151
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Du W, Cao X. Cytotoxic Pathways in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2979. [PMID: 30631325 PMCID: PMC6315278 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is a potentially curative treatment for hematologic malignancies, and other hematologic and immunologic diseases. Donor-derived immune cells identify and attack cancer cells in the patient producing a unique graft-vs.-tumor (GVT) effect. This beneficial response renders allo-HCT one of the most effective forms of tumor immunotherapy. However, alloreactive donor T cells can damage normal host cells thereby causing graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD), which results in substantial morbidity and mortality. To date, GVHD remains as the major obstacle for more successful application of allo-HCT. Of special significance in this context are a number of cytotoxic pathways that are involved in GVHD and GVT response as well as donor cell engraftment. In this review, we summarize progress in the investigation of these cytotoxic pathways, including Fas/Fas ligand (FasL), perforin/granzyme, and cytokine pathways. Many studies have delineated their distinct operating mechanisms and how they are involved in the complex cellular interactions amongst donor, host, tumor, and infectious pathogens. Driven by progressing elucidation of their contributions in immune reconstitution and regulation, various interventional strategies targeting these pathways have entered translational stages with aims to improve the effectiveness of allo-HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Xuefang Cao
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
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152
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Adams HC, Stevenaert F, Krejcik J, Van der Borght K, Smets T, Bald J, Abraham Y, Ceulemans H, Chiu C, Vanhoof G, Usmani SZ, Plesner T, Lonial S, Nijhof I, Lokhorst HM, Mutis T, van de Donk NWCJ, Sasser AK, Casneuf T. High-Parameter Mass Cytometry Evaluation of Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma Patients Treated with Daratumumab Demonstrates Immune Modulation as a Novel Mechanism of Action. Cytometry A 2018; 95:279-289. [PMID: 30536810 PMCID: PMC6590645 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Daratumumab is a CD38‐targeted human monoclonal antibody with direct anti‐myeloma cell mechanisms of action. Flow cytometry in relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) patients treated with daratumumab revealed cytotoxic T‐cell expansion and reduction of immune‐suppressive populations, suggesting immune modulation as an additional mechanism of action. Here, we performed an in‐depth analysis of the effects of daratumumab on immune‐cell subpopulations using high‐dimensional mass cytometry. Whole‐blood and bone‐marrow baseline and on‐treatment samples from RRMM patients who participated in daratumumab monotherapy studies (SIRIUS and GEN501) were evaluated with high‐throughput immunophenotyping. In daratumumab‐treated patients, the intensity of CD38 marker expression decreased on many immune cells in SIRIUS whole‐blood samples. Natural killer (NK) cells were depleted with daratumumab, with remaining NK cells showing increased CD69 and CD127, decreased CD45RA, and trends for increased CD25, CD27, and CD137 and decreased granzyme B. Immune‐suppressive population depletion paralleled previous findings, and a newly observed reduction in CD38+ basophils was seen in patients who received monotherapy. After 2 months of daratumumab, the T‐cell population in whole‐blood samples from responders shifted to a CD8 prevalence with higher granzyme B positivity (P = 0.017), suggesting increased killing capacity and supporting monotherapy‐induced CD8+ T‐cell activation. High‐throughput cytometry immune profiling confirms and builds upon previous flow cytometry data, including comparable CD38 marker intensity on plasma cells, NK cells, monocytes, and B/T cells. Interestingly, a shift toward cytolytic granzyme B+ T cells was also observed and supports adaptive responses in patients that may contribute to depth of response. © 2018 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homer C Adams
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jakub Krejcik
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, Vejle Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | | | - Tina Smets
- Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jaime Bald
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | - Saad Z Usmani
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Levine Cancer Institute/Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Torben Plesner
- Department of Hematology, Vejle Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Sagar Lonial
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Inger Nijhof
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk M Lokhorst
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tuna Mutis
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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153
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Gao CY, Yao Y, Li L, Yang SH, Chu H, Tsuneyama K, Li XM, Gershwin ME, Lian ZX. Tissue-Resident Memory CD8+ T Cells Acting as Mediators of Salivary Gland Damage in a Murine Model of Sjögren's Syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 71:121-132. [PMID: 30035379 DOI: 10.1002/art.40676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although a role for CD4+ T cells in the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) has been documented, the pathogenic significance of CD8+ T cells is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of CD8+ T cells in the development of SS. METHODS Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence analyses were utilized to detect T cell infiltration within the labial salivary glands of patients with primary SS. In parallel, p40-/- CD25-/- mice were used as a murine model of SS. In addition, mice with genetic knockout of CD4, CD8a, or interferon-γ (IFNγ) were crossed with p40-/- CD25-/- mice to study the pathogenic significance of specific lineage subpopulations, including functional salivary gland tests as well as histopathologic and serologic data. A CD8+ T cell-specific depletion antibody was used in this murine SS model to evaluate its potential as a therapeutic strategy. RESULTS CD8+ T cells with a tissue-resident memory phenotype outnumbered CD4+ T cells in the labial salivary glands of patients with SS, and were primarily colocalized with salivary duct epithelial cells and acinar cells. Furthermore, infiltrating CD8+ T cells with a CD69+CD103+/- tissue-resident phenotype and with a significant elevation of IFNγ production were dominant in the submandibular glands of mice in this murine SS model. CD8a knockout abrogated the development of SS in these mice. Knockout of IFNγ decreased CD8+ T cell infiltration and gland destruction. More importantly, depletion of CD8+ T cells fully protected mice against the pathologic manifestations of SS, even after the onset of disease. CONCLUSION These data reveal the pathogenic significance of CD8+ T cells in the development and progression of SS in the salivary glands. Treatment directed against CD8+ T cells may be a rational therapy for the management of SS in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Yue Gao
- Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China, and Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China, and Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China, and Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Han Yang
- Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China, and Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Chu
- Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Institute of Health Biosciences and University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | | | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China, and Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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154
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Pišlar A, Jewett A, Kos J. Cysteine cathepsins: Their biological and molecular significance in cancer stem cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 53:168-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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155
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Decrease in Intracellular Perforin Levels and IFN- γ Production in Human CD8 + T Cell Line following Long-Term Exposure to Asbestos Fibers. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:4391731. [PMID: 30426024 PMCID: PMC6218727 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4391731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the tumorigenicity of asbestos, which is thought to cause mesothelioma, has been clarified, its effect on antitumor immunity requires further investigation. We previously reported a decrease in the percentage of perforin+ cells of stimulated CD8+ lymphocytes derived from patients with malignant mesothelioma. Therefore, we examined the effects of long-term exposure to asbestos on CD8+ T cell functions by comparing long-term cultures of the human CD8+ T cell line EBT-8 with and without exposure to chrysotile (CH) asbestos as an in vitro model. Exposure to CH asbestos at 5 μg/ml or 30 μg/ml did not result in a decrease in intracellular granzyme B in EBT-8 cells. In contrast, the percentage of perforin+ cells decreased at both doses of CH exposure. CH exposure at 30 μg/ml did not suppress degranulation following stimulation with antibodies to CD3. Secreted production of IFN-γ stimulated via CD3 decreased by CH exposure at 30 μg/ml, although the percentage of IFN-γ+ cells induced by PMA/ionomycin did not decrease. These results indicate that long-term exposure to asbestos can potentially suppress perforin levels and the production of IFN-γ in human CD8+ T cells.
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156
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Eshima K, Misawa K, Ohashi C, Iwabuchi K. Role of T-bet, the master regulator of Th1 cells, in the cytotoxicity of murine CD4 + T cells. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 62:348-356. [PMID: 29577371 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although CD4+ T cells are generally regarded as helper T cells, some activated CD4+ T cells have cytotoxic properties. Given that CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) often secrete IFN-γ, CTL activity among CD4+ T cells may be attributable to Th1 cells, where a T-box family molecule, T-bet serves as the "master regulator". However, although the essential contribution of T-bet to expression of IFN-γ has been well-documented, it remains unclear whether T-bet is involved in CD4+ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In this study, to investigate the ability of T-bet to confer cytolytic activity on CD4+ T cells, the T-bet gene (Tbx21) was introduced into non-cytocidal CD4+ T cell lines and their cytolytic function analyzed. Up-regulation of FasL (CD178), which provided the transfectant with cytotoxicity, was observed in Tbx21transfected CD4+ T cells but not in untransfected parental cells. In one cell line, T-bet transduction also induced perforin gene (Prf1) expression and Tbx21 transfectants efficiently killed Fas- target cells. Although T-bet was found to repress up-regulation of CD40L (CD154), which controls FasL-mediated cytolysis, the extent of CD40L up-regulation on in vitro-differentiated Th1 cells was similar to that on Th2 cells, suggesting the existence of a compensatory mechanism. These results collectively indicate that T-bet may be involved in the expression of genes, such as FasL and Prf1, which confer cytotoxicity on Th1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Eshima
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Kana Misawa
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Chihiro Ohashi
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Kazuya Iwabuchi
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
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157
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Yang C, Shen C, Feng T, Li H. Noncoding RNA in NK cells. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:63-71. [PMID: 30265761 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ru0518-197rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNA) are important regulators that modulate cell proliferation, apoptosis, the cell cycle, and DNA methylation. NK cells mediate the immune response via the secretion of various cytokines and are important innate immune cells in the human immune system. Recent studies have found that ncRNA plays an important role in NK cell development and function. With recent advances in bioinformatics and next-generation sequencing, novel ncRNAs have been identified, allowing us to more fully appreciate its functions in NK cell biology. In this review, we summarize and discuss the latest studies on the functions and regulatory mechanisms of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and microRNA in NK cells from the viewpoint of epigenetic mechanisms to help us clearly understand ncRNA in NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chongyang Shen
- Basic Medicine College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Feng
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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158
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Wang D, Sun S, Heidari M. Marek's disease vaccine activates chicken macrophages. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:375-383. [PMID: 29366301 PMCID: PMC5974519 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.3.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To provide insights into the role of innate immune responses in vaccine-mediated protection, we investigated the effect of Marek's disease (MD) vaccine, CVI988/Rispens, on the expression patterns of selected genes associated with activation of macrophages in MD-resistant and MD-susceptible chicken lines. Upregulation of interferon γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, and IL-12 at different days post-inoculation (dpi) revealed activation of macrophages in both chicken lines. A strong immune response was induced in cecal tonsils of the susceptible line at 5 dpi. The highest transcriptional activities were observed in spleen tissues of the resistant line at 3 dpi. No increase in the population of CD3⁺ T cells was observed in duodenum of vaccinated birds at 5 dpi indicating a lack of involvement of the adaptive immune system in the transcriptional profiling of the tested genes. There was, however, an increase in the number of macrophages in the duodenum of vaccinated birds. The CVI988/Rispens antigen was detected in the duodenum and cecal tonsils of the susceptible line at 5 dpi but not in the resistant line. This study sheds light on the role of macrophages in vaccine-mediated protection against MD and on the possible development of new recombinant vaccines with enhanced innate immune system activation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Shuhong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Mohammad Heidari
- Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS), East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
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159
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Notch signaling pathway suppresses CD8 + T cells activity in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 63:129-136. [PMID: 30086535 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Evolution and progression of cancer always leads to CD8+ T cells dysfunction/exhaustion. Controversy remains as to the role of Notch signaling pathway in CD8+ T cells regulation in tumorigenesis. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory activity of Notch signaling pathway to peripheral and lung-resident CD8+ T cells in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Forty-eight lung adenocarcinoma patients and twenty healthy individuals were enrolled in the current study, and CD8+ T cells were purified from both peripheral bloods and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. Notch receptor mRNA expression was semi-quantified by real-time PCR. Cytolytic and noncytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells evaluated in direct and indirect contact co-culture with A549 cells in response to Notch signaling inhibition by measuring of lactate dehydrogenase release and cytokines production. Expression of Fas ligand (FasL), perforin, and granzyme B were also assessed by flow cytometry. Notch2 mRNA expression was elevated in both peripheral and lung-resident CD8+ T cells in lung adenocarcinoma patients, however, did not correlated with tumor stages or epidermal growth factor receptor mutation. Peripheral CD8+ T cells from healthy individuals exhibited stronger cytotoxicity in direct contact co-culture system, which was not influenced by Notch signaling inhibition. Moreover, suppression of Notch signaling augmented cytotoxicity of peripheral and lung-resident CD8+ T cells from lung adenocarcinoma patients in direct contact co-culture system, and promoted interferon-γ production in both systems. This process was accompanied by increased expression of FasL and perforin within CD8+ T cells. The current data revealed a potential immunosuppressive property of Notch signaling pathway to CD8+ T cells probably via inhibition of FasL and perforin in lung adenocarcinoma patients.
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160
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Liu Y, Cai Y, Liu L, Wu Y, Xiong X. Crucial biological functions of CCL7 in cancer. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4928. [PMID: 29915688 PMCID: PMC6004300 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7 (CCL7), a CC chemokine, is a chemotactic factor and attractant for various kinds of leukocytes, including monocytes and neutrophils. CCL7 is widely expressed in multiple cell types and can participate in anti-inflammatory responses through binding to its receptors to mediate the recruitment of immune cells. Abnormal CCL7 expression is associated with certain immune diseases. Furthermore, CCL7 plays a pivotal role in tumorigenesis. CCL7 promotes tumor progression by supporting the formation of the tumor microenvironment and facilitating tumor invasion and metastasis, although some studies have suggested that CCL7 has tumor suppressor effects. In this review, we summarize the currently available information regarding the influence of CCL7 on tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Liu
- First Clinical Medical College, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yadi Cai
- First Clinical Medical College, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yudong Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
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161
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Gong C, Milberg O, Wang B, Vicini P, Narwal R, Roskos L, Popel AS. A computational multiscale agent-based model for simulating spatio-temporal tumour immune response to PD1 and PDL1 inhibition. J R Soc Interface 2018; 14:rsif.2017.0320. [PMID: 28931635 PMCID: PMC5636269 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
When the immune system responds to tumour development, patterns of immune infiltrates emerge, highlighted by the expression of immune checkpoint-related molecules such as PDL1 on the surface of cancer cells. Such spatial heterogeneity carries information on intrinsic characteristics of the tumour lesion for individual patients, and thus is a potential source for biomarkers for anti-tumour therapeutics. We developed a systems biology multiscale agent-based model to capture the interactions between immune cells and cancer cells, and analysed the emergent global behaviour during tumour development and immunotherapy. Using this model, we are able to reproduce temporal dynamics of cytotoxic T cells and cancer cells during tumour progression, as well as three-dimensional spatial distributions of these cells. By varying the characteristics of the neoantigen profile of individual patients, such as mutational burden and antigen strength, a spectrum of pretreatment spatial patterns of PDL1 expression is generated in our simulations, resembling immuno-architectures obtained via immunohistochemistry from patient biopsies. By correlating these spatial characteristics with in silico treatment results using immune checkpoint inhibitors, the model provides a framework for use to predict treatment/biomarker combinations in different cancer types based on cancer-specific experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Oleg Milberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Aleksander S Popel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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162
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Lettau M, Armbrust F, Dohmen K, Drews L, Poch T, Dietz M, Kabelitz D, Janssen O. Mechanistic peculiarities of activation-induced mobilization of cytotoxic effector proteins in human T cells. Int Immunol 2018; 30:215-228. [PMID: 29373679 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that cytotoxic T and NK cells store effector proteins including granzymes, perforin and Fas ligand (FasL) in intracellular granules, often referred to as secretory lysosomes. Upon target cell encounter, these organelles are transported to the cytotoxic immunological synapse, where they fuse with the plasma membrane to release the soluble effector molecules and to expose transmembrane proteins including FasL on the cell surface. We previously described two distinct species of secretory vesicles in T and NK cells that differ in size, morphology and protein loading, most strikingly regarding FasL and granzyme B. We now show that the signal requirements for the mobilization of one or the other granule also differ substantially. We report that prestored FasL can be mobilized independent of extracellular Ca2+, whereas the surface exposure of lysosome-associated membrane proteins (Lamps; CD107a and CD63) and the release of granzyme B are calcium-dependent. The use of selective inhibitors of actin dynamics unequivocally points to different transport mechanisms for individual vesicles. While inhibitors of actin polymerization/dynamics inhibit the surface appearance of prestored FasL, they increase the activation-induced mobilization of CD107a, CD63 and granzyme B. In contrast, inhibition of the actin-based motor protein myosin 2a facilitates FasL-, but impairs CD107a-, CD63- and granzyme B mobilization. From our data, we conclude that distinct cytotoxic effector granules are differentially regulated with respect to signaling requirements and transport mechanisms. We suggest that a T cell might 'sense' which effector proteins it needs to mobilize in a given context, thereby increasing efficacy while minimizing collateral damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Lettau
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Fred Armbrust
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katharina Dohmen
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lisann Drews
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias Poch
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michelle Dietz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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163
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de Wolf C, van de Bovenkamp M, Hoefnagel M. Regulatory perspective on in vitro potency assays for human T cells used in anti-tumor immunotherapy. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:601-622. [PMID: 29598903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system is known to play an important role in anti-neoplastic responses via induction of several effector pathways, resulting in tumor cell death. Because of their ability to specifically recognize and kill tumor cells, the potential use of autologous tumor-derived and genetically engineered T cells as adoptive immunotherapy for cancer is currently being explored. Because of the variety of potential T cell-based medicinal products at the level of starting material and manufacturing process, product-specific functionality assays are needed to ensure quality for individual products. In this review, we provide an overview of in vitro potency assays suggested for characterization and release of different T cell-based anti-tumor products. We discuss functional assays, as presented in scientific advices and literature, highlighting specific advantages and limitations of the various assays. Because the anticipated in vivo mechanism of action for anti-tumor T cells involves tumor recognition and cell death, in vitro potency assays based on the cytotoxic potential of antigen-specific T cells are most evident. However, assays based on other T cell properties may be appropriate as surrogates for cytotoxicity. For all proposed assays, biological relevance of the tests and correlation of the read-outs with in vivo functionality need to be substantiated with sufficient product-specific (non-)clinical data. Moreover, further unraveling the complex interaction of immune cells with and within the tumor environment is expected to lead to further improvement of the T cell-based products. Consequently, increased knowledge will allow further optimized guidance for potency assay development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte de Wolf
- Medicines Evaluation Board (CBG-MEB), Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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164
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Immunoproteasome Subunits Are Required for CD8 + T Cell Function and Host Resistance to Brucella abortus Infection in Mice. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00615-17. [PMID: 29263103 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00615-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunoproteasome is a specific proteasome isoform composed of three subunits, termed β1i, β2i, and β5i. Its proteolytic activity enhances the quantity and quality of peptides to be presented by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules to CD8+ T cells. However, the role of the combined deficiency of the three immunoproteasome subunits in protective immunity against bacterial pathogens has not been investigated. In this study, we addressed the role of the immunoproteasome during infection by Brucella abortus, an intracellular bacterium that requires CD8+ T cell responses for the control of infection. Here, we demonstrate that immunoproteasome triple-knockout (TKO) mice were more susceptible to Brucella infection. This observed susceptibility was accompanied by reduced interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production by mouse CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Moreover, the absence of the immunoproteasome had an impact on MHC-I surface expression and antigen presentation by dendritic cells. CD8+ T cell function, which plays a pivotal role in B. abortus immunity, also presented a partial impairment of granzyme B expression and, consequently, reduced cytotoxic activity. In conclusion, these results strongly suggest that immunoproteasome subunits are important components in host resistance to B. abortus infection by impacting both the magnitude and quality of CD8+ T cell responses.
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165
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Khairallah AS, Genestie C, Auguste A, Leary A. Impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on the immune microenvironment in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer: Prognostic and therapeutic implications. Int J Cancer 2017; 143:8-15. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aya S. Khairallah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Gustave Roussy Cancer Center; Villejuif France
| | - Catherine Genestie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Gustave Roussy Cancer Center; Villejuif France
| | - Aurélie Auguste
- INSERM U981 Gynaecological Tumours, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center; Villejuif France
| | - Alexandra Leary
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Gustave Roussy Cancer Center; Villejuif France
- Department of Medical Oncology; Gustave Roussy Cancer Center; Villejuif France
- Faculty of Sciences; University Paris-Sud; Orsay France
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166
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Abstract
The relatively high DNA mutational burden in melanoma allows for the creation of potentially "foreign," immune-stimulating neoantigens, and leads to its exceptional immunogenicity. Brisk tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, a marker of immune editing, confer improved overall survival in melanoma, possibly due to reduced sentinel lymph node spread. Meanwhile, T-cell-stimulating drugs, so-called T-cell checkpoint inhibitors, which reverse peripheral tolerance-dependent tumor escape, have demonstrated unparalleled clinical success in metastatic melanoma. Markers to predict response to immunotherapy are currently imperfect, and the subject of intense research, which will guide the future of ancillary pathologic testing in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Ko
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, L2-150, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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167
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Münz C. Epstein-Barr Virus-Specific Immune Control by Innate Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1658. [PMID: 29225606 PMCID: PMC5705607 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a potent B cell transforming pathogen in humans. In most persistently EBV-infected individuals, potent cytotoxic lymphocyte responses prevent EBV-associated pathologies. In addition to comprehensive adaptive T cell responses, several innate lymphocyte populations seem to target different stages of EBV infection and are compromised in primary immunodeficiencies that render individuals susceptible to symptomatic EBV infection. In this mini-review, I will highlight the functions of natural killer, γδ T cells, and natural killer T cells during innate immune responses to EBV. These innate lymphocyte populations seem to restrict both lytic replication and transforming latent EBV antigen expression. The mechanisms underlying the recognition of these different EBV infection programs by the respective innate lymphocytes are just starting to become unraveled, but will provide immunotherapeutic strategies to target pathologies that are associated with the different EBV infection programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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168
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Ko EJ, Lee YT, Lee Y, Kim KH, Kang SM. Distinct Effects of Monophosphoryl Lipid A, Oligodeoxynucleotide CpG, and Combination Adjuvants on Modulating Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to Influenza Vaccination. Immune Netw 2017; 17:326-342. [PMID: 29093654 PMCID: PMC5662782 DOI: 10.4110/in.2017.17.5.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and oligodeoxynucleotide CpG are toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and 9 agonist, respectively. Here, we investigated the effects of MPL, CpG, and combination adjuvants on stimulating in vitro dendritic cells (DCs), in vivo innate and adaptive immune responses, and protective efficacy of influenza vaccination. Combination of MPL and CpG was found to exhibit distinct effects on stimulating DCs in vitro to secrete IL-12p70 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and proliferate allogeneic CD8 T cells. Prime immunization of mice with inactivated split influenza vaccine in the presence of low dose MPL+CpG adjuvants increased the induction of virus-specific IgG and IgG2a isotype antibodies. MPL and CpG adjuvants contribute to improving the efficacy of prime influenza vaccination against lethal influenza challenge as determined by body weight monitoring, lung function, viral titers, and histology. A combination of MPL and CpG adjuvants was effective in improving vaccine efficacy as well as in reducing inflammatory immune responses locally and in inducing cellular immune responses upon lethal influenza virus challenge. This study demonstrates unique adjuvant effects of MPL, CpG, and combination adjuvants on modulating innate and adaptive immune responses to influenza prime vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ju Ko
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Young-Tae Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Youri Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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169
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Shin JM, Oh SJ, Kwon S, Deepagan VG, Lee M, Song SH, Lee HJ, Kim S, Song KH, Kim TW, Park JH. A PEGylated hyaluronic acid conjugate for targeted cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2017; 267:181-190. [PMID: 28844759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The cell-free approach to foreignizing tumor cells with non-self antigens has received increasing attention as a method to induce cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immunological rejection of tumors, because the clinical translation of the conventional CTL-based cancer immunotherapies has been limited by a complicated manufacturing process and autotransplantation. In this study, we prepared matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9)-responsive polymeric conjugates consisting of PEGylated hyaluronic acid (HA) as the targeting moiety and ovalbumin (OVA) as the model foreign antigen. The MMP9-cleavable linker was introduced between PEG and the HA backbone to facilitate the detachment of the PEG corona from the conjugate at the tumor site. From the in vitro cellular uptake study, it was revealed that the conjugate was effectively taken up by the CD44-expressing TC-1 cancer cells in the presence of MMP9 via receptor-mediated endocytosis. When the conjugate was systemically administered into the tumor-bearing mice with endogenous OVA-specific CTLs, the tumor growth was markedly inhibited, which was attributed to the significant antigen presentation on the tumor cells. Overall, the MMP9-responsive conjugates bearing foreign antigens might have the potential as an alternative to CTL-based cancer immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Shin
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Oh
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunglee Kwon
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - V G Deepagan
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Minchang Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Ho Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jung Lee
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeon Kim
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Ho Song
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woo Kim
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Translational Research Institute for Incurable Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Hyung Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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170
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Schoppmeyer R, Zhao R, Cheng H, Hamed M, Liu C, Zhou X, Schwarz EC, Zhou Y, Knörck A, Schwär G, Ji S, Liu L, Long J, Helms V, Hoth M, Yu X, Qu B. Human profilin 1 is a negative regulator of CTL mediated cell-killing and migration. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1562-1572. [PMID: 28688208 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The actin-binding protein profilin1 (PFN1) plays a central role in actin dynamics, which is essential for cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) functions. The functional role of PFN1 in CTLs, however still remains elusive. Here, we identify PFN1 as the only member of the profilin family expressed in primary human CD8+ T cells. Using in vitro assays, we find that PFN1 is a negative regulator of CTL-mediated elimination of target cells. Furthermore, PFN1 is involved in activation-induced lytic granule (LG) release, CTL migration and modulation of actin structures at the immunological synapse (IS). During CTL migration, PFN1 modulates the velocity, protrusion formation patterns and protrusion sustainability. In contrast, PFN1 does not significantly affect migration persistence and the rates of protrusion emergence and retraction. Under in vitro conditions mimicking a tumor microenvironment, we show that PFN1 downregulation promotes CTL invasion into a 3D matrix, without affecting the viability of CTLs in a hydrogen peroxide-enriched microenvironment. Highlighting its potential relevance in cancer, we find that in pancreatic cancer patients, PFN1 expression is substantially decreased in peripheral CD8+ T cells. Taken together, we conclude that PFN1 is a negative regulator for CTL-mediated cytotoxicity and may have an impact on CTL functionality in a tumor-related context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouven Schoppmeyer
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Renping Zhao
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - He Cheng
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, P.R. China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Mohamed Hamed
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, P.R. China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Eva C Schwarz
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Yan Zhou
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Arne Knörck
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Gertrud Schwär
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Shunrong Ji
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, P.R. China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, P.R. China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Long
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, P.R. China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Volkhard Helms
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Markus Hoth
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, P.R. China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Bin Qu
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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171
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Duszyc K, Gomez GA, Schroder K, Sweet MJ, Yap AS. In life there is death: How epithelial tissue barriers are preserved despite the challenge of apoptosis. Tissue Barriers 2017; 5:e1345353. [PMID: 28686526 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1345353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a ubiquitous mode of programmed cell death that is found in healthy organs and can be stimulated by many toxic stresses. When it occurs in epithelia, apoptosis presents major challenges to tissue integrity. Apoptotic corpses can promote inflammatory and autoimmune responses if they are retained, and the cellular fragmentation that accompanies apoptosis can potentially compromise the epithelial barrier. Here we discuss 2 homeostatic mechanisms that allow epithelia to circumvent these potential risks: clearance of apoptotic corpses by professional and non-professional phagocytes and physical expulsion of apoptotic cells by apical extrusion. Extrusion and phagocytosis may represent complementary responses that preserve epithelial integrity despite the inevitable challenge of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Duszyc
- a Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine , Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Guillermo A Gomez
- a Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine , Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Kate Schroder
- a Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine , Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, Brisbane , Queensland , Australia.,b Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- a Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine , Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, Brisbane , Queensland , Australia.,b Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Alpha S Yap
- a Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine , Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
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172
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Yao Y, Chen S, Cao M, Fan X, Yang T, Huang Y, Song X, Li Y, Ye L, Shen N, Shi Y, Li X, Wang F, Qian Y. Antigen-specific CD8 + T cell feedback activates NLRP3 inflammasome in antigen-presenting cells through perforin. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15402. [PMID: 28537251 PMCID: PMC5458103 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The connection between innate and adaptive immunity is best exemplified by antigen presentation. Although antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are required for antigen receptor-mediated T-cell activation, how T-cells feedback to APCs to sustain an antigen-specific immune response is not completely clear. Here we show that CD8+ T-cell (also called cytotoxic T lymphocytes, CTL) feedback activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in APCs in an antigen-dependent manner to promote IL-1β maturation. Perforin from antigen-specific CTLs is required for NLRP3 inflammasome activation in APCs. Furthermore, such activation of NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to the induction of antigen-specific antitumour immunity and pathogenesis of graft-versus-host diseases. Our study reveals a positive feedback loop between antigen-specific CTLs and APC to amplify adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikun Yao
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences &Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences &Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Mengtao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences &Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences &Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences &Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences &Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xinyang Song
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences &Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yongqin Li
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences &Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Nan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences &Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China.,Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Yufang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences &Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Youcun Qian
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences &Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
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173
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Chang CS, Tsai CY, Yan SL. Hepatitis B reactivation in patients receiving targeted therapies. Hematology 2017; 22:592-598. [DOI: 10.1080/10245332.2017.1321882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Shyong Chang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Tsai
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Lei Yan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang-Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lugang Township, Taiwan
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174
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Jiang H, Gong H, Zhang Q, Gu J, Liang L, Zhang J. Decreased expression of perforin in CD8 + T lymphocytes in patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and its potential value as a marker for efficacy of treatment. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:1353-1360. [PMID: 28616288 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.05.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytolytic activity against mycobacteria tuberculosis (MTB) within the infected macrophage is a crucial step in the immunity against TB infection, as MTB is an intracellular bacterium. Cytotoxic molecules such as perforin and granzymes produced by cytolytic T cells directly participate in this process. In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxicity function employing flow cytometry analysis of the level of expression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), perforin and granzyme B in CD8+ T cells from patients with active pulmonary TB (PTB), stable PTB and healthy controls, and explored whether MTB antigen (MTB Ag)-stimulated cytotoxic molecules would be useful for monitoring responses to anti-TB treatment. METHODS Intracellular IFN-γ, perforin, and granzyme B were measured by flow cytometry in CD8+ T lymphocyte populations from peripheral blood mononuclear cells before and after stimulation with ESAT-6 and CFP-10 peptides for 72 hours. A total of 38 healthy controls, 52 PTB patients after treatment for 2 months and 58 patients with active PTB were enrolled. RESULTS The positive rate of IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells was expressed higher in active PTB patients and stable PTB compared to healthy controls. Expression of perforin in CD8+ T lymphocytes was lower in the active PTB than the stable PTB. Positive downregulation of perforin and granzyme B after stimulation with ESAT-6 and CFP-10 peptides in active PTB and stable PTB was seen. IFN-γ was upregulated after stimulation. ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of perforin and perforin + IFN-γ after stimulation were 0.766 (P=0.000), 0.802 (P=0.000), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that expression of perforin in CD8+ T lymphocytes is downregulated in PTB infection and ESAT-6 and CFP-10 peptides might participate in the downregulation process. This finding cautiously suggests that MTB Ag-stimulated perforin downregulation and IFN-γ upregulation might be a potential index for monitoring therapy response in active PTB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Jiang
- Department of Emergency, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Huili Gong
- Tuberculosis Section, Shanghai Pudong New Area Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jin Gu
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Li Liang
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai DeltaHealth Hospital, Shanghai 201702, China
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175
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Tan CSE, Lawler C, Stevenson PG. CD8+ T cell evasion mandates CD4+ T cell control of chronic gamma-herpesvirus infection. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006311. [PMID: 28394921 PMCID: PMC5398720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-herpesvirus infections are regulated by both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. However clinical disease occurs mainly in CD4+ T cell-deficient hosts. In CD4+ T cell-deficient mice, CD8+ T cells control acute but not chronic lung infection by Murid Herpesvirus-4 (MuHV-4). We show that acute and chronic lung infections differ in distribution: most acute infection was epithelial, whereas most chronic infection was in myeloid cells. CD8+ T cells controlled epithelial infection, but CD4+ T cells and IFNγ were required to control myeloid cell infection. Disrupting the MuHV-4 K3, which degrades MHC class I heavy chains, increased viral epitope presentation by infected lung alveolar macrophages and allowed CD8+ T cells to prevent disease. Thus, viral CD8+ T cell evasion led to niche-specific immune control, and an essential role for CD4+ T cells in limiting chronic infection. Gamma-herpesviruses chronically infect most people. While infection is usually asymptomatic, disease occurs if the immune system is weakened. Understanding how immune control normally works should provide a basis for preventing disease. In mice, CD8+ T cells can control acute gamma-herpesvirus infection but not chronic infection. We show that acute and chronic infections involve different cell types. CD8+ T cells controlled epithelial cell infection, which predominated acutely, but they could not control chronic macrophage infection unless viral immune evasion was disabled. Instead CD4+ T cells were required. Thus, viral evasion made host defence cell type-specific: CD8+ T cells controlled epithelial cell infection; CD4+ T cells controlled macrophage infection; and comprehensive control required both T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy S. E. Tan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland and Royal Children’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Clara Lawler
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland and Royal Children’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Philip G. Stevenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland and Royal Children’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
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176
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The BAF45a/PHF10 subunit of SWI/SNF-like chromatin remodeling complexes is essential for hematopoietic stem cell maintenance. Exp Hematol 2017; 48:58-71.e15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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177
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Chen X, Feng F, Qi W, Xu L, Yao D, Wang Q, Song R. Dek35 Encodes a PPR Protein that Affects cis-Splicing of Mitochondrial nad4 Intron 1 and Seed Development in Maize. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:427-441. [PMID: 27596292 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, the splicing of organelle-encoded mRNA involves a complex collaboration with nuclear-encoded proteins. Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins have been implicated in these RNA-protein interactions. In this study, we performed the cloning and functional characterization of maize Defective kernel 35 (Dek35). The dek35-ref mutant is a lethal-seed mutant with developmental deficiency. Dek35 was cloned through Mutator tag isolation and further confirmed by four additional independent mutant alleles. Dek35 encodes an P-type PPR protein that targets the mitochondria. The dek35 mutation causes significant reduction in the accumulation of DEK35 proteins and reduced splicing efficiency of mitochondrial nad4 intron 1. Analysis of mitochondrial complex in dek35 immature seeds indicated severe deficiency in the complex I assembly and NADH dehydrogenase activity. Transcriptome analysis of dek35 endosperm revealed enhanced expression of genes involved in the alternative respiratory pathway and extensive differentially expressed genes related to mitochondrial function and activity. Collectively, these results indicate that Dek35 encodes an PPR protein that affects the cis-splicing of mitochondrial nad4 intron 1 and is required for mitochondrial function and seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinze Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Fan Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Weiwei Qi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Coordinated Crop Biology Research Center (CBRC), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liming Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Dongsheng Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Rentao Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Coordinated Crop Biology Research Center (CBRC), Beijing 100193, China.
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178
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Holm HJ, Skugor S, Bjelland AK, Radunovic S, Wadsworth S, Koppang EO, Evensen Ø. Contrasting expression of immune genes in scaled and scaleless skin of Atlantic salmon infected with young stages of Lepeophtheirus salmonis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:153-165. [PMID: 27776996 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atlantic salmon skin tissues with and without scales were taken from two preferred sites of salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) attachment, behind the dorsal fin (scaled) and from the top of the head (scaleless), respectively. Tissues were profiled by qPCR of 32 genes to study responses to copepodids, 4 days post infection (dpi), and during the moult of copepodids to the chalimus stage, at 8 dpi. Basal/constitutive differences were found for many immune-related genes between the two skin sites; e.g., mannose binding protein C was over 100 fold higher expressed in the scaled skin from the back in comparison to the skin without scales from the head. With lice-infection, at 4 dpi most genes in both tissues showed lower values than in the non-infected control. By 8 dpi, the majority of responses increased towards the control levels, including cytokines of Th1, Th17 and Th2 pathways. Immunohistochemistry of three immune factors revealed an even distribution of MHC class II positive cells throughout epidermis, including the top layer of keratinocytes, marked compartmentalization of Mx+ and CD8α+ cells close to stratum basale, and an increase in numbers of CD8α+ cells in response to infection. In conclusion, suppression of immune genes during the copepodid stage likely sets off a beneficial situation for the parasite. At the moult to chalimus stage 8 dpi, only few genes surpassed the non-infected control levels, including CD8α. The gene expression pattern was reflected in the increased number of CD8α expressing cells, thus revealing a relatively minor activation of skin T-cell defenses in Atlantic salmon in response to L. salmonis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jodaa Holm
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Sea Lice Research Centre, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
| | - S Skugor
- Cargill Innovation Center, Dirdal, Norway.
| | | | - S Radunovic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Sea Lice Research Centre, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - E O Koppang
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Sea Lice Research Centre, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ø Evensen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Sea Lice Research Centre, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
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179
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Bomfim GF, Rodrigues FL, Carneiro FS. Are the innate and adaptive immune systems setting hypertension on fire? Pharmacol Res 2017; 117:377-393. [PMID: 28093357 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is the most common chronic cardiovascular disease and is associated with several pathological states, being an important cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. Low-grade inflammation plays a key role in hypertension and the innate and adaptive immune systems seem to contribute to hypertension development and maintenance. Hypertension is associated with vascular inflammation, increased vascular cytokines levels and infiltration of immune cells in the vasculature, kidneys and heart. However, the mechanisms that trigger inflammation and immune system activation in hypertension are completely unknown. Cells from the innate immune system express pattern recognition receptors (PRR), which detect conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that induce innate effector mechanisms to produce endogenous signals, such as inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, to alert the host about danger. Additionally, antigen-presenting cells (APC) act as sentinels that are activated by PAMPs and DAMPs to sense the presence of the antigen/neoantigen, which ensues the adaptive immune system activation. In this context, different lymphocyte types are activated and contribute to inflammation and end-organ damage in hypertension. This review will focus on experimental and clinical evidence demonstrating the contribution of the innate and adaptive immune systems to the development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele F Bomfim
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Luciano Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando S Carneiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
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180
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León DL, Fellay I, Mantel PY, Walch M. Killing Bacteria with Cytotoxic Effector Proteins of Human Killer Immune Cells: Granzymes, Granulysin, and Perforin. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1535:275-284. [PMID: 27914086 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6673-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens represent a constant threat to human health that was exacerbated in recent years by a dramatic increase of strains resistant to last resort antibiotics. The immune system of higher vertebrates generally evolved several efficient innate and adaptive mechanisms to fight ubiquitous bacterial pathogens. Among those mechanisms, immune proteases were recognized to contribute essentially to antibacterial immune defense. The effector serine proteases of the adaptive immune system, the granzymes, exert potent antimicrobial activity when they are delivered into the bacterial cytosol by prokaryotic membrane disrupting proteins, such as granulysin.In this chapter, we are detailing experimental protocols to study the synergistic cytotoxic effects of human granzymes and granulysin on extracellular as well as on intracellular bacterial pathogens in vitro. In addition, we provide a simple and fast-forward method to biochemically purify native cytotoxic effector molecules necessary to perform this kind of investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego López León
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Rue A.-Gockel 1, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Fellay
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Rue A.-Gockel 1, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Yves Mantel
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Rue A.-Gockel 1, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Walch
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Rue A.-Gockel 1, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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181
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Lapeyre-Prost A, Terme M, Pernot S, Pointet AL, Voron T, Tartour E, Taieb J. Immunomodulatory Activity of VEGF in Cancer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 330:295-342. [PMID: 28215534 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability of tumor cells to escape tumor immunosurveillance contributes to cancer development. Factors produced in the tumor microenvironment create "tolerizing" conditions and thereby help the tumor to evade antitumoral immune responses. VEGF-A, already known for its major role in tumor vessel growth (neoangiogenesis), was recently identified as a key factor in tumor-induced immunosuppression. In particular, VEGF-A fosters the proliferation of immunosuppressive cells, limits T-cell recruitment into tumors, and promotes T-cell exhaustion. Antiangiogenic therapies have shown significant efficacy in patients with a variety of solid tumors, preventing tumor progression by limiting tumor-induced angiogenesis. VEGF-targeting therapies have also been shown to modulate the tumor-induced immunosuppressive microenvironment, enhancing Th1-type T-cell responses and increasing tumor infiltration by T cells. The immunomodulatory properties of VEGF-targeting therapies open up new perspectives for cancer treatment, especially through strategies combining antiangiogenic drugs with immunotherapy. Preclinical models and early clinical studies of these combined approaches have given promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lapeyre-Prost
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - M Terme
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France.
| | - S Pernot
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France; Service d'hépatogastroentérologie et d'oncologie digestive, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - A-L Pointet
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France; Service d'hépatogastroentérologie et d'oncologie digestive, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - T Voron
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France; Service de chirurgie digestive, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - E Tartour
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France; Service d'immunologie biologique. Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - J Taieb
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France; Service d'hépatogastroentérologie et d'oncologie digestive, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.
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182
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Influenza and Memory T Cells: How to Awake the Force. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4040033. [PMID: 27754364 PMCID: PMC5192353 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4040033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Annual influenza vaccination is an effective way to prevent human influenza. Current vaccines are mainly focused on eliciting a strain-matched humoral immune response, requiring yearly updates, and do not provide protection for all vaccinated individuals. The past few years, the importance of cellular immunity, and especially memory T cells, in long-lived protection against influenza virus has become clear. To overcome the shortcomings of current influenza vaccines, eliciting both humoral and cellular immunity is imperative. Today, several new vaccines such as infection-permissive and recombinant T cell inducing vaccines, are being developed and show promising results. These vaccines will allow us to stay several steps ahead of the constantly evolving influenza virus.
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183
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Yang R, Masters AR, Fortner KA, Champagne DP, Yanguas-Casás N, Silberger DJ, Weaver CT, Haynes L, Rincon M. IL-6 promotes the differentiation of a subset of naive CD8+ T cells into IL-21-producing B helper CD8+ T cells. J Exp Med 2016; 213:2281-2291. [PMID: 27670591 PMCID: PMC5068236 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-6 promotes the differentiation of a subset of naïve CD8+ T cells into IL-21–producing B helper CD8+ T cells. IL-6 is known to contribute to the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into different subsets of effector T helper cells. Less is known about the potential of IL-6 in regulating CD8+ T cell effector function. Here, we identify IL-6 as a master regulator of IL-21 in effector CD8+ T cells. IL-6 promotes the differentiation of a subset of naive CD8+ T cells that express IL-6R into a unique population of effector CD8+ T cells characterized by the production of high levels of IL-21 and low levels of IFN-γ. Similar to CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, IL-21–producing CD8+ T cells generated in the presence of IL-6 directly provide help to B cells to induce isotype switching. CD8+ T cell–derived IL-21 contributes to the production of protective virus-specific IgG antibodies during influenza virus infection. Thus, this study reveals the presence of a new mechanism by which IL-6 regulates antibody production during viral infection, and a novel function of effector CD8+ T cells in the protection against viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Department of Medicine/Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - April R Masters
- Center on Aging and Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Karen A Fortner
- Department of Medicine/Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Devin P Champagne
- Department of Medicine/Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Natalia Yanguas-Casás
- Department of Medicine/Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Daniel J Silberger
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Casey T Weaver
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Laura Haynes
- Center on Aging and Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Mercedes Rincon
- Department of Medicine/Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
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184
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Fiege JK, Beura LK, Burbach BJ, Shimizu Y. Adhesion- and Degranulation-Promoting Adapter Protein Promotes CD8 T Cell Differentiation and Resident Memory Formation and Function during an Acute Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 197:2079-89. [PMID: 27521337 PMCID: PMC5010998 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During acute infections, naive Ag-specific CD8 T cells are activated and differentiate into effector T cells, most of which undergo contraction after pathogen clearance. A small population of CD8 T cells persists as memory to protect against future infections. We investigated the role of adhesion- and degranulation-promoting adapter protein (ADAP) in promoting CD8 T cell responses to a systemic infection. Naive Ag-specific CD8 T cells lacking ADAP exhibited a modest expansion defect early after Listeria monocytogenes or vesicular stomatitis virus infection but comparable cytolytic function at the peak of response. However, reduced numbers of ADAP-deficient CD8 T cells were present in the spleen after the peak of the response. ADAP deficiency resulted in a greater frequency of CD127(+) CD8 memory precursors in secondary lymphoid organs during the contraction phase. Reduced numbers of ADAP-deficient killer cell lectin-like receptor G1(-) CD8 resident memory T (TRM) cell precursors were present in a variety of nonlymphoid tissues at the peak of the immune response, and consequently the total numbers of ADAP-deficient TRM cells were reduced at memory time points. TRM cells that did form in the absence of ADAP were defective in effector molecule expression. ADAP-deficient TRM cells exhibited impaired effector function after Ag rechallenge, correlating with defects in their ability to form T cell-APC conjugates. However, ADAP-deficient TRM cells responded to TGF-β signals and recruited circulating memory CD8 T cells. Thus, ADAP regulates CD8 T cell differentiation events following acute pathogen challenge that are critical for the formation and selected functions of TRM cells in nonlymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Fiege
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Lalit K Beura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Brandon J Burbach
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Yoji Shimizu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
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185
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Vásquez-Montoya GA, Danobeitia JS, Fernández LA, Hernández-Ortiz JP. Computational immuno-biology for organ transplantation and regenerative medicine. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2016; 30:235-46. [PMID: 27296889 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Organ transplantation and regenerative medicine are adopted platforms that provide replacement tissues and organs from natural or engineered sources. Acceptance, tolerance and rejection depend greatly on the proper control of the immune response against graft antigens, motivating the development of immunological and genetical therapies that prevent organ failure. They rely on a complete, or partial, understanding of the immune system. Ultimately, they are innovative technologies that ensure permanent graft tolerance and indefinite graft survival through the modulation of the immune system. Computational immunology has arisen as a tool towards a mechanistic understanding of the biological and physicochemical processes surrounding an immune response. It comprehends theoretical and computational frameworks that simulate immuno-biological systems. The challenge is centered on the multi-scale character of the immune system that spans from atomistic scales, during peptide-epitope and protein interactions, to macroscopic scales, for lymph transport and organ-organ reactions. In this paper, we discuss, from an engineering perspective, the biological processes that are involved during the immune response of organ transplantation. Previous computational efforts, including their characteristics and visible limitations, are described. Finally, future perspectives and challenges are listed to motivate further developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Vásquez-Montoya
- Departamento de Materiales y Minerales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan S Danobeitia
- Department of Surgery, Division of Organ Transplantation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Luis A Fernández
- Department of Surgery, Division of Organ Transplantation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Juan P Hernández-Ortiz
- Departamento de Materiales y Minerales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín, Medellín, Colombia; Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Laboratory for Molecular and Computational Genomics, UW Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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186
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Galdiero MR, Varricchi G, Marone G. The immune network in thyroid cancer. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1168556. [PMID: 27471646 PMCID: PMC4938375 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1168556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays critical roles in tumor prevention, but also in its initiation and progression. Tumors are subjected to immunosurveillance, but cancer cells generate an immunosuppressive microenvironment that favors their escape from immune-mediated elimination. During chronic inflammation, immune cells can contribute to the formation and progression of tumors by producing mitogenic, prosurvival, proangiogenic and lymphangiogenic factors. Thyroid cancer is the most frequent type of endocrine neoplasia and is the most rapidly increasing cancer in the US. In this review, we discuss recent findings on how different immune cells and mediators can contribute to thyroid cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT), School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT), School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT), School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “Gaetano Salvatore” (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
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187
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Brands RC, Herbst F, Hartmann S, Seher A, Linz C, Kübler AC, Müller-Richter UDA. Cytotoxic effects of SMAC-mimetic compound LCL161 in head and neck cancer cell lines. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 20:2325-2332. [PMID: 26846923 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1741-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most common tumor entities worldwide. Unfortunately, recent drug developments in other fields of oncology have yielded no efficacy in the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma. As a new starting point, we investigated the impact of Fas ligand (FasL) and the SMAC-mimetic compound LCL161 in mono- and combination treatment in HNSCC cell lines. METHODS Five different cell lines of HNSCC were treated with FasL and LCL161 in mono- and combination treatment. Cytotoxicity was measured via a crystal violet assay. The cell lines were characterized for CD95 (FasL receptor) expression via flow cytometry. The degradation of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (cIAP1) was detected via Western blot. RESULTS Incubation with FasL led to a significant decrease in three out of five cell lines. Combination treatment with LCL161 enhanced cytotoxicity significantly. Two cell lines were FasL resistant, but one of them could be resensitized with LCL161. In all cell lines, Western blot analysis showed degradation of cIAP1 after LCL161 application. However, one cell line showed only minor vulnerability to the FasL and LCL161 combination. CONCLUSION This is the first study investigating combination treatment of FasL and LCL161 in head and neck cancer cell lines. Pro-apoptotic effects of the combination were detected in the majority of the cell lines. Interestingly, one of two FasL-resistant cell lines was sensitive to the combination therapy with FasL and LCL161. CLINICAL RELEVANCE SMAC-mimetic compounds show promising results in the treatment of other tumor entities in vitro and might be useful drugs to improve HNSCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman C Brands
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 6, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Franziska Herbst
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Hartmann
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Axel Seher
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Linz
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander C Kübler
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Urs D A Müller-Richter
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
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Khamaganova EG, Parovichnikova EN, Kuzmina LA, Kulikov SM, Savchenko VG. [Genes of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors and their HLA ligands after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in myeloid leukemia patients]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2016; 87:68-77. [PMID: 26821420 DOI: 10.17116/terarkh2015871168-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study the impact of the genes of donor killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and HLA-KIR ligands on overall (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) rates in patients with myeloid leukemia after transplantation with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells (allo-HSCT) from HLA-identical related and HLA-compatible unrelated donors. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The investigation enrolled 29 patients who had undergone allo-HSCT from KIR-genotyped donors at the Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hematology Research Center (see symbol) in 2010-2013. OS and EFS rates after allo-HSCT were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS The main predictor of recurrence and survival in patients after allo-HSCT was a recurrence-risk group the patient belonged to before transplantation. The standard-risk group patients whose donors had telomeric gene-content motifs of KIR-B haplotypes had higher EFS rates than those whose donors lacked these genes. The standard-risk patients homozygous for HLA-1 alleles (i.e. without HLA-C2 ligand) tended to have higher EFS rates, so did the patients without HLA-Bw4 ligand. CONCLUSION The donors having telomeric gene-content motifs of KIR-B haplotypes are more preferred for allo-HSCT for patients with myeloid leukemia as the presence of donor telomeric KIR-B genes increases EFS rates in standard-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Khamaganova
- Hematology Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - E N Parovichnikova
- Hematology Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - L A Kuzmina
- Hematology Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - S M Kulikov
- Hematology Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - V G Savchenko
- Hematology Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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189
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Wang D, Cai F, Ge J, Yin L. Brief Exercises Affect Gene Expression in Circulating Monocytes. Scand J Immunol 2016. [PMID: 26207425 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to give a systematic hypothesis on the functions of exercise on circulating monocytes by identifying a discrete set of genes in circulating monocytes that were altered by exercise. The microarray expression profile of GSE51835 was downloaded from gene expression omnibus (GEO) database for the identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using limma and affy packages in R language. Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were performed for DEGs, followed by the construction of co-expression network and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. The top 10 nodes in PPI network were screened, and subnetwork was constructed for the key genes identification. Totally, 35 DEGs, including 2 upregulated genes and 33 downregulated genes, were identified. The enriched GO terms were mainly linked to immune response and defence response, and the enriched KEGG pathways were mainly associated with natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity and graft-versus-host disease. Dual-specificity phosphatase 2 (DUSP2) was identified as a key node in the co-expression network. In the PPI network, CD247 module (CD247), chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4), granzyme B (GZMB) and perforin 1 (PRF1) were identified as key nodes. An important interaction, GZMB/PRF1, was detected. Five key genes, including DUSP2, CD247, CXCR4, GZMB and PRF1, and an interaction of GZMB/PRF1, were significant factors in the immune processes of circulating monocytes, which might be regulated by brief exercises, leading to the enhancement of immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wang
- Emergency Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - F Cai
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - J Ge
- Digestive Department, Jilin Province People'S Hospital, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - L Yin
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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190
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Deng R, Yi H, Liu YL, Fan FY, Fu LI, Li YC, Li GS, Lai SH, Miao XJ, Shuai YR, He GC, Wang YI, Zeng Y, Sun HP, Qiu L, Su YI. Enhanced antitumor effect of combining chemotherapy with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in mice with EBV-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Mol Clin Oncol 2016; 3:1233-1238. [PMID: 26807226 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2015.646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) represents a major problem in hematological clinical studies due to its drug tolerance and refractoriness. EBV infection is a key factor driving the process of tumor growth. Immune therapy is an important biotherapeutic method of treating cancer, which is attracting increasing attention. We hypothesized that combining conventional chemotherapy with immune therapy in the treatment of EBV-related NHL may achieve better outcomes. First, we successfully cloned large numbers of EBV-specific T cells by immune stimulation ex vivo. Subsequently, the combined therapy was applied in a murine model of human EBV-related NHL. As expected, combined therapy inhibited tumor growth more effectively compared with monotherapy. In addition, we continuously tested the tumor-associated immune microenvironment and observed that the numbers of tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and macrophages were elevated following combined therapy. These effects suggest that EBV-specific CTLs may indirectly promote an innate immune reaction in lymphoma by activating tumor-infiltrating macrophage proliferation. Our findings may provide a guide for the prospective treatment of EBV-related NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Deng
- Department of Hematology, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Cell Immunotherapy Center, Cheng Du Military General Hospital of PLA, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Hai Yi
- Department of Hematology, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Cell Immunotherapy Center, Cheng Du Military General Hospital of PLA, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Lan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Cell Immunotherapy Center, Cheng Du Military General Hospital of PLA, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Fang-Yi Fan
- Department of Hematology, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Cell Immunotherapy Center, Cheng Du Military General Hospital of PLA, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - L I Fu
- Department of Hematology, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Cell Immunotherapy Center, Cheng Du Military General Hospital of PLA, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Ye-Cheng Li
- Department of Hematology, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Cell Immunotherapy Center, Cheng Du Military General Hospital of PLA, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Shun Li
- Department of Translational Medicine, Experimental Medical Research Center, Cheng Du Military General Hospital of PLA, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Si-Han Lai
- Department of Hematology, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Cell Immunotherapy Center, Cheng Du Military General Hospital of PLA, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Juan Miao
- Department of Hematology, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Cell Immunotherapy Center, Cheng Du Military General Hospital of PLA, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Rong Shuai
- Department of Hematology, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Cell Immunotherapy Center, Cheng Du Military General Hospital of PLA, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Cui He
- Department of Hematology, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Cell Immunotherapy Center, Cheng Du Military General Hospital of PLA, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Y I Wang
- Department of Hematology, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Cell Immunotherapy Center, Cheng Du Military General Hospital of PLA, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Department of Hematology, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Cell Immunotherapy Center, Cheng Du Military General Hospital of PLA, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Hao-Ping Sun
- Department of Hematology, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Cell Immunotherapy Center, Cheng Du Military General Hospital of PLA, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Ling Qiu
- Department of Hematology, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Cell Immunotherapy Center, Cheng Du Military General Hospital of PLA, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
| | - Y I Su
- Department of Hematology, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Cell Immunotherapy Center, Cheng Du Military General Hospital of PLA, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
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191
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Wagner S, Wittekindt C, Reuschenbach M, Hennig B, Thevarajah M, Würdemann N, Prigge ES, von Knebel Doeberitz M, Dreyer T, Gattenlöhner S, Peter Klussmann J. CD56-positive lymphocyte infiltration in relation to human papillomavirus association and prognostic significance in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2016; 138:2263-73. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Wagner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery, University of Giessen; Giessen Germany
| | - Claus Wittekindt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery, University of Giessen; Giessen Germany
| | - Miriam Reuschenbach
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology; University of Heidelberg and Clinical Cooperation Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
| | - Ben Hennig
- Institute of Pathology, University of Giessen; Giessen Germany
| | - Mauran Thevarajah
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery, University of Giessen; Giessen Germany
| | - Nora Würdemann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery, University of Giessen; Giessen Germany
| | - Elena-Sophie Prigge
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology; University of Heidelberg and Clinical Cooperation Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
| | - Magnus von Knebel Doeberitz
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology; University of Heidelberg and Clinical Cooperation Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg Germany
| | - Thomas Dreyer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Giessen; Giessen Germany
| | | | - Jens Peter Klussmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery, University of Giessen; Giessen Germany
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192
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Ishii E. Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in Children: Pathogenesis and Treatment. Front Pediatr 2016; 4:47. [PMID: 27242976 PMCID: PMC4865497 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2016.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare disorder in children that is characterized by persistent fever, splenomegaly with cytopenia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypofibrinogenemia. Increased levels of various cytokines and soluble interleukin-2 receptor are biological markers of HLH. HLH can be classified into two major forms: primary and secondary. Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL), a type of primary HLH, is an autosomal recessive disorder that typically occurs in infancy and can be classified into five different subtypes (FHL types 1-5). In Japan, >80% of patients with FHL have either PRF1 (FHL type 2) or UNC13D (FHL type 3) defects. FHL is considered to be a disorder of T-cell function because the activity of NK cells or cytotoxic T lymphocytes as target cells is usually impaired. Moreover, Epstein-Barr virus-associated HLH (EBV-HLH) is considered a major subtype of secondary HLH. Any genetic background could have an effect on the pathogenesis of secondary HLH because EBV-HLH is considered to be particularly prevalent in Asian countries. For primary HLH, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the only accepted curative therapy, although cord blood transplantation with a reduced-conditioning regimen has been used with superior outcomes. For secondary HLH, including EBV-HLH, immunochemotherapy based on the HLH-2004 protocol has been used. In the near future, the entire mechanism of HLH should be clarified to establish less toxic therapies, including cell therapy and gene targeting therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Ishii
- Department of Pediatrics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine , Toon, Ehime , Japan
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193
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Tagliabue C, Principi N, Giavoli C, Esposito S. Obesity: impact of infections and response to vaccines. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 35:325-31. [PMID: 26718941 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-015-2558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a common condition that has rapidly increased in both the industrialised and developing world in recent decades. Obese individuals show increased risk factors for severe infections and significant immune system dysregulation that may impair the immune response to vaccines. The main aim of this paper was to review the current knowledge regarding the association between obesity and the risk and outcome of infections as well as immune response to vaccines. The results showed that obesity is a highly complex clinical condition in which the functions of several organ and body systems, including the immune system, are modified. However, only a small minority of the biological mechanisms that lead to reduced host defences have been elucidated. Relevant efforts for future research should focus on obese children, as the available data on this population are scarce compared with the adult population. Even if most vaccines are given in the first months of life when obesity is rare, some vaccines require booster doses at preschool age, and other vaccines, such as the influenza vaccine, are recommended yearly in the obese population, but it is not known whether response to vaccines of obese patients is impaired. The reduced immune response of obese patients to vaccination can be deleterious not only for the patient but also for the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tagliabue
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Commenda 9, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - N Principi
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Commenda 9, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - C Giavoli
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - S Esposito
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Commenda 9, 20122, Milan, Italy.
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195
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Dunkel A, Shen S, LaBranche CC, Montefiori D, McGettigan JP. A Bivalent, Chimeric Rabies Virus Expressing Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Induces Multifunctional Antibody Responses. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:1126-38. [PMID: 25848984 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that a matrix (M) gene-deleted rabies virus (RABV)-based vaccine (RABV-ΔM) is highly immunogenic and induces potent B cell responses in the context of RABV infection. We speculated that RABV-ΔM expressing HIV proteins would also induce potent B cell responses against HIV antigens. As a prerequisite to future studies in nonhuman primates, we completed immunogenicity studies in mice to confirm the ability of RABV-ΔM to induce polyfunctional B cell responses in the context of HIV. To that end, the envelope protein from the mac239 strain of SIV (SIVmac239Env) was cloned into RABV-ΔM, resulting in RABV-ΔM-Env. Infectious virus was recovered following standard methods and propagated on baby hamster kidney cells stably expressing RABV M [>10(7) focus forming units (ffu)/ml]. Western blot analysis of cell lysates or of purified virions confirmed Env expression on the surface of infected cells and within virus particles, respectively. Positive neutralization activity against a neutralization-sensitive SIV strain and to a lesser extent against a neutralization-resistant SIV strain was detected in mice after a single intramuscular inoculation with RABV-ΔM-Env. The quality, but not quantity, of the antibody response was enhanced via boosting with recombinant gp130 or RABV-ΔM-Env as measured by an increase in antibody avidity and a skewing toward a Th1-type antibody response. We also show that an intradermal inoculation induces higher antibodies than an intramuscular or intranasal inoculation. An intradermal inoculation of RABV-ΔM-Env followed by a boost inoculation with recombinant gp130 produced anti-SIV antibodies with neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibody (nNAb) effector functions. Together, RABV-ΔM-Env induces B cells to secrete antibodies against SIV with the potential to clear both "free" and cell-associated virus. Strategies capable of eliciting both NAbs as well as nNAbs might help to improve the efficacy of HIV-1 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Dunkel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shixue Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - James P. McGettigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Jefferson Vaccine Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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196
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Regulation of CD8+ T-cell cytotoxicity in HIV-1 infection. Cell Immunol 2015; 298:126-33. [PMID: 26520669 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms involved in cellular immune responses against control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is key to development of effective immunotherapeutic strategies against viral proliferation. Clear insights into the regulation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells is crucial to development of effective immunotherapeutic strategies due to their unique ability to eliminate virus-infected cells during the course of infection. Here, we reviewed the roles of transcription factors, co-inhibitory molecules and regulatory cytokines following HIV infection and their potential significance in regulating the cytotoxic potentials of CD8+ T cells.
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197
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Abstract
The immune system plays a key role in the development, establishment, and progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). A greater understanding of the dysregulation and evasion of the immune system in the evolution and progression of HNSCC provides the basis for improved therapies and outcomes for patients. HNSCC cells evade the host immune system through manipulation of their own immunogenicity, production of immunosuppressive mediators, and promotion of immunomodulatory cell types. Through the tumor's influence on the microenvironment, the immune system can be exploited to promote metastasis, angiogenesis, and growth. This article provides a brief overview of key components of the immune infiltrating cells in the tumor microenvironment, reviewing immunological principles related to head and neck cancer, including the concept of cancer immunosurveillance and immune escape. Current immunotherapeutic strategies and emerging results from ongoing clinical trials are presented.
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198
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Du W, Leigh ND, Bian G, O'Neill RE, Mei L, Qiu J, Chen GL, Hahn T, Liu H, McCarthy PL, Cao X. Granzyme B-Mediated Activation-Induced Death of CD4+ T Cells Inhibits Murine Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4514-23. [PMID: 26392464 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Granzyme B (GzmB) has previously been shown to be critical for CD8(+) T cell-mediated graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) but dispensable for GVHD mediated by CD4(+) T cells. However, previous studies used high doses of CD4(+) T cells in MHC-mismatched models that caused rapid and lethal GVHD. Because of the hyperacute lethality, it is possible that the role of GzmB was concealed by the system. Therefore, in this study, we have titrated down the T cell dose to precisely determine the contribution of GzmB in GVHD mediated by CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells. Surprisingly, we have found that GzmB(-/-)CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells cause more severe GVHD compared with wild-type CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells in both MHC-matched and mismatched models. Mechanistic analyses reveal that although GzmB does not affect donor T cell engraftment, proliferation or tissue-specific migration, GzmB(-/-) CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells exhibit significantly enhanced expansion because of GzmB-mediated activation-induced cell death of wild-type CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells. As a result of enhanced expansion, GzmB(-/-) T cells produced higher amounts of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α and IFN-γ) that may contribute to the exacerbated GVHD. These results reveal that GzmB diminishes the ability of CD4(+) T cells to cause acute GVHD, which contradicts its established role in CD8(+) T cells. The differential roles suggest that targeting GzmB in selected T cell subsets may provide a strategy to control GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Nicholas D Leigh
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Guanglin Bian
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Rachel E O'Neill
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Internal Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14215l
| | - Jingxin Qiu
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263; and
| | - George L Chen
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Theresa Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Philip L McCarthy
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Xuefang Cao
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263;
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199
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Haile Y, Carmine-Simmen K, Olechowski C, Kerr B, Bleackley RC, Giuliani F. Granzyme B-inhibitor serpina3n induces neuroprotection in vitro and in vivo. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:157. [PMID: 26337722 PMCID: PMC4558826 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0376-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It is widely accepted that inflammatory cells play major roles in the pathogenesis of MS, possibly through the use of serine protease granzyme B (GrB) secreted from the granules of cytotoxic T cells. We have previously identified GrB as a mediator of axonal injury and neuronal death. In this study, our goal was to evaluate the effect of GrB inhibition in the human system in vitro, and in vivo in EAE using the newly isolated GrB-inhibitor serpina3n. Methods We used a well-established in vitro model of neuroinflammation characterized by a co-culture system between human fetal neurons and lymphocytes. In vivo, we induced EAE in 10- to 12-week-old female C57/BL6 mice and treated them intravenously with serpina3n. Results In the in vitro co-culture system, pre-treatment of lymphocytes with serpina3n prevented neuronal killing and cleavage of the cytoskeletal protein alpha-tubulin, a known substrate for GrB. Moreover, in EAE, 50 μg serpina3n substantially reduced the severity of the disease. This dose was administered intravenously twice at days 7 and 20 post EAE induction. serpina3n treatment reduced axonal and neuronal injury compared to the vehicle-treated control group and maintained the integrity of myelin. Interestingly, serpina3n treatment did not seem to reduce the infiltration of immune cells (CD4+ and CD8+ T cells) into the CNS. Conclusion Our data suggest further studies on serpina3n as a potentially novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of inflammatory-mediated neurodegenerative diseases such as MS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0376-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Haile
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, 4C Kaye Edmonton Clinic, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1Z1, Canada
| | | | - Camille Olechowski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Bradley Kerr
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Fabrizio Giuliani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, 4C Kaye Edmonton Clinic, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1Z1, Canada.
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200
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Ibana JA, Cutay SJ, Romero M, Schust DJ. Parallel Expression of Enzyme Inhibitors of CD8T Cell Activity in Tumor Microenvironments and Secretory Endometrium. Reprod Sci 2015; 23:289-301. [PMID: 26335176 DOI: 10.1177/1933719115602762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The divergent requirement for tolerance to support conception and protective response against sexually transmitted infections defines the unique immunological dynamics in the female reproductive tract (FRT). In part, these requirements are achieved by the cyclic modulation of cytolytic CD8T cell function in the FRT that underlie the respective immunosuppressive and immunocompetent milieus during the secretory and proliferative phases of the menstrual cycle. The CD8T cell function can be dampened by exposure to indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and/or arginase enzymes. Indeed, these 2 enzymes are known as primary inducers of immune suppression in tumor microenvironments. This review discusses the intriguing parallel expression of these 2 enzymes in tumor microenvironments and in the secretory endometrium. We surmise that investigating the underlying natural mechanisms that suppress and restore the immunocompetence of CD8T cells in the FRT each month may provide valuable insights into ways to artificially recapitulate these mechanisms and inhibit immune suppression in tumor microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce A Ibana
- Immunopharmacology Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Sandra Jelyn Cutay
- Immunopharmacology Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Maevel Romero
- Immunopharmacology Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Danny Joseph Schust
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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