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Ozdalga E, Ahuja N, Sehgal N, Hom J, Weng Y, Pinsky B, Schulman KA, Collins W. Detailed characterization of hospitalized patients infected with the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2. J Intern Med 2022; 292:385-387. [PMID: 35417053 PMCID: PMC9115094 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Errol Ozdalga
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Neera Ahuja
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Niraj Sehgal
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jason Hom
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Yingjie Weng
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Benjamin Pinsky
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kevin A Schulman
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - William Collins
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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152
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Dulek DE, Ardura MI, Green M, Michaels MG, Chaudhuri A, Vasquez L, Danziger-Isakov L, Posfay-Barbe KM, McCulloch MI, L'Huillier AG, Benden C. Update on COVID-19 vaccination in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant 2022; 26:e14235. [PMID: 35060251 DOI: 10.1111/petr.14235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 vaccination has been successful in decreasing rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection in areas with high vaccine uptake. Cases of breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection remain infrequent among immunocompetent vaccine recipients who are protected from severe COVID-19. Robust data demonstrate the safety, immunogenicity, and effectiveness of several COVID-19 vaccine formulations. Importantly, Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine studies have now included children as young as 5 years of age with safety, immunogenicity, and effectiveness data publicly available. In the United States, emergency use authorization by the Federal Drug Administration and approval from the Centers for Disease Control/Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices have been provided for the 5- to 11-year-old age group. METHODS Members of the International Pediatric Transplant Association (IPTA) provide an updated review of current COVID-19 vaccine data with focus on pediatric solid organ transplant (SOT)-specific issues. RESULTS This review provides an overview of current COVID-19 immunogenicity, safety, and efficacy data from key studies, with focus on data of importance to pediatric SOT recipients. Continued paucity of data in the setting of pediatric transplantation remains a challenge. CONCLUSIONS Further studies of COVID-19 vaccination in pediatric SOT recipients are needed to better understand post-vaccine COVID-19 T-cell and antibody kinetics and determine the optimal vaccine schedule. Increased COVID-19 vaccine acceptability, uptake, and worldwide availability are needed to limit the risk that COVID-19 poses to pediatric solid organ transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Dulek
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Monica I Ardura
- Nationwide Children's Hospital & The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael Green
- UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marian G Michaels
- UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | - Klara M Posfay-Barbe
- Children's Hospital of Geneva, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mignon I McCulloch
- Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Arnaud G L'Huillier
- Children's Hospital of Geneva, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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153
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Nguyen DC, Lamothe PA, Woodruff MC, Saini AS, Faliti CE, Sanz I, Lee FE. COVID-19 and plasma cells: Is there long-lived protection? Immunol Rev 2022; 309:40-63. [PMID: 35801537 PMCID: PMC9350162 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Infection with SARS-CoV-2, the etiology of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, has resulted in over 450 million cases with more than 6 million deaths worldwide, causing global disruptions since early 2020. Memory B cells and durable antibody protection from long-lived plasma cells (LLPC) are the mainstay of most effective vaccines. However, ending the pandemic has been hampered by the lack of long-lived immunity after infection or vaccination. Although immunizations offer protection from severe disease and hospitalization, breakthrough infections still occur, most likely due to new mutant viruses and the overall decline of neutralizing antibodies after 6 months. Here, we review the current knowledge of B cells, from extrafollicular to memory populations, with a focus on distinct plasma cell subsets, such as early-minted blood antibody-secreting cells and the bone marrow LLPC, and how these humoral compartments contribute to protection after SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan C. Nguyen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Pedro A. Lamothe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Matthew C. Woodruff
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Ankur S. Saini
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Caterina E. Faliti
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Frances Eun‐Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
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154
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Cao L, Lou J, Chan SY, Zheng H, Liu C, Zhao S, Li Q, Mok CKP, Chan RWY, Chong MKC, Wu WKK, Chen Z, Wong ELY, Chan PKS, Zee BCY, Yeoh EK, Wang MH. Rapid evaluation of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic infection with SARS-CoV-2 variants by analysis of genetic distance. Nat Med 2022; 28:1715-1722. [PMID: 35710987 PMCID: PMC9388371 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01877-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Timely evaluation of the protective effects of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern is urgently needed to inform pandemic control planning. Based on 78 vaccine efficacy or effectiveness (VE) data from 49 studies and 1,984,241 SARS-CoV-2 sequences collected from 31 regions, we analyzed the relationship between genetic distance (GD) of circulating viruses against the vaccine strain and VE against symptomatic infection. We found that the GD of the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is highly predictive of vaccine protection and accounted for 86.3% (P = 0.038) of the VE change in a vaccine platform-based mixed-effects model and 87.9% (P = 0.006) in a manufacturer-based model. We applied the VE-GD model to predict protection mediated by existing vaccines against new genetic variants and validated the results by published real-world and clinical trial data, finding high concordance of predicted VE with observed VE. We estimated the VE against the Delta variant to be 82.8% (95% prediction interval: 68.7-96.0) using the mRNA vaccine platform, closely matching the reported VE of 83.0% from an observational study. Among the four sublineages of Omicron, the predicted VE varied between 11.9% and 33.3%, with the highest VE predicted against BA.1 and the lowest against BA.2, using the mRNA vaccine platform. The VE-GD framework enables predictions of vaccine protection in real time and offers a rapid evaluation method against novel variants that may inform vaccine deployment and public health responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Cao
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingzhi Lou
- Beth Bioinformatics Co. Ltd., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - See Yeung Chan
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Beth Bioinformatics Co. Ltd., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Caiqi Liu
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shi Zhao
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi Li
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chris Ka Pun Mok
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Renee Wan Yi Chan
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Marc Ka Chun Chong
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - William Ka Kei Wu
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zigui Chen
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Eliza Lai Yi Wong
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Health Systems and Policy Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paul Kay Sheung Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Benny Chung Ying Zee
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Eng Kiong Yeoh
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Health Systems and Policy Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Maggie Haitian Wang
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.
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155
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El-Malah SS, Saththasivam J, Jabbar KA, K K A, Gomez TA, Ahmed AA, Mohamoud YA, Malek JA, Abu Raddad LJ, Abu Halaweh HA, Bertollini R, Lawler J, Mahmoud KA. Application of human RNase P normalization for the realistic estimation of SARS-CoV-2 viral load in wastewater: A perspective from Qatar wastewater surveillance. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION 2022; 27:102775. [PMID: 35761926 PMCID: PMC9220754 DOI: 10.1016/j.eti.2022.102775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The apparent uncertainty associated with shedding patterns, environmental impacts, and sample processing strategies have greatly influenced the variability of SARS-CoV-2 concentrations in wastewater. This study evaluates the use of a new normalization approach using human RNase P for the logic estimation of SARS-CoV-2 viral load in wastewater. SARS-CoV-2 variants outbreak was monitored during the circulating wave between February and August 2021. Sewage samples were collected from five major wastewater treatment plants and subsequently analyzed to determine the viral loads in the wastewater. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in all the samples where the wastewater Ct values exhibited a similar trend as the reported number of new daily positive cases in the country. The infected population number was estimated using a mathematical model that compensated for RNA decay due to wastewater temperature and sewer residence time, and which indicated that the number of positive cases circulating in the population declined from 765,729 ± 142,080 to 2,303 ± 464 during the sampling period. Genomic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 of thirty wastewater samples collected between March 2021 and April 2021 revealed that alpha (B.1.1.7) and beta (B.1.351) were among the dominant variants of concern (VOC) in Qatar. The findings of this study imply that the normalization of data allows a more realistic assessment of incidence trends within the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa S El-Malah
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jayaprakash Saththasivam
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khadeeja Abdul Jabbar
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Arun K K
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tricia A Gomez
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ayeda A Ahmed
- Genomics Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar (WCM-Q), Cornell University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yasmin A Mohamoud
- Genomics Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar (WCM-Q), Cornell University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Joel A Malek
- Genomics Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar (WCM-Q), Cornell University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Laith J Abu Raddad
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hussein A Abu Halaweh
- Drainage Network Operation & Maintenance Department, Public Works Authority, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Jenny Lawler
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khaled A Mahmoud
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
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156
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Almendárez-Rodriguez C, Solis-Andrade KI, Govea-Alonso DO, Comas-Garcia M, Rosales-Mendoza S. Production and characterization of chimeric SARS-CoV-2 antigens based on the capsid protein of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 213:1007-1017. [PMID: 35690161 PMCID: PMC9174154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for new vaccine platforms to rapidly develop solutions against emerging pathogens. In particular, some plant viruses offer several advantages for developing subunit vaccines, such as high expression rates in E. coli, high immunogenicity and safety, and absence of pre-immunity that could interfere with the vaccine's efficacy. Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) is a model system that has been extensively characterized, with key advantages for its use as an epitope carrier. In the present study, three relevant epitopes from the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein were genetically inserted into the CCMV CP and expressed in E. coli cultures, resulting in the CCMV1, CCMV2, and CCMV3 chimeras. The recombinant CP mutants were purified from the formed inclusion bodies and refolded, and their immunogenicity as a subunit vaccine was assessed in BALB/c mice. The three mutants are immunogenic as they induce high IgG antibody titers that recognize the recombinant full-length S protein. This study supports the application of CCMV CP as an attractive carrier for the clinical evaluation of vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, it suggests that VLPs assembled from these chimeric proteins could result in antigens with better immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Almendárez-Rodriguez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, SLP 78210, Mexico; Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - Karla I Solis-Andrade
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - Dania O Govea-Alonso
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Comas-Garcia
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; Sección de Microscopía de Alta Resolución, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Parque Chapultepec 1570, 78210 San Luis, S.L.P., San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico.
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, SLP 78210, Mexico; Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2ª. Sección, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico.
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157
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Wang B, Xu J, Wu S, Zhang Z, Zhao Z, Zhang J, Fu L, Zai X, Wang Y, Zhang G, Chen Z, Chen Y, Sun H, Song X, Zhang J, Zhu L, Hou L, Chen W. Comparative characterization of antibody responses induced by Ad5-vectored spike proteins of emerging SARS-CoV-2 VOCs. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:257. [PMID: 35906201 PMCID: PMC9334975 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly divergent SARS-CoV-2 variants have continuously emerged and spread around the world, and updated vaccines and innovative vaccination strategies are urgently needed to address the global SARS-COV2 pandemic. Here, we established a series of Ad5-vectored SARS-CoV-2 variant vaccines encoding multiple spike proteins derived from the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Epsilon, Kappa, Delta and Omicron lineages and analyzed the antibody immune responses induced by single-dose and prime-boost vaccination strategies against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). Single-dose vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 variant vaccines tended to elicit the optimal self-matched neutralizing effects, and Ad5-B.1.351 produced more broad-spectrum cross-neutralizing antibodies against diverse variants. In contrast, prime-boost vaccination further strengthened and broadened the neutralizing antibody responses against highly divergent SARS-CoV-2 variants. The heterologous administration of Ad5-B.1.617.2 and Ad5-B.1.429 to Ad5-WT-primed mice resulted in superior antibody responses against most VOCs. In particular, the Omicron spike could only stimulate self-matched neutralizing antibodies with infrequent cross-reactivities to other variants used in single-dose vaccination strategies; moreover, with prime-boost regimens, this vaccine elicited an optimal specific neutralizing antibody response to Omicron, and prompted cross-antibody responses against other VOCs that were very similar to those obtained with Ad5-WT booster. Overall, this study delineated the unique characteristics of antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 VOC spikes with the single-dose or prime-boost vaccination strategies and provided insight into the vaccine development of next SARS-CoV-2 VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busen Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghan Xu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Shipo Wu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenghao Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Fu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zai
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Yudong Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Guanying Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - ZhengShan Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Hancong Sun
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Song
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Lianhui Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Hou
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, 100071, Beijing, China.
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158
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Mazagatos C, Delgado-Sanz C, Monge S, Pozo F, Oliva J, Sandonis V, Gandarillas A, Quiñones-Rubio C, Ruiz-Sopeña C, Gallardo-García V, Basile L, Barranco-Boada MI, Hidalgo-Pardo O, Vazquez-Cancela O, García-Vázquez M, Fernández-Sierra A, Milagro-Beamonte A, Ordobás M, Martínez-Ochoa E, Fernández-Arribas S, Lorusso N, Martínez A, García-Fulgueiras A, Sastre-Palou B, Losada-Castillo I, Martínez-Cuenca S, Rodríguez-Del Águila M, Latorre M, Larrauri A. COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against hospitalization due to SARS-CoV-2: A test-negative design study based on Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) sentinel surveillance in Spain. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2022; 16:1014-1025. [PMID: 35880469 PMCID: PMC9350393 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the emergence of SARS‐CoV‐2, influenza surveillance systems in Spain were transformed into a new syndromic sentinel surveillance system. The Acute Respiratory Infection Surveillance System (SiVIRA in Spanish) is based on a sentinel network for acute respiratory infection (ARI) surveillance in primary care and a network of sentinel hospitals for severe ARI (SARI) surveillance in hospitals. Methods Using a test‐negative design and data from SARI admissions notified to SiVIRA between January 1 and October 3, 2021, we estimated COVID‐19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) against hospitalization, by age group, vaccine type, time since vaccination, and SARS‐CoV‐2 variant. Results VE was 89% (95% CI: 83–93) against COVID‐19 hospitalization overall in persons aged 20 years and older. VE was higher for mRNA vaccines, and lower for those aged 80 years and older, with a decrease in protection beyond 3 months of completing vaccination, and a further decrease after 5 months. We found no differences between periods with circulation of Alpha or Delta SARS‐CoV‐2 variants, although variant‐specific VE was slightly higher against Alpha. Conclusions The SiVIRA sentinel hospital surveillance network in Spain was able to describe clinical and epidemiological characteristics of SARI hospitalizations and provide estimates of COVID‐19 VE in the population under surveillance. Our estimates add to evidence of high effectiveness of mRNA vaccines against severe COVID‐19 and waning of protection with time since vaccination in those aged 80 or older. No substantial differences were observed between SARS‐CoV‐2 variants (Alpha vs. Delta).
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Mazagatos
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Delgado-Sanz
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Monge
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Pozo
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,National Centre for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Oliva
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Sandonis
- National Centre for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Gandarillas
- Subdirección General de Epidemiología, Dirección General de Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Quiñones-Rubio
- Servicio de Epidemiología y Prevención Sanitaria, Dirección General de Salud Pública, Consumo y Cuidados, Logroño, Spain
| | | | - Virtudes Gallardo-García
- Dirección General de Salud Pública y Ordenación Farmacéutica, Junta de Andalucía, Seville, Spain
| | - Luca Basile
- Subdirección General de Vigilancia y Respuesta a Emergencias de Salud Pública, Agencia de Salud Pública, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Olga Hidalgo-Pardo
- Servicio de Medicina Preventiva Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Servicio de Epidemiología, Consellería de Salut, Palma, Spain
| | - Olalla Vazquez-Cancela
- Servicio de Medicina Preventiva, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miriam García-Vázquez
- Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Dirección General de Salud Pública, Departamento de Sanidad, Gobierno de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Ana Milagro-Beamonte
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Ordobás
- Subdirección General de Epidemiología, Dirección General de Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Martínez-Ochoa
- Servicio de Epidemiología y Prevención Sanitaria, Dirección General de Salud Pública, Consumo y Cuidados, Logroño, Spain
| | | | - Nicola Lorusso
- Dirección General de Salud Pública y Ordenación Farmacéutica, Junta de Andalucía, Seville, Spain
| | - Ana Martínez
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Subdirección General de Vigilancia y Respuesta a Emergencias de Salud Pública, Agencia de Salud Pública, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ana García-Fulgueiras
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Servicio de Epidemiología, Dirección General de Salud Pública, Consejería de Salud, Murcia, Spain
| | - Bartolomé Sastre-Palou
- Servicio de Medicina Preventiva Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Servicio de Epidemiología, Consellería de Salut, Palma, Spain
| | - Isabel Losada-Castillo
- Servizo de Epidemioloxía, Dirección Xeral de Saúde Pública, Consellería de Sanidade, Xunta de Galicia, Galicia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Cuenca
- Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Dirección General de Salud Pública, Departamento de Sanidad, Gobierno de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Miriam Latorre
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Amparo Larrauri
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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Vokó Z, Kiss Z, Surján G, Surján O, Barcza Z, Wittmann I, Molnár GA, Nagy D, Müller V, Bogos K, Nagy P, Kenessey I, Wéber A, Polivka L, Pálosi M, Szlávik J, Rokszin G, Müller C, Szekanecz Z, Kásler M. Effectiveness and Waning of Protection With Different SARS-CoV-2 Primary and Booster Vaccines During the Delta Pandemic Wave in 2021 in Hungary (HUN-VE 3 Study). Front Immunol 2022; 13:919408. [PMID: 35935993 PMCID: PMC9353007 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.919408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In late 2021, the pandemic wave was dominated by the Delta SARS-CoV-2 variant in Hungary. Booster vaccines were offered for the vulnerable population starting from August 2021. Methods The nationwide HUN-VE 3 study examined the effectiveness and durability of primary immunization and single booster vaccinations in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection, Covid-19 related hospitalization and mortality during the Delta wave, compared to an unvaccinated control population without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results The study population included 8,087,988 individuals who were 18-100 years old at the beginning of the pandemic. During the Delta wave, after adjusting for age, sex, calendar day, and chronic diseases, vaccine effectiveness (VE) of primary vaccination against registered SARS-CoV-2 infection was between 11% to 77% and 18% to 79% 14-120 days after primary immunization in the 16-64 and 65-100 years age cohort respectively, while it decreased to close to zero in the younger age group and around 40% or somewhat less in the elderly after 6 months for almost all vaccine types. In the population aged 65-100 years, we found high, 88.1%-92.5% adjusted effectiveness against Covid-19 infection after the Pfizer-BioNTech, and 92.2%-95.6% after the Moderna booster dose, while Sinopharm and Janssen booster doses provided 26.5%-75.3% and 72.9%-100.0% adjusted VE, respectively. Adjusted VE against Covid-19 related hospitalization was high within 14-120 days for Pfizer-BioNTech: 76.6%, Moderna: 83.8%, Sputnik-V: 78.3%, AstraZeneca: 73.8%, while modest for Sinopharm: 45.7% and Janssen: 26.4%. The waning of protection against Covid-19 related hospitalization was modest and booster vaccination with mRNA vaccines or the Janssen vaccine increased adjusted VE up to almost 100%, while the Sinopharm booster dose proved to be less effective. VE against Covid-19 related death after primary immunization was high or moderate: for Pfizer-BioNTech: 81.5%, Moderna: 93.2%, Sputnik-V: 100.0%, AstraZeneca: 84.8%, Sinopharm: 58.6%, Janssen: 53.3%). VE against this outcome also showed a moderate decline over time, while booster vaccine types restored effectiveness up to almost 100%, except for the Sinopharm booster. Conclusions The HUN-VE 3 study demonstrated waning VE with all vaccine types for all examined outcomes during the Delta wave and confirmed the outstanding benefit of booster vaccination with the mRNA or Janssen vaccines, and this is the first study to provide clear and comparable effectiveness results for six different vaccine types after primary immunization against severe during the Delta pandemic wave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Vokó
- Center for Health Technology Assessment, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Syreon Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kiss
- Second Department of Medicine and Nephrology-Diabetes Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - György Surján
- Ministry of Human Resources, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Digital Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Surján
- Department of Deputy Chief Medical Officer II., National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Barcza
- Syntesia Medical Communications Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Wittmann
- Second Department of Medicine and Nephrology-Diabetes Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gergő Attila Molnár
- Second Department of Medicine and Nephrology-Diabetes Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dávid Nagy
- Center for Health Technology Assessment, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Syreon Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika Müller
- Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Bogos
- Department of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Nagy
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology and the National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Laboratory of Redox Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Oncochemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Kenessey
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology and the National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Pathology, Forensic and Insurance Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Wéber
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology and the National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
- Cancer Surveillance Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Lőrinc Polivka
- Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - János Szlávik
- Department of Infectology South-Pest Hospital Centre – National Institute for Infectology and Haematology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Rokszin
- Second Department of Medicine and Nephrology-Diabetes Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
- RxTarget Ltd., Szolnok, Hungary
| | - Cecília Müller
- Department of Chief Medical Officer, National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szekanecz
- Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Huffman A, Ong E, Hur J, D’Mello A, Tettelin H, He Y. COVID-19 vaccine design using reverse and structural vaccinology, ontology-based literature mining and machine learning. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:bbac190. [PMID: 35649389 PMCID: PMC9294427 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rational vaccine design, especially vaccine antigen identification and optimization, is critical to successful and efficient vaccine development against various infectious diseases including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In general, computational vaccine design includes three major stages: (i) identification and annotation of experimentally verified gold standard protective antigens through literature mining, (ii) rational vaccine design using reverse vaccinology (RV) and structural vaccinology (SV) and (iii) post-licensure vaccine success and adverse event surveillance and its usage for vaccine design. Protegen is a database of experimentally verified protective antigens, which can be used as gold standard data for rational vaccine design. RV predicts protective antigen targets primarily from genome sequence analysis. SV refines antigens through structural engineering. Recently, RV and SV approaches, with the support of various machine learning methods, have been applied to COVID-19 vaccine design. The analysis of post-licensure vaccine adverse event report data also provides valuable results in terms of vaccine safety and how vaccines should be used or paused. Ontology standardizes and incorporates heterogeneous data and knowledge in a human- and computer-interpretable manner, further supporting machine learning and vaccine design. Future directions on rational vaccine design are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Huffman
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Edison Ong
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Junguk Hur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, USA
| | - Adonis D’Mello
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Hervé Tettelin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yongqun He
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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161
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Wong NS, Wong BCK, Chan JMC, Wong KH, Tsang OTY, Mok CKP, Hui DSC, Lee SS, Chan DPC. Surrogate neutralization responses following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccination in people with HIV: comparison between inactivated and mRNA vaccine. AIDS 2022; 36:1255-1264. [PMID: 35466962 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE People with HIV (PWH) co-infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are at higher odds of severe diseases. Whereas the immunogenicity of mRNA vaccine and adenovirus-vectored vaccine was similar between PWH in stable condition and healthy adults, the effects of inactivated vaccines are not known. DESIGN Prospective longitudinal observational study in real-world setting. METHODS Adult PWH in care and planning to receive either inactivated (day 0 and day 28) or mRNA-based (day 0 and day 21) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 were recruited, with blood samples collected over 6 months for surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT). Demographic and clinical data including age, sex, CD4 + cell count, and suppressed viral load (SVL) status were transcribed for analyses, by simple and multivariable linear regression models, and multivariable linear generalized estimating equations (GEE). RESULTS A total of 611 HIV patients, 91% male patients, were recruited, of whom 423 and 184 have received mRNA-based and inactivated vaccine, respectively. The seroconversion rate was 99% for mRNA-based vs, 86% for inactivated vaccine [odds ratio (OR) = 21.56, P = 0.004]. At 6 months, mRNA-based vaccine continued to give a higher response (94 vs. 57%, P < 0.001). The temporal pattern varied between the two vaccines. By GEE, mRNA-based vaccine ( B = 40.59, P < 0.001) and latest SVL status ( B = 10.76, P = 0.01) were positively associated with sVNT level, but not latest CD4 + cell count. CONCLUSION In HIV patients, inactivated vaccine gave a lower peak and shorter duration of sVNT responses compared with mRNA vaccine. The results suggested that different strategies may be needed in boosting the immunity in anticipation of the emergence of variants in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngai Sze Wong
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases
- The JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bonnie C K Wong
- Special Preventive Programme, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government
| | - Jacky M C Chan
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Princess Margaret Hospital
| | - Ka Hing Wong
- Special Preventive Programme, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government
| | - Owen T Y Tsang
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Princess Margaret Hospital
| | - Chris K P Mok
- The JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Hong, China
| | - David S C Hui
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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162
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COVID-19 in children: epidemic issues and candidate vaccines. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135:1314-1324. [PMID: 35830254 PMCID: PMC9433085 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A large-scale vaccination of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) in adults has been conducted for nearly a year, and there is a growing recognition that immunization for children is also essential. It has been months since emergency use of pediatric COVID-19 vaccine was approved, we reviewed the prevalence and transmission of COVID-19 in children. The prevalence of COVID-19 in children is reduced due to vaccination even in a Delta prevalent period, so an increase in the vaccination rate is needed in children. Although the precise role of children in the transmission requires more research to uncover, they likely played a significant role, according to the available literature. We also described four candidate COVID-19 vaccines for children on their safety and immunogenicity and the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants on childhood vaccination. Safety issues on pediatric vaccines post-approval, like adverse events following immunization and adverse events of special interest require studies on long-term and effective regulatory mechanisms.
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163
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The Role of Cellular Immunity in the Protective Efficacy of the SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071103. [PMID: 35891267 PMCID: PMC9324880 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines have been approved for clinical use. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody titers after immunization are widely used as an evaluation indicator, and the roles of cellular immune responses in the protective efficacy of vaccines are rarely mentioned. However, therapeutic monoclonal neutralizing antibodies have shown limited efficacy in improving the outcomes of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), suggesting a passive role of cellular immunity in SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. The synergistic effect of virus-specific humoral and cellular immune responses helps the host to fight against viral infection. In fact, it has been observed that the early appearance of specific T-cell responses is strongly correlated with mild symptoms of COVID-19 patients and that individuals with pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural-protein-specific T cells are more resistant to SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings suggest the important contribution of the cellular immune response to the fight against SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19. Nowadays, new SARS-CoV-2 variants that can escape from the neutralization of antibodies are rapidly increasing. However, the epitopes of these variants recognized by T cells are largely preserved. Paying more attention to cellular immune responses may provide new instructions for designing effective vaccines for the prevention of severe disease induced by the break-through infection of new variants and the sequelae caused by virus latency. In this review, we deliberate on the role of cellular immunity against COVID-19 and summarize recent advances in the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the immune responses induced by vaccines to improve the design of new vaccines and immunization strategies.
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164
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Hao M, Wang D, Xia Q, Kan S, Chang L, Liu H, Yang Z, Liu W. Pathogenic Mechanism and Multi-omics Analysis of Oral Manifestations in COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 13:879792. [PMID: 35860279 PMCID: PMC9290522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.879792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory infectious disease that seriously threatens human life. The clinical manifestations of severe COVID-19 include acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causal agent of COVID-19, spreads through contaminated droplets. SARS-CoV-2 particles have been detected in the saliva of COVID-19 patients, implying that the virus can infect and damage the oral cavity. The oral manifestations of COVID-19 include xerostomia and gustatory dysfunction. Numerous studies showed that the four structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 are its potential pathogenic factors, especially the S protein, which binds to human ACE2 receptors facilitating the entry of the virus into the host cells. Usually, upon entry into the host cell, a pathogen triggers the host’s immune response. However, a mount of multi-omics and immunological analyses revealed that COVID-19 is caused by immune dysregulation. A decrease in the number and phenotypes of immune cells, IFN-1 production and excessive release of certain cytokines have also been reported. In conclusion, this review summarizes the oral manifestations of COVID-19 and multi-omics analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dongxu Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qianyun Xia
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shaoning Kan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu Chang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhijing Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Weiwei Liu,
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165
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Sobczak M, Pawliczak R. COVID-19 vaccination efficacy in numbers including SARS-CoV-2 variants and age comparison: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2022; 21:32. [PMID: 35786399 PMCID: PMC9250750 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-022-00525-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New vaccines are being developed to fight the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In our study we compared the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines to prevent COVID-19-related infections and mortality. Methods 17 randomized clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccines were included after search in databases. We compared COVID-19 vaccines based on symptomatic and severe infections, number of deaths and hospitalizations related to COVID-19. Also, we analyzed the efficacy of COVID-19 against different variants of SARS-CoV-2 as well as according to different age groups. Random effects model using Mantel–Haenzeal method was used to pool relative risk (RR). Results Our meta-analysis shows that full vaccination could decrease not only the risk of symptomatic or severe COVID-19, the risk of hospitalization and death caused by COVID-19. COVID-19 vaccines were also effective against variants of SARS-CoV-2 (RR = 0.36; 95% CI [0.25; 0.53], p < 0.0001). However, efficacy of vaccination varied in COVID-19 variant-dependent manner. Moreover, the analysis in different age groups showed that COVID-19 vaccines had the similar results: the risk was slightly lower in adults compared to elderly cohort \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$(\ge$$\end{document}(≥ 65 years): (RR = 0.16, 95% CI [0.11; 0.23]) and (RR = 0.19, 95% CI [0.12; 0.30]), respectively. Conclusions Data obtained from clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccines looks promising, in order to fully investigate efficacy of the vaccines further clinical examination is required especially considering new SARS-CoV-2 variants. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12941-022-00525-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marharyta Sobczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Science, Medical University of Lodz, st. Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafał Pawliczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Science, Medical University of Lodz, st. Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland.
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Xu K, Fan C, Han Y, Dai L, Gao GF. Immunogenicity, efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines: an update of data published by 31 December 2021. Int Immunol 2022; 34:595-607. [PMID: 35778913 PMCID: PMC9278184 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxac031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a disaster for public health in the last 2 years, without any sign of an ending. Various vaccines were developed rapidly as soon as the outbreak occurred. Clinical trials demonstrated the reactogenicity, immunogenicity and protection efficacy in humans, and some of the vaccines have been approved for clinical use. However, waves of infections such as the recently circulating Omicron variant still occur. Newly emerging variants, especially the variants of concern, and waning humoral responses pose serious challenges to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. Previously, we summarized the humoral and cellular immunity, safety profiles and protection efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines with clinical data published by 21 May 2021. In this review, we summarize and update the published clinical data of COVID-19 vaccines and candidates up to 31 December 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xu
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China
| | - Chunxiang Fan
- National Immunization Programme, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxuan Han
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lianpan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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167
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Al‐Qudimat AR, Al‐Zoubi RM, Elaarag M, Nashwan AJ, Hamze AK, Bawadi H, Yassin A, Assim A, Aboumarzouk OM, Zarour A, Al‐Ansari AA. Clinical outcomes of Pfizer‐BioNTech COVID‐19 vaccine in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Health Sci Rep 2022; 5:e740. [PMID: 35873396 PMCID: PMC9297383 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims The BioNTech‐Pfizer vaccine is the only vaccine offered to children among all available vaccines. However, limited evidence is available about the clinical outcomes of COVID‐19 vaccines, especially among children and adolescents. This review offers a comprehensive and up‐to‐date overview of the BioNTech‐Pfizer vaccine's current information on children and adolescents. Methods The review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines; a comprehensive search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, and EMBASE databases for research publications COVID‐19 published between December 2019 and October 2021. All studies reporting on the outcomes of vaccinating children in their respective institutes were included. Results A total of 78 vaccinated children and adolescents from six studies were included. The majority of symptomatic vaccinated pediatrics were males (71%). The mean age was 15.6 years, and the BMI was 24.1. The most common clinical symptoms were found in chest pain (35%), fever (32%), and myalgia (17%). The most common cardiac symptom in the EKG results was ST elevation, and 35% of vaccinated pediatrics had elevated serum troponin. The hospitalization, including ICU admission, was lower than in unvaccinated groups. Statistically significant associations (p ≤ 0.05) were found in two symptoms (fever and headache) between the vaccinated and nonvaccinated pediatric groups. Conclusions Although we found better outcomes in the vaccinated group versus the nonvaccinated pediatric group, more studies are still crucial to further understand the specific etiology underlying postvaccination, particularly myocarditis, psychological impact, and other cardiac clinical symptoms in children and adolescents after receiving the BioNTech‐Pfizer vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raed M. Al‐Zoubi
- Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU‐Health Qatar University Doha Qatar
- Department of Chemistry Jordan University of Science and Technology Irbid Jordan
| | | | | | | | - Hiba Bawadi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU‐Health Qatar University Doha Qatar
| | - Aksam Yassin
- Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
- Center of Medicine and Health Sciences Dresden International University Dresden Germany
| | - Aseel Assim
- Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
- Center of Medicine and Health Sciences Dresden International University Dresden Germany
| | - Omar M. Aboumarzouk
- Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
- College of Medicine, QU‐Health Qatar University Doha Qatar
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing The University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | | | - Abdulla A. Al‐Ansari
- Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar
- College of Medicine, QU‐Health Qatar University Doha Qatar
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(Fumito Kato) 加史, (Keigo Sekihara) 関圭, (Tatsuya Okamoto) 岡竜, (Reo Iguma) 井玲, (Tomohiro Kojimahara) 小知, (Tatsuki Uemura) 植樹, (Akio Kimura) 木昭. 重症COVID–19におけるデルタ株流行の影響と予後:単施設後方視研究(Prognostic impact of delta variant in COVID–19 patients requiring mechanical ventilation in comparison with other variants: a single center retrospective analysis). NIHON KYUKYU IGAKUKAI ZASSHI: JOURNAL OF JAPANESE ASSOCIATION FOR ACUTE MEDICINE 2022. [PMCID: PMC9350036 DOI: 10.1002/jja2.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Spike protein mutations are known to affect the infectivity and virulence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID–19). The number of severe COVID–19 cases and deaths has increased due to the Delta variant. We aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of severe COVID–19 patients. Methods: Fifty–three consecutively presenting patients requiring mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure due to COVID–19 were seen at our institution between February 2020 and October 2021. We divided these patients into two groups: 13 patients admitted from July to October 2021 (the Delta period) and 40 patients admitted from February 2020 to June 2021 (the non–Delta period). We retrospectively compared overall survival between these groups (median observation period, 90 days). Results: All patients were unvaccinated. No L452R mutations were detected during the non–Delta period, whereas 10 (77%) such mutations were detected during the Delta period. Patient characteristics (non–Delta vs. Delta) were as follows: age, 68 vs. 56 years (P<0.01); body mass index, 27 vs. 30kg/m2 (P=0.02); P/F ratio (PaO2/FiO2), 136 vs. 80 (P<0.01); and days to hospitalization, 6 vs. 8 days (P=0.03). The 90–day survival rate was lower in the Delta group (71% vs. 37%, P<0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that the Delta variant was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor (hazard ratio 6.35, 95% confidence interval 1.96–20.6). Conclusion: Despite a younger patient age, survival rate was significantly worse in the Delta period. This is probably due to the infectivity and virulence of the Delta variant and delays in treatment caused by difficulty in transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- 加藤 史人 (Fumito Kato)
- 国立研究開発法人 国立国際医療研究センター病院救命救急センター集中治療科(Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine)
- 国立研究開発法人 国立国際医療研究センター病院救命救急センター救急科(Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine)
| | - 関原 圭吾 (Keigo Sekihara)
- 国立研究開発法人 国立国際医療研究センター病院救命救急センター集中治療科(Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine)
| | - 岡本 竜哉 (Tatsuya Okamoto)
- 国立研究開発法人 国立国際医療研究センター病院救命救急センター集中治療科(Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine)
| | - 井熊 玲央 (Reo Iguma)
- 国立研究開発法人 国立国際医療研究センター病院救命救急センター集中治療科(Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine)
| | - 小島原 知大 (Tomohiro Kojimahara)
- 国立研究開発法人 国立国際医療研究センター病院救命救急センター集中治療科(Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine)
| | - 植村 樹 (Tatsuki Uemura)
- 国立研究開発法人 国立国際医療研究センター病院救命救急センター集中治療科(Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine)
- 国立研究開発法人 国立国際医療研究センター病院救命救急センター救急科(Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine)
| | - 木村 昭夫 (Akio Kimura)
- 国立研究開発法人 国立国際医療研究センター病院救命救急センター集中治療科(Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine)
- 国立研究開発法人 国立国際医療研究センター病院救命救急センター救急科(Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine)
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Mayr FB, Talisa VB, Shaikh OS, Omer SB, Butt AA, Yende S. Comparative COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Over Time in Veterans. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac311. [PMID: 35880233 PMCID: PMC9278190 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Comparative effectiveness of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines across patient subgroups is poorly understood and essential to precisely targeting vaccination strategies. Methods We used the US Department of Veterans Affairs COVID-19 Shared Data Resource to identify veterans who utilize VA health care and had no documented severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection before December 11, 2020. Using a test-negative case-control design (TND), we used conditional logistic regression with adjustment for covariates to estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE) over time for veterans who received 2 doses of mRNA vaccines or 1 dose of Ad26.Cov2.S. Results We identified 4.8 million veterans with a mean age of 64 years, of whom 58% had ≥1 chronic disease. Vaccine effectiveness for symptomatic infections, hospitalizations, and ICU admission or death declined over time and varied by the type of vaccine (P < 0.01). VE estimates against symptomatic infection during months 1 and 7 for mRNA-1273 compared with BNT162b2 were 89.7% (95% CI, 84.4%-93.0%) and 57.3% (95% CI, 48.4%-64.7%) vs 81.6% (95% CI, 75.9%-85.9%) and 22.5% (95% CI, 7.2%-35.2%) for individuals age <65 years and 78.4% (95% CI, 71.1%-83.9%) and 36.2% (95% CI, 27.7%-43.6%) vs 66.3% (95% CI, 55.7%-74.4%) and -23.3% (95% CI, -40.5% to -8.2%) in subjects age ≥65 years; against hospitalization 92.0% (95% CI, 76.1%-97.3%) and 83.1% (95% CI, 66.8%-91.4%) vs 85.6% (95% CI, 72.6%-92.4%) and 57.0% (95% CI, 31.2%-73.2%) in subjects age <65 years and 66.1% (95% CI, 45.3%-79.0%) and 64.7% (95% CI, 55.2%-72.3%) vs 61.0% (95% CI, 41.3%-74.2%) and 1.7% (95% CI, -22.0% to 20.8%) in those age ≥65 years; against ICU admission or death 89.2% (95% CI, 49.5%-97.7%) and 84.4% (95% CI, 59.0%-94.1%) vs 87.6% (95% CI, 61.0%-96.1%) and 66.4% (95% CI, 7.7%-87.8%) in subjects age <65 years and 75.4% (95% CI, 51.7%-87.5%) and 73.8 (95% CI, 62.9%-81.5%) vs 67.4% (95% CI, 32.6%-84.3%) and 29.3% (95% CI, 2.3%-48.9%) in subjects age ≥65 years, respectively (P interaction < .01 for all comparisons). Similarly, mRNA-1273 was more effective than BNT162b2 in veterans with >1 chronic disease. Conclusions mRNA-1273 was more effective than BNT162b2 in older veterans and those with chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian B Mayr
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Victor B Talisa
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Obaid S Shaikh
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Saad B Omer
- Yale Institute of Global Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Adeel A Butt
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Sachin Yende
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Menni C, May A, Polidori L, Louca P, Wolf J, Capdevila J, Hu C, Ourselin S, Steves CJ, Valdes AM, Spector TD. COVID-19 vaccine waning and effectiveness and side-effects of boosters: a prospective community study from the ZOE COVID Study. THE LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 22:1002-1010. [PMID: 35405090 PMCID: PMC8993156 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00146-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background With the surge of new SARS-CoV-2 variants, countries have begun offering COVID-19 vaccine booster doses to high-risk groups and, more recently, to the adult population in general. However, uncertainty remains over how long primary vaccination series remain effective, the ideal timing for booster doses, and the safety of heterologous booster regimens. We aimed to investigate COVID-19 primary vaccine series effectiveness and its waning, and the safety and effectiveness of booster doses, in a UK community setting. Methods We used SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates in individuals from a longitudinal, prospective, community-based study (ZOE COVID Study), in which data were self-reported through an app, to assess the effectiveness of three COVID-19 vaccines (ChAdOx1 nCov19 [Oxford-AstraZeneca], BNT162b2 [Pfizer-BioNtech], and mRNA1273 [Moderna]) against infection in the 8 months after completion of primary vaccination series. In individuals receiving boosters, we investigated vaccine effectiveness and reactogenicity, by assessing 16 self-reported systemic and localised side-effects. We used multivariate Poisson regression models adjusting for confounders to estimate vaccine effectiveness. Findings We included 620 793 participants who received two vaccine doses (204 731 [33·0%] received BNT162b2, 405 239 [65·3%] received ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, and 10 823 [1·7%] received mRNA-1273) and subsequently had a SARS-CoV-2 test result between May 23 (chosen to exclude the period of alpha [B.1.1.7] variant dominance) and Nov 23, 2021. 62 172 (10·0%) vaccinated individuals tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and were compared with 40 345 unvaccinated controls (6726 [16·7%] of whom tested positive). Vaccine effectiveness waned after the second dose: at 5 months, BNT162b2 effectiveness was 82·1% (95% CI 81·3–82·9), ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 effectiveness was 75·7% (74·9–76·4), and mRNA-1273 effectiveness was 84·3% (81·2–86·9). Vaccine effectiveness decreased more among individuals aged 55 years or older and among those with comorbidities. 135 932 individuals aged 55 years or older received a booster (2123 [1·6%] of whom tested positive). Vaccine effectiveness for booster doses in 0–3 months after BNT162b2 primary vaccination was higher than 92·5%, and effectiveness for heterologous boosters after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 was at least 88·8%. For the booster reactogenicity analysis, in 317 011 participants, the most common systemic symptom was fatigue (in 31 881 [10·1%] participants) and the most common local symptom was tenderness (in 187 767 [59·2%]). Systemic side-effects were more common for heterologous schedules (32 632 [17·9%] of 182 374) than for homologous schedules (17 707 [13·2%] of 134 637; odds ratio 1·5, 95% CI 1·5–1·6, p<0·0001). Interpretation After 5 months, vaccine effectiveness remained high among individuals younger than 55 years. Booster doses restore vaccine effectiveness. Adverse reactions after booster doses were similar to those after the second dose. Homologous booster schedules had fewer reported systemic side-effects than heterologous boosters. Funding Wellcome Trust, ZOE, National Institute for Health Research, Chronic Disease Research Foundation, National Institutes of Health, Medical Research Council
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171
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Rastawicki W, Juszczyk G, Gierczyński R, Zasada AA. Comparison of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA antibody responses post complete vaccination, 7 months later and after 3rd dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine in healthy adults. J Clin Virol 2022; 152:105193. [PMID: 35660747 PMCID: PMC9137250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mRNA Covid-19 vaccine (BNT162b2) is administered in two doses with 21 days interval. On 4th October 2021 European Medicines Agency approved administration of a booster dose in at least 6 months after the second dose for people aged 18 years and older. OBJECTIVES In the present study we compare the anti-SARS-COV-2 IgG and IgA antibody responses post complete vaccination, 7 months later and after the 3rd (booster) dose of the BNT162B2 vaccine in healthy adults. STUDY DESIGN The levels of vaccine IgG and IgA antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were assessed in serum samples obtained from individuals vaccinated with two doses and a booster of BNT162b2 vaccine. Samples were tested using the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RCB) IgG and IgA semi-quantitative commercial ELISA assay. RESULTS The geometric mean of the anti-SARS-COV-2 IgG and IgA antibody level 7 months after vaccination of 90 healthy adults with BNT162B2 vaccine decreased significantly from 12.0 to 5.4 and 5.6 to 2.3, respectively. After the third dose of the same vaccine, the antibody level increased again, to values higher than at the beginning after the second dose. CONCLUSIONS Significant decrease of antibody levels within a few months after full vaccination could result in the higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially when new variants of the virus emerge. The booster could be crucial for protection against new SARS-CoV-2 variants. The antibody level seems to decrease slower in vaccinated individuals with history of COVID-19 and in younger individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Rastawicki
- National Institute of Public Health NIH - National Research Institute, Chocimska 24, Warsaw 00-791, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Juszczyk
- National Institute of Public Health NIH - National Research Institute, Chocimska 24, Warsaw 00-791, Poland
| | - Rafał Gierczyński
- National Institute of Public Health NIH - National Research Institute, Chocimska 24, Warsaw 00-791, Poland
| | - Aleksandra A Zasada
- National Institute of Public Health NIH - National Research Institute, Chocimska 24, Warsaw 00-791, Poland.
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Lewis N, Chambers LC, Chu HT, Fortnam T, De Vito R, Gargano LM, Chan PA, McDonald J, Hogan JW. Effectiveness Associated With Vaccination After COVID-19 Recovery in Preventing Reinfection. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2223917. [PMID: 35895058 PMCID: PMC9331088 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.23917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The benefit of vaccination for preventing reinfection among individuals who have been previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE To obtain population-based estimates of the probability of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and the effectiveness associated with vaccination after recovery from COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study used Rhode Island statewide surveillance data from March 1, 2020, to December 9, 2021, on COVID-19 vaccinations, laboratory-confirmed cases, hospitalizations, and fatalities to conduct a population-based, retrospective study during periods when wild type, Alpha, and Delta strains of SARS-CoV-2 were predominant. Participants included Rhode Island residents aged 12 years and older who were previously diagnosed with COVID-19 and unvaccinated at the time of first infection, stratified into 3 subpopulations: long-term congregate care (LTCC) residents, LTCC employees, and the general population (ie, individuals not associated with congregate settings). Data were analyzed from October 2021 to January 2022. EXPOSURES Completion of the primary vaccination series, defined as 14 days after the second dose of an mRNA vaccine or 1 dose of vector virus vaccine. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcome was SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, defined as a laboratory-confirmed positive result on a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or antigen test at least 90 days after the first laboratory-confirmed positive result on a PCR or antigen test. RESULTS Overall, 3124 LTCC residents (median [IQR] age, 81 [71-89]; 1675 [53.6%] females), 2877 LTCC employees (median [IQR] age, 41 [30-53]; 2186 [76.0%] females), and 94 516 members of the general population (median [IQR] age, 35 [24-52] years; 45 030 [47.6%] females) met eligibility criteria. Probability of reinfection at 9 months for those who remained unvaccinated after recovery from prior COVID-19 was 13.0% (95% CI, 12.0%-14.0%) among LTCC residents, 10.0% (95% CI, 8.8%-11.5%) among LTCC employees, and 1.9% (95% CI, 1.8%-2.0%) among the general population. Completion of the primary vaccination series after infection was associated with 49% (95% CI, 27%-65%) protection among LTCC residents, 47% (95% CI, 19%-65%) protection among LTCC employees, and 62% (95% CI, 56%-68%) protection in the general population against reinfection, adjusting for potential sociodemographic and clinical confounders and temporal variation in infection rates. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection after recovery from COVID-19 was relatively high among individuals who remained unvaccinated. Vaccination after recovery from COVID-19 was associated with reducing risk of reinfection by approximately half.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolas Lewis
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Laura C. Chambers
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
- Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence
| | | | - Taylor Fortnam
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Roberta De Vito
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | - Philip A. Chan
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
- Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence
- Brown University Department of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | - Joseph W. Hogan
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
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Olivier E, Sophie A, Maeva L, Jean-François F, Jocelyn M, Emilia F, Sophie B, Cécile J, Gabrielle C, Audrey F, Simon L, Lena S, Pierre C, Aba M, Guillaume B. Impact of vaccination on the symptoms of hospitalised patients with SARS-CoV-2 delta variant (B.1.617.1) infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2022; 28:1629-1635. [PMID: 35779764 PMCID: PMC9242694 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The diffusion of the SARS-CoV-2 delta (B.1.617.2) variant and the waning of immune response after primary Covid-19 vaccination favoured the breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections in vaccinated subjects. To assess the impact of vaccination, we determined the severity of infection in hospitalised patients according to vaccine status. METHODS We performed a retrospectiveobservational study on patients hospitalised in 10 centres with a SARS-CoV-2 infection (delta variant) from July to November 2021 by including all patients who had completed their primary vaccination at least 14 days before hospital admission and the same number of completely unvaccinated patients. We assessed the impact of vaccination and other risk factors through logistic regression. RESULTS We included 955 patients (474 vaccinated and 481 unvaccinated). Vaccinated patients were significantly older (75.0 [63.25-84.0] vs. 55.0 [38.0-73.0]; p<0.001), more frequently males (55.1% (261/474) vs. 46.4% (223/481); p=0.009), and had more comorbidities (2.0 [1.0-3.0] vs. 1.0 [0.0-2.0]; p<0.001). Vaccinated patients were less often admitted for Covid-19 (59.3% (281/474) vs. 75.1% (361/481); p<0.001), had less extended lung lesions (≤25%: 64.3% (117/182) vs. 38.4% (88/229); p<0.001), required oxygen less frequently (57.5% (229/398) vs. 73.0% (270/370); p<0.001), at a lower flow (3.0 [0.0-8.7] vs. 6.0 [2.0-50.0] L/min, p<0.001), and for a shorter duration (3 [0.0-8.0] vs. 6 [2.0-12.0] days, p<0.001)., and required less frequently intensive care unit admission (16.2% (60/370) vs. 36.0% (133/369); p<0.001) but had comparable mortality in bivariate analysis (16.7% (74/443) vs. 12.2% (53/433); p=0.075). Multivariate logistic regression showed that vaccination significantly decreased the risk of death (0.38 [0.20-0.70](p=0.002), ICU admission (0.31 [0.21-0.47](p<0.001) and oxygen requirement (0.16 [0.10-0.26](p<0.001), even among older patients or with comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS Among patients hospitalised with a delta variant SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccination was associated with less severe forms, even in the presence of comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Epaulard Olivier
- infectious diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France; Groupe de Recherche en Infectiologie Clinique, CIC-1406, Inserm-CHUGA-UGA, Grenoble, France; Groupe Vaccination-Prévention de la Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française (SPILF).
| | - Abgrall Sophie
- Groupe Vaccination-Prévention de la Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française (SPILF); APHP, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Service de Médecine Interne, Clamart; Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM U1018, CESP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Lefebvre Maeva
- Groupe Vaccination-Prévention de la Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française (SPILF); Infectious Diseases Department, Centre for Prevention of Infectious and Transmissible Diseases, CHU Nantes and INSERM UIC 1413 Nantes University, Nantes, France
| | - Faucher Jean-François
- CHU Limoges, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Limoges, France; Inserm U1094, IRD U270, Univ. Limoges, CHU Limoges, EpiMaCT; Groupe Vaccination-Prévention de la Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française (SPILF)
| | - Michon Jocelyn
- Department of Infectious diseases, University Hospital of Caen, Caen, France; Groupe Vaccination-Prévention de la Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française (SPILF)
| | - Frentiu Emilia
- Infectious diseases department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nancy, Nancy, France; Groupe Vaccination-Prévention de la Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française (SPILF)
| | - Blanchi Sophie
- Infectious diseases department, Centre Hospitalier, Le Mans, France; Groupe Vaccination-Prévention de la Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française (SPILF)
| | - Janssen Cécile
- Infectious Disease Unit, Centre Hospitalier Annecy Genevois, Annecy, France; Groupe Vaccination-Prévention de la Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française (SPILF)
| | - Charbonnier Gabrielle
- Infectious diseases department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France; Groupe Vaccination-Prévention de la Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française (SPILF)
| | - Fresse Audrey
- Pharmacovigilance, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nancy, Nancy, France; Groupe Vaccination-Prévention de la Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française (SPILF)
| | - Laurent Simon
- Department of Infectious diseases, University Hospital of Caen, Caen, France; Groupe Vaccination-Prévention de la Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française (SPILF)
| | - Sandjakian Lena
- CHU Limoges, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Limoges, France; Groupe Vaccination-Prévention de la Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française (SPILF)
| | - Casez Pierre
- Infectious Disease Unit, Centre Hospitalier Annecy Genevois, Annecy, France; Groupe Vaccination-Prévention de la Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française (SPILF)
| | - Mahamat Aba
- Regional Centre for Prevention of Infectious Diseases and Healthcare-Associated Infections, General Hospital of Ajaccio; Ajaccio, France; Groupe Vaccination-Prévention de la Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française (SPILF)
| | - Beraud Guillaume
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Poitiers; Poitiers, France; Groupe Vaccination-Prévention de la Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française (SPILF)
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Sun C, Xie C, Bu GL, Zhong LY, Zeng MS. Molecular characteristics, immune evasion, and impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:202. [PMID: 35764603 PMCID: PMC9240077 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistent COVID-19 pandemic since 2020 has brought an enormous public health burden to the global society and is accompanied by various evolution of the virus genome. The consistently emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants harboring critical mutations impact the molecular characteristics of viral proteins and display heterogeneous behaviors in immune evasion, transmissibility, and the clinical manifestation during infection, which differ each strain and endow them with distinguished features during populational spread. Several SARS-CoV-2 variants, identified as Variants of Concern (VOC) by the World Health Organization, challenged global efforts on COVID-19 control due to the rapid worldwide spread and enhanced immune evasion from current antibodies and vaccines. Moreover, the recent Omicron variant even exacerbated the global anxiety in the continuous pandemic. Its significant evasion from current medical treatment and disease control even highlights the necessity of combinatory investigation of the mutational pattern and influence of the mutations on viral dynamics against populational immunity, which would greatly facilitate drug and vaccine development and benefit the global public health policymaking. Hence in this review, we summarized the molecular characteristics, immune evasion, and impacts of the SARS-CoV-2 variants and focused on the parallel comparison of different variants in mutational profile, transmissibility and tropism alteration, treatment effectiveness, and clinical manifestations, in order to provide a comprehensive landscape for SARS-CoV-2 variant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Long Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan-Yi Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, 510060, Guangzhou, China.
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175
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Schools under mandatory testing can mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201724119. [PMID: 35733261 PMCID: PMC9245666 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201724119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We use event study models based on staggered summer vacations in Germany to estimate the effect of school reopenings after the summer of 2021 on the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Estimations are based on daily counts of confirmed coronavirus infections across all 401 German counties. A central antipandemic measure in German schools included mandatory rapid testing multiple times per week. Our results are consistent with mandatory testing contributing to the containment of the viral spread. We find a short-term increase in infection rates right after summer breaks, indicating the uncovering of otherwise undetected (asymptomatic) cases through the testing. After a period of about 2 wk after school reopenings, the growth of case numbers is smaller in states that reopened schools compared with the control group of states still in summer break. The results show a similar pattern for older age groups as well, arguably as a result of detected clusters through the school testing. This means that under certain conditions, open schools can play a role in containing the spread of the virus. Our results suggest that closing schools as a means to reduce infections may have unintended consequences by giving up surveillance and should be considered only as a last resort.
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176
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa: pathogenesis, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, interaction with host, technology advances and emerging therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:199. [PMID: 35752612 PMCID: PMC9233671 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that infects patients with cystic fibrosis, burn wounds, immunodeficiency, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), cancer, and severe infection requiring ventilation, such as COVID-19. P. aeruginosa is also a widely-used model bacterium for all biological areas. In addition to continued, intense efforts in understanding bacterial pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa including virulence factors (LPS, quorum sensing, two-component systems, 6 type secretion systems, outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), CRISPR-Cas and their regulation), rapid progress has been made in further studying host-pathogen interaction, particularly host immune networks involving autophagy, inflammasome, non-coding RNAs, cGAS, etc. Furthermore, numerous technologic advances, such as bioinformatics, metabolomics, scRNA-seq, nanoparticles, drug screening, and phage therapy, have been used to improve our understanding of P. aeruginosa pathogenesis and host defense. Nevertheless, much remains to be uncovered about interactions between P. aeruginosa and host immune responses, including mechanisms of drug resistance by known or unannotated bacterial virulence factors as well as mammalian cell signaling pathways. The widespread use of antibiotics and the slow development of effective antimicrobials present daunting challenges and necessitate new theoretical and practical platforms to screen and develop mechanism-tested novel drugs to treat intractable infections, especially those caused by multi-drug resistance strains. Benefited from has advancing in research tools and technology, dissecting this pathogen's feature has entered into molecular and mechanistic details as well as dynamic and holistic views. Herein, we comprehensively review the progress and discuss the current status of P. aeruginosa biophysical traits, behaviors, virulence factors, invasive regulators, and host defense patterns against its infection, which point out new directions for future investigation and add to the design of novel and/or alternative therapeutics to combat this clinically significant pathogen.
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177
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Xu K, Gao P, Liu S, Lu S, Lei W, Zheng T, Liu X, Xie Y, Zhao Z, Guo S, Tang C, Yang Y, Yu W, Wang J, Zhou Y, Huang Q, Liu C, An Y, Zhang R, Han Y, Duan M, Wang S, Yang C, Wu C, Liu X, She G, Liu Y, Zhao X, Xu K, Qi J, Wu G, Peng X, Dai L, Wang P, Gao GF. Protective prototype-Beta and Delta-Omicron chimeric RBD-dimer vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Cell 2022; 185:2265-2278.e14. [PMID: 35568034 PMCID: PMC9042943 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Breakthrough infections by SARS-CoV-2 variants become the global challenge for pandemic control. Previously, we developed the protein subunit vaccine ZF2001 based on the dimeric receptor-binding domain (RBD) of prototype SARS-CoV-2. Here, we developed a chimeric RBD-dimer vaccine approach to adapt SARS-CoV-2 variants. A prototype-Beta chimeric RBD-dimer was first designed to adapt the resistant Beta variant. Compared with its homotypic forms, the chimeric vaccine elicited broader sera neutralization of variants and conferred better protection in mice. The protection of the chimeric vaccine was further verified in macaques. This approach was generalized to develop Delta-Omicron chimeric RBD-dimer to adapt the currently prevalent variants. Again, the chimeric vaccine elicited broader sera neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants and conferred better protection against challenge by either Delta or Omicron SARS-CoV-2 in mice. The chimeric approach is applicable for rapid updating of immunogens, and our data supported the use of variant-adapted multivalent vaccine against circulating and emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xu
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ping Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Cryo-EM Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shuaiyao Lu
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650031, China
| | - Wenwen Lei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Tianyi Zheng
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xueyuan Liu
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yufeng Xie
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhennan Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuxin Guo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR 999078, China
| | - Cong Tang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650031, China
| | - Yun Yang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650031, China
| | - Wenhai Yu
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650031, China
| | - Junbin Wang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650031, China
| | - Yanan Zhou
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650031, China
| | - Qing Huang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650031, China
| | - Chuanyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yaling An
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yuxuan Han
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Minrun Duan
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Shaofeng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenxi Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Changwei Wu
- Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Xiaoya Liu
- Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Guangbiao She
- Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Chongqing Medleader Bio-Pharm, Chongqing 401338, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ke Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guizhen Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650031, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Lianpan Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Peiyi Wang
- Cryo-EM Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - George F Gao
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China.
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178
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Matveeva O, Ershov A. Retrospective Cohort Study of the Effectiveness of the Sputnik V and EpiVacCorona Vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant in Moscow (June–July 2021). Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10070984. [PMID: 35891148 PMCID: PMC9320764 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10070984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological effectiveness of the Sputnik V and EpiVacCorona vaccines against COVID-19. This work is a retrospective cohort study of COVID-19 patients. The cohort created by the Moscow Health Department included more than 300,000 infected people who sought medical care in June and July 2021. Analysis of data revealed a tendency for the increase in the Sputnik V vaccine effectiveness (VE) as the severity of the disease increased. Protection was the lowest for mild disease, and it was more pronounced for severe disease. We also observed a decrease in VE with increasing age. For the youngest group (18–50 years old), the estimated VE in preventing death in June 2021 was 95% (95% CI 64–100), and for the older group (50+ years old), it was 74% (95% CI 67–87). The estimated protection against a severe form of the disease in the 18–50-year-old group was above 81% (CI 95% 72–93), and in the 50+ years-old group, it was above 68% (CI 95% 65–82). According to our analysis, EpiVacCorona proved to be an ineffective vaccine and therefore cannot protect against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Matveeva
- Sendai Viralytics LLC, 23 Nylander Way, Acton, MA 01720, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexander Ershov
- Medusa Project SIA, Krisjana Barona iela 5-2, LV-1050 Rīga, Latvia;
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179
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Kemp SA, Cheng MTK, Hamilton WL, Kamelian K, Singh S, Rakshit P, Agrawal A, Illingworth CJR, Gupta RK. Transmission of B.1.617.2 Delta variant between vaccinated healthcare workers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10492. [PMID: 35729228 PMCID: PMC9212198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14411-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Breakthrough infections with SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant have been reported in doubly-vaccinated recipients and as re-infections. Studies of viral spread within hospital settings have highlighted the potential for transmission between doubly-vaccinated patients and health care workers and have highlighted the benefits of high-grade respiratory protection for health care workers. However the extent to which vaccination is preventative of viral spread in health care settings is less well studied. Here, we analysed data from 118 vaccinated health care workers (HCW) across two hospitals in India, constructing two probable transmission networks involving six HCWs in Hospital A and eight HCWs in Hospital B from epidemiological and virus genome sequence data, using a suite of computational approaches. A maximum likelihood reconstruction of transmission involving known cases of infection suggests a high probability that doubly vaccinated HCWs transmitted SARS-CoV-2 between each other and highlights potential cases of virus transmission between individuals who had received two doses of vaccine. Our findings show firstly that vaccination may reduce rates of transmission, supporting the need for ongoing infection control measures even in highly vaccinated populations, and secondly we have described a novel approach to identifying transmissions that is scalable and rapid, without the need for an infection control infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Kemp
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark T K Cheng
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Kimia Kamelian
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Sujit Singh
- National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi, India
| | | | - Anurag Agrawal
- CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Christopher J R Illingworth
- Garscube Campus, MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK. .,MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, East Forvie Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK. .,Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Ravindra K Gupta
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK. .,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa. .,Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge, CB5 8UB, UK.
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180
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Wussow F, Kha M, Faircloth K, Nguyen VH, Iniguez A, Martinez J, Park Y, Nguyen J, Kar S, Andersen H, Lewis MG, Chiuppesi F, Diamond DJ. COH04S1 and beta sequence-modified vaccine protect hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 variants. iScience 2022; 25:104457. [PMID: 35634578 PMCID: PMC9126022 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccine efficacy is threatened by emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) with the capacity to evade protective neutralizing antibody responses. We recently developed clinical vaccine candidate COH04S1, a synthetic modified vaccinia Ankara vector (sMVA) co-expressing spike and nucleocapsid antigens based on the Wuhan-Hu-1 reference strain that showed potent efficacy to protect against ancestral SARS-CoV-2 in Syrian hamsters and non-human primates and was safe and immunogenic in healthy volunteers. Here, we demonstrate that intramuscular immunization of Syrian hamsters with COH04S1 and an analogous Beta variant-adapted vaccine candidate (COH04S351) elicits potent cross-reactive antibody responses and protects against weight loss, lower respiratory tract infection, and lung pathology following challenge with major SARS-CoV-2 VOC, including Beta and the highly contagious Delta variant. These results demonstrate efficacy of COH04S1 and a variant-adapted vaccine analog to confer cross-protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and its emerging VOC, supporting clinical investigation of these sMVA-based COVID-19 vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Wussow
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Mindy Kha
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Katelyn Faircloth
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Vu H. Nguyen
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Angelina Iniguez
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Joy Martinez
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Yoonsuh Park
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jenny Nguyen
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | | | | | | | - Flavia Chiuppesi
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Don J. Diamond
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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181
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Saberiyan M, Karimi E, Khademi Z, Movahhed P, Safi A, Mehri-Ghahfarrokhi A. SARS-CoV-2: phenotype, genotype, and characterization of different variants. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:50. [PMID: 35715738 PMCID: PMC9204680 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a major international public health concern. Because of very similar amino acid sequences of the seven domain names, SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the Coronavirinae subfamily of the family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales, and realm Riboviria, placed in exceptional clusters, but categorized as a SARS-like species. As the RNA virus family with the longest genome, the Coronaviridae genome consists of a single strand of positive RNA (25–32 kb in length). Four major structural proteins of this genome include the spike (S), membrane (M), envelope (E), and the nucleocapsid (N) protein, all of which are encoded within the 3′ end of the genome. By engaging with its receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), SARS-CoV-2 infects host cells. According to the most recent epidemiological data, as the illness spread globally, several genetic variations of SARS-CoV-2 appeared quickly, with the World Health Organization (WHO) naming 11 of them. Among these, seven SARS-CoV-2 subtypes have received the most attention. Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.617.2) are now designated as variations of concern (VOC) (B.1.1.529). Lambda (C.37) and Mu are variations of interest (VOI) (B.1.621). The remaining six are either being monitored or are no longer considered a threat. On the basis of studies done so far, antiviral drugs, antibiotics, glucocorticoids, recombinant intravenous immunoglobulin, plasma therapy, and IFN-α2b have been used to treat patients. Moreover, full vaccination is associated with lower infection and helps prevent transmission, but the risk of infection cannot be eliminated completely in vaccinated people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Saberiyan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Elham Karimi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Zahra Khademi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Movahhed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Safi
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ameneh Mehri-Ghahfarrokhi
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Hajar Hospital, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
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182
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Aliyari R, Mahdavi S, Enayatrad M, Sahab-Negah S, Nili S, Fereidooni M, Mangolian Shahrbabaki P, Ansari-Moghaddam A, Heidarzadeh A, Shahraki-Sanavi F, Amini Moridani M, Fateh M, Khajeha H, Emamian Z, Behmanesh E, Sharifi H, Emamian MH. Study protocol: cohort event monitoring for safety signal detection after vaccination with COVID-19 vaccines in Iran. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1153. [PMID: 35681132 PMCID: PMC9178529 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13575-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New vaccines that are initially approved in clinical trials are not completely free of risks. Systematic vaccine safety surveillance is required for ensuring safety of vaccines. This study aimed to provide a protocol for safety monitoring of COVID-19 vaccines, including Sputnik V, Sinopharm (BBIBP-CorV), COVIran Barekat, and AZD1222. Methods This is a prospective cohort study in accordance with a template provided by the World Health Organization. The target population includes citizens of seven cities in Iran who have received one of the available COVID-19 vaccines according to the national instruction on vaccination. The participants are followed for three months after they receive the second dose of the vaccine. For each type of vaccine, 30,000 people will be enrolled in the study of whom the first 1,000 participants are in the reactogenicity subgroup. The reactogenicity outcomes will be followed seven days after vaccination. Any hospitalization, COVID-19 disease, or other minor outcomes will be investigated in weekly follow-ups. The data are gathered through self-reporting of participants in a mobile application or phone calls to them. The study outcomes may be investigated for the third and fourth doses of vaccines. Other long-term outcomes may also be investigated after the expansion of the follow-up period. We have planned to complete data collection for the current objectives by the end 2022. Discussion The results of this study will be published in different articles. A live dashboard is also available for managers and policymakers. All data will be available on reasonable requests from the corresponding author.The use of the good and comprehensive guidelines provided by WHO, along with the accurate implementation of the protocol and continuous monitoring of the staff performance are the main strengths of this study which may be very useful for policymaking about COVID-19 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roqayeh Aliyari
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Sepideh Mahdavi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Mostafa Enayatrad
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Bahar Hospital, Shahroud University of Medical Science, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Sajad Sahab-Negah
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sairan Nili
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Fereidooni
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Parvin Mangolian Shahrbabaki
- Department of Critical Care, Razi Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Abtin Heidarzadeh
- School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Fariba Shahraki-Sanavi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | | | - Mansooreh Fateh
- Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Khajeha
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Zahra Emamian
- Health Technology Incubator Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Elahe Behmanesh
- Health Technology Incubator Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Hamid Sharifi
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Emamian
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
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183
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Hoteit R, Yassine HM. Biological Properties of SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Epidemiological Impact and Clinical Consequences. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:919. [PMID: 35746526 PMCID: PMC9230982 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a virus that belongs to the coronavirus family and is the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As of May 2022, it had caused more than 500 million infections and more than 6 million deaths worldwide. Several vaccines have been produced and tested over the last two years. The SARS-CoV-2 virus, on the other hand, has mutated over time, resulting in genetic variation in the population of circulating variants during the COVID-19 pandemic. It has also shown immune-evading characteristics, suggesting that vaccinations against these variants could be potentially ineffective. The purpose of this review article is to investigate the key variants of concern (VOCs) and mutations of the virus driving the current pandemic, as well as to explore the transmission rates of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs in relation to epidemiological factors and to compare the virus's transmission rate to that of prior coronaviruses. We examined and provided key information on SARS-CoV-2 VOCs in this study, including their transmissibility, infectivity rate, disease severity, affinity for angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, viral load, reproduction number, vaccination effectiveness, and vaccine breakthrough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Hoteit
- Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 110236, Lebanon;
| | - Hadi M. Yassine
- Biomedical Research Center and College of Health Sciences-QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
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Yi S, Choe YJ, Lim DS, Lee HR, Kim J, Kim YY, Kim RK, Jang EJ, Lee S, Park E, Kim SJ, Park YJ. Impact of national Covid-19 vaccination Campaign, South Korea. Vaccine 2022; 40:3670-3675. [PMID: 35570077 PMCID: PMC9080122 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluate the overall effectiveness of the nationwide vaccination campaign using ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and Ad26.COV2.S vaccines in preventing Covid-19 in South Korea. METHODS The National Surveillance System with the National Immunization Registry were linked to form a large-linked database for assessment. Age-adjusted incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, severe disease, and death by vaccination status are calculated. Weekly vaccine effectiveness was calculated based on incidence rate ratio (IRR) between fully-vaccinated and unvaccinated persons, as: IRR = incidence rate of vaccinated / incidence rate of unvaccinated. We estimate the cumulative SARS-CoV-2 outcome overtime comparing the observed case with predicted cases without vaccination. RESULTS Age-adjusted incidence in unvaccinated persons (5.69 per 100,000 person-day) was 2.7 times the rate in fully vaccinated (2.13 per 100,000 person-day) persons, resulting effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection of 63%. Vaccine effectiveness against severe disease and death were 93% and 95%, respectively. Between March and October 2021, estimated Covid-19 related outcomes averted by vaccinations were: 46,508 infections, 3,424 severe diseases, and 718 deaths. CONCLUSIONS We found significant protection for national Covid-19 vaccination campaign against Covid-19 severe disease, and death in target populations, but there was an unexpected decreased protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection, highlighting the importance of continued surveillance and assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonju Yi
- Director of Epidemiologic Investigations, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Young June Choe
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine and Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Do Sang Lim
- Director of Epidemiologic Investigations, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hye Roen Lee
- Director of Epidemiologic Investigations, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Jia Kim
- Director of Epidemiologic Investigations, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Yoo-Yeon Kim
- Director of Epidemiologic Investigations, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Ryu Kyung Kim
- Director of Epidemiologic Investigations, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Eun Jung Jang
- Director of Epidemiologic Investigations, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sangwon Lee
- Director of Epidemiologic Investigations, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Eunjoo Park
- Director of Epidemiologic Investigations, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Seung-Jin Kim
- Director of Epidemiologic Investigations, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Young-Joon Park
- Director of Epidemiologic Investigations, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, South Korea,Corresponding author
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185
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Hesitancy towards the Third Dose of COVID-19 Vaccine among the Younger Generation in Japan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127041. [PMID: 35742292 PMCID: PMC9222216 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The younger generation's hesitancy towards the COVID-19 vaccine in Japan received significant attention during the early stages of vaccination. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive study in Japan that analyzes the apprehension towards the third dose of vaccine, commonly known as the booster dose, and its underlying causes. Using data from an online panel survey conducted by the Hiroshima Institute of Health Economics Research at Hiroshima University, we examined the severity of booster dose aversion among youths of different ages. Our findings indicate that a sizeable proportion of the Japanese population, particularly younger men, are hesitant to receive the booster dose. Furthermore, an inter-age group difference in booster dose aversion exists only among men. According to the probit regression results, subjective health status and future anxiety are associated with the booster vaccine hesitancy of men and women of various age groups. Moreover, few socioeconomic and behavioral factors like marital status, having children, household income and assets, and having a myopic view of the future, are also associated with the booster dose aversion among youths of certain ages. Given the diverse attitude of the younger generation, our findings suggest that public health authorities should develop effective communication strategies to reduce vaccine apprehension in the society.
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186
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Chan KKP, Hui DSC. Contemporary Concise Review 2021: COVID-19 and other respiratory infections. Respirology 2022; 27:661-668. [PMID: 35670259 PMCID: PMC9347613 DOI: 10.1111/resp.14305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bats are likely the primary source of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). Minks are highly susceptible to infection by SARS‐CoV‐2. Transmission from asymptomatic individuals was estimated to account for over 50% of all transmissions of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) cases. SARS‐CoV‐2 is evolving towards more efficient aerosol transmission. Remdesivir, baricitinib, tocilizumab and dexamethasone are frequently used for the treatment of patients with respiratory failure due to COVID‐19. There is a rising incidence of non‐tuberculous Mycobacterium pulmonary disease globally, with a higher prevalence in Asian countries than in the Western world. Protracted bacterial bronchitis is a common cause of chronic productive cough in childhood. Re‐emergence of respiratory syncytial virus may occur after the relaxation of infection control measures and the reopening of borders during COVID‐19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken K P Chan
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - David S C Hui
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong.,Stanley Ho Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong
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187
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Neil JA, Griffith M, Godfrey DI, Purcell DFJ, Deliyannis G, Jackson D, Rockman S, Subbarao K, Nolan T. Nonhuman primate models for evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1055-1070. [PMID: 35652289 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2071264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evaluation of immunogenicity and efficacy in animal models provide critical data in vaccine development. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) have been used extensively in the evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. AREAS COVERED A critical synthesis of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development with a focus on challenge studies in NHPs is provided. The benefits and drawbacks of the NHP models are discussed. The citations were selected by the authors based on PubMed searches of the literature, summaries from national public health bodies, and press-release information provided by vaccine developers. EXPERT OPINION We identify several aspects of NHP models that limit their usefulness for vaccine-challenge studies and numerous variables that constrain comparisons across vaccine platforms. We propose that studies conducted in NHPs for vaccine development should use a standardized protocol and, where possible, be substituted with smaller animal models. This will ensure continued rapid progression of vaccines to clinical trials without compromising assessments of safety or efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Neil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maryanne Griffith
- Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group (VIRGo), Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Damian F J Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Georgia Deliyannis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Steve Rockman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Seqirus, Parkville, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Terry Nolan
- Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group (VIRGo), Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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188
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Dai L, Gao L, Tao L, Hadinegoro SR, Erkin M, Ying Z, He P, Girsang RT, Vergara H, Akram J, Satari HI, Khaliq T, Sughra U, Celi AP, Li F, Li Y, Jiang Z, Dalimova D, Tuychiev J, Turdikulova S, Ikram A, Flores Lastra N, Ding F, Suhardono M, Fadlyana E, Yan J, Hu Z, Li C, Abdurakhmonov IY, Gao GF. Efficacy and Safety of the RBD-Dimer-Based Covid-19 Vaccine ZF2001 in Adults. N Engl J Med 2022; 386:2097-2111. [PMID: 35507481 PMCID: PMC9127771 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2202261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ZF2001 vaccine, which contains a dimeric form of the receptor-binding domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and aluminum hydroxide as an adjuvant, was shown to be safe, with an acceptable side-effect profile, and immunogenic in adults in phase 1 and 2 clinical trials. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial to investigate the efficacy and confirm the safety of ZF2001. The trial was performed at 31 clinical centers across Uzbekistan, Indonesia, Pakistan, and Ecuador; an additional center in China was included in the safety analysis only. Adult participants (≥18 years of age) were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive a total of three 25-μg doses (30 days apart) of ZF2001 or placebo. The primary end point was the occurrence of symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), as confirmed on polymerase-chain-reaction assay, at least 7 days after receipt of the third dose. A key secondary efficacy end point was the occurrence of severe-to-critical Covid-19 (including Covid-19-related death) at least 7 days after receipt of the third dose. RESULTS Between December 12, 2020, and December 15, 2021, a total of 28,873 participants received at least one dose of ZF2001 or placebo and were included in the safety analysis; 25,193 participants who had completed the three-dose regimen, for whom there were approximately 6 months of follow-up data, were included in the updated primary efficacy analysis that was conducted at the second data cutoff date of December 15, 2021. In the updated analysis, primary end-point cases were reported in 158 of 12,625 participants in the ZF2001 group and in 580 of 12,568 participants in the placebo group, for a vaccine efficacy of 75.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 71.0 to 79.8). Severe-to-critical Covid-19 occurred in 6 participants in the ZF2001 group and in 43 in the placebo group, for a vaccine efficacy of 87.6% (95% CI, 70.6 to 95.7); Covid-19-related death occurred in 2 and 12 participants, respectively, for a vaccine efficacy of 86.5% (95% CI, 38.9 to 98.5). The incidence of adverse events and serious adverse events was balanced in the two groups, and there were no vaccine-related deaths. Most adverse reactions (98.5%) were of grade 1 or 2. CONCLUSIONS In a large cohort of adults, the ZF2001 vaccine was shown to be safe and effective against symptomatic and severe-to-critical Covid-19 for at least 6 months after full vaccination. (Funded by the National Science and Technology Major Project and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04646590.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianpan Dai
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.D., Y.L., J.Y., G.F.G.), the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Z.Y., P.H., Z.H., C.L.), and Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology (Z.J.), Beijing, the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha (L.G., F.L.), and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei (L.T., F.D.) - all in China; the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (S.R.H., H.I.S.), and PT Jakarta Biopharmaceutical Industry (M.S.), Jakarta, and the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, and Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung (R.T.G., E.F.) - all in Indonesia; the Research Institute of Virology (M.E., J.T.), the Center for Advanced Technologies (D.D., S.T.), and the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics (I.Y.A.) - all in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Biodimed Unidad Alemania (H.V.), the Department of Infectiology, Novaclínica Santa Cecilia (A.P.C.), and Biodimed Unidad Eloy Alfaro (N.F.L.) - all in Quito, Ecuador; and University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore (J.A.), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (T.K.) and the National Institute of Health (A.I.), Islamabad, and Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi (U.S.) - all in Pakistan
| | - Lidong Gao
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.D., Y.L., J.Y., G.F.G.), the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Z.Y., P.H., Z.H., C.L.), and Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology (Z.J.), Beijing, the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha (L.G., F.L.), and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei (L.T., F.D.) - all in China; the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (S.R.H., H.I.S.), and PT Jakarta Biopharmaceutical Industry (M.S.), Jakarta, and the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, and Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung (R.T.G., E.F.) - all in Indonesia; the Research Institute of Virology (M.E., J.T.), the Center for Advanced Technologies (D.D., S.T.), and the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics (I.Y.A.) - all in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Biodimed Unidad Alemania (H.V.), the Department of Infectiology, Novaclínica Santa Cecilia (A.P.C.), and Biodimed Unidad Eloy Alfaro (N.F.L.) - all in Quito, Ecuador; and University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore (J.A.), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (T.K.) and the National Institute of Health (A.I.), Islamabad, and Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi (U.S.) - all in Pakistan
| | - Lifeng Tao
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.D., Y.L., J.Y., G.F.G.), the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Z.Y., P.H., Z.H., C.L.), and Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology (Z.J.), Beijing, the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha (L.G., F.L.), and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei (L.T., F.D.) - all in China; the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (S.R.H., H.I.S.), and PT Jakarta Biopharmaceutical Industry (M.S.), Jakarta, and the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, and Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung (R.T.G., E.F.) - all in Indonesia; the Research Institute of Virology (M.E., J.T.), the Center for Advanced Technologies (D.D., S.T.), and the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics (I.Y.A.) - all in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Biodimed Unidad Alemania (H.V.), the Department of Infectiology, Novaclínica Santa Cecilia (A.P.C.), and Biodimed Unidad Eloy Alfaro (N.F.L.) - all in Quito, Ecuador; and University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore (J.A.), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (T.K.) and the National Institute of Health (A.I.), Islamabad, and Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi (U.S.) - all in Pakistan
| | - Sri R Hadinegoro
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.D., Y.L., J.Y., G.F.G.), the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Z.Y., P.H., Z.H., C.L.), and Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology (Z.J.), Beijing, the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha (L.G., F.L.), and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei (L.T., F.D.) - all in China; the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (S.R.H., H.I.S.), and PT Jakarta Biopharmaceutical Industry (M.S.), Jakarta, and the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, and Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung (R.T.G., E.F.) - all in Indonesia; the Research Institute of Virology (M.E., J.T.), the Center for Advanced Technologies (D.D., S.T.), and the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics (I.Y.A.) - all in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Biodimed Unidad Alemania (H.V.), the Department of Infectiology, Novaclínica Santa Cecilia (A.P.C.), and Biodimed Unidad Eloy Alfaro (N.F.L.) - all in Quito, Ecuador; and University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore (J.A.), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (T.K.) and the National Institute of Health (A.I.), Islamabad, and Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi (U.S.) - all in Pakistan
| | - Musabaev Erkin
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.D., Y.L., J.Y., G.F.G.), the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Z.Y., P.H., Z.H., C.L.), and Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology (Z.J.), Beijing, the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha (L.G., F.L.), and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei (L.T., F.D.) - all in China; the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (S.R.H., H.I.S.), and PT Jakarta Biopharmaceutical Industry (M.S.), Jakarta, and the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, and Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung (R.T.G., E.F.) - all in Indonesia; the Research Institute of Virology (M.E., J.T.), the Center for Advanced Technologies (D.D., S.T.), and the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics (I.Y.A.) - all in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Biodimed Unidad Alemania (H.V.), the Department of Infectiology, Novaclínica Santa Cecilia (A.P.C.), and Biodimed Unidad Eloy Alfaro (N.F.L.) - all in Quito, Ecuador; and University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore (J.A.), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (T.K.) and the National Institute of Health (A.I.), Islamabad, and Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi (U.S.) - all in Pakistan
| | - Zhifang Ying
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.D., Y.L., J.Y., G.F.G.), the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Z.Y., P.H., Z.H., C.L.), and Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology (Z.J.), Beijing, the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha (L.G., F.L.), and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei (L.T., F.D.) - all in China; the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (S.R.H., H.I.S.), and PT Jakarta Biopharmaceutical Industry (M.S.), Jakarta, and the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, and Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung (R.T.G., E.F.) - all in Indonesia; the Research Institute of Virology (M.E., J.T.), the Center for Advanced Technologies (D.D., S.T.), and the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics (I.Y.A.) - all in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Biodimed Unidad Alemania (H.V.), the Department of Infectiology, Novaclínica Santa Cecilia (A.P.C.), and Biodimed Unidad Eloy Alfaro (N.F.L.) - all in Quito, Ecuador; and University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore (J.A.), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (T.K.) and the National Institute of Health (A.I.), Islamabad, and Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi (U.S.) - all in Pakistan
| | - Peng He
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.D., Y.L., J.Y., G.F.G.), the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Z.Y., P.H., Z.H., C.L.), and Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology (Z.J.), Beijing, the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha (L.G., F.L.), and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei (L.T., F.D.) - all in China; the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (S.R.H., H.I.S.), and PT Jakarta Biopharmaceutical Industry (M.S.), Jakarta, and the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, and Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung (R.T.G., E.F.) - all in Indonesia; the Research Institute of Virology (M.E., J.T.), the Center for Advanced Technologies (D.D., S.T.), and the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics (I.Y.A.) - all in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Biodimed Unidad Alemania (H.V.), the Department of Infectiology, Novaclínica Santa Cecilia (A.P.C.), and Biodimed Unidad Eloy Alfaro (N.F.L.) - all in Quito, Ecuador; and University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore (J.A.), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (T.K.) and the National Institute of Health (A.I.), Islamabad, and Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi (U.S.) - all in Pakistan
| | - Rodman T Girsang
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.D., Y.L., J.Y., G.F.G.), the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Z.Y., P.H., Z.H., C.L.), and Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology (Z.J.), Beijing, the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha (L.G., F.L.), and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei (L.T., F.D.) - all in China; the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (S.R.H., H.I.S.), and PT Jakarta Biopharmaceutical Industry (M.S.), Jakarta, and the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, and Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung (R.T.G., E.F.) - all in Indonesia; the Research Institute of Virology (M.E., J.T.), the Center for Advanced Technologies (D.D., S.T.), and the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics (I.Y.A.) - all in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Biodimed Unidad Alemania (H.V.), the Department of Infectiology, Novaclínica Santa Cecilia (A.P.C.), and Biodimed Unidad Eloy Alfaro (N.F.L.) - all in Quito, Ecuador; and University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore (J.A.), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (T.K.) and the National Institute of Health (A.I.), Islamabad, and Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi (U.S.) - all in Pakistan
| | - Hugo Vergara
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.D., Y.L., J.Y., G.F.G.), the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Z.Y., P.H., Z.H., C.L.), and Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology (Z.J.), Beijing, the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha (L.G., F.L.), and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei (L.T., F.D.) - all in China; the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (S.R.H., H.I.S.), and PT Jakarta Biopharmaceutical Industry (M.S.), Jakarta, and the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, and Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung (R.T.G., E.F.) - all in Indonesia; the Research Institute of Virology (M.E., J.T.), the Center for Advanced Technologies (D.D., S.T.), and the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics (I.Y.A.) - all in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Biodimed Unidad Alemania (H.V.), the Department of Infectiology, Novaclínica Santa Cecilia (A.P.C.), and Biodimed Unidad Eloy Alfaro (N.F.L.) - all in Quito, Ecuador; and University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore (J.A.), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (T.K.) and the National Institute of Health (A.I.), Islamabad, and Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi (U.S.) - all in Pakistan
| | - Javed Akram
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.D., Y.L., J.Y., G.F.G.), the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Z.Y., P.H., Z.H., C.L.), and Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology (Z.J.), Beijing, the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha (L.G., F.L.), and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei (L.T., F.D.) - all in China; the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (S.R.H., H.I.S.), and PT Jakarta Biopharmaceutical Industry (M.S.), Jakarta, and the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, and Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung (R.T.G., E.F.) - all in Indonesia; the Research Institute of Virology (M.E., J.T.), the Center for Advanced Technologies (D.D., S.T.), and the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics (I.Y.A.) - all in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Biodimed Unidad Alemania (H.V.), the Department of Infectiology, Novaclínica Santa Cecilia (A.P.C.), and Biodimed Unidad Eloy Alfaro (N.F.L.) - all in Quito, Ecuador; and University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore (J.A.), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (T.K.) and the National Institute of Health (A.I.), Islamabad, and Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi (U.S.) - all in Pakistan
| | - Hindra I Satari
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.D., Y.L., J.Y., G.F.G.), the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Z.Y., P.H., Z.H., C.L.), and Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology (Z.J.), Beijing, the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha (L.G., F.L.), and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei (L.T., F.D.) - all in China; the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (S.R.H., H.I.S.), and PT Jakarta Biopharmaceutical Industry (M.S.), Jakarta, and the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, and Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung (R.T.G., E.F.) - all in Indonesia; the Research Institute of Virology (M.E., J.T.), the Center for Advanced Technologies (D.D., S.T.), and the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics (I.Y.A.) - all in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Biodimed Unidad Alemania (H.V.), the Department of Infectiology, Novaclínica Santa Cecilia (A.P.C.), and Biodimed Unidad Eloy Alfaro (N.F.L.) - all in Quito, Ecuador; and University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore (J.A.), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (T.K.) and the National Institute of Health (A.I.), Islamabad, and Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi (U.S.) - all in Pakistan
| | - Tanwir Khaliq
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.D., Y.L., J.Y., G.F.G.), the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Z.Y., P.H., Z.H., C.L.), and Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology (Z.J.), Beijing, the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha (L.G., F.L.), and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei (L.T., F.D.) - all in China; the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (S.R.H., H.I.S.), and PT Jakarta Biopharmaceutical Industry (M.S.), Jakarta, and the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, and Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung (R.T.G., E.F.) - all in Indonesia; the Research Institute of Virology (M.E., J.T.), the Center for Advanced Technologies (D.D., S.T.), and the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics (I.Y.A.) - all in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Biodimed Unidad Alemania (H.V.), the Department of Infectiology, Novaclínica Santa Cecilia (A.P.C.), and Biodimed Unidad Eloy Alfaro (N.F.L.) - all in Quito, Ecuador; and University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore (J.A.), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (T.K.) and the National Institute of Health (A.I.), Islamabad, and Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi (U.S.) - all in Pakistan
| | - Ume Sughra
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.D., Y.L., J.Y., G.F.G.), the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Z.Y., P.H., Z.H., C.L.), and Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology (Z.J.), Beijing, the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha (L.G., F.L.), and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei (L.T., F.D.) - all in China; the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (S.R.H., H.I.S.), and PT Jakarta Biopharmaceutical Industry (M.S.), Jakarta, and the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, and Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung (R.T.G., E.F.) - all in Indonesia; the Research Institute of Virology (M.E., J.T.), the Center for Advanced Technologies (D.D., S.T.), and the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics (I.Y.A.) - all in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Biodimed Unidad Alemania (H.V.), the Department of Infectiology, Novaclínica Santa Cecilia (A.P.C.), and Biodimed Unidad Eloy Alfaro (N.F.L.) - all in Quito, Ecuador; and University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore (J.A.), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (T.K.) and the National Institute of Health (A.I.), Islamabad, and Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi (U.S.) - all in Pakistan
| | - Ana P Celi
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.D., Y.L., J.Y., G.F.G.), the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Z.Y., P.H., Z.H., C.L.), and Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology (Z.J.), Beijing, the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha (L.G., F.L.), and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei (L.T., F.D.) - all in China; the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (S.R.H., H.I.S.), and PT Jakarta Biopharmaceutical Industry (M.S.), Jakarta, and the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, and Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung (R.T.G., E.F.) - all in Indonesia; the Research Institute of Virology (M.E., J.T.), the Center for Advanced Technologies (D.D., S.T.), and the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics (I.Y.A.) - all in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Biodimed Unidad Alemania (H.V.), the Department of Infectiology, Novaclínica Santa Cecilia (A.P.C.), and Biodimed Unidad Eloy Alfaro (N.F.L.) - all in Quito, Ecuador; and University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore (J.A.), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (T.K.) and the National Institute of Health (A.I.), Islamabad, and Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi (U.S.) - all in Pakistan
| | - Fangjun Li
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.D., Y.L., J.Y., G.F.G.), the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Z.Y., P.H., Z.H., C.L.), and Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology (Z.J.), Beijing, the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha (L.G., F.L.), and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei (L.T., F.D.) - all in China; the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (S.R.H., H.I.S.), and PT Jakarta Biopharmaceutical Industry (M.S.), Jakarta, and the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, and Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung (R.T.G., E.F.) - all in Indonesia; the Research Institute of Virology (M.E., J.T.), the Center for Advanced Technologies (D.D., S.T.), and the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics (I.Y.A.) - all in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Biodimed Unidad Alemania (H.V.), the Department of Infectiology, Novaclínica Santa Cecilia (A.P.C.), and Biodimed Unidad Eloy Alfaro (N.F.L.) - all in Quito, Ecuador; and University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore (J.A.), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (T.K.) and the National Institute of Health (A.I.), Islamabad, and Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi (U.S.) - all in Pakistan
| | - Yan Li
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.D., Y.L., J.Y., G.F.G.), the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Z.Y., P.H., Z.H., C.L.), and Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology (Z.J.), Beijing, the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha (L.G., F.L.), and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei (L.T., F.D.) - all in China; the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (S.R.H., H.I.S.), and PT Jakarta Biopharmaceutical Industry (M.S.), Jakarta, and the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, and Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung (R.T.G., E.F.) - all in Indonesia; the Research Institute of Virology (M.E., J.T.), the Center for Advanced Technologies (D.D., S.T.), and the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics (I.Y.A.) - all in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Biodimed Unidad Alemania (H.V.), the Department of Infectiology, Novaclínica Santa Cecilia (A.P.C.), and Biodimed Unidad Eloy Alfaro (N.F.L.) - all in Quito, Ecuador; and University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore (J.A.), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (T.K.) and the National Institute of Health (A.I.), Islamabad, and Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi (U.S.) - all in Pakistan
| | - Zhiwei Jiang
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.D., Y.L., J.Y., G.F.G.), the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Z.Y., P.H., Z.H., C.L.), and Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology (Z.J.), Beijing, the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha (L.G., F.L.), and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei (L.T., F.D.) - all in China; the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (S.R.H., H.I.S.), and PT Jakarta Biopharmaceutical Industry (M.S.), Jakarta, and the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, and Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung (R.T.G., E.F.) - all in Indonesia; the Research Institute of Virology (M.E., J.T.), the Center for Advanced Technologies (D.D., S.T.), and the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics (I.Y.A.) - all in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Biodimed Unidad Alemania (H.V.), the Department of Infectiology, Novaclínica Santa Cecilia (A.P.C.), and Biodimed Unidad Eloy Alfaro (N.F.L.) - all in Quito, Ecuador; and University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore (J.A.), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (T.K.) and the National Institute of Health (A.I.), Islamabad, and Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi (U.S.) - all in Pakistan
| | - Dilbar Dalimova
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.D., Y.L., J.Y., G.F.G.), the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Z.Y., P.H., Z.H., C.L.), and Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology (Z.J.), Beijing, the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha (L.G., F.L.), and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei (L.T., F.D.) - all in China; the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (S.R.H., H.I.S.), and PT Jakarta Biopharmaceutical Industry (M.S.), Jakarta, and the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, and Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung (R.T.G., E.F.) - all in Indonesia; the Research Institute of Virology (M.E., J.T.), the Center for Advanced Technologies (D.D., S.T.), and the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics (I.Y.A.) - all in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Biodimed Unidad Alemania (H.V.), the Department of Infectiology, Novaclínica Santa Cecilia (A.P.C.), and Biodimed Unidad Eloy Alfaro (N.F.L.) - all in Quito, Ecuador; and University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore (J.A.), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (T.K.) and the National Institute of Health (A.I.), Islamabad, and Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi (U.S.) - all in Pakistan
| | - Jaloliddin Tuychiev
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.D., Y.L., J.Y., G.F.G.), the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Z.Y., P.H., Z.H., C.L.), and Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology (Z.J.), Beijing, the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha (L.G., F.L.), and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei (L.T., F.D.) - all in China; the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (S.R.H., H.I.S.), and PT Jakarta Biopharmaceutical Industry (M.S.), Jakarta, and the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, and Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung (R.T.G., E.F.) - all in Indonesia; the Research Institute of Virology (M.E., J.T.), the Center for Advanced Technologies (D.D., S.T.), and the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics (I.Y.A.) - all in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Biodimed Unidad Alemania (H.V.), the Department of Infectiology, Novaclínica Santa Cecilia (A.P.C.), and Biodimed Unidad Eloy Alfaro (N.F.L.) - all in Quito, Ecuador; and University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore (J.A.), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (T.K.) and the National Institute of Health (A.I.), Islamabad, and Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi (U.S.) - all in Pakistan
| | - Shahlo Turdikulova
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.D., Y.L., J.Y., G.F.G.), the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Z.Y., P.H., Z.H., C.L.), and Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology (Z.J.), Beijing, the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha (L.G., F.L.), and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei (L.T., F.D.) - all in China; the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (S.R.H., H.I.S.), and PT Jakarta Biopharmaceutical Industry (M.S.), Jakarta, and the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, and Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung (R.T.G., E.F.) - all in Indonesia; the Research Institute of Virology (M.E., J.T.), the Center for Advanced Technologies (D.D., S.T.), and the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics (I.Y.A.) - all in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Biodimed Unidad Alemania (H.V.), the Department of Infectiology, Novaclínica Santa Cecilia (A.P.C.), and Biodimed Unidad Eloy Alfaro (N.F.L.) - all in Quito, Ecuador; and University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore (J.A.), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (T.K.) and the National Institute of Health (A.I.), Islamabad, and Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi (U.S.) - all in Pakistan
| | - Aamer Ikram
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.D., Y.L., J.Y., G.F.G.), the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Z.Y., P.H., Z.H., C.L.), and Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology (Z.J.), Beijing, the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha (L.G., F.L.), and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei (L.T., F.D.) - all in China; the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (S.R.H., H.I.S.), and PT Jakarta Biopharmaceutical Industry (M.S.), Jakarta, and the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, and Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung (R.T.G., E.F.) - all in Indonesia; the Research Institute of Virology (M.E., J.T.), the Center for Advanced Technologies (D.D., S.T.), and the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics (I.Y.A.) - all in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Biodimed Unidad Alemania (H.V.), the Department of Infectiology, Novaclínica Santa Cecilia (A.P.C.), and Biodimed Unidad Eloy Alfaro (N.F.L.) - all in Quito, Ecuador; and University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore (J.A.), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (T.K.) and the National Institute of Health (A.I.), Islamabad, and Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi (U.S.) - all in Pakistan
| | - Nancy Flores Lastra
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.D., Y.L., J.Y., G.F.G.), the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Z.Y., P.H., Z.H., C.L.), and Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology (Z.J.), Beijing, the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha (L.G., F.L.), and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei (L.T., F.D.) - all in China; the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (S.R.H., H.I.S.), and PT Jakarta Biopharmaceutical Industry (M.S.), Jakarta, and the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, and Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung (R.T.G., E.F.) - all in Indonesia; the Research Institute of Virology (M.E., J.T.), the Center for Advanced Technologies (D.D., S.T.), and the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics (I.Y.A.) - all in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Biodimed Unidad Alemania (H.V.), the Department of Infectiology, Novaclínica Santa Cecilia (A.P.C.), and Biodimed Unidad Eloy Alfaro (N.F.L.) - all in Quito, Ecuador; and University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore (J.A.), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (T.K.) and the National Institute of Health (A.I.), Islamabad, and Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi (U.S.) - all in Pakistan
| | - Fan Ding
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.D., Y.L., J.Y., G.F.G.), the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Z.Y., P.H., Z.H., C.L.), and Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology (Z.J.), Beijing, the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha (L.G., F.L.), and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei (L.T., F.D.) - all in China; the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (S.R.H., H.I.S.), and PT Jakarta Biopharmaceutical Industry (M.S.), Jakarta, and the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, and Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung (R.T.G., E.F.) - all in Indonesia; the Research Institute of Virology (M.E., J.T.), the Center for Advanced Technologies (D.D., S.T.), and the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics (I.Y.A.) - all in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Biodimed Unidad Alemania (H.V.), the Department of Infectiology, Novaclínica Santa Cecilia (A.P.C.), and Biodimed Unidad Eloy Alfaro (N.F.L.) - all in Quito, Ecuador; and University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore (J.A.), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (T.K.) and the National Institute of Health (A.I.), Islamabad, and Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi (U.S.) - all in Pakistan
| | - Mahendra Suhardono
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.D., Y.L., J.Y., G.F.G.), the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Z.Y., P.H., Z.H., C.L.), and Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology (Z.J.), Beijing, the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha (L.G., F.L.), and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei (L.T., F.D.) - all in China; the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (S.R.H., H.I.S.), and PT Jakarta Biopharmaceutical Industry (M.S.), Jakarta, and the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, and Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung (R.T.G., E.F.) - all in Indonesia; the Research Institute of Virology (M.E., J.T.), the Center for Advanced Technologies (D.D., S.T.), and the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics (I.Y.A.) - all in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Biodimed Unidad Alemania (H.V.), the Department of Infectiology, Novaclínica Santa Cecilia (A.P.C.), and Biodimed Unidad Eloy Alfaro (N.F.L.) - all in Quito, Ecuador; and University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore (J.A.), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (T.K.) and the National Institute of Health (A.I.), Islamabad, and Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi (U.S.) - all in Pakistan
| | - Eddy Fadlyana
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.D., Y.L., J.Y., G.F.G.), the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Z.Y., P.H., Z.H., C.L.), and Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology (Z.J.), Beijing, the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha (L.G., F.L.), and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei (L.T., F.D.) - all in China; the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (S.R.H., H.I.S.), and PT Jakarta Biopharmaceutical Industry (M.S.), Jakarta, and the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, and Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung (R.T.G., E.F.) - all in Indonesia; the Research Institute of Virology (M.E., J.T.), the Center for Advanced Technologies (D.D., S.T.), and the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics (I.Y.A.) - all in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Biodimed Unidad Alemania (H.V.), the Department of Infectiology, Novaclínica Santa Cecilia (A.P.C.), and Biodimed Unidad Eloy Alfaro (N.F.L.) - all in Quito, Ecuador; and University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore (J.A.), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (T.K.) and the National Institute of Health (A.I.), Islamabad, and Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi (U.S.) - all in Pakistan
| | - Jinghua Yan
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.D., Y.L., J.Y., G.F.G.), the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Z.Y., P.H., Z.H., C.L.), and Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology (Z.J.), Beijing, the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha (L.G., F.L.), and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei (L.T., F.D.) - all in China; the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (S.R.H., H.I.S.), and PT Jakarta Biopharmaceutical Industry (M.S.), Jakarta, and the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, and Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung (R.T.G., E.F.) - all in Indonesia; the Research Institute of Virology (M.E., J.T.), the Center for Advanced Technologies (D.D., S.T.), and the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics (I.Y.A.) - all in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Biodimed Unidad Alemania (H.V.), the Department of Infectiology, Novaclínica Santa Cecilia (A.P.C.), and Biodimed Unidad Eloy Alfaro (N.F.L.) - all in Quito, Ecuador; and University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore (J.A.), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (T.K.) and the National Institute of Health (A.I.), Islamabad, and Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi (U.S.) - all in Pakistan
| | - Zhongyu Hu
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.D., Y.L., J.Y., G.F.G.), the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Z.Y., P.H., Z.H., C.L.), and Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology (Z.J.), Beijing, the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha (L.G., F.L.), and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei (L.T., F.D.) - all in China; the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (S.R.H., H.I.S.), and PT Jakarta Biopharmaceutical Industry (M.S.), Jakarta, and the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, and Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung (R.T.G., E.F.) - all in Indonesia; the Research Institute of Virology (M.E., J.T.), the Center for Advanced Technologies (D.D., S.T.), and the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics (I.Y.A.) - all in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Biodimed Unidad Alemania (H.V.), the Department of Infectiology, Novaclínica Santa Cecilia (A.P.C.), and Biodimed Unidad Eloy Alfaro (N.F.L.) - all in Quito, Ecuador; and University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore (J.A.), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (T.K.) and the National Institute of Health (A.I.), Islamabad, and Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi (U.S.) - all in Pakistan
| | - Changgui Li
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.D., Y.L., J.Y., G.F.G.), the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Z.Y., P.H., Z.H., C.L.), and Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology (Z.J.), Beijing, the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha (L.G., F.L.), and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei (L.T., F.D.) - all in China; the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (S.R.H., H.I.S.), and PT Jakarta Biopharmaceutical Industry (M.S.), Jakarta, and the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, and Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung (R.T.G., E.F.) - all in Indonesia; the Research Institute of Virology (M.E., J.T.), the Center for Advanced Technologies (D.D., S.T.), and the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics (I.Y.A.) - all in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Biodimed Unidad Alemania (H.V.), the Department of Infectiology, Novaclínica Santa Cecilia (A.P.C.), and Biodimed Unidad Eloy Alfaro (N.F.L.) - all in Quito, Ecuador; and University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore (J.A.), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (T.K.) and the National Institute of Health (A.I.), Islamabad, and Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi (U.S.) - all in Pakistan
| | - Ibrokhim Y Abdurakhmonov
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.D., Y.L., J.Y., G.F.G.), the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Z.Y., P.H., Z.H., C.L.), and Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology (Z.J.), Beijing, the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha (L.G., F.L.), and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei (L.T., F.D.) - all in China; the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (S.R.H., H.I.S.), and PT Jakarta Biopharmaceutical Industry (M.S.), Jakarta, and the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, and Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung (R.T.G., E.F.) - all in Indonesia; the Research Institute of Virology (M.E., J.T.), the Center for Advanced Technologies (D.D., S.T.), and the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics (I.Y.A.) - all in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Biodimed Unidad Alemania (H.V.), the Department of Infectiology, Novaclínica Santa Cecilia (A.P.C.), and Biodimed Unidad Eloy Alfaro (N.F.L.) - all in Quito, Ecuador; and University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore (J.A.), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (T.K.) and the National Institute of Health (A.I.), Islamabad, and Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi (U.S.) - all in Pakistan
| | - George F Gao
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (L.D., Y.L., J.Y., G.F.G.), the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Z.Y., P.H., Z.H., C.L.), and Beijing Keytech Statistical Technology (Z.J.), Beijing, the Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha (L.G., F.L.), and Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Hefei (L.T., F.D.) - all in China; the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (S.R.H., H.I.S.), and PT Jakarta Biopharmaceutical Industry (M.S.), Jakarta, and the Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, and Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung (R.T.G., E.F.) - all in Indonesia; the Research Institute of Virology (M.E., J.T.), the Center for Advanced Technologies (D.D., S.T.), and the Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics (I.Y.A.) - all in Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Biodimed Unidad Alemania (H.V.), the Department of Infectiology, Novaclínica Santa Cecilia (A.P.C.), and Biodimed Unidad Eloy Alfaro (N.F.L.) - all in Quito, Ecuador; and University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore (J.A.), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (T.K.) and the National Institute of Health (A.I.), Islamabad, and Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi (U.S.) - all in Pakistan
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Kent SJ, Khoury DS, Reynaldi A, Juno JA, Wheatley AK, Stadler E, John Wherry E, Triccas J, Sasson SC, Cromer D, Davenport MP. Disentangling the relative importance of T cell responses in COVID-19: leading actors or supporting cast? Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:387-397. [PMID: 35484322 PMCID: PMC9047577 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00716-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of multiple vaccines providing strong protection from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been a major achievement. There is now compelling evidence for the role of neutralizing antibodies in protective immunity. T cells may play a role in resolution of primary SARS-CoV-2 infection, and there is a widely expressed view that T cell-mediated immunity also plays an important role in vaccine-mediated protection. Here we discuss the role of vaccine-induced T cells in two distinct stages of infection: firstly, in protection from acquisition of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection following exposure; secondly, if infection does occur, the potential for T cells to reduce the risk of developing severe COVID-19. We describe several lines of evidence that argue against a direct impact of vaccine-induced memory T cells in preventing symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the contribution of T cell immunity in reducing the severity of infection, particularly in infection with SARS-CoV-2 variants, remains to be determined. A detailed understanding of the role of T cells in COVID-19 is critical for next-generation vaccine design and development. Here we discuss the challenges in determining a causal relationship between vaccine-induced T cell immunity and protection from COVID-19 and propose an approach to gather the necessary evidence to clarify any role for vaccine-induced T cell memory in protection from severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - David S Khoury
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Arnold Reynaldi
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eva Stadler
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James Triccas
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah C Sasson
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah Cromer
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Miles P Davenport
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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190
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Kissling E, Hooiveld M, Martínez-Baz I, Mazagatos C, William N, Vilcu AM, Kooijman MN, Ilić M, Domegan L, Machado A, de Lusignan S, Lazar M, Meijer A, Brytting M, Casado I, Larrauri A, Murray JLK, Behillil S, de Gier B, Mlinarić I, O’Donnell J, Rodrigues AP, Tsang R, Timnea O, de Lange M, Riess M, Castilla J, Pozo F, Hamilton M, Falchi A, Knol MJ, Kurečić Filipović S, Dunford L, Guiomar R, Cogdale J, Cherciu C, Jansen T, Enkirch T, Basile L, Connell J, Gomez V, Sandonis Martín V, Bacci S, Rose AMC, Pastore Celentano L, Valenciano M. Effectiveness of complete primary vaccination against COVID-19 at primary care and community level during predominant Delta circulation in Europe: multicentre analysis, I-MOVE-COVID-19 and ECDC networks, July to August 2021. Euro Surveill 2022; 27:2101104. [PMID: 35620997 PMCID: PMC9137272 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2022.27.21.2101104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionIn July and August 2021, the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant dominated in Europe.AimUsing a multicentre test-negative study, we measured COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) against symptomatic infection.MethodsIndividuals with COVID-19 or acute respiratory symptoms at primary care/community level in 10 European countries were tested for SARS-CoV-2. We measured complete primary course overall VE by vaccine brand and by time since vaccination.ResultsOverall VE was 74% (95% CI: 69-79), 76% (95% CI: 71-80), 63% (95% CI: 48-75) and 63% (95% CI: 16-83) among those aged 30-44, 45-59, 60-74 and ≥ 75 years, respectively. VE among those aged 30-59 years was 78% (95% CI: 75-81), 66% (95% CI: 58-73), 91% (95% CI: 87-94) and 52% (95% CI: 40-61), for Comirnaty, Vaxzevria, Spikevax and COVID-19 Vaccine Janssen, respectively. VE among people 60 years and older was 67% (95% CI: 52-77), 65% (95% CI: 48-76) and 83% (95% CI: 64-92) for Comirnaty, Vaxzevria and Spikevax, respectively. Comirnaty VE among those aged 30-59 years was 87% (95% CI: 83-89) at 14-29 days and 65% (95% CI: 56-71%) at ≥ 90 days between vaccination and onset of symptoms.ConclusionsVE against symptomatic infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant varied among brands, ranging from 52% to 91%. While some waning of the vaccine effect may be present (sample size limited this analysis to only Comirnaty), protection was 65% at 90 days or more between vaccination and onset.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iván Martínez-Baz
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra - IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Mazagatos
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain,National Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana-Maria Vilcu
- INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Paris, France
| | - Marjolein N Kooijman
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Maja Ilić
- Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lisa Domegan
- Health Service Executive-Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ausenda Machado
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Simon de Lusignan
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mihaela Lazar
- “Cantacuzino” National Military Medical Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adam Meijer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Mia Brytting
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Itziar Casado
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra - IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amparo Larrauri
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain,National Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sylvie Behillil
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, UMR 3569 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot SPC, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France,CNR des virus des infections respiratoires, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Brechje de Gier
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ivan Mlinarić
- Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Joan O’Donnell
- Health Service Executive-Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Ruby Tsang
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia Timnea
- “Cantacuzino” National Military Medical Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marit de Lange
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jesús Castilla
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra - IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Pozo
- National Centre for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Mirjam J Knol
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Linda Dunford
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Raquel Guiomar
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Carmen Cherciu
- “Cantacuzino” National Military Medical Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | - Luca Basile
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain,Subdirección General de Vigilancia y Respuesta a Emergencias de Salud Pública, Agencia de Salud Pública, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Jeff Connell
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Verónica Gomez
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Sabrina Bacci
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
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191
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Brazete C, Pinto M, Sá L, Aguiar A, Alves F, Duarte R. Evaluation of the Real-World Effectiveness of Vaccines against COVID-19 at a Local Level: Protocol for a Test-Negative Case-Control Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050822. [PMID: 35632578 PMCID: PMC9147572 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines against COVID-19 approved for use in the EU/EEA have been shown to be highly effective against wild-type SARS-CoV-2. However, their effectiveness against new variants may be reduced. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccines against COVID-19 in the prevention of symptomatic and severe disease, during pre- and post-omicron phases. Individuals who sought treatment at the emergency department of a Portuguese hospital with COVID-19-like disease and were tested for SARS-CoV-2 are the subjects of the study. Patients who received a positive result are considered cases, while those with negative results are the controls. The test-negative case–control method is one of the study designs recommended by WHO to estimate the effectiveness of vaccines against COVID-19. The main advantage of this design is that it controls for the healthcare seeking bias, commonly present in traditional cohort and case–control designs. This study may have broad implications for understanding the real-world performance of the COVID-19 vaccines at the local level, which may play a key role in promoting adherence to vaccination. Moreover, this study may contribute to inform decisions regarding booster doses and variant-specific vaccine formulations leading to the control of this and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Brazete
- EPIUnit—Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; (A.A.); (R.D.)
- Unidade de Saúde Pública do Alto Minho, 4904-459 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
- Correspondence:
| | - Marta Pinto
- Unidade de Investigação Clínica da ARS Norte, 4000-477 Porto, Portugal; (M.P.); (F.A.)
- Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lígia Sá
- Unidade de Saúde Pública do Alto Minho, 4904-459 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
| | - Ana Aguiar
- EPIUnit—Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; (A.A.); (R.D.)
- Laboratório Para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe Alves
- Unidade de Investigação Clínica da ARS Norte, 4000-477 Porto, Portugal; (M.P.); (F.A.)
| | - Raquel Duarte
- EPIUnit—Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; (A.A.); (R.D.)
- Unidade de Investigação Clínica da ARS Norte, 4000-477 Porto, Portugal; (M.P.); (F.A.)
- Laboratório Para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-303 Porto, Portugal
- Serviço de Pneumologia, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, 4434-502 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
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192
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Zeng B, Gao L, Zhou Q, Yu K, Sun F. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med 2022; 20:200. [PMID: 35606843 PMCID: PMC9126103 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It was urgent and necessary to synthesize the evidence for vaccine effectiveness (VE) against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide a comprehensive overview of the effectiveness profile of COVID-19 vaccines against VOC. METHODS Published randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, and case-control studies that evaluated the VE against VOC (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, or Omicron) were searched until 4 March 2022. Pooled estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random-effects meta-analysis. VE was defined as (1-estimate). RESULTS Eleven RCTs (161,388 participants), 20 cohort studies (52,782,321 participants), and 26 case-control studies (2,584,732 cases) were included. Eleven COVID-19 vaccines (mRNA-1273, BNT162b2, ChAdOx1, Ad26.COV2.S, NVX-CoV2373, BBV152, CoronaVac, BBIBP-CorV, SCB-2019, CVnCoV, and HB02) were included in this analysis. Full vaccination was effective against Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron variants, with VE of 88.0% (95% CI, 83.0-91.5), 73.0% (95% CI, 64.3-79.5), 63.0% (95% CI, 47.9-73.7), 77.8% (95% CI, 72.7-82.0), and 55.9% (95% CI, 40.9-67.0), respectively. Booster vaccination was more effective against Delta and Omicron variants, with VE of 95.5% (95% CI, 94.2-96.5) and 80.8% (95% CI, 58.6-91.1), respectively. mRNA vaccines (mRNA-1273/BNT162b2) seemed to have higher VE against VOC over others; significant interactions (pinteraction < 0.10) were observed between VE and vaccine type (mRNA vaccines vs. not mRNA vaccines). CONCLUSIONS Full vaccination of COVID-19 vaccines is highly effective against Alpha variant, and moderate effective against Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants. Booster vaccination is more effective against Delta and Omicron variants. mRNA vaccines seem to have higher VE against Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants over others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqi Zeng
- Department of Science and Education, Peking University Binhai Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Le Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qingxin Zhou
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Yu
- Department of Science and Education, Peking University Binhai Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| | - Feng Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, China.
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193
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Carrat F, Villarroel PMS, Lapidus N, Fourié T, Blanché H, Dorival C, Nicol J, Deleuze JF, Robineau O, Touvier M, Severi G, Zins M, de Lamballerie X. Heterogeneous SARS-CoV-2 humoral response after COVID-19 vaccination and/or infection in the general population. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8622. [PMID: 35597776 PMCID: PMC9123863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11787-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessment of the intensity, dynamics and determinants of the antibody response after SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination in the general population is critical to guide vaccination policies. This study characterized the anti-spike IgG titers in 13,971 participants included in a French multicohort population-based serological survey on COVID-19 between April and October 2020 and followed-up with serological testing between May and October 2021. Eight follow-up profiles were defined depending on SARS-CoV-2 infection (0, 1 or 2) and COVID-19 vaccination (0, 1, 2 or 3). The anti-spike titer was lower in adults with no vaccination even in case of infection or reinfection, while it was higher in adults with infection followed by vaccination. The anti-spike titer was negatively correlated with age in vaccinated but uninfected adults, whereas it was positively correlated with age in unvaccinated but infected adults. In adults with 2 vaccine injections and no infection, the vaccine protocol, age, gender, and time since the last vaccine injection were independently associated with the anti-spike titer. The decrease in anti-spike titer was much more rapid in vaccinated than in infected subjects. These results highlight the strong heterogeneity of the antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 in the general population depending on previous infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Carrat
- Institut Pierre-Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Département de santé publique, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, APHP, 27 rue Chaligny, 75571, Paris Cedex 12, France.
| | - Paola Mariela Saba Villarroel
- Unité des Virus Émergents, UVE, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, Aix Marseille Univ, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Nathanael Lapidus
- Institut Pierre-Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Département de santé publique, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, APHP, 27 rue Chaligny, 75571, Paris Cedex 12, France
| | - Toscane Fourié
- Unité des Virus Émergents, UVE, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, Aix Marseille Univ, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Hélène Blanché
- Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), CEPH-Biobank, Paris, France
| | - Céline Dorival
- Institut Pierre-Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Nicol
- Institut Pierre-Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), CEPH-Biobank, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Robineau
- Institut Pierre-Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Touvier
- Inserm U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center - University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
| | - Gianluca Severi
- CESP UMR1018, UVSQ, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marie Zins
- Paris University, Paris, France
- UVSQ, Inserm UMS 11, Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Paris, Villejuif, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Émergents, UVE, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, Aix Marseille Univ, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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194
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Zhou Z, Zhu Y, Chu M. Role of COVID-19 Vaccines in SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Front Immunol 2022; 13:898192. [PMID: 35669787 PMCID: PMC9165056 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.898192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a threat to the health of the global population. As the result of a global effort in the determination of origin, structure, and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, particularly such the variant of concern as Delta Variant and Omicron Variant, the understanding of SARS-CoV-2 are deepening and the development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are ongoing. Currently, AstraZeneca-Vaxzevria/SII-Covishield vaccine, Janssen-Ad26.COV2.S vaccine, Moderna-mRNA-1273 vaccine, Pfizer BioNTech-Comirnaty vaccine and Sinovac-CoronaVac vaccine have been listed as WHO Emergency Use Listing (EUL) Qualified Vaccines by WHO. Because of the antigen escape caused by the mutation in variants, the effectiveness of vaccines, which are currently the main means of prevention and treatment, has been affected by varying degrees. Herein, we review the current status of mutations of SARS-CoV-2 variants, the different approaches used in the development of COVID-19 vaccines, and COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yimiao Zhu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ming Chu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), Beijing, China
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Wang K, Wang L, Li M, Xie B, He L, Wang M, Zhang R, Hou N, Zhang Y, Jia F. Real-Word Effectiveness of Global COVID-19 Vaccines Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:820544. [PMID: 35665358 PMCID: PMC9160927 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.820544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, promoted vaccinations against SARS-CoV-2 are being given out globally. However, the occurrence of numerous COVID-19 variants has hindered the goal of rapid mitigation of the COVID-19 pandemic by effective mass vaccinations. The real-word effectiveness of the current vaccines against COVID-19 variants has not been assessed by published reviews. Therefore, our study evaluated the overall effectiveness of current vaccines and the differences between the various vaccines and variants. Methods PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, medRxiv, bioRxiv, and arXiv were searched to screen the eligible studies. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale and the Egger test were applied to estimate the quality of the literature and any publication bias, respectively. The pooled incident rates of different variants after vaccination were estimated by single-arm analysis. Meanwhile, the pooled efficacies of various vaccines against variants were evaluated by two-arm analysis using odds ratios (ORs) and vaccine effectiveness (VE). Results A total of 6,118 studies were identified initially and 44 articles were included. We found that the overall incidence of variants post first/second vaccine were 0.07 and 0.03, respectively. The VE of the incidence of variants post first vaccine between the vaccine and the placebo or unvaccinated population was 40% and post second vaccine was 96%, respectively. The sub-single-arm analysis showed a low prevalence rate of COVID-19 variants after specific vaccination with the pooled incidence below 0.10 in most subgroups. Meanwhile, the sub-two-arm analysis indicated that most current vaccines had a good or moderate preventive effect on certain variants considering that the VE in these subgroups was between 66 and 95%, which was broadly in line with the results of the sub-single-arm analysis. Conclusion Our meta-analysis shows that the current vaccines that are used globally could prevent COVID-19 infection and restrict the spread of variants to a great extent. We would also support maximizing vaccine uptake with two doses, as the effectiveness of which was more marked compared with one dose. Although the mRNA vaccine was the most effective against variants according to our study, specific vaccines should be taken into account based on the local dominant prevalence of variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zibo Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Zibo, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zibo Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Zibo, China
| | - Mingzhe Li
- Independent Researcher, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Bing Xie
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Zibo, China
| | - Lu He
- Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Meiyu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Zhangdian District, Zibo, China
| | - Rumin Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zibo Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Zibo, China
| | - Nianzong Hou
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Zibo, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Zibo, China
| | - Fusen Jia
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Zibo, China
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196
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Lee CJ, Woo W, Kim AY, Yon DK, Lee SW, Koyanagi A, Kim MS, KalthoumTizaoui, Dragioti E, Radua J, Lee S, Smith L, Il Shin J. Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19 Breakthrough Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Med Virol 2022; 94:4234-4245. [PMID: 35588301 PMCID: PMC9348075 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To provide a comparative meta‐analysis and systematic review of the risk and clinical outcomes of coronavirus 2019 (COVID‐19) infection between fully vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. Eighteen studies of COVID‐19 infections in fully vaccinated (“breakthrough infections”) and unvaccinated individuals were reviewed from Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases. The meta‐analysis examined the summary effects and between‐study heterogeneity regarding differences in the risk of infection, hospitalization, treatments, and mortality between vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. he overall risk of infection was lower for the fully vaccinated compared to that of the unvaccinated (relative risk [RR] 0.20, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.19−0.21), especially for variants other than Delta (Delta: RR 0.29, 95% CI: 0.13−0.65; other variants: RR 0.06, 95% CI: 0.04−0.08). The risk of asymptomatic infection was not statistically significantly different between fully vaccinated and unvaccinated (RR 0.56, 95% CI: 0.27−1.19). There were neither statistically significant differences in risk of hospitalization (RR 1.06, 95% CI: 0.38−2.93), invasive mechanical ventilation (RR 1.65, 95% CI: 0.90−3.06), or mortality (RR 1.19, 95% CI: 0.79−1.78). Conversely, the risk of supplemental oxygen during hospitalization was significantly higher for the unvaccinated (RR 1.40, 95% CI: 1.08−1.82). Unvaccinated people were more vulnerable to COVID‐19 infection than fully vaccinated for all variants. Once infected, there were no statistically significant differences in the risk of hospitalization, invasive mechanical ventilation, or mortality. Still, unvaccinated showed an increased need for oxygen supplementation. Further prospective analysis, including patients’ risk factors, COVID‐19 variants, and the utilized treatment strategies, would be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine J Lee
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, USA
| | - Wongi Woo
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ah Young Kim
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Keon Yon
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Data Science, Sejong University College of Software Convergence, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu/CIBERSAM, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundacio Sant Joan de Deu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Min Seo Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - KalthoumTizaoui
- Laboratory of Microoranismes and Active Biomolecules, Sciences Faculty of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Elena Dragioti
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, and Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE, 581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Joaquim Radua
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sungsoo Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Lee Smith
- Cambridge Centre for Health, Performance, and Wellbeing, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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197
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Kaplonek P, Cizmeci D, Fischinger S, Collier AR, Suscovich T, Linde C, Broge T, Mann C, Amanat F, Dayal D, Rhee J, de St. Aubin M, Nilles EJ, Musk ER, Menon AS, Saphire EO, Krammer F, Lauffenburger DA, Barouch DH, Alter G. mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccines elicit antibodies with differences in Fc-mediated effector functions. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabm2311. [PMID: 35348368 PMCID: PMC8995030 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abm2311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The successful development of several coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines has substantially reduced morbidity and mortality in regions of the world where the vaccines have been deployed. However, in the wake of the emergence of viral variants that are able to evade vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies, real-world vaccine efficacy has begun to show differences across the two approved mRNA platforms, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273; these findings suggest that subtle variation in immune responses induced by the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines may confer differential protection. Given our emerging appreciation for the importance of additional antibody functions beyond neutralization, we profiled the postboost binding and functional capacity of humoral immune responses induced by the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines in a cohort of hospital staff. Both vaccines induced robust humoral immune responses to wild-type severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and to variants of concern. However, differences emerged across epitope-specific responses, with higher concentrations of receptor binding domain (RBD)- and N-terminal domain-specific IgA observed in recipients of mRNA-1273. Antibodies eliciting neutrophil phagocytosis and natural killer cell activation were also increased in mRNA-1273 vaccine recipients as compared to BNT162b2 recipients. RBD-specific antibody depletion highlighted the different roles of non-RBD-specific antibody effector functions induced across the mRNA vaccines. These data provide insights into potential differences in protective immunity conferred by these vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kaplonek
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Deniz Cizmeci
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Ai-ris Collier
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | | | - Colin Mann
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fatima Amanat
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Diana Dayal
- Space Exploration Technologies Corp, Hawthorne, CA 90250, USA
| | - Justin Rhee
- Space Exploration Technologies Corp, Hawthorne, CA 90250, USA
| | | | | | - Elon R. Musk
- Space Exploration Technologies Corp, Hawthorne, CA 90250, USA
| | - Anil S. Menon
- Space Exploration Technologies Corp, Hawthorne, CA 90250, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Douglas A. Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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198
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Charonis SA, James LM, Georgopoulos AP. SARS-CoV-2 in silico binding affinity to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) Class II molecules predicts vaccine effectiveness across variants of concern (VOC). Sci Rep 2022; 12:8074. [PMID: 35577837 PMCID: PMC9109665 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11956-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
There is widespread concern about the clinical effectiveness of current vaccines in preventing Covid-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (Williams in Lancet Respir Med 29:333-335, 2021; Hayawi in Vaccines 9:1305, 2021), including those identified at present (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Omicron) and possibly new ones arising in the future. It would be valuable to be able to predict vaccine effectiveness for any variant. Here we offer such an estimate of predicted vaccine effectiveness for any SARS-CoV-2 variant based on the amount of overlap of in silico high binding affinity of the variant and Wildtype spike glycoproteins to a pool of frequent Human Leukocyte Antigen Class II molecules which are necessary for initiating antibody production (Blum et al. in Annu Rev Immunol 31:443-473, 2013). The predictive model was strong (r = 0.910) and statistically significant (P = 0.013).
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros A Charonis
- The HLA SARS-CoV-2 Research Group, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Brain Sciences Center (11B), Minneapolis VAHCS, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Lisa M James
- The HLA SARS-CoV-2 Research Group, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Brain Sciences Center (11B), Minneapolis VAHCS, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Apostolos P Georgopoulos
- The HLA SARS-CoV-2 Research Group, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Brain Sciences Center (11B), Minneapolis VAHCS, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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199
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Abu-Raddad LJ, Chemaitelly H, Ayoub HH, AlMukdad S, Yassine HM, Al-Khatib HA, Smatti MK, Tang P, Hasan MR, Coyle P, Al-Kanaani Z, Al-Kuwari E, Jeremijenko A, Kaleeckal AH, Latif AN, Shaik RM, Abdul-Rahim HF, Nasrallah GK, Al-Kuwari MG, Butt AA, Al-Romaihi HE, Al-Thani MH, Al-Khal A, Bertollini R. Effect of mRNA Vaccine Boosters against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Infection in Qatar. N Engl J Med 2022; 386:1804-1816. [PMID: 35263534 PMCID: PMC8929389 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2200797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Waning of vaccine protection against coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) and the emergence of the omicron (or B.1.1.529) variant of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have led to expedited efforts to scale up booster vaccination. Protection conferred by booster doses of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccines in Qatar, as compared with protection conferred by the two-dose primary series, is unclear. METHODS We conducted two matched retrospective cohort studies to assess the effectiveness of booster vaccination, as compared with that of a two-dose primary series alone, against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and Covid-19-related hospitalization and death during a large wave of omicron infections from December 19, 2021, through January 26, 2022. The association of booster status with infection was estimated with the use of Cox proportional-hazards regression models. RESULTS In a population of 2,239,193 persons who had received at least two doses of BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccine, those who had also received a booster were matched with persons who had not received a booster. Among the BNT162b2-vaccinated persons, the cumulative incidence of symptomatic omicron infection was 2.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.3 to 2.5) in the booster cohort and 4.5% (95% CI, 4.3 to 4.6) in the nonbooster cohort after 35 days of follow-up. Booster effectiveness against symptomatic omicron infection, as compared with that of the primary series, was 49.4% (95% CI, 47.1 to 51.6). Booster effectiveness against Covid-19-related hospitalization and death due to omicron infection, as compared with the primary series, was 76.5% (95% CI, 55.9 to 87.5). BNT162b2 booster effectiveness against symptomatic infection with the delta (or B.1.617.2) variant, as compared with the primary series, was 86.1% (95% CI, 67.3 to 94.1). Among the mRNA-1273-vaccinated persons, the cumulative incidence of symptomatic omicron infection was 1.0% (95% CI, 0.9 to 1.2) in the booster cohort and 1.9% (95% CI, 1.8 to 2.1) in the nonbooster cohort after 35 days; booster effectiveness against symptomatic omicron infection, as compared with the primary series, was 47.3% (95% CI, 40.7 to 53.3). Few severe Covid-19 cases were noted in the mRNA-1273-vaccinated cohorts. CONCLUSIONS The messenger RNA (mRNA) boosters were highly effective against symptomatic delta infection, but they were less effective against symptomatic omicron infection. However, with both variants, mRNA boosters led to strong protection against Covid-19-related hospitalization and death. (Funded by Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith J Abu-Raddad
- From the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.) and the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.), Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, the Departments of Public Health (L.J.A.-R., H.F.A.-R.) and Biomedical Science (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., G.K.N.), College of Health Sciences, QU Health, the Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences (H.H.A.), the Biomedical Research Center, QU Health (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., P.C., G.K.N.), Qatar University, the Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine (P.T., M.R.H.), Hamad Medical Corporation (P.C., Z.A.-K., E.A.-K., A.J., A.H.K., A.N.L., R.M.S., A.A.B., A.A.-K.), Primary Health Care Corporation (M.G.A.-K.), and the Ministry of Public Health (H.E.A.-R., M.H.A.-T., R.B.) - all in Doha, Qatar; the Departments of Population Health Sciences (L.J.A.-R., H.C., A.A.B.) and Medicine (A.A.B.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York; and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom (P.C.)
| | - Hiam Chemaitelly
- From the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.) and the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.), Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, the Departments of Public Health (L.J.A.-R., H.F.A.-R.) and Biomedical Science (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., G.K.N.), College of Health Sciences, QU Health, the Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences (H.H.A.), the Biomedical Research Center, QU Health (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., P.C., G.K.N.), Qatar University, the Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine (P.T., M.R.H.), Hamad Medical Corporation (P.C., Z.A.-K., E.A.-K., A.J., A.H.K., A.N.L., R.M.S., A.A.B., A.A.-K.), Primary Health Care Corporation (M.G.A.-K.), and the Ministry of Public Health (H.E.A.-R., M.H.A.-T., R.B.) - all in Doha, Qatar; the Departments of Population Health Sciences (L.J.A.-R., H.C., A.A.B.) and Medicine (A.A.B.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York; and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom (P.C.)
| | - Houssein H Ayoub
- From the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.) and the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.), Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, the Departments of Public Health (L.J.A.-R., H.F.A.-R.) and Biomedical Science (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., G.K.N.), College of Health Sciences, QU Health, the Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences (H.H.A.), the Biomedical Research Center, QU Health (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., P.C., G.K.N.), Qatar University, the Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine (P.T., M.R.H.), Hamad Medical Corporation (P.C., Z.A.-K., E.A.-K., A.J., A.H.K., A.N.L., R.M.S., A.A.B., A.A.-K.), Primary Health Care Corporation (M.G.A.-K.), and the Ministry of Public Health (H.E.A.-R., M.H.A.-T., R.B.) - all in Doha, Qatar; the Departments of Population Health Sciences (L.J.A.-R., H.C., A.A.B.) and Medicine (A.A.B.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York; and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom (P.C.)
| | - Sawsan AlMukdad
- From the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.) and the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.), Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, the Departments of Public Health (L.J.A.-R., H.F.A.-R.) and Biomedical Science (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., G.K.N.), College of Health Sciences, QU Health, the Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences (H.H.A.), the Biomedical Research Center, QU Health (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., P.C., G.K.N.), Qatar University, the Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine (P.T., M.R.H.), Hamad Medical Corporation (P.C., Z.A.-K., E.A.-K., A.J., A.H.K., A.N.L., R.M.S., A.A.B., A.A.-K.), Primary Health Care Corporation (M.G.A.-K.), and the Ministry of Public Health (H.E.A.-R., M.H.A.-T., R.B.) - all in Doha, Qatar; the Departments of Population Health Sciences (L.J.A.-R., H.C., A.A.B.) and Medicine (A.A.B.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York; and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom (P.C.)
| | - Hadi M Yassine
- From the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.) and the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.), Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, the Departments of Public Health (L.J.A.-R., H.F.A.-R.) and Biomedical Science (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., G.K.N.), College of Health Sciences, QU Health, the Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences (H.H.A.), the Biomedical Research Center, QU Health (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., P.C., G.K.N.), Qatar University, the Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine (P.T., M.R.H.), Hamad Medical Corporation (P.C., Z.A.-K., E.A.-K., A.J., A.H.K., A.N.L., R.M.S., A.A.B., A.A.-K.), Primary Health Care Corporation (M.G.A.-K.), and the Ministry of Public Health (H.E.A.-R., M.H.A.-T., R.B.) - all in Doha, Qatar; the Departments of Population Health Sciences (L.J.A.-R., H.C., A.A.B.) and Medicine (A.A.B.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York; and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom (P.C.)
| | - Hebah A Al-Khatib
- From the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.) and the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.), Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, the Departments of Public Health (L.J.A.-R., H.F.A.-R.) and Biomedical Science (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., G.K.N.), College of Health Sciences, QU Health, the Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences (H.H.A.), the Biomedical Research Center, QU Health (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., P.C., G.K.N.), Qatar University, the Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine (P.T., M.R.H.), Hamad Medical Corporation (P.C., Z.A.-K., E.A.-K., A.J., A.H.K., A.N.L., R.M.S., A.A.B., A.A.-K.), Primary Health Care Corporation (M.G.A.-K.), and the Ministry of Public Health (H.E.A.-R., M.H.A.-T., R.B.) - all in Doha, Qatar; the Departments of Population Health Sciences (L.J.A.-R., H.C., A.A.B.) and Medicine (A.A.B.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York; and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom (P.C.)
| | - Maria K Smatti
- From the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.) and the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.), Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, the Departments of Public Health (L.J.A.-R., H.F.A.-R.) and Biomedical Science (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., G.K.N.), College of Health Sciences, QU Health, the Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences (H.H.A.), the Biomedical Research Center, QU Health (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., P.C., G.K.N.), Qatar University, the Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine (P.T., M.R.H.), Hamad Medical Corporation (P.C., Z.A.-K., E.A.-K., A.J., A.H.K., A.N.L., R.M.S., A.A.B., A.A.-K.), Primary Health Care Corporation (M.G.A.-K.), and the Ministry of Public Health (H.E.A.-R., M.H.A.-T., R.B.) - all in Doha, Qatar; the Departments of Population Health Sciences (L.J.A.-R., H.C., A.A.B.) and Medicine (A.A.B.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York; and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom (P.C.)
| | - Patrick Tang
- From the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.) and the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.), Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, the Departments of Public Health (L.J.A.-R., H.F.A.-R.) and Biomedical Science (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., G.K.N.), College of Health Sciences, QU Health, the Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences (H.H.A.), the Biomedical Research Center, QU Health (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., P.C., G.K.N.), Qatar University, the Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine (P.T., M.R.H.), Hamad Medical Corporation (P.C., Z.A.-K., E.A.-K., A.J., A.H.K., A.N.L., R.M.S., A.A.B., A.A.-K.), Primary Health Care Corporation (M.G.A.-K.), and the Ministry of Public Health (H.E.A.-R., M.H.A.-T., R.B.) - all in Doha, Qatar; the Departments of Population Health Sciences (L.J.A.-R., H.C., A.A.B.) and Medicine (A.A.B.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York; and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom (P.C.)
| | - Mohammad R Hasan
- From the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.) and the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.), Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, the Departments of Public Health (L.J.A.-R., H.F.A.-R.) and Biomedical Science (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., G.K.N.), College of Health Sciences, QU Health, the Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences (H.H.A.), the Biomedical Research Center, QU Health (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., P.C., G.K.N.), Qatar University, the Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine (P.T., M.R.H.), Hamad Medical Corporation (P.C., Z.A.-K., E.A.-K., A.J., A.H.K., A.N.L., R.M.S., A.A.B., A.A.-K.), Primary Health Care Corporation (M.G.A.-K.), and the Ministry of Public Health (H.E.A.-R., M.H.A.-T., R.B.) - all in Doha, Qatar; the Departments of Population Health Sciences (L.J.A.-R., H.C., A.A.B.) and Medicine (A.A.B.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York; and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom (P.C.)
| | - Peter Coyle
- From the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.) and the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.), Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, the Departments of Public Health (L.J.A.-R., H.F.A.-R.) and Biomedical Science (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., G.K.N.), College of Health Sciences, QU Health, the Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences (H.H.A.), the Biomedical Research Center, QU Health (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., P.C., G.K.N.), Qatar University, the Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine (P.T., M.R.H.), Hamad Medical Corporation (P.C., Z.A.-K., E.A.-K., A.J., A.H.K., A.N.L., R.M.S., A.A.B., A.A.-K.), Primary Health Care Corporation (M.G.A.-K.), and the Ministry of Public Health (H.E.A.-R., M.H.A.-T., R.B.) - all in Doha, Qatar; the Departments of Population Health Sciences (L.J.A.-R., H.C., A.A.B.) and Medicine (A.A.B.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York; and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom (P.C.)
| | - Zaina Al-Kanaani
- From the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.) and the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.), Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, the Departments of Public Health (L.J.A.-R., H.F.A.-R.) and Biomedical Science (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., G.K.N.), College of Health Sciences, QU Health, the Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences (H.H.A.), the Biomedical Research Center, QU Health (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., P.C., G.K.N.), Qatar University, the Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine (P.T., M.R.H.), Hamad Medical Corporation (P.C., Z.A.-K., E.A.-K., A.J., A.H.K., A.N.L., R.M.S., A.A.B., A.A.-K.), Primary Health Care Corporation (M.G.A.-K.), and the Ministry of Public Health (H.E.A.-R., M.H.A.-T., R.B.) - all in Doha, Qatar; the Departments of Population Health Sciences (L.J.A.-R., H.C., A.A.B.) and Medicine (A.A.B.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York; and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom (P.C.)
| | - Einas Al-Kuwari
- From the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.) and the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.), Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, the Departments of Public Health (L.J.A.-R., H.F.A.-R.) and Biomedical Science (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., G.K.N.), College of Health Sciences, QU Health, the Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences (H.H.A.), the Biomedical Research Center, QU Health (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., P.C., G.K.N.), Qatar University, the Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine (P.T., M.R.H.), Hamad Medical Corporation (P.C., Z.A.-K., E.A.-K., A.J., A.H.K., A.N.L., R.M.S., A.A.B., A.A.-K.), Primary Health Care Corporation (M.G.A.-K.), and the Ministry of Public Health (H.E.A.-R., M.H.A.-T., R.B.) - all in Doha, Qatar; the Departments of Population Health Sciences (L.J.A.-R., H.C., A.A.B.) and Medicine (A.A.B.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York; and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom (P.C.)
| | - Andrew Jeremijenko
- From the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.) and the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.), Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, the Departments of Public Health (L.J.A.-R., H.F.A.-R.) and Biomedical Science (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., G.K.N.), College of Health Sciences, QU Health, the Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences (H.H.A.), the Biomedical Research Center, QU Health (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., P.C., G.K.N.), Qatar University, the Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine (P.T., M.R.H.), Hamad Medical Corporation (P.C., Z.A.-K., E.A.-K., A.J., A.H.K., A.N.L., R.M.S., A.A.B., A.A.-K.), Primary Health Care Corporation (M.G.A.-K.), and the Ministry of Public Health (H.E.A.-R., M.H.A.-T., R.B.) - all in Doha, Qatar; the Departments of Population Health Sciences (L.J.A.-R., H.C., A.A.B.) and Medicine (A.A.B.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York; and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom (P.C.)
| | - Anvar H Kaleeckal
- From the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.) and the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.), Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, the Departments of Public Health (L.J.A.-R., H.F.A.-R.) and Biomedical Science (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., G.K.N.), College of Health Sciences, QU Health, the Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences (H.H.A.), the Biomedical Research Center, QU Health (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., P.C., G.K.N.), Qatar University, the Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine (P.T., M.R.H.), Hamad Medical Corporation (P.C., Z.A.-K., E.A.-K., A.J., A.H.K., A.N.L., R.M.S., A.A.B., A.A.-K.), Primary Health Care Corporation (M.G.A.-K.), and the Ministry of Public Health (H.E.A.-R., M.H.A.-T., R.B.) - all in Doha, Qatar; the Departments of Population Health Sciences (L.J.A.-R., H.C., A.A.B.) and Medicine (A.A.B.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York; and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom (P.C.)
| | - Ali N Latif
- From the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.) and the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.), Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, the Departments of Public Health (L.J.A.-R., H.F.A.-R.) and Biomedical Science (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., G.K.N.), College of Health Sciences, QU Health, the Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences (H.H.A.), the Biomedical Research Center, QU Health (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., P.C., G.K.N.), Qatar University, the Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine (P.T., M.R.H.), Hamad Medical Corporation (P.C., Z.A.-K., E.A.-K., A.J., A.H.K., A.N.L., R.M.S., A.A.B., A.A.-K.), Primary Health Care Corporation (M.G.A.-K.), and the Ministry of Public Health (H.E.A.-R., M.H.A.-T., R.B.) - all in Doha, Qatar; the Departments of Population Health Sciences (L.J.A.-R., H.C., A.A.B.) and Medicine (A.A.B.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York; and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom (P.C.)
| | - Riyazuddin M Shaik
- From the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.) and the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.), Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, the Departments of Public Health (L.J.A.-R., H.F.A.-R.) and Biomedical Science (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., G.K.N.), College of Health Sciences, QU Health, the Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences (H.H.A.), the Biomedical Research Center, QU Health (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., P.C., G.K.N.), Qatar University, the Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine (P.T., M.R.H.), Hamad Medical Corporation (P.C., Z.A.-K., E.A.-K., A.J., A.H.K., A.N.L., R.M.S., A.A.B., A.A.-K.), Primary Health Care Corporation (M.G.A.-K.), and the Ministry of Public Health (H.E.A.-R., M.H.A.-T., R.B.) - all in Doha, Qatar; the Departments of Population Health Sciences (L.J.A.-R., H.C., A.A.B.) and Medicine (A.A.B.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York; and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom (P.C.)
| | - Hanan F Abdul-Rahim
- From the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.) and the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.), Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, the Departments of Public Health (L.J.A.-R., H.F.A.-R.) and Biomedical Science (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., G.K.N.), College of Health Sciences, QU Health, the Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences (H.H.A.), the Biomedical Research Center, QU Health (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., P.C., G.K.N.), Qatar University, the Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine (P.T., M.R.H.), Hamad Medical Corporation (P.C., Z.A.-K., E.A.-K., A.J., A.H.K., A.N.L., R.M.S., A.A.B., A.A.-K.), Primary Health Care Corporation (M.G.A.-K.), and the Ministry of Public Health (H.E.A.-R., M.H.A.-T., R.B.) - all in Doha, Qatar; the Departments of Population Health Sciences (L.J.A.-R., H.C., A.A.B.) and Medicine (A.A.B.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York; and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom (P.C.)
| | - Gheyath K Nasrallah
- From the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.) and the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.), Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, the Departments of Public Health (L.J.A.-R., H.F.A.-R.) and Biomedical Science (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., G.K.N.), College of Health Sciences, QU Health, the Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences (H.H.A.), the Biomedical Research Center, QU Health (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., P.C., G.K.N.), Qatar University, the Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine (P.T., M.R.H.), Hamad Medical Corporation (P.C., Z.A.-K., E.A.-K., A.J., A.H.K., A.N.L., R.M.S., A.A.B., A.A.-K.), Primary Health Care Corporation (M.G.A.-K.), and the Ministry of Public Health (H.E.A.-R., M.H.A.-T., R.B.) - all in Doha, Qatar; the Departments of Population Health Sciences (L.J.A.-R., H.C., A.A.B.) and Medicine (A.A.B.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York; and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom (P.C.)
| | - Mohamed Ghaith Al-Kuwari
- From the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.) and the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.), Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, the Departments of Public Health (L.J.A.-R., H.F.A.-R.) and Biomedical Science (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., G.K.N.), College of Health Sciences, QU Health, the Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences (H.H.A.), the Biomedical Research Center, QU Health (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., P.C., G.K.N.), Qatar University, the Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine (P.T., M.R.H.), Hamad Medical Corporation (P.C., Z.A.-K., E.A.-K., A.J., A.H.K., A.N.L., R.M.S., A.A.B., A.A.-K.), Primary Health Care Corporation (M.G.A.-K.), and the Ministry of Public Health (H.E.A.-R., M.H.A.-T., R.B.) - all in Doha, Qatar; the Departments of Population Health Sciences (L.J.A.-R., H.C., A.A.B.) and Medicine (A.A.B.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York; and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom (P.C.)
| | - Adeel A Butt
- From the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.) and the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.), Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, the Departments of Public Health (L.J.A.-R., H.F.A.-R.) and Biomedical Science (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., G.K.N.), College of Health Sciences, QU Health, the Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences (H.H.A.), the Biomedical Research Center, QU Health (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., P.C., G.K.N.), Qatar University, the Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine (P.T., M.R.H.), Hamad Medical Corporation (P.C., Z.A.-K., E.A.-K., A.J., A.H.K., A.N.L., R.M.S., A.A.B., A.A.-K.), Primary Health Care Corporation (M.G.A.-K.), and the Ministry of Public Health (H.E.A.-R., M.H.A.-T., R.B.) - all in Doha, Qatar; the Departments of Population Health Sciences (L.J.A.-R., H.C., A.A.B.) and Medicine (A.A.B.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York; and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom (P.C.)
| | - Hamad Eid Al-Romaihi
- From the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.) and the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.), Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, the Departments of Public Health (L.J.A.-R., H.F.A.-R.) and Biomedical Science (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., G.K.N.), College of Health Sciences, QU Health, the Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences (H.H.A.), the Biomedical Research Center, QU Health (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., P.C., G.K.N.), Qatar University, the Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine (P.T., M.R.H.), Hamad Medical Corporation (P.C., Z.A.-K., E.A.-K., A.J., A.H.K., A.N.L., R.M.S., A.A.B., A.A.-K.), Primary Health Care Corporation (M.G.A.-K.), and the Ministry of Public Health (H.E.A.-R., M.H.A.-T., R.B.) - all in Doha, Qatar; the Departments of Population Health Sciences (L.J.A.-R., H.C., A.A.B.) and Medicine (A.A.B.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York; and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom (P.C.)
| | - Mohamed H Al-Thani
- From the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.) and the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.), Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, the Departments of Public Health (L.J.A.-R., H.F.A.-R.) and Biomedical Science (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., G.K.N.), College of Health Sciences, QU Health, the Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences (H.H.A.), the Biomedical Research Center, QU Health (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., P.C., G.K.N.), Qatar University, the Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine (P.T., M.R.H.), Hamad Medical Corporation (P.C., Z.A.-K., E.A.-K., A.J., A.H.K., A.N.L., R.M.S., A.A.B., A.A.-K.), Primary Health Care Corporation (M.G.A.-K.), and the Ministry of Public Health (H.E.A.-R., M.H.A.-T., R.B.) - all in Doha, Qatar; the Departments of Population Health Sciences (L.J.A.-R., H.C., A.A.B.) and Medicine (A.A.B.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York; and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom (P.C.)
| | - Abdullatif Al-Khal
- From the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.) and the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.), Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, the Departments of Public Health (L.J.A.-R., H.F.A.-R.) and Biomedical Science (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., G.K.N.), College of Health Sciences, QU Health, the Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences (H.H.A.), the Biomedical Research Center, QU Health (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., P.C., G.K.N.), Qatar University, the Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine (P.T., M.R.H.), Hamad Medical Corporation (P.C., Z.A.-K., E.A.-K., A.J., A.H.K., A.N.L., R.M.S., A.A.B., A.A.-K.), Primary Health Care Corporation (M.G.A.-K.), and the Ministry of Public Health (H.E.A.-R., M.H.A.-T., R.B.) - all in Doha, Qatar; the Departments of Population Health Sciences (L.J.A.-R., H.C., A.A.B.) and Medicine (A.A.B.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York; and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom (P.C.)
| | - Roberto Bertollini
- From the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.) and the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis (L.J.A.-R., H.C., S.A.), Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, the Departments of Public Health (L.J.A.-R., H.F.A.-R.) and Biomedical Science (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., G.K.N.), College of Health Sciences, QU Health, the Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences (H.H.A.), the Biomedical Research Center, QU Health (H.M.Y., H.A.A.-K., M.K.S., P.C., G.K.N.), Qatar University, the Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine (P.T., M.R.H.), Hamad Medical Corporation (P.C., Z.A.-K., E.A.-K., A.J., A.H.K., A.N.L., R.M.S., A.A.B., A.A.-K.), Primary Health Care Corporation (M.G.A.-K.), and the Ministry of Public Health (H.E.A.-R., M.H.A.-T., R.B.) - all in Doha, Qatar; the Departments of Population Health Sciences (L.J.A.-R., H.C., A.A.B.) and Medicine (A.A.B.), Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York; and the Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom (P.C.)
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Hernandez MM, Banu R, Gonzalez-Reiche AS, Gray B, Shrestha P, Cao L, Chen F, Shi H, Hanna A, Ramírez JD, van de Guchte A, Sebra R, Gitman MR, Nowak MD, Cordon-Cardo C, Schutzbank TE, Simon V, van Bakel H, Sordillo EM, Paniz-Mondolfi AE. RT-PCR and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Diagnostic Target Performance Reflects Circulating Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Variant Diversity in New York City. J Mol Diagn 2022; 24:738-749. [PMID: 35525388 PMCID: PMC9067105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to circulate, multiple variants of concern have emerged. New variants pose challenges for diagnostic platforms because sequence diversity can alter primer/probe-binding sites (PBSs), causing false-negative results. The Agena MassARRAY SARS-CoV-2 Panel (Agena Bioscience) uses RT-PCR and mass spectrometry to detect five multiplex targets across N and ORF1ab genes. Herein, we use a data set of 256 SARS-CoV-2-positive specimens collected between April 11, 2021, and August 28, 2021, to evaluate target performance with paired sequencing data. During this time frame, two targets in the N gene (N2 and N3) were subject to the greatest sequence diversity. In specimens with N3 dropout, 69% harbored the Alpha-specific A28095U polymorphism that introduces a 3'-mismatch to the N3 forward PBS and increases risk of target dropout relative to specimens with 28095A (relative risk, 20.02; 95% CI, 11.36 to 35.72; P < 0.0001). Furthermore, among specimens with N2 dropout, 90% harbored the Delta-specific G28916U polymorphism that creates a 3'-mismatch to the N2 probe PBS and increases target dropout risk (relative risk, 11.92; 95% CI, 8.17 to 14.06; P < 0.0001). These findings highlight the robust capability of Agena MassARRAY SARS-CoV-2 Panel target results to reveal circulating virus diversity, and they underscore the power of multitarget design to capture variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Hernandez
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
| | - Radhika Banu
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ana S Gonzalez-Reiche
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Brandon Gray
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Paras Shrestha
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Liyong Cao
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Huanzhi Shi
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ayman Hanna
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana van de Guchte
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Robert Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Sema4, a Mount Sinai venture, Stamford, Connecticut
| | - Melissa R Gitman
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Michael D Nowak
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Carlos Cordon-Cardo
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Emilia Mia Sordillo
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Alberto E Paniz-Mondolfi
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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