151
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Zsichla L, Müller V. Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors. Viruses 2023; 15:175. [PMID: 36680215 PMCID: PMC9863423 DOI: 10.3390/v15010175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 are highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe disease and death. Understanding the risk factors of severe COVID-19 is relevant both in the clinical setting and at the epidemiological level. Here, we provide an overview of host, viral and environmental factors that have been shown or (in some cases) hypothesized to be associated with severe clinical outcomes. The factors considered in detail include the age and frailty, genetic polymorphisms, biological sex (and pregnancy), co- and superinfections, non-communicable comorbidities, immunological history, microbiota, and lifestyle of the patient; viral genetic variation and infecting dose; socioeconomic factors; and air pollution. For each category, we compile (sometimes conflicting) evidence for the association of the factor with COVID-19 outcomes (including the strength of the effect) and outline possible action mechanisms. We also discuss the complex interactions between the various risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Zsichla
- Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Müller
- Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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152
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Aguilar-Bretones M, Fouchier RA, Koopmans MP, van Nierop GP. Impact of antigenic evolution and original antigenic sin on SARS-CoV-2 immunity. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e162192. [PMID: 36594464 PMCID: PMC9797340 DOI: 10.1172/jci162192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and vaccinations targeting the spike protein (S) offer protective immunity against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This immunity may further be shaped by cross-reactivity with common cold coronaviruses. Mutations arising in S that are associated with altered intrinsic virus properties and immune escape result in the continued circulation of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Potentially, vaccine updates will be required to protect against future variants of concern, as for influenza. To offer potent protection against future variants, these second-generation vaccines may need to redirect immunity to epitopes associated with immune escape and not merely boost immunity toward conserved domains in preimmune individuals. For influenza, efficacy of repeated vaccination is hampered by original antigenic sin, an attribute of immune memory that leads to greater induction of antibodies specific to the first-encountered variant of an immunogen compared with subsequent variants. In this Review, recent findings on original antigenic sin are discussed in the context of SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Unanswered questions and future directions are highlighted, with an emphasis on the impact on disease outcome and vaccine design.
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153
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Lusiany T, Xu Z, Saputri DS, Ismanto HS, Nazlica SA, Standley DM. Structural Modeling of Adaptive Immune Responses to Infection. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2552:283-294. [PMID: 36346598 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2609-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Antibody and TCR modeling are becoming important as more and more sequence data becomes available to the public. One of the pressing questions now is how to use such data to understand adaptive immune responses to disease. Infectious disease is of particular interest because the antigens driving such responses are often known to some extent. Here, we describe tips for gathering data and cleaning it for use in downstream analysis. We present a method for high-throughput structural modeling of antibodies or TCRs using Repertoire Builder and its extensions. AbAdapt is an extension of Repertoire Builder for antibody-antigen docking from antibody and antigen sequences. ImmuneScape is a corresponding extension for TCR-pMHC 3D modeling. Together, these pipelines can help researchers to understand immune responses to infection from a structural point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Lusiany
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Zichang Xu
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Dianita S Saputri
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hendra S Ismanto
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | | | - Daron M Standley
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
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154
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Xu Q, Milanez-Almeida P, Martins AJ, Radtke AJ, Hoehn KB, Oguz C, Chen J, Liu C, Tang J, Grubbs G, Stein S, Ramelli S, Kabat J, Behzadpour H, Karkanitsa M, Spathies J, Kalish H, Kardava L, Kirby M, Cheung F, Preite S, Duncker PC, Kitakule MM, Romero N, Preciado D, Gitman L, Koroleva G, Smith G, Shaffer A, McBain IT, McGuire PJ, Pittaluga S, Germain RN, Apps R, Schwartz DM, Sadtler K, Moir S, Chertow DS, Kleinstein SH, Khurana S, Tsang JS, Mudd P, Schwartzberg PL, Manthiram K. Adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 persist in the pharyngeal lymphoid tissue of children. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:186-199. [PMID: 36536106 PMCID: PMC10777159 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01367-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Most studies of adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection focus on peripheral blood, which may not fully reflect immune responses at the site of infection. Using samples from 110 children undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy during the COVID-19 pandemic, we identified 24 samples with evidence of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, including neutralizing antibodies in serum and SARS-CoV-2-specific germinal center and memory B cells in the tonsils and adenoids. Single-cell B cell receptor (BCR) sequencing indicated virus-specific BCRs were class-switched and somatically hypermutated, with overlapping clones in the two tissues. Expanded T cell clonotypes were found in tonsils, adenoids and blood post-COVID-19, some with CDR3 sequences identical to previously reported SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cell receptors (TCRs). Pharyngeal tissues from COVID-19-convalescent children showed persistent expansion of germinal center and antiviral lymphocyte populations associated with interferon (IFN)-γ-type responses, particularly in the adenoids, and viral RNA in both tissues. Our results provide evidence for persistent tissue-specific immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in the upper respiratory tract of children after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xu
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Andrew J Martins
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, LISB, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrea J Radtke
- Center for Advanced Tissue Imaging, LISB, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth B Hoehn
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cihan Oguz
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource (NCBR), NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Axle Informatics, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jinguo Chen
- Center for Human Immunology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Can Liu
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, LISB, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juanjie Tang
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Gabrielle Grubbs
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sydney Stein
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center (CC), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sabrina Ramelli
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center (CC), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juraj Kabat
- Center for Advanced Tissue Imaging, LISB, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hengameh Behzadpour
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Maria Karkanitsa
- Laboratory of Immuno-Engineering, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Spathies
- Trans-NIH Shared Resource on Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science, NIBIB, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Heather Kalish
- Trans-NIH Shared Resource on Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science, NIBIB, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lela Kardava
- B-cell Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Martha Kirby
- National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Foo Cheung
- Center for Human Immunology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Silvia Preite
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Nahir Romero
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Diego Preciado
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lyuba Gitman
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Grace Smith
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arthur Shaffer
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ian T McBain
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter J McGuire
- National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Center for Advanced Tissue Imaging, LISB, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, LISB, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard Apps
- Center for Human Immunology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Kaitlyn Sadtler
- Laboratory of Immuno-Engineering, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan Moir
- B-cell Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel S Chertow
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center (CC), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steven H Kleinstein
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - John S Tsang
- Center for Human Immunology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Multiscale Systems Biology Section, LISB, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pamela Mudd
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
- National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Kalpana Manthiram
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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155
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Gjertsson I, McGrath S, Grimstad K, Jonsson CA, Camponeschi A, Thorarinsdottir K, Mårtensson IL. A close-up on the expanding landscape of CD21-/low B cells in humans. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 210:217-229. [PMID: 36380692 PMCID: PMC9985162 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) are an essential part of our immunological memory. They respond fast upon re-encountering pathogens and can differentiate into plasma cells that secrete protective antibodies. The focus of this review is on MBCs that lack, or express low levels of, CD21, hereafter referred to as CD21-/low. These cells are expanded in peripheral blood with age and during chronic inflammatory conditions such as viral infections, malaria, common variable immunodeficiency, and autoimmune diseases. CD21-/low MBCs have gained significant attention; they produce disease-specific antibodies/autoantibodies and associate with key disease manifestations in some conditions. These cells can be divided into subsets based on classical B-cell and other markers, e.g. CD11c, FcRL4, and Tbet which, over the years, have become hallmarks to identify these cells. This has resulted in different names including age-associated, autoimmune-associated, atypical, tissue-like, tissue-resident, tissue-restricted, exhausted, or simply CD21-/low B cells. It is however unclear whether the expanded 'CD21-/low' cells in one condition are equivalent to those in another, whether they express an identical gene signature and whether they have a similar function. Here, we will discuss these issues with the goal to understand whether the CD21-/low B cells are comparable in different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger Gjertsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Sarah McGrath
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Grimstad
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
- School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Skövde 54128, Sweden
| | - Charlotte A Jonsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Camponeschi
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Katrin Thorarinsdottir
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Inga-Lill Mårtensson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
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156
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Oleinika K, Slisere B, Catalán D, Rosser EC. B cell contribution to immunometabolic dysfunction and impaired immune responses in obesity. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 210:263-272. [PMID: 35960996 PMCID: PMC9384752 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity increases the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, fatty liver disease, and cancer. It is also linked with more severe complications from infections, including COVID-19, and poor vaccine responses. Chronic, low-grade inflammation and associated immune perturbations play an important role in determining morbidity in people living with obesity. The contribution of B cells to immune dysregulation and meta-inflammation associated with obesity has been documented by studies over the past decade. With a focus on human studies, here we consolidate the observations demonstrating that there is altered B cell subset composition, differentiation, and function both systemically and in the adipose tissue of individuals living with obesity. Finally, we discuss the potential factors that drive B cell dysfunction in obesity and propose a model by which altered B cell subset composition in obesity underlies dysfunctional B cell responses to novel pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Oleinika
- Correspondence: Kristine Oleinika, Department of Internal Diseases, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia.
| | - Baiba Slisere
- Department of Doctoral Studies, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
- Joint Laboratory, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Diego Catalán
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elizabeth C Rosser
- Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology Versus Arthritis at UCL, UCLH and GOSH and Department of Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
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157
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Velounias RL, Tull TJ. Human B-cell subset identification and changes in inflammatory diseases. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 210:201-216. [PMID: 36617261 PMCID: PMC9985170 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the B-cell subsets found in human blood and their functional significance has advanced greatly in the past decade. This has been aided by the evolution of high dimensional phenotypic tools such as mass cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing which have revealed heterogeneity in populations that were previously considered homogenous. Despite this, there is still uncertainty and variation between studies as to how B-cell subsets are identified and named. This review will focus on the most commonly encountered subsets of B cells in human blood and will describe gating strategies for their identification by flow and mass cytometry. Important changes to population frequencies and function in common inflammatory and autoimmune diseases will also be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah L Velounias
- Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Thomas J Tull
- St John’s Institute of Dermatology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital Campus, London, UK
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158
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Foster WS, Lee JL, Thakur N, Newman J, Spencer AJ, Davies S, Woods D, Godfrey L, Hay IM, Innocentin S, Yam-Puc JC, Horner EC, Sharpe HJ, Thaventhiran JE, Bailey D, Lambe T, Linterman MA. Tfh cells and the germinal center are required for memory B cell formation & humoral immunity after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100845. [PMID: 36455555 PMCID: PMC9663747 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Emergence from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has been facilitated by the rollout of effective vaccines. Successful vaccines generate high-affinity plasma blasts and long-lived protective memory B cells. Here, we show a requirement for T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and the germinal center reaction for optimal serum antibody and memory B cell formation after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. We found that Tfh cells play an important role in expanding antigen-specific B cells while identifying Tfh-cell-dependent and -independent memory B cell subsets. Upon secondary vaccination, germinal center B cells generated during primary immunizations can be recalled as germinal center B cells again. Likewise, primary immunization GC-Tfh cells can be recalled as either Tfh or Th1 cells, highlighting the pluripotent nature of Tfh cell memory. This study demonstrates that ChAdOx1 nCoV-19-induced germinal centers are a critical source of humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Foster
- Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Jia Le Lee
- Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Nazia Thakur
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford and Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Joseph Newman
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Alexandra J Spencer
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sophie Davies
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford and Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Danielle Woods
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Leila Godfrey
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Iain M Hay
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Silvia Innocentin
- Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Juan Carlos Yam-Puc
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Emily C Horner
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Hayley J Sharpe
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | | | - Dalan Bailey
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford and Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK.
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159
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Voss LF, Howarth AJ, Wittenborn TR, Hummelgaard S, Juul-Madsen K, Kastberg KS, Pedersen MK, Jensen L, Papanastasiou AD, Vorup-Jensen T, Weyer K, Degn SE. The extrafollicular response is sufficient to drive initiation of autoimmunity and early disease hallmarks of lupus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1021370. [PMID: 36591222 PMCID: PMC9795406 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1021370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Many autoimmune diseases are characterized by germinal center (GC)-derived, affinity-matured, class-switched autoantibodies, and strategies to block GC formation and progression are currently being explored clinically. However, extrafollicular responses can also play a role. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of the extrafollicular pathway to autoimmune disease development. Methods We blocked the GC pathway by knocking out the transcription factor Bcl-6 in GC B cells, leaving the extrafollicular pathway intact. We tested the impact of this intervention in two murine models of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): a pharmacological model based on chronic epicutaneous application of the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-7 agonist Resiquimod (R848), and 564Igi autoreactive B cell receptor knock-in mice. The B cell intrinsic effects were further investigated in vitro and in autoreactive mixed bone marrow chimeras. Results GC block failed to curb autoimmune progression in the R848 model based on anti-dsDNA and plasma cell output, superoligomeric DNA complexes, and immune complex deposition in glomeruli. The 564Igi model confirmed this based on anti-dsDNA and plasma cell output. In vitro, loss of Bcl-6 prevented GC B cell expansion and accelerated plasma cell differentiation. In a competitive scenario in vivo, B cells harboring the genetic GC block contributed disproportionately to the plasma cell output. Discussion We identified the extrafollicular pathway as a key contributor to autoimmune progression. We propose that therapeutic targeting of low quality and poorly controlled extrafollicular responses could be a desirable strategy to curb autoreactivity, as it would leave intact the more stringently controlled and high-quality GC responses providing durable protection against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse F. Voss
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark,Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lisbeth Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Kathrin Weyer
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren E. Degn
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark,*Correspondence: Søren E. Degn,
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160
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Kardava L, Buckner CM, Moir S. B-Cell Responses to Sars-Cov-2 mRNA Vaccines. Pathog Immun 2022; 7:93-119. [PMID: 36655200 PMCID: PMC9836209 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v7i2.550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most vaccines against viral pathogens protect through the acquisition of immunological memory from long-lived plasma cells that produce antibodies and memory B cells that can rapidly respond upon an encounter with the pathogen or its variants. The COVID-19 pandemic and rapid deployment of effective vaccines have provided an unprecedented opportunity to study the immune response to a new yet rapidly evolving pathogen. Here we review the scientific literature and our efforts to understand antibody and B-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, the effect of SARSCoV-2 infection on both primary and secondary immune responses, and how repeated exposures may impact outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lela Kardava
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Clarisa M. Buckner
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
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Age-associated B cells are long-lasting effectors that impede latent γHV68 reactivation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21189. [PMID: 36477199 PMCID: PMC9729602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-associated B cells (ABCs; CD19+CD11c+T-bet+) are a unique population that are increased in an array of viral infections, though their role during latent infection is largely unexplored. Here, we use murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68) to demonstrate that ABCs remain elevated long-term during latent infection and express IFNγ and TNF. Using a recombinant γHV68 that is cleared following acute infection, we show that ABCs persist in the absence of latent virus, though their expression of IFNγ and TNF is decreased. With a fluorescent reporter gene-expressing γHV68 we demonstrate that ABCs are infected with γHV68 at similar rates to other previously activated B cells. We find that mice without ABCs display defects in anti-viral IgG2a/c antibodies and are more susceptible to reactivation of γHV68 following virus challenges that typically do not break latency. Together, these results indicate that ABCs are a persistent effector subset during latent viral infection that impedes γHV68 reactivation.
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Mouat IC, Shanina I, Horwitz MS. Age-associated B cells are long-lasting effectors that impede latent γHV68 reactivation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21189. [PMID: 36477199 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.29.474434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-associated B cells (ABCs; CD19+CD11c+T-bet+) are a unique population that are increased in an array of viral infections, though their role during latent infection is largely unexplored. Here, we use murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68) to demonstrate that ABCs remain elevated long-term during latent infection and express IFNγ and TNF. Using a recombinant γHV68 that is cleared following acute infection, we show that ABCs persist in the absence of latent virus, though their expression of IFNγ and TNF is decreased. With a fluorescent reporter gene-expressing γHV68 we demonstrate that ABCs are infected with γHV68 at similar rates to other previously activated B cells. We find that mice without ABCs display defects in anti-viral IgG2a/c antibodies and are more susceptible to reactivation of γHV68 following virus challenges that typically do not break latency. Together, these results indicate that ABCs are a persistent effector subset during latent viral infection that impedes γHV68 reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel C Mouat
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Iryna Shanina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marc S Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, Room 3551, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Jeannet R, Descazeaud A, Daix T, Pauthier H, Pascal V, Hantz S, Cam SL, Francois B, Feuillard J, Lafarge X. De novo natural anti-M alloantibody emergence in severe Coronavirus Disease 2019. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:1455-1458. [PMID: 36403401 PMCID: PMC9628129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response is a key player in the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and is often seriously dysfunctional in severe Coronavirus Disease 2019. The hyperinflammatory status has been described to be accompanied by the appearance of autoantibodies. In a lethal COVID-19 infection, we observed the emergence of a de novo natural alloantibody which targeted the M antigen from the MNS blood group on red blood cells (RBC) without evidence of any cross-reaction with SARS-CoV-2 antigens. This IgM lambda alloantibody was unmutated and unswitched. Here, we describe for the first time the emergence of a bystander de novo natural alloantibody against RBCs in a severe COVID-19 patient, highlighting the extra-follicular humoral response reported in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Jeannet
- INSERM CIC 1435, CHU Dupuytren, and UMR CNRS 7276 INSERM 1262, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France.
| | - Alexandra Descazeaud
- Laboratoire d'Immunohématologie, Établissement Français du Sang Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Limoges, France.
| | - Thomas Daix
- INSERM CIC 1435 and Réanimation polyvalente, CHU Dupuytren, and INSERM UMR 1092, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France.
| | - Hélène Pauthier
- Laboratoire d'Immunohématologie, Établissement Français du Sang Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Limoges, France.
| | - Virginie Pascal
- UMR CNRS 7276, INSERM 1262, Université de Limoges, and Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CHU Dupuytren, Limoges, France.
| | - Sébastien Hantz
- UMR INSERM 1092, RESINFIT, Université de Limoges, and Centre National de Référence des Herpèsvirus and Service de Bactériologie, Virologie et Hygiène, CHU Dupuytren, Limoges, France.
| | - Sophie Le Cam
- Laboratoire de qualification biologique des dons, Établissement Français du Sang Centre-Pays de la Loire, Angers, France.
| | - Bruno Francois
- INSERM CIC 1435 and Réanimation polyvalente, CHU Dupuytren, and INSERM UMR 1092, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France.
| | - Jean Feuillard
- UMR CNRS 7276 / INSERM 1262 CRIBL and Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine and CHU Dupuytren, Limoges, France.
| | - Xavier Lafarge
- INSERM U1035 Biothérapie des Maladies Génétiques, Inflammatoires et Cancers, and Direction Médicale, Établissement Français du Sang Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France.
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Doyon-Laliberté K, Aranguren M, Byrns M, Chagnon-Choquet J, Paniconi M, Routy JP, Tremblay C, Quintal MC, Brassard N, Kaufmann DE, Poudrier J, Roger M. Excess BAFF Alters NR4As Expression Levels and Breg Function of Human Precursor-like Marginal Zone B-Cells in the Context of HIV-1 Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15142. [PMID: 36499469 PMCID: PMC9741410 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We have reported excess B-cell activating factor (BAFF) in the blood of HIV-infected progressors, which was concomitant with increased frequencies of precursor-like marginal zone (MZp) B-cells, early on and despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). In controls, MZp possess a strong B-cell regulatory (Breg) potential. They highly express IL-10, the orphan nuclear receptors (NR)4A1, NR4A2 and NR4A3, as well as the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73, all of which are associated with the regulation of inflammation. Furthermore, we have shown MZp regulatory function to involve CD83 signaling. To address the impact of HIV infection and excessive BAFF on MZp Breg capacities, we have performed transcriptomic analyses by RNA-seq of sorted MZp B-cells from the blood of HIV-infected progressors. The Breg profile and function of blood MZp B-cells from HIV-infected progressors were assessed by flow-cytometry and light microscopy high-content screening (HCS) analyses, respectively. We report significant downregulation of NR4A1, NR4A2, NR4A3 and CD83 gene transcripts in blood MZp B-cells from HIV-infected progressors when compared to controls. NR4A1, NR4A3 and CD83 protein expression levels and Breg function were also downregulated in blood MZp B-cells from HIV-infected progressors and not restored by ART. Moreover, we observe decreased expression levels of NR4A1, NR4A3, CD83 and IL-10 by blood and tonsillar MZp B-cells from controls following culture with excess BAFF, which significantly diminished their regulatory function. These findings, made on a limited number of individuals, suggest that excess BAFF contributes to the alteration of the Breg potential of MZp B-cells during HIV infection and possibly in other situations where BAFF is found in excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Doyon-Laliberté
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Matheus Aranguren
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Michelle Byrns
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Josiane Chagnon-Choquet
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Matteo Paniconi
- Service d’Aide à la Formation Interdisciplinaire et à la Réussite Étudiante (SAFIRE), Faculté des Arts et Sciences de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1N8, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Quintal
- Centre Hospitalier Ste-Justine de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Nathalie Brassard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Daniel E. Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Médecine de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Johanne Poudrier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Michel Roger
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l‘Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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Valenzuela-Fernández A, Cabrera-Rodriguez R, Ciuffreda L, Perez-Yanes S, Estevez-Herrera J, González-Montelongo R, Alcoba-Florez J, Trujillo-González R, García-Martínez de Artola D, Gil-Campesino H, Díez-Gil O, Lorenzo-Salazar JM, Flores C, Garcia-Luis J. Nanomaterials to combat SARS-CoV-2: Strategies to prevent, diagnose and treat COVID-19. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1052436. [PMID: 36507266 PMCID: PMC9732709 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1052436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which severely affect the respiratory system and several organs and tissues, and may lead to death, have shown how science can respond when challenged by a global emergency, offering as a response a myriad of rapid technological developments. Development of vaccines at lightning speed is one of them. SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks have stressed healthcare systems, questioning patients care by using standard non-adapted therapies and diagnostic tools. In this scenario, nanotechnology has offered new tools, techniques and opportunities for prevention, for rapid, accurate and sensitive diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. In this review, we focus on the nanotechnological applications and nano-based materials (i.e., personal protective equipment) to combat SARS-CoV-2 transmission, infection, organ damage and for the development of new tools for virosurveillance, diagnose and immune protection by mRNA and other nano-based vaccines. All the nano-based developed tools have allowed a historical, unprecedented, real time epidemiological surveillance and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, at community and international levels. The nano-based technology has help to predict and detect how this Sarbecovirus is mutating and the severity of the associated COVID-19 disease, thereby assisting the administration and public health services to make decisions and measures for preparedness against the emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 and severe or lethal COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Romina Cabrera-Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Laura Ciuffreda
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N. S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Silvia Perez-Yanes
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Judith Estevez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | | | - Julia Alcoba-Florez
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario N. S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Trujillo-González
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- Departamento de Análisis Matemático, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Helena Gil-Campesino
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario N. S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Oscar Díez-Gil
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario N. S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - José M. Lorenzo-Salazar
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Carlos Flores
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N. S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Jonay Garcia-Luis
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
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Association between SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia and dysregulated immune response in acutely ill hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19658. [PMID: 36385627 PMCID: PMC9667450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23923-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe/critical COVID-19 is associated with immune dysregulation and plasmatic SARS-CoV-2 detection (i.e. RNAemia). We detailed the association of SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia with immune responses in COVID-19 patients at the end of the first week of disease. We enrolled patients hospitalized in acute phase of ascertained SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, and evaluated SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia, plasmatic cytokines, activated/pro-cytolytic T-cells phenotypes, SARS-CoV-2-specific cytokine-producing T-cells (IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-17A), simultaneous Th1-cytokines production (polyfunctionality) and amount (iMFI). The humoral responses were assessed with anti-S1/S2 IgG, anti-RBD total-Ig, IgM, IgA, IgG1 and IgG3, neutralization and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Out of 54 patients, 27 had detectable viremia (viremic). Albeit comparable age and co-morbidities, viremic more frequently required ventilatory support, with a trend to higher death. Viremic displayed higher pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-α, IL-6), lower activated T-cells (HLA-DR+CD38+), lower functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cells (IFN-γ+CD4+, TNF-α+CD8+, IL-4+CD8+, IL-2+TNF-α+CD4+, and IL-2+TNF-α+CD4+ iMFI) and SARS-CoV-2-specific Abs (anti-S IgG, anti-RBD total-Ig, IgM, IgG1, IgG3; ID50, %ADCC). These data suggest a link between SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia at the end of the first stage of disease and immune dysregulation. Whether high ab initium viral burden and/or intrinsic host factors contribute to immune dysregulation in severe COVID-19 remains to be elucidated, to further inform strategies of targeted therapeutic interventions.
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167
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Mendez-Cortina Y, Rodriguez-Perea AL, Chvatal-Medina M, Lopera TJ, Alvarez-Mesa N, Rodas-Marín JK, Moncada DC, Rugeles MT, Velilla PA. Dynamics of humoral immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals with different clinical stages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1007068. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1007068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic remains a global health problem. As in other viral infections, the humoral immune response against SARS-CoV-2 is thought to be crucial for controlling the infection. However, the dynamic of B cells in the clinical spectrum of this disease is still controversial. This study aimed to characterize B cell subsets and neutralizing responses in COVID-19 patients according to disease severity through a one-month follow-up.MethodsA cohort of 71 individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by RT-PCR were recruited and classified into four groups: i) asymptomatic; ii) symptomatic outpatients; iii) hospitalized in ward, and iv) intensive care unit patients (ICU). Samples were taken at days 0 (inclusion to the study), 7 and 30. B cell subsets and neutralizing antibodies were assessed using multiparametric flow cytometry and plaque reduction neutralization, respectively.ResultsOlder age, male gender and body mass index over 25 were common factors among hospitalized and ICU patients, compared to those with milder clinical presentations. In addition, those requiring hospitalization had more comorbidities. A significant increase in the frequencies of CD19+ cells at day 0 was observed in hospitalized and ICU patients compared to asymptomatic and symptomatic groups. Likewise, the frequency of plasmablasts was significantly increased at the first sample in the ICU group compared to the asymptomatic group, but then waned over time. The frequency of naïve B cells decreased at days 7 and 30 compared to day 0 in hospitalized and ICU patients. The neutralizing antibody titers were higher as the severity of COVID-19 increased; in asymptomatic individuals, it was strongly correlated with the percentage of IgM+ switched memory B cells, and a moderate correlation was found with plasmablasts.ConclusionThe humoral immune response is variable among SARS-CoV-2 infected people depending on the severity and time of clinical evolution. In severe COVID-19 patients, a higher plasmablast frequency and neutralizing antibody response were observed, suggesting that, despite having a robust humoral immunity, this response could be late, having a low impact on disease outcome.
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Adaptive Immunity to Viruses: What Did We Learn from SARS-CoV-2 Infection? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213951. [PMID: 36430430 PMCID: PMC9694482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus causes various conditions, from asymptomatic infection to the fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). An intact immune system can overcome SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections. Defective natural, mainly interferon I- and III-dependent, responses may lead to the spread of the virus to multiple organs. Adaptive B- and T-cell responses, including memory, highly influence the severity and outcome of COVID-19. With respect to B-cell immunity, germinal centre formation is delayed or even absent in the most severe cases. Extrafollicular low-affinity anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody production will occur instead of specific, high-affinity antibodies. Helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells become hyperactivated and then exhausted, leading to ineffective viral clearance from the body. The dysregulation of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages, as well as lymphocyte hyperreactivity, might lead to the robust production of inflammatory mediators, also known as cytokine storm. Eventually, the disruption of this complex network of immune cells and mediators leads to severe, sometimes fatal COVID-19 or another viral disease.
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169
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Buckner CM, Kardava L, El Merhebi O, Narpala SR, Serebryannyy L, Lin BC, Wang W, Zhang X, Lopes de Assis F, Kelly SE, Teng IT, McCormack GE, Praiss LH, Seamon CA, Rai MA, Kalish H, Kwong PD, Proschan MA, McDermott AB, Fauci AS, Chun TW, Moir S. Interval between prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and booster vaccination impacts magnitude and quality of antibody and B cell responses. Cell 2022; 185:4333-4346.e14. [PMID: 36257313 PMCID: PMC9513331 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA booster vaccines provide protection from severe disease, eliciting strong immunity that is further boosted by previous infection. However, it is unclear whether these immune responses are affected by the interval between infection and vaccination. Over a 2-month period, we evaluated antibody and B cell responses to a third-dose mRNA vaccine in 66 individuals with different infection histories. Uninfected and post-boost but not previously infected individuals mounted robust ancestral and variant spike-binding and neutralizing antibodies and memory B cells. Spike-specific B cell responses from recent infection (<180 days) were elevated at pre-boost but comparatively less so at 60 days post-boost compared with uninfected individuals, and these differences were linked to baseline frequencies of CD27lo B cells. Day 60 to baseline ratio of BCR signaling measured by phosphorylation of Syk was inversely correlated to days between infection and vaccination. Thus, B cell responses to booster vaccines are impeded by recent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisa M. Buckner
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lela Kardava
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Omar El Merhebi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sandeep R. Narpala
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Leonid Serebryannyy
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bob C. Lin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiaozhen Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Felipe Lopes de Assis
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sophie E.M. Kelly
- Bioengineering and Physical Sciences Shared Resource, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - I-Ting Teng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Genevieve E. McCormack
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lauren H. Praiss
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Catherine A. Seamon
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M. Ali Rai
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Heather Kalish
- Bioengineering and Physical Sciences Shared Resource, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael A. Proschan
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adrian B. McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anthony S. Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Corresponding author
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Ismanto HS, Xu Z, Saputri DS, Wilamowski J, Li S, Nugraha DK, Horiguchi Y, Okada M, Arase H, Standley DM. Landscape of infection enhancing antibodies in COVID-19 and healthy donors. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:6033-6040. [PMCID: PMC9635252 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hendra S. Ismanto
- Department of Genome Informatics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Zichang Xu
- Department of Genome Informatics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Dianita S. Saputri
- Department of Genome Informatics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jan Wilamowski
- Department of Genome Informatics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Songling Li
- Department of Genome Informatics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of System Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Dendi K. Nugraha
- Deparment of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Horiguchi
- Deparment of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masato Okada
- Deparment of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Oncogene Research, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hisashi Arase
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Immunochemistry, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daron M Standley
- Department of Genome Informatics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of System Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Corresponding author at: Department of Genome Informatics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan.
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171
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Jasim SA, Mahdi RS, Bokov DO, Najm MAA, Sobirova GN, Bafoyeva ZO, Taifi A, Alkadir OKA, Mustafa YF, Mirzaei R, Karampoor S. The deciphering of the immune cells and marker signature in COVID-19 pathogenesis: An update. J Med Virol 2022; 94:5128-5148. [PMID: 35835586 PMCID: PMC9350195 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The precise interaction between the immune system and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical in deciphering the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is also vital for developing novel therapeutic tools, including monoclonal antibodies, antivirals drugs, and vaccines. Viral infections need innate and adaptive immune reactions since the various immune components, such as neutrophils, macrophages, CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and B lymphocytes, play different roles in various infections. Consequently, the characterization of innate and adaptive immune reactions toward SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for defining the pathogenicity of COVID-19. In this study, we explain what is currently understood concerning the conventional immune reactions to SARS-CoV-2 infection to shed light on the protective and pathogenic role of immune response in this case. Also, in particular, we investigate the in-depth roles of other immune mediators, including neutrophil elastase, serum amyloid A, and syndecan, in the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roaa Salih Mahdi
- Department of Pathology, College of MedicineUniversity of BabylonHillaIraq
| | - Dmitry Olegovich Bokov
- Institute of PharmacySechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityMoscowRussian Federation,Laboratory of Food ChemistryFederal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food SafetyMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Mazin A. A. Najm
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of PharmacyAl‐Ayen UniversityThi‐QarIraq
| | - Guzal N. Sobirova
- Department of Rehabilitation, Folk Medicine and Physical EducationTashkent Medical AcademyTashkentUzbekistan
| | - Zarnigor O. Bafoyeva
- Department of Rehabilitation, Folk Medicine and Physical EducationTashkent Medical AcademyTashkentUzbekistan
| | | | | | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of PharmacyUniversity of MosulMosulIraq
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research CenterPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research CenterIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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172
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Jaffe DB, Shahi P, Adams BA, Chrisman AM, Finnegan PM, Raman N, Royall AE, Tsai F, Vollbrecht T, Reyes DS, Hepler NL, McDonnell WJ. Functional antibodies exhibit light chain coherence. Nature 2022; 611:352-357. [PMID: 36289331 PMCID: PMC9607724 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05371-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate adaptive immune system modifies the genome of individual B cells to encode antibodies that bind particular antigens1. In most mammals, antibodies are composed of heavy and light chains that are generated sequentially by recombination of V, D (for heavy chains), J and C gene segments. Each chain contains three complementarity-determining regions (CDR1-CDR3), which contribute to antigen specificity. Certain heavy and light chains are preferred for particular antigens2-22. Here we consider pairs of B cells that share the same heavy chain V gene and CDRH3 amino acid sequence and were isolated from different donors, also known as public clonotypes23,24. We show that for naive antibodies (those not yet adapted to antigens), the probability that they use the same light chain V gene is around 10%, whereas for memory (functional) antibodies, it is around 80%, even if only one cell per clonotype is used. This property of functional antibodies is a phenomenon that we call light chain coherence. We also observe this phenomenon when similar heavy chains recur within a donor. Thus, although naive antibodies seem to recur by chance, the recurrence of functional antibodies reveals surprising constraint and determinism in the processes of V(D)J recombination and immune selection. For most functional antibodies, the heavy chain determines the light chain.
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173
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Ye Y, Chen Z, Jiang S, Jia F, Li T, Lu X, Xue J, Lian X, Ma J, Hao P, Lu L, Ye S, Shen N, Bao C, Fu Q, Zhang X. Single-cell profiling reveals distinct adaptive immune hallmarks in MDA5+ dermatomyositis with therapeutic implications. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6458. [PMID: 36309526 PMCID: PMC9617246 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5-positive dermatomyositis (MDA5+ DM) is an autoimmune condition associated with rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease and high mortality. The aetiology and pathogenesis of MDA5+ DM are still largely unknown. Here we describe the immune signatures of MDA5+ DM via single-cell RNA sequencing, flow cytometry and multiplex immunohistochemistry in peripheral B and T cells and in affected lung tissue samples from one patient. We find strong peripheral antibody-secreting cell and CD8+ T cell responses as cellular immune hallmarks, and over-stimulated type I interferon signaling and associated metabolic reprogramming as molecular immune signature in MDA5+ DM. High frequency of circulating ISG15+ CD8+ T cells at baseline predicts poor one-year survival in MDA5+ DM patients. In affected lungs, we find profuse immune cells infiltration, which likely contributes to the pro-fibrotic response via type I interferon production. The importance of type I interferons in MDA5+ DM pathology is further emphasized by our observation in a retrospective cohort of MDA5+ DM patients that combined calcineurin and Janus kinase inhibitor therapy show superior efficacy to calcineurin inhibitor monotherapy. In summary, this study reveals key immune-pathogenic features of MDA5+ DM and provides a potential basis for future tailored therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ye
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Zechuan Chen
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fengyun Jia
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Teng Li
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xia Lu
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Jing Xue
- Department of Rheumatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Xinyue Lian
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Jiaqiang Ma
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Pei Hao
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liangjing Lu
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Shuang Ye
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Nan Shen
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Chunde Bao
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Qiong Fu
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China.
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Shanghai Huashen Institute of Microbes and Infections, Shanghai, 200052, China.
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174
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Krause R, Snyman J, Shi-Hsia H, Muema D, Karim F, Ganga Y, Ngoepe A, Zungu Y, Gazy I, Bernstein M, Khan K, Mazibuko M, Mthabela N, Ramjit D, Limbo O, Jardine J, Sok D, Wilson IA, Hanekom W, Sigal A, Kløverpris H, Ndung'u T, Leslie A. HIV skews the SARS-CoV-2 B cell response towards an extrafollicular maturation pathway. eLife 2022; 11:e79924. [PMID: 36300787 PMCID: PMC9643005 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV infection dysregulates the B cell compartment, affecting memory B cell formation and the antibody response to infection and vaccination. Understanding the B cell response to SARS-CoV-2 in people living with HIV (PLWH) may explain the increased morbidity, reduced vaccine efficacy, reduced clearance, and intra-host evolution of SARS-CoV-2 observed in some HIV-1 coinfections. Methods We compared B cell responses to COVID-19 in PLWH and HIV negative (HIV-ve) patients in a cohort recruited in Durban, South Africa, during the first pandemic wave in July 2020 using detailed flow cytometry phenotyping of longitudinal samples with markers of B cell maturation, homing, and regulatory features. Results This revealed a coordinated B cell response to COVID-19 that differed significantly between HIV-ve and PLWH. Memory B cells in PLWH displayed evidence of reduced germinal centre (GC) activity, homing capacity, and class-switching responses, with increased PD-L1 expression, and decreased Tfh frequency. This was mirrored by increased extrafollicular (EF) activity, with dynamic changes in activated double negative (DN2) and activated naïve B cells, which correlated with anti-RBD-titres in these individuals. An elevated SARS-CoV-2-specific EF response in PLWH was confirmed using viral spike and RBD bait proteins. Conclusions Despite similar disease severity, these trends were highest in participants with uncontrolled HIV, implicating HIV in driving these changes. EF B cell responses are rapid but give rise to lower affinity antibodies, less durable long-term memory, and reduced capacity to adapt to new variants. Further work is needed to determine the long-term effects of HIV on SARS-CoV-2 immunity, particularly as new variants emerge. Funding This work was supported by a grant from the Wellcome Trust to the Africa Health Research Institute (Wellcome Trust Strategic Core Award [grant number 201433/Z/16/Z]). Additional funding was received from the South African Department of Science and Innovation through the National Research Foundation (South African Research Chairs Initiative [grant number 64809]), and the Victor Daitz Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Krause
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Jumari Snyman
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Hwa Shi-Hsia
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Daniel Muema
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Farina Karim
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | | | | | - Yenzekile Zungu
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Inbal Gazy
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing PlatformDurbanSouth Africa
| | | | - Khadija Khan
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
| | | | | | | | - Oliver Limbo
- International AIDS Vaccine InitiativeNew YorkUnited States
| | - Joseph Jardine
- International AIDS Vaccine InitiativeNew YorkUnited States
| | - Devin Sok
- International AIDS Vaccine InitiativeNew YorkUnited States
| | - Ian A Wilson
- The Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | - Willem Hanekom
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- Max Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlinGermany
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South AfricaDurbanSouth Africa
| | - Henrik Kløverpris
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu NatalDurbanSouth Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Max Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlinGermany
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanSouth Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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175
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Sun Y, Zou Y, Wang H, Cui G, Yu Z, Ren Z. Immune response induced by novel coronavirus infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:988604. [PMID: 36389144 PMCID: PMC9641212 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.988604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 has been prominent around the world since it was first discovered, affecting more than 100 million people. Although the symptoms of most infected patients are not serious, there is still a considerable proportion of patients who need hospitalization and even develop fatal symptoms such as cytokine storms, acute respiratory distress syndrome and so on. Cytokine storm is usually described as a collection of clinical manifestations caused by overactivation of the immune system, which plays an important role in tissue injury and multiorgan failure. The immune system of healthy individuals is composed of two interrelated parts, the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against viruses; it can quickly perceive viruses through pattern recognition receptors and activate related inflammatory pathways to clear pathogens. The adaptive immune system is activated by specific antigens and is mainly composed of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and B cells, which play different roles in viral infection. Here, we discuss the immune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection. In-depth study of the recognition of and response of innate immunity and adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 will help to prevent the development of critical cases and aid the exploration of more targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
- Gene Hospital of Henan Province, Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yawen Zou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
- Gene Hospital of Henan Province, Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haiyu Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
- Gene Hospital of Henan Province, Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guangying Cui
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
- Gene Hospital of Henan Province, Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zujiang Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Gene Hospital of Henan Province, Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Ren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
- Gene Hospital of Henan Province, Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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176
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Adiguzel Y, Shoenfeld Y. Shared 6mer Peptides of Human and Omicron (21K and 21L) at SARS-CoV-2 Mutation Sites. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:68. [PMID: 36412834 PMCID: PMC9680445 DOI: 10.3390/antib11040068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the short sequences involving Omicron 21K and Omicron 21L variants to reveal any possible molecular mimicry-associated autoimmunity risks and changes in those. We first identified common 6mers of the viral and human protein sequences present for both the mutant (Omicron) and nonmutant (SARS-CoV-2) versions of the same viral sequence and then predicted the binding affinities of those sequences to the HLA supertype representatives. We evaluated change in the potential autoimmunity risk, through comparative assessment of the nonmutant and mutant viral sequences and their similar human peptides with common 6mers and affinities to the same HLA allele. This change is the lost and the new, or de novo, autoimmunity risk, associated with the mutations in the Omicron 21K and Omicron 21L variants. Accordingly, e.g., the affinity of virus-similar sequences of the Ig heavy chain junction regions shifted from the HLA-B*15:01 to the HLA-A*01:01 allele at the mutant sequences. Additionally, peptides of different human proteins sharing 6mers with SARS-CoV-2 proteins at the mutation sites of interest and with affinities to the HLA-B*07:02 allele, such as the respective SARS-CoV-2 sequences, were lost. Among all, any possible molecular mimicry-associated novel risk appeared to be prominent in HLA-A*24:02 and HLA-B*27:05 serotypes upon infection with Omicron 21L. Associated disease, pathway, and tissue expression data supported possible new risks for the HLA-B*27:05 and HLA-A*01:01 serotypes, while the risks for the HLA-B*07:02 serotypes could have been lost or diminished, and those for the HLA-A*03:01 serotypes could have been retained, for the individuals infected with Omicron variants under study. These are likely to affect the complications related to cross-reactions influencing the relevant HLA serotypes upon infection with Omicron 21K and Omicron 21L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yekbun Adiguzel
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Atilim University, Ankara 06830, Turkey
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Gan 52621, Israel
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177
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Xu Z, Ismanto HS, Zhou H, Saputri DS, Sugihara F, Standley DM. Advances in antibody discovery from human BCR repertoires. FRONTIERS IN BIOINFORMATICS 2022; 2:1044975. [PMID: 36338807 PMCID: PMC9631452 DOI: 10.3389/fbinf.2022.1044975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies make up an important and growing class of compounds used for the diagnosis or treatment of disease. While traditional antibody discovery utilized immunization of animals to generate lead compounds, technological innovations have made it possible to search for antibodies targeting a given antigen within the repertoires of B cells in humans. Here we group these innovations into four broad categories: cell sorting allows the collection of cells enriched in specificity to one or more antigens; BCR sequencing can be performed on bulk mRNA, genomic DNA or on paired (heavy-light) mRNA; BCR repertoire analysis generally involves clustering BCRs into specificity groups or more in-depth modeling of antibody-antigen interactions, such as antibody-specific epitope predictions; validation of antibody-antigen interactions requires expression of antibodies, followed by antigen binding assays or epitope mapping. Together with innovations in Deep learning these technologies will contribute to the future discovery of diagnostic and therapeutic antibodies directly from humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichang Xu
- Department of Genome Informatics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hendra S. Ismanto
- Department of Genome Informatics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Genome Informatics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Dianita S. Saputri
- Department of Genome Informatics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sugihara
- Core Instrumentation Facility, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Daron M. Standley
- Department of Genome Informatics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Department Systems Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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178
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Gao M, Liu S, Chatham WW, Mountz JD, Hsu HC. IL-4-Induced Quiescence of Resting Naive B Cells Is Disrupted in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:1513-1522. [PMID: 36165181 PMCID: PMC9741951 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activated naive (aNAV) B cells have been shown to be the precursor of the CD11c+T-bet+ IgD-CD27- double-negative (DN)2 or atypical memory (aMEM) B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). To determine factors that maintain resting naive (rNAV) B cells, the transcriptomic program in naive (IGHD+IGHM +) B cells in human healthy control subjects (HC) and subjects with SLE was analyzed by single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis. In HC, naive B cells expressed IL-4 pathway genes, whereas in SLE, naive B cells expressed type I IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). In HC, aNAV B cells exhibited upregulation of the gene signature of germinal center and classical memory (cMEM) B cells. In contrast, in SLE, aNAV B cells expressed signature genes of aMEM. In vitro exposure of SLE B cells to IL-4 promoted B cell development into CD27+CD38+ plasmablasts/plasma and IgD-CD27+ cMEM B cells. The same treatment blocked the development of CD11c+Tbet+ aNAV and DN2 B cells and preserved DN B cells as CD11c-Tbet- DN1 B cells. Lower expression of IL-4R and increased intracellular IFN-β in naive B cells was correlated with the accumulation of CD21-IgD- B cells and the development of anti-Smith and anti-DNA autoantibodies in patients with SLE (n = 47). Our results show that IL-4R and type I IFN signaling in naive B cells induce the development of distinct lineages of cMEM versus aMEM B cells, respectively. Furthermore, diminished IL-4R signaling shifted activated B cell development from the DN1 to the DN2 trajectory in patients with SLE. Therapies that enhance IL-4R signaling may be beneficial for ISGhi SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gao
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and
| | - Shanrun Liu
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and
| | - W Winn Chatham
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and
| | - John D Mountz
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL
| | - Hui-Chen Hsu
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL
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179
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DeWolf S, Laracy JC, Perales MA, Kamboj M, van den Brink MRM, Vardhana S. SARS-CoV-2 in immunocompromised individuals. Immunity 2022; 55:1779-1798. [PMID: 36182669 PMCID: PMC9468314 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunocompromised individuals and particularly those with hematologic malignancies are at increased risk for SARS-CoV-2-associated morbidity and mortality due to immunologic deficits that limit prevention, treatment, and clearance of the virus. Understanding the natural history of viral infections in people with impaired immunity due to underlying conditions, immunosuppressive therapy, or a combination thereof has emerged as a critical area of investigation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Studies focused on these individuals have provided key insights into aspects of innate and adaptive immunity underlying both the antiviral immune response and excess inflammation in the setting of COVID-19. This review presents what is known about distinct states of immunologic vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2 and how this information can be harnessed to improve prevention and treatment strategies for immunologically high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan DeWolf
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Justin C Laracy
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miguel-Angel Perales
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mini Kamboj
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marcel R M van den Brink
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Santosha Vardhana
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Lymphoma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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180
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Impact of COVID-19 on the liver and on the care of patients with chronic liver disease, hepatobiliary cancer, and liver transplantation: An updated EASL position paper. J Hepatol 2022; 77:1161-1197. [PMID: 35868584 PMCID: PMC9296253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has presented a serious challenge to the hepatology community, particularly healthcare professionals and patients. While the rapid development of safe and effective vaccines and treatments has improved the clinical landscape, the emergence of the omicron variant has presented new challenges. Thus, it is timely that the European Association for the Study of the Liver provides a summary of the latest data on the impact of COVID-19 on the liver and issues guidance on the care of patients with chronic liver disease, hepatobiliary cancer, and previous liver transplantation, as the world continues to deal with the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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181
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Latorre D. Autoimmunity and SARS-CoV-2 infection: Unraveling the link in neurological disorders. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1561-1571. [PMID: 35833748 PMCID: PMC9350097 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has already infected more than 400 million people and caused over 5 million deaths globally. The infection is associated with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from no signs of illness to severe pathological complications that go beyond the typical respiratory symptoms. On this note, new-onset neurological and neuropsychiatric syndromes have been increasingly reported in a large fraction of COVID-19 patients, thus potentially representing a significant public health threat. Although the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain elusive, a growing body of evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection may trigger an autoimmune response, which could potentially contribute to the establishment and/or exacerbation of neurological disorders in COVID-19 patients. Shedding light on this aspect is urgently needed for the development of effective therapeutic intervention. This review highlights the current knowledge of the immune responses occurring in Neuro-COVID patients and discusses potential immune-mediated mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 infection may trigger neurological complications.
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182
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Wei D, Chen Y, Yu X, Lai YD, Xu W, Ji P, Yang Z, Chen E, Zhang X, Wang Y. Comparable antigen-specific T cell responses in vaccinees with diverse humoral immune responses after primary and booster BBIBP-CorV vaccination. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:2474-2484. [PMID: 36166417 PMCID: PMC9621266 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2130101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BBIBP-CorV exerts efficient protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, waning vaccine-induced humoral immune responses after two-dose vaccination have significantly undermined durable immuno-protection. In this study, we have demonstrated that although anti-spike (S) antibody responses in BBIBP-CorV vaccinees exhibited three serotypes after 6 months, including de novo sero-negative, sero-positive, and sero-decay features, S-specific interferon-γ release as well as Th1 cytokine production in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were comparable, especially in vaccinees without detectable neutralizing antibodies. Notably, regardless of dramatic increases in humoral immunity after booster vaccination, T cell responses targeting S protein from either wild type or Omicron remained stable before and after booster vaccination in all three serotype vaccinees. No severe cases were observed even in the sero-decay group during the Omicron epidemic in Shanghai. Our results thus illustrate that unlike fluctuating humoral responses, viral-specific T cell responses are extremely stable after booster vaccination. Sustained T cell responses might be dedicated to the rapid restoration of antibody responses after booster vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqi Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang-Dian Lai
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxin Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Ji
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhitao Yang
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Erzhen Chen
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Clinical Research Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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183
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Ankerhold J, Giese S, Kolb P, Maul-Pavicic A, Voll RE, Göppert N, Ciminski K, Kreutz C, Lother A, Salzer U, Bildl W, Welsink T, Morgenthaler NG, Grawitz AB, Emmerich F, Steinmann D, Huzly D, Schwemmle M, Hengel H, Falcone V. Circulating multimeric immune complexes contribute to immunopathology in COVID-19. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5654. [PMID: 36163132 PMCID: PMC9513013 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32867-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A dysregulated immune response with high levels of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies characterizes patients with severe or critical COVID-19. Although a robust IgG response is considered to be protective, excessive triggering of activating Fc-gamma-receptors (FcγRs) could be detrimental and cause immunopathology. Here, we document excessive FcγRIIIA/CD16A activation in patients developing severe or critical COVID-19 but not in those with mild disease. We identify two independent ligands mediating extreme FcγRIIIA/CD16A activation. Soluble circulating IgG immune complexes (sICs) are detected in about 80% of patients with severe and critical COVID-19 at levels comparable to active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease. FcγRIIIA/CD16A activation is further enhanced by afucosylation of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG. Utilizing cell-based reporter systems we provide evidence that sICs can be formed prior to a specific humoral response against SARS-CoV-2. Our data suggest a cycle of immunopathology driven by an early formation of sICs in predisposed patients. These findings suggest a reason for the seemingly paradoxical findings of high antiviral IgG responses and systemic immune dysregulation in severe COVID-19. The involvement of circulating sICs in the promotion of immunopathology in predisposed patients opens new possibilities for intervention strategies to mitigate critical COVID-19 progression. During viral infections high levels of antibodies can form soluble immune complexes (sICs) with antigen and trigger Fcγ receptors (FcγR) leading to increased immunopathology. Here the authors measure FcγRs activation by sICs and consider how these may lead to excessive immunopathology during severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Ankerhold
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Giese
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Kolb
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Maul-Pavicic
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard E Voll
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Göppert
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Ciminski
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Kreutz
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Achim Lother
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Medical Intensive Care, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Salzer
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bildl
- Institute of Physiology II, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tim Welsink
- InVivo BioTech Services GmbH, Hennigsdorf, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Busse Grawitz
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Emmerich
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Steinmann
- Occupational Medical Service, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Huzly
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Valeria Falcone
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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184
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Jenkins D, Phalke S, Bell R, Lessard S, Gupta S, Youssef M, Tam K, Nocon A, Rivera-Correa J, Wright T, Sculco T, Otero M, Pernis AB, Sculco P. Adaptive immune responses in patients requiring revision after total knee arthroplasty. J Orthop Res 2022; 41:984-993. [PMID: 36121317 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dissatisfaction occurs in nearly 20% of patients after total knee arthroplasty (TKA); however, there remains only limited understanding of the biologic mechanisms that may contribute to suboptimal postoperative outcomes requiring revision surgery. Expansion of effector T and B cells, could promote an abnormal healing response via local or peripheral immune system mechanisms and contribute to inferior outcomes necessitating revision TKA. In this pilot study, we hypothesized that patients suffering from complications of arthrofibrosis or instability may exhibit differences in adaptive immune function. Patients (n = 31) undergoing revision TKA for an indication of arthrofibrosis or instability were prospectively enrolled. Whole blood and synovial fluid (SF) from the operative knee were collected at time of surgery. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry. Serum and SF were assessed for immunoglobulin levels by Luminex and antiphospholipid antibodies by enzyme-linked immunoassay. No significant differences were observed in peripheral blood T/B cell populations or serum immunoglobulins levels between groups. SF analysis demonstrated significant differences between the two groups, with higher levels of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) (p = 0.0184), IgG3 (p = 0.0084) and antiphosphatidyl serine IgG (p = 0.034) in arthrofibrosis relative to instability patients. Increased levels of both IgG subclasses and antiphospholipid antibodies in the SF suggest that intra-articular T-B cell interactions, potentially triggered by exposure to apoptotic components generated during post-op healing, could be functioning as a source of immune complexes that fuel fibrous tissue growth in arthrofibrotic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jenkins
- HSS Research Institute, Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Swati Phalke
- HSS Research Institute, Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Richard Bell
- HSS Research Institute, Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
- HSS Research Institute, David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Samantha Lessard
- HSS Research Institute, Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- HSS Research Institute, Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Mark Youssef
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stavros Niarchos Foundation Complex Joint Reconstruction Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Kathleen Tam
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stavros Niarchos Foundation Complex Joint Reconstruction Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Allina Nocon
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stavros Niarchos Foundation Complex Joint Reconstruction Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Juan Rivera-Correa
- HSS Research Institute, Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Timothy Wright
- Department of Biomechanics, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Thomas Sculco
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stavros Niarchos Foundation Complex Joint Reconstruction Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Miguel Otero
- HSS Research Institute, Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
- HSS Research Institute, Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Alessandra B Pernis
- HSS Research Institute, Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
- HSS Research Institute, David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Immunology & Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Peter Sculco
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stavros Niarchos Foundation Complex Joint Reconstruction Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, New York, USA
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185
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Wei X, Rong N, Liu J. Prospects of animal models and their application in studies on adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:993754. [PMID: 36189203 PMCID: PMC9523127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.993754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune response induced by SARS-CoV-2 plays a key role in the antiviral process and can protect the body from the threat of infection for a certain period of time. However, owing to the limitations of clinical studies, the antiviral mechanisms, protective thresholds, and persistence of the immune memory of adaptive immune responses remain unclear. This review summarizes existing research models for SARS-CoV-2 and elaborates on the advantages of animal models in simulating the clinical symptoms of COVID-19 in humans. In addition, we systematically summarize the research progress on the SARS-CoV-2 adaptive immune response and the remaining key issues, as well as the application and prospects of animal models in this field. This paper provides direction for in-depth analysis of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 mechanism of the adaptive immune response and lays the foundation for the development and application of vaccines and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wei
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jiangning Liu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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186
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Rivera-Correa J, Rodriguez A. Autoantibodies during infectious diseases: Lessons from malaria applied to COVID-19 and other infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:938011. [PMID: 36189309 PMCID: PMC9520403 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.938011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmunity is a common phenomenon reported in many globally relevant infections, including malaria and COVID-19. These and other highly inflammatory diseases have been associated with the presence of autoantibodies. The role that these autoantibodies play during infection has been an emerging topic of interest. The vast numbers of studies reporting a range of autoantibodies targeting cellular antigens, such as dsDNA and lipids, but also immune molecules, such as cytokines, during malaria, COVID-19 and other infections, underscore the importance that autoimmunity can play during infection. During both malaria and COVID-19, the presence of autoantibodies has been correlated with associated pathologies such as malarial anemia and severe COVID-19. Additionally, high levels of Atypical/Autoimmune B cells (ABCs and atypical B cells) have been observed in both diseases. The growing literature of autoimmune B cells, age-associated B cells and atypical B cells in Systemic Lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune disorders has identified recent mechanistic and cellular targets that could explain the development of autoantibodies during infection. These new findings establish a link between immune responses during infection and autoimmune disorders, highlighting shared mechanistic insights. In this review, we focus on the recent evidence of autoantibody generation during malaria and other infectious diseases and their potential pathological role, exploring possible mechanisms that may explain the development of autoimmunity during infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rivera-Correa
- Biological Sciences Department, New York City College of Technology, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Juan Rivera-Correa,
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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187
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Chen ST, Park MD, Del Valle DM, Buckup M, Tabachnikova A, Thompson RC, Simons NW, Mouskas K, Lee B, Geanon D, D'Souza D, Dawson T, Marvin R, Nie K, Zhao Z, LeBerichel J, Chang C, Jamal H, Akturk G, Chaddha U, Mathews K, Acquah S, Brown SA, Reiss M, Harkin T, Feldmann M, Powell CA, Hook JL, Kim-Schulze S, Rahman AH, Brown BD, Beckmann ND, Gnjatic S, Kenigsberg E, Charney AW, Merad M. A shift in lung macrophage composition is associated with COVID-19 severity and recovery. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabn5168. [PMID: 36103512 PMCID: PMC10117220 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abn5168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although it has been more than 2 years since the start of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, COVID-19 continues to be a worldwide health crisis. Despite the development of preventive vaccines, therapies to treat COVID-19 and other inflammatory diseases remain a major unmet need in medicine. Our study sought to identify drivers of disease severity and mortality to develop tailored immunotherapy strategies to halt disease progression. We assembled the Mount Sinai COVID-19 Biobank, which was composed of almost 600 hospitalized patients followed longitudinally through the peak of the pandemic in 2020. Moderate disease and survival were associated with a stronger antigen presentation and effector T cell signature. In contrast, severe disease and death were associated with an altered antigen presentation signature, increased numbers of inflammatory immature myeloid cells, and extrafollicular activated B cells that have been previously associated with autoantibody formation. In severely ill patients with COVID-19, lung tissue-resident alveolar macrophages not only were drastically depleted but also had an altered antigen presentation signature, which coincided with an influx of inflammatory monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. In addition, we found that the size of the alveolar macrophage pool correlated with patient outcome and that alveolar macrophage numbers and functionality were restored to homeostasis in patients who recovered from COVID-19. These data suggest that local and systemic myeloid cell dysregulation are drivers of COVID-19 severity and modulation of alveolar macrophage numbers and activity in the lung may be a viable therapeutic strategy for the treatment of critical inflammatory lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Chen
- The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Matthew D Park
- The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Diane Marie Del Valle
- The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mark Buckup
- The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alexandra Tabachnikova
- The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ryan C Thompson
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Icahn Institute of Data Science and Genomics Technology, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nicole W Simons
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Konstantinos Mouskas
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Brian Lee
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Daniel Geanon
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Darwin D'Souza
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Travis Dawson
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Robert Marvin
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kai Nie
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jessica LeBerichel
- The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Christie Chang
- The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hajra Jamal
- The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Guray Akturk
- The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Udit Chaddha
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kusum Mathews
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Samuel Acquah
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Stacey-Ann Brown
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michelle Reiss
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Timothy Harkin
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marc Feldmann
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Charles A Powell
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jaime L Hook
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Seunghee Kim-Schulze
- The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Adeeb H Rahman
- The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Brian D Brown
- The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Icahn Institute of Data Science and Genomics Technology, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | -
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Noam D Beckmann
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Icahn Institute of Data Science and Genomics Technology, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ephraim Kenigsberg
- The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Icahn Institute of Data Science and Genomics Technology, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alexander W Charney
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Icahn Institute of Data Science and Genomics Technology, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Miriam Merad
- The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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188
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Castanha PMS, Tuttle DJ, Kitsios GD, Jacobs JL, Braga-Neto U, Duespohl M, Rathod S, Marti MM, Wheeler S, Naqvi A, Staines B, Mellors J, Morris A, McVerry BJ, Shah F, Schaefer C, Macatangay BJC, Methe B, Fernandez CA, Barratt-Boyes SM, Burke D, Marques ETA. Contribution of Coronavirus-Specific Immunoglobulin G Responses to Complement Overactivation in Patients with Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:766-777. [PMID: 35267024 PMCID: PMC8992249 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive complement activation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the mechanisms leading to this response remain unclear. METHODS We measured plasma levels of key complement markers, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA and antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal human common cold coronaviruses (CCCs) in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 of moderate (n = 18) and critical severity (n = 37) and in healthy controls (n = 10). RESULTS We confirmed that complement activation is systemically increased in patients with COVID-19 and is associated with a worse disease outcome. We showed that plasma levels of C1q and circulating immune complexes were markedly increased in patients with severe COVID-19 and correlated with higher immunoglobulin (Ig) G titers, greater complement activation, and higher disease severity score. Additional analyses showed that the classical pathway was the main arm responsible for augmented complement activation in severe patients. In addition, we demonstrated that a rapid IgG response to SARS-CoV-2 and an anamnestic IgG response to the nucleoprotein of the CCCs were strongly correlated with circulating immune complex levels, complement activation, and disease severity. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that early, nonneutralizing IgG responses may play a key role in complement overactivation in severe COVID-19. Our work underscores the urgent need to develop therapeutic strategies to modify complement overactivation in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila M S Castanha
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dylan J Tuttle
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Georgios D Kitsios
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Medicine and the Microbiome, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jana L Jacobs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ulisses Braga-Neto
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew Duespohl
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sanjay Rathod
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michelle M Marti
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah Wheeler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Asma Naqvi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brittany Staines
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Mellors
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alison Morris
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Medicine and the Microbiome, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bryan J McVerry
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Medicine and the Microbiome, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Faraaz Shah
- Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Caitlin Schaefer
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bernard J C Macatangay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Barbara Methe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Medicine and the Microbiome, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christian A Fernandez
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simon M Barratt-Boyes
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Donald Burke
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ernesto T A Marques
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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189
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Solimando AG, Marziliano D, Ribatti D. SARS-CoV-2 and Endothelial Cells: Vascular Changes, Intussusceptive Microvascular Growth and Novel Therapeutic Windows. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2242. [PMID: 36140343 PMCID: PMC9496230 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial activation in infectious diseases plays a crucial role in understanding and predicting the outcomes and future treatments of several clinical conditions. COVID-19 is no exception. Moving from basic principles to novel approaches, an evolving view of endothelial activation provides insights into a better knowledge of the upstream actors in COVID-19 as a crucial future direction for managing SARS-CoV-2 and other infections. Assessing the function of resting and damaged endothelial cells in infection, particularly in COVID-19, five critical processes emerged controlling thrombo-resistance: vascular integrity, blood flow regulation, immune cell trafficking, angiogenesis and intussusceptive microvascular growth. Endothelial cell injury is associated with thrombosis, increased vessel contraction and a crucial phenomenon identified as intussusceptive microvascular growth, an unprecedented event of vessel splitting into two lumens through the integration of circulating pro-angiogenic cells. An essential awareness of endothelial cells and their phenotypic changes in COVID-19 inflammation is pivotal to understanding the vascular biology of infections and may offer crucial new therapeutic windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Giovanni Solimando
- Guido Baccelli Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, School of Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Donatello Marziliano
- Guido Baccelli Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, School of Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
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190
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Hurtado C, Rojas-Gualdrón DF, Urrego R, Cashman K, Vásquez-Trespalacios EM, Díaz-Coronado JC, Rojas M, Jenks S, Vásquez G, Sanz I. Altered B cell phenotype and CD27+ memory B cells are associated with clinical features and environmental exposure in Colombian systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:950452. [PMID: 36148466 PMCID: PMC9485945 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.950452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background B lymphocytes are dysregulated in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) including the expansion of extrafollicular B cells in patients with SLE of African American ancestry, which is associated with disease activity and nephritis. The population of Colombia has a mixture of European, Native American, and African ancestry. It is not known if Colombian patients have the same B cell distributions described previously and if they are associated with disease activity, clinical manifestations, and environmental exposures. Objective To characterize B cell phenotype in a group of Colombian Systemic Lupus Erythematosus patients with mixed ancestry and determine possible associations with disease activity, clinical manifestations, the DNA methylation status of the IFI44L gene and environmental exposures. Materials and methods Forty SLE patients and 17 healthy controls were recruited. Cryopreserved peripheral B lymphocytes were analyzed by multiparameter flow cytometry, and the DNA methylation status of the gene IFI44L was evaluated in resting Naive B cells (rNAV). Results Extrafollicular active Naive (aNAV) and Double Negative type 2, DN2 (CD27− IgD− CD21− CD11c+) B cells were expanded in severe active patients and were associated with nephritis. Patients had hypomethylation of the IFI44L gene in rNAV cells. Regarding environmental exposure, patients occupationally exposed to organic solvents had increased memory CD27+ cells (SWM). Conclusion aNAV and DN2 extrafollicular cells showed significant clinical associations in Colombian SLE patients, suggesting a relevant role in the disease’s pathophysiology. Hypomethylation of the IFI44L gene in resting Naive B cells suggests that epigenetic changes are established at exceedingly early stages of B cell ontogeny. Also, an alteration in SWM memory cells was observed for the first time in patients exposed to organic solvents. This opens different clinical and basic research possibilities to corroborate these findings and deepen the knowledge of the relationship between environmental exposure and SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Hurtado
- School of Medicine, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
- School of Graduate Studies, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Rodrigo Urrego
- Group INCA-CES, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnic, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Kevin Cashman
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Juan Camilo Díaz-Coronado
- School of Medicine, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
- Group of Clinical Information, Artmedica IPS, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Unidad de Citometría de Flujo, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Scott Jenks
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Gloria Vásquez
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Ignacio Sanz,
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191
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Nasonov EL, Samsonov MY, Lila AM. Coronavirus Infection 2019 (COVID-19) and Autoimmunity. HERALD OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 2022; 92:398-403. [PMID: 36091857 PMCID: PMC9447958 DOI: 10.1134/s1019331622040062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019, etiologically associated with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has drawn the attention of the medical community to new clinical and fundamental problems in the immunopathology of human diseases. During a detailed analysis of the clinical manifestations and immunopathological disorders in COVID-19, it became apparent that SARS-CoV-2 infection is accompanied by the development of a wide range of extrapulmonary clinical and laboratory disorders, some of which are characteristic of immunoinflammatory rheumatic diseases and other human autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. All this taken together served as a theoretical justification for the repositioning of anti-inflammatory drugs in COVID-19, previously specifically designed for the treatment of immunoinflammatory rheumatic diseases. The prospects for studying the autoimmune mechanisms of COVID-19 and the possibility of anti-inflammatory therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. L. Nasonov
- Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology, Moscow, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - M. Yu. Samsonov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - A. M. Lila
- Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology, Moscow, Russia
- Russian Medical Academy for Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
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192
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Castleman MJ, Stumpf MM, Therrien NR, Smith MJ, Lesteberg KE, Palmer BE, Maloney JP, Janssen WJ, Mould KJ, Beckham JD, Pelanda R, Torres RM. Autoantibodies elicited with SARS-CoV-2 infection are linked to alterations in double negative B cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:988125. [PMID: 36131937 PMCID: PMC9484582 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.988125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Double negative (DN) B cells (CD27-IgD-) comprise a heterogenous population of DN1, DN2, and the recently described DN3 and DN4 subsets. In autoimmune disease, DN2 cells are reported to be precursors to autoreactive antibody secreting cells and expansion of DN2 cells is linked to elevated interferon levels. Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by elevated systemic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and serum autoantibodies and expansion of the DN2 subset in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection has been reported. However, the activation status, functional capacity and contribution to virally-induced autoantibody production by DN subsets is not established. Here, we validate the finding that severe SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with a reduction in the frequency of DN1 cells coinciding with an increase in the frequency of DN2 and DN3 cells. We further demonstrate that with severe viral infection DN subsets are at a heightened level of activation, display changes in immunoglobulin class isotype frequency and have functional BCR signaling. Increases in overall systemic inflammation (CRP), as well as specific pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, IFNγ, IL-1β), significantly correlate with the skewing of DN1, DN2 and DN3 subsets during severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Importantly, the reduction in DN1 cell frequency and expansion of the DN3 population during severe infection significantly correlates with increased levels of serum autoantibodies. Thus, systemic inflammation during SARS-CoV-2 infection drives changes in Double Negative subset frequency, likely impacting their contribution to generation of autoreactive antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah J. Castleman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Megan M. Stumpf
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Nicholas R. Therrien
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mia J. Smith
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kelsey E. Lesteberg
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Brent E. Palmer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - James P. Maloney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - William J. Janssen
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kara J. Mould
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - J. David Beckham
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans affairs (VA), Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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193
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Qi F, Cao Y, Zhang S, Zhang Z. Single-cell analysis of the adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Front Immunol 2022; 13:964976. [PMID: 36119105 PMCID: PMC9478577 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.964976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Amid the ongoing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, vaccination and early therapeutic interventions are the most effective means to combat and control the severity of the disease. Host immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, particularly adaptive immune responses, should be fully understood to develop improved strategies to implement these measures. Single-cell multi-omic technologies, including flow cytometry, single-cell transcriptomics, and single-cell T-cell receptor (TCR) and B-cell receptor (BCR) profiling, offer a better solution to examine the protective or pathological immune responses and molecular mechanisms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, thus providing crucial support for the development of vaccines and therapeutics for COVID-19. Recent reviews have revealed the overall immune landscape of natural SARS-CoV-2 infection, and this review will focus on adaptive immune responses (including T cells and B cells) to SARS-CoV-2 revealed by single-cell multi-omics technologies. In addition, we explore how the single-cell analyses disclose the critical components of immune protection and pathogenesis during SARS-CoV-2 infection through the comparison between the adaptive immune responses induced by natural infection and by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Qi
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Single-Cell Omics Reasearch and Application, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yingyin Cao
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuye Zhang
- Clinical Center for BioTherapy and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Single-Cell Omics Reasearch and Application, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Research Center for Communicable Disease Diagnosis and Treatment of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Shenzhen, China
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194
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Chen Z, Flores Castro D, Gupta S, Phalke S, Manni M, Rivera-Correa J, Jessberger R, Zaghouani H, Giannopoulou E, Pannellini T, Pernis AB. Interleukin-13 Receptor α1-Mediated Signaling Regulates Age-Associated/Autoimmune B Cell Expansion and Lupus Pathogenesis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2022; 74:1544-1555. [PMID: 35438841 PMCID: PMC9427689 DOI: 10.1002/art.42146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Age-associated/autoimmune B cells (ABCs) are an emerging B cell subset with aberrant expansion in systemic lupus erythematosus. ABC generation and differentiation exhibit marked sexual dimorphism, and Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR-7) engagement is a key contributor to these sex differences. ABC generation is also controlled by interleukin-21 (IL-21) and its interplay with interferon-γ and IL-4. This study was undertaken to investigate whether IL-13 receptor α1 (IL-13Rα1), an X-linked receptor that transmits IL-4/IL-13 signals, regulates ABCs and lupus pathogenesis. METHODS Mice lacking DEF-6 and switch-associated protein 70 (double-knockout [DKO]), which preferentially develop lupus in females, were crossed with IL-13Rα1-knockout mice. IL-13Rα1-knockout male mice were also crossed with Y chromosome autoimmune accelerator (Yaa) DKO mice, which overexpress TLR-7 and develop severe disease. ABCs were assessed using flow cytometry and RNA-Seq. Lupus pathogenesis was evaluated using serologic and histologic analyses. RESULTS ABCs expressed higher levels of IL-13Rα1 than follicular B cells. The absence of IL-13Rα1 in either DKO female mice or Yaa DKO male mice decreased the accumulation of ABCs, the differentiation of ABCs into plasmablasts, and autoantibody production. Lack of IL-13Rα1 also prolonged survival and delayed the development of tissue inflammation. IL-13Rα1 deficiency diminished in vitro generation of ABCs, an effect that, surprisingly, could be observed in response to IL-21 alone. RNA-Seq revealed that ABCs lacking IL-13Rα1 down-regulated some histologic characteristics of B cells but up-regulated myeloid markers and proinflammatory mediators. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate a novel role for IL-13Rα1 in controlling ABC generation and differentiation, suggesting that IL-13Rα1 contributes to these effects by regulating a subset of IL-21-mediated signaling events. These results also suggest that X-linked genes besides TLR7 participate in the regulation of ABCs in lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Chen
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, China
| | - Danny Flores Castro
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Swati Phalke
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michela Manni
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan Rivera-Correa
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rolf Jessberger
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Technische Universitat, Dresden, Germany
| | - Habib Zaghouani
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO
- Department of Neurology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO
| | - Evgenia Giannopoulou
- David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
- Biological Sciences Department, New York City College of Technology, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Tania Pannellini
- Research Division and Precision Medicine Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alessandra B. Pernis
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
- David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Cao T, Liu L, To KK, Lim C, Zhou R, Ming Y, Kwan K, Yu S, Chan C, Zhou B, Huang H, Mo Y, Du Z, Gong R, Yat L, Hung IF, Tam AR, To W, Leung W, Chik TS, Tsang OT, Lin X, Song Y, Yuen K, Chen Z. Mitochondrial regulation of acute extrafollicular B-cell responses to COVID-19 severity. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e1025. [PMID: 36103567 PMCID: PMC9473490 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with COVID-19 display a broad spectrum of manifestations from asymptomatic to life-threatening disease with dysregulated immune responses. Mechanisms underlying the detrimental immune responses and disease severity remain elusive. METHODS We investigated a total of 137 APs infected with SARS-CoV-2. Patients were divided into mild and severe patient groups based on their requirement of oxygen supplementation. All blood samples from APs were collected within three weeks after symptom onset. Freshly isolated PBMCs were investigated for B cell subsets, their homing potential, activation state, mitochondrial functionality and proliferative response. Plasma samples were tested for cytokine concentration, and titer of Nabs, RBD-, S1-, SSA/Ro- and dsDNA-specific IgG. RESULTS While critically ill patients displayed predominantly extrafollicular B cell activation with elevated inflammation, mild patients counteracted the disease through the timely induction of mitochondrial dysfunction in B cells within the first week post symptom onset. Rapidly increased mitochondrial dysfunction, which was caused by infection-induced excessive intracellular calcium accumulation, suppressed excessive extrafollicular responses, leading to increased neutralizing potency index and decreased inflammatory cytokine production. Patients who received prior COVID-19 vaccines before infection displayed significantly decreased extrafollicular B cell responses and mild disease. CONCLUSION Our results reveal an immune mechanism that controls SARS-CoV-2-induced detrimental B cell responses and COVID-19 severity, which may have implications for viral pathogenesis, therapeutic interventions and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Cao
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
- Department of ImmunologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anPeople's Republic of China
- Department of DermatologyTangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anPeople's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
- Centre for VirologyVaccinology and Therapeutics LimitedHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Kelvin Kai‐Wang To
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
- Department of ImmunologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anPeople's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of MicrobiologyThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
- Centre for VirologyVaccinology and Therapeutics LimitedHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Chun‐Yu Lim
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Runhong Zhou
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yue Ming
- School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Ka‐Yi Kwan
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Sulan Yu
- School of Chinese MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Chun‐Yin Chan
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Biao Zhou
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Haode Huang
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yufei Mo
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zhenglong Du
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Ruomei Gong
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Luk‐Tsz Yat
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Ivan Fan‐Ngai Hung
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Anthony Raymond Tam
- Department of MedicineQueen Mary HospitalHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Wing‐Kin To
- Department of PathologyPrincess Margaret HospitalHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Wai‐Shing Leung
- Department of Medicine and GeriatricsPrincess Margaret HospitalHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Thomas Shiu‐Hong Chik
- Department of Medicine and GeriatricsPrincess Margaret HospitalHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Owen Tak‐Yin Tsang
- Department of Medicine and GeriatricsPrincess Margaret HospitalHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Lin
- School of Chinese MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - You‐qiang Song
- School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Kwok‐Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of MicrobiologyThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
- Centre for VirologyVaccinology and Therapeutics LimitedHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of MicrobiologyThe University of Hong KongHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
- Centre for VirologyVaccinology and Therapeutics LimitedHong Kong Special Administrative RegionPeople's Republic of China
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Maamari KA, Busaidi IA, Kindi MA, Zadjali F, BaAlawi F, Anesta W, Amri KA, Albalushi W, Balushi HA, Amri AA, Aljufaili M, Al-Busaidi M, Muharrmi ZA, Balkhair A, Riyami NA, Ghanim Z, Alshekaili J. Short and long-term immune changes in different severity groups of COVID-19 disease. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 122:776-784. [PMID: 35840099 PMCID: PMC9284586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited data on short- versus long-term changes in adaptive immune response across different COVID-19 disease severity groups. METHODS A multicenter prospective study of 140 adult patients with COVID-19 (a total of 325 samples) were analyzed for inflammatory markers and lymphocyte subsets at presentation, week 2, and week 24. RESULTS Inflammatory markers at presentation were higher in the critical/severe than in moderate and mild groups. A predominance of memory B cell response in the mild and moderate group was noted by week 2. In contrast, the immune system in the severe/critical group was dysfunctional, with expansion of exhausted CD8+ T cells and atypical memory B cells. By 24 weeks, there was a possible trend of normalization. CONCLUSION There was substantial difference in the degree of inflammation and distribution of different B and T cell subsets in the different disease severity groups. Despite the initial dysfunctional immune response in the severe/critical group, a comparable memory B and CD8+ T cell responses to the mild group was achieved at 24 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuloud Al Maamari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Ibrahim Al Busaidi
- Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Mahmood Al Kindi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Fahad Zadjali
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Fatma BaAlawi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Wijesinghe Anesta
- Department of internal medicine, Armed Forces Hospital, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Kawthar Al Amri
- Department of internal medicine, Armed Forces Hospital, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Wafa Albalushi
- Department of Nursing, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Hamed Al Balushi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Ayman Al Amri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Mahmood Aljufaili
- Department of Emergency, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Mujahid Al-Busaidi
- Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Zakariya Al Muharrmi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Abdullah Balkhair
- Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Nafila Al Riyami
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Zahraa Ghanim
- Department of Anaesthesia, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Jalila Alshekaili
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Sultanate of Oman,Corresponding author
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197
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Buckner CM, Kardava L, Merhebi OE, Narpala SR, Serebryannyy L, Lin BC, Wang W, Zhang X, de Assis FL, Kelly SE, Teng IT, McCormack GE, Praiss LH, Seamon CA, Rai MA, Kalish H, Kwong PD, Proschan MA, McDermott AB, Fauci AS, Chun TW, Moir S. Recent SARS-CoV-2 infection abrogates antibody and B-cell responses to booster vaccination. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.08.30.22279344. [PMID: 36093348 PMCID: PMC9460969 DOI: 10.1101/2022.08.30.22279344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA booster vaccines provide protection from severe disease, eliciting strong immunity that is further boosted by previous infection. However, it is unclear whether these immune responses are affected by the interval between infection and vaccination. Over a two-month period, we evaluated antibody and B-cell responses to a third dose mRNA vaccine in 66 individuals with different infection histories. Uninfected and post-boost but not previously infected individuals mounted robust ancestral and variant spike-binding and neutralizing antibodies, and memory B cells. Spike-specific B-cell responses from recent infection were elevated at pre-boost but comparatively less so at 60 days post-boost compared to uninfected individuals, and these differences were linked to baseline frequencies of CD27 lo B cells. Day 60 to baseline ratio of BCR signaling measured by phosphorylation of Syk was inversely correlated to days between infection and vaccination. Thus, B-cell responses to booster vaccines are impeded by recent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisa M. Buckner
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Lela Kardava
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Omar El Merhebi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
| | - Sandeep R. Narpala
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Leonid Serebryannyy
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bob C. Lin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
| | - Xiaozhen Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
| | - Felipe Lopes de Assis
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
| | - Sophie E.M. Kelly
- Bioengineering and Physical Sciences Shared Resource, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - I-Ting Teng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Genevieve E. McCormack
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
| | - Lauren H. Praiss
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
| | - Catherine A. Seamon
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
| | - M. Ali Rai
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
| | - Heather Kalish
- Bioengineering and Physical Sciences Shared Resource, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael A. Proschan
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adrian B. McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anthony S. Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892 MD, USA
- Lead contact
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198
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Dysregulated naïve B cells and de novo autoreactivity in severe COVID-19. Nature 2022; 611:139-147. [PMID: 36044993 PMCID: PMC9630115 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection1 has been associated with highly inflammatory immune activation since the earliest days of the COVID-19 pandemic2–5. More recently, these responses have been associated with the emergence of self-reactive antibodies with pathologic potential6–10, although their origins and resolution have remained unclear11. Previously, we and others have identified extrafollicular B cell activation, a pathway associated with the formation of new autoreactive antibodies in chronic autoimmunity12,13, as a dominant feature of severe and critical COVID-19 (refs. 14–18). Here, using single-cell B cell repertoire analysis of patients with mild and severe disease, we identify the expansion of a naive-derived, low-mutation IgG1 population of antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) reflecting features of low selective pressure. These features correlate with progressive, broad, clinically relevant autoreactivity, particularly directed against nuclear antigens and carbamylated proteins, emerging 10–15 days after the onset of symptoms. Detailed analysis of the low-selection compartment shows a high frequency of clonotypes specific for both SARS-CoV-2 and autoantigens, including pathogenic autoantibodies against the glomerular basement membrane. We further identify the contraction of this pathway on recovery, re-establishment of tolerance standards and concomitant loss of acute-derived ASCs irrespective of antigen specificity. However, serological autoreactivity persists in a subset of patients with postacute sequelae, raising important questions as to the contribution of emerging autoreactivity to continuing symptomology on recovery. In summary, this study demonstrates the origins, breadth and resolution of autoreactivity in severe COVID-19, with implications for early intervention and the treatment of patients with post-COVID sequelae. Single-cell B cell repertoire analysis identifies the expansion of a naive-derived population of antibody-secreting cells contributing to de novo autoreactivity in patients with severe COVID-19 and those with post-COVID symptoms.
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199
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Chen S, Guan F, Candotti F, Benlagha K, Camara NOS, Herrada AA, James LK, Lei J, Miller H, Kubo M, Ning Q, Liu C. The role of B cells in COVID-19 infection and vaccination. Front Immunol 2022; 13:988536. [PMID: 36110861 PMCID: PMC9468879 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.988536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells secrete antibodies and mediate the humoral immune response, making them extremely important in protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2, which caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In this review, we summarize the positive function and pathological response of B cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection and re-infection. Then, we structure the immunity responses that B cells mediated in peripheral tissues. Furthermore, we discuss the role of B cells during vaccination including the effectiveness of antibodies and memory B cells, viral evolution mechanisms, and future vaccine development. This review might help medical workers and researchers to have a better understanding of the interaction between B cells and SARS-CoV-2 and broaden their vision for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiru Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Guan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fabio Candotti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kamel Benlagha
- Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Laboratory of Human Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andres A. Herrada
- Lymphatic and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Louisa K. James
- Centre for Immunobiology, Bizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jiahui Lei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heather Miller
- Cytek Biosciences, R&D Clinical Reagents, Fremont, CA, United States
| | - Masato Kubo
- Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), Rikagaku Kenkyusho, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Qin Ning
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science Technology, Wuhan, China
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Stjepanovic MI, Stojanovic MR, Stankovic S, Cvejic J, Dimic-Janjic S, Popevic S, Buha I, Belic S, Djurdjevic N, Stjepanovic MM, Jovanovic D, Stojkovic-Laloševic M, Soldatovic I, Bonaci-Nikolic B, Miskovic R. Autoimmune and immunoserological markers of COVID-19 pneumonia: Can they help in the assessment of disease severity. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:934270. [PMID: 36106319 PMCID: PMC9464912 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.934270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune dysregulation and associated inefficient anti-viral immunity during Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) can cause tissue and organ damage which shares many similarities with pathogenetic processes in systemic autoimmune diseases. In this study, we investigate wide range autoimmune and immunoserological markers in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Methods Study included 51 patients with confirmed Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 infection and hospitalized due to COVID-19 pneumonia. Wide spectrum autoantibodies associated with different autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases were analyzed and correlated with clinical and laboratory features and pneumonia severity. Results Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) positivity was found in 19.6%, anti-cardiolipin IgG antibodies (aCL IgG) in 15.7%, and anti-cardiolipin IgM antibodies (aCL IgM) in 7.8% of patients. Positive atypical x anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (xANCA) were detected in 10.0% (all negative for Proteinase 3 and Myeloperoxidase) and rheumatoid factor was found in 8.2% of patients. None of tested autoantibodies were associated with disease or pneumonia severity, except for aCL IgG being significantly associated with higher pneumonia severity index (p = 0.036). Patients with reduced total serum IgG were more likely to require non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) (p < 0.0001). Serum concentrations of IgG (p = 0.003) and IgA (p = 0.032) were significantly lower in this group of patients. Higher total serum IgA (p = 0.009) was associated with mortality, with no difference in serum IgG (p = 0.115) or IgM (p = 0.175). Lethal outcome was associated with lower complement C4 (p = 0.013), while there was no difference in complement C3 concentration (p = 0.135). Conclusion Increased autoimmune responses are present in moderate and severe COVID-19. Severe pneumonia is associated with the presence of aCL IgG, suggesting their role in disease pathogenesis. Evaluation of serum immunoglobulins and complement concentration could help assess the risk of non-invasive mechanical ventilation NIMV and poor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihailo I. Stjepanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Pulmonology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Mihailo I. Stjepanovic ;
| | - Maja R. Stojanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Allergy and Immunology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Stankovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Cvejic
- Clinic for Pulmonology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Dimic-Janjic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Pulmonology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Spasoje Popevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Pulmonology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Buha
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Pulmonology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Belic
- Clinic for Pulmonology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Natasa Djurdjevic
- Clinic for Pulmonology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Dragana Jovanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Allergy and Immunology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Stojkovic-Laloševic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Soldatovic
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Informatic, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branka Bonaci-Nikolic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Allergy and Immunology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rada Miskovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Allergy and Immunology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
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