMC and HUVEC. P1 successfully prevented the development of ET-1-associated hypertension in rats without further purification. These results indicate the presence of anti-hypertensive ingredients in P. Spica extract, at least through the inactivation of ETAR and/or ETBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ying Chen
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Institute of Biotechnology in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Low-Tone Ho
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Feng-Yuan Yang
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Chang Juan
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Lo-Chun Au
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Institute of Biotechnology in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
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199
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Konieczka K, Flammer AJ, Neutzner A, Schoetzau A, Binggeli T, Flammer J. Refractoriness to the effect of endothelin-1 in porcine ciliary arteries. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2013; 29:488-92. [PMID: 23327561 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2012.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Endothelin-1 (ET) is an important molecule in vascular physiology. After an acute stimulation with ET, vessels are to some extent temporarily refractory to further stimulation. However, few details are known about this phenomenon. The aim of our study was to verify the existence of refractoriness in ophthalmic ciliary arteries and, if present, to analyze its time course. METHODS Twenty freshly isolated porcine ciliary arteries were placed in a myograph system to measure isometric forces. Each vessel was stimulated with 10(-7) M ET twice. The experiment was performed in 5 groups of vessels, which differed in the time interval between the initial and the second stimulation with ET. The intervals were 15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, and 4 h, respectively. RESULTS The vasoconstrictive response to re-exposure to ET was time-dependently reduced. The response was lowest after 15 min (22% of baseline response), and then the sensitivity slowly recovered and was finally normal again after 4 h. CONCLUSIONS Our experiment with isolated porcine ophthalmic ciliary arteries revealed a refractoriness phase to ET after an acute stimulation with ET. This refractoriness was transient and disappeared after 4 h. The lowest response was observed in the group of vessels re-exposed 15 min after the first stimulation.
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Loesch A, Dashwood MR, Coppi AA. Immunoreactive Endothelin-1 and Endothelin A Receptor in Basilar Artery Perivascular Nerves of Young and Adult Capybaras. Cells Tissues Organs 2013; 198:47-56. [DOI: 10.1159/000348617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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