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Ness HO, Ljones K, Gjelsvik RH, Tjønna AE, Malmo V, Nilsen HO, Hollekim-Strand SM, Dalen H, Høydal MA. Acute effects of high intensity training on cardiac function: a pilot study comparing subjects with type 2 diabetes to healthy controls. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8239. [PMID: 35581305 PMCID: PMC9114004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12375-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated acute cardiac stress after a high-intensity interval training session in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) versus healthy controls. High intensity aerobic exercise was performed by 4 × 4-min intervals (90-95% of maximal heart rate), followed by a ramp protocol to peak oxygen uptake. Echocardiography was performed before and 30 min after exercise. Holter electrocardiography monitored heart rhythms 24 h before, during, and 24 h after the exercise. Left atrial end-systolic volume, peak early diastolic mitral annular velocity, and the ratio of peak early to late diastolic mitral inflow velocity were reduced by approximately 18%, 15%, and 31%, respectively, after exercise across groups. Left ventricular end-diastolic wall thickness was the only echo parameter that significantly differed between groups in response to exercise. The T2D group had a rate of supraventricular extrasystoles per hour that was 265% greater than that of the controls before exercise, which remained higher after exercise. A single exhaustive exercise session impaired left ventricular diastolic function in both groups. The findings also indicated impaired right ventricular function in patients with T2D after exercise.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02998008.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning O. Ness
- grid.5947.f0000 0001 1516 2393Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Prinsesse Kristinas gt. 3, Akutten og Hjerte-lunge-senteret, 3.etg, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristine Ljones
- grid.5947.f0000 0001 1516 2393Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Prinsesse Kristinas gt. 3, Akutten og Hjerte-lunge-senteret, 3.etg, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Randi H. Gjelsvik
- grid.5947.f0000 0001 1516 2393Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Prinsesse Kristinas gt. 3, Akutten og Hjerte-lunge-senteret, 3.etg, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arnt Erik Tjønna
- grid.5947.f0000 0001 1516 2393Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Prinsesse Kristinas gt. 3, Akutten og Hjerte-lunge-senteret, 3.etg, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vegard Malmo
- grid.5947.f0000 0001 1516 2393Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Prinsesse Kristinas gt. 3, Akutten og Hjerte-lunge-senteret, 3.etg, 7030 Trondheim, Norway ,grid.52522.320000 0004 0627 3560Clinic of Cardiology, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hans Olav Nilsen
- grid.5947.f0000 0001 1516 2393Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Prinsesse Kristinas gt. 3, Akutten og Hjerte-lunge-senteret, 3.etg, 7030 Trondheim, Norway ,grid.52522.320000 0004 0627 3560Clinic of Cardiology, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Siri Marte Hollekim-Strand
- grid.5947.f0000 0001 1516 2393Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Håvard Dalen
- grid.5947.f0000 0001 1516 2393Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Prinsesse Kristinas gt. 3, Akutten og Hjerte-lunge-senteret, 3.etg, 7030 Trondheim, Norway ,grid.52522.320000 0004 0627 3560Clinic of Cardiology, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway ,grid.414625.00000 0004 0627 3093Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway
| | - Morten Andre Høydal
- grid.5947.f0000 0001 1516 2393Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Prinsesse Kristinas gt. 3, Akutten og Hjerte-lunge-senteret, 3.etg, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
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152
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Lombardo M, Feraco A, Bellia C, Prisco L, D’Ippolito I, Padua E, Storz MA, Lauro D, Caprio M, Bellia A. Influence of Nutritional Status and Physical Exercise on Immune Response in Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102054. [PMID: 35631195 PMCID: PMC9145042 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic alterations mostly related to visceral adiposity, which in turn promotes glucose intolerance and a chronic systemic inflammatory state, characterized by immune cell infiltration. Such immune system activation increases the risk of severe disease subsequent to viral infections. Strong correlations between elevated body mass index (BMI), type-2-diabetes and increased risk of hospitalization after pandemic influenza H1N1 infection have been described. Similarly, a correlation between elevated blood glucose level and SARS-CoV-2 infection severity and mortality has been described, indicating MetS as an important predictor of clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Adipose secretome, including two of the most abundant and well-studied adipokines, leptin and interleukin-6, is involved in the regulation of energy metabolism and obesity-related low-grade inflammation. Similarly, skeletal muscle hormones—called myokines—released in response to physical exercise affect both metabolic homeostasis and immune system function. Of note, several circulating hormones originate from both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and display different functions, depending on the metabolic context. This review aims to summarize recent data in the field of exercise immunology, investigating the acute and chronic effects of exercise on myokines release and immune system function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Lombardo
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (A.F.); (L.P.); (E.P.); (M.C.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alessandra Feraco
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (A.F.); (L.P.); (E.P.); (M.C.); (A.B.)
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Bellia
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences, and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Luigi Prisco
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (A.F.); (L.P.); (E.P.); (M.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Ilenia D’Ippolito
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (I.D.); (D.L.)
| | - Elvira Padua
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (A.F.); (L.P.); (E.P.); (M.C.); (A.B.)
- School of Human Movement Science, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Maximilian Andreas Storz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Center for Complementary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Davide Lauro
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (I.D.); (D.L.)
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (A.F.); (L.P.); (E.P.); (M.C.); (A.B.)
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Alfonso Bellia
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (A.F.); (L.P.); (E.P.); (M.C.); (A.B.)
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy; (I.D.); (D.L.)
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153
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Direct Conversion of Bovine Dermal Fibroblasts into Myotubes by Viral Delivery of Transcription Factor bMyoD. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12094688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Direct reprogramming of somatic cells to myoblasts and myotubes holds great potential for muscle development, disease modeling and regenerative medicine. According to recent studies, direct conversion of fibroblasts to myoblasts was performed by using a transcription factor, myoblast determination protein (MyoD), which belongs to a family of myogenic regulatory factors. Therefore, MyoD is considered to be a key driver in the generation of induced myoblasts. In this study, we compared the direct phenotypic conversion of bovine dermal fibroblasts (BDFs) into myoblasts and myotubes by supplementing a transcription factor, bovine MyoD (bMyoD), in the form of recombinant protein or the bMyoD gene, through retroviral vectors. As a result, the delivery of the bMyoD gene to BDFs was more efficient for inducing reprogramming, resulting in direct conversion to myoblasts and myotubes, when compared with protein delivery. BDFs cultured with retrovirus encoding bMyoD increased myogenic gene expression, such as MyoG, MYH3 and MYMK. In addition, the cells expressed myoblast or myotube-specific marker proteins, MyoG and Desmin, respectively. Our findings provide an informative tool for the myogenesis of domestic-animal-derived somatic cells via transgenic technology. By using this method, a new era of regenerative medicine and cultured meat is expected.
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154
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Graca FA, Rai M, Hunt LC, Stephan A, Wang YD, Gordon B, Wang R, Quarato G, Xu B, Fan Y, Labelle M, Demontis F. The myokine Fibcd1 is an endogenous determinant of myofiber size and mitigates cancer-induced myofiber atrophy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2370. [PMID: 35501350 PMCID: PMC9061726 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Decline in skeletal muscle cell size (myofiber atrophy) is a key feature of cancer-induced wasting (cachexia). In particular, atrophy of the diaphragm, the major muscle responsible for breathing, is an important determinant of cancer-associated mortality. However, therapeutic options are limited. Here, we have used Drosophila transgenic screening to identify muscle-secreted factors (myokines) that act as paracrine regulators of myofiber growth. Subsequent testing in mouse myotubes revealed that mouse Fibcd1 is an evolutionary-conserved myokine that preserves myofiber size via ERK signaling. Local administration of recombinant Fibcd1 (rFibcd1) ameliorates cachexia-induced myofiber atrophy in the diaphragm of mice bearing patient-derived melanoma xenografts and LLC carcinomas. Moreover, rFibcd1 impedes cachexia-associated transcriptional changes in the diaphragm. Fibcd1-induced signaling appears to be muscle selective because rFibcd1 increases ERK activity in myotubes but not in several cancer cell lines tested. We propose that rFibcd1 may help reinstate myofiber size in the diaphragm of patients with cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia A Graca
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- Solid Tumor Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Mamta Rai
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- Solid Tumor Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Liam C Hunt
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- Solid Tumor Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Anna Stephan
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- Solid Tumor Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Yong-Dong Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Brittney Gordon
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- Solid Tumor Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- Xenograft Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Ruishan Wang
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- Solid Tumor Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Giovanni Quarato
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Beisi Xu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Yiping Fan
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Myriam Labelle
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- Solid Tumor Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Fabio Demontis
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States.
- Solid Tumor Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States.
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155
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Fortino SA, Wageh M, Pontello R, McGlory C, Kumbhare D, Phillips SM, Parise G. Sex-Based Differences in the Myogenic Response and Inflammatory Gene Expression Following Eccentric Contractions in Humans. Front Physiol 2022; 13:880625. [PMID: 35574443 PMCID: PMC9099417 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.880625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After muscle injury, the interaction between muscle satellite cells (SC) and the immune response is instrumental for the repair and regeneration of skeletal muscle tissue. Studies have reported sex-based differences in the skeletal muscle inflammatory and regenerative response following injury. However, many of these studies investigated such differences by manipulating the concentration of estradiol, in rodents and humans, without directly comparing males to females. We sought to explore differences in the myogenic and inflammatory response following unaccustomed eccentric exercise in males and females. We hypothesized that females would have a blunted myogenic and inflammatory response as compared to males. Methods: 26 (13 male, 13 female) healthy young adults (22 ± 0.4 years [mean ± SEM]) performed 300 maximal eccentric contractions (180°/s) of the knee extensors. Muscle biopsies were taken before (pre) and 48 h (post) following eccentric damage. SC content and activation were determined by immunohistochemical and real time-polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) analysis. Inflammatory markers were analyzed using rt-PCR. Results: Following eccentric damage, males had a greater expansion of type I-associated SC (p < 0.05), and there was a trend for a greater expansion in total SC (type I + II fibers) (p = 0.06) compared to females. There was a trend for a greater increase in Pax7 and CCL2 gene expression in males compared to females (p = 0.09). Conclusion: We conclude that there are sex-based differences in the myogenic and inflammatory response, where females have a blunted SC and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mai Wageh
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Riley Pontello
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chris McGlory
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Dinesh Kumbhare
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Gianni Parise
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Gianni Parise,
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156
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Gonçalves AC, Gaspar D, Flores-Félix JD, Falcão A, Alves G, Silva LR. Effects of Functional Phenolics Dietary Supplementation on Athletes' Performance and Recovery: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4652. [PMID: 35563043 PMCID: PMC9102074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, many efforts have been made to identify micronutrients or nutritional strategies capable of preventing, or at least, attenuating, exercise-induced muscle damage and oxidative stress, and improving athlete performance. The reason is that most exercises induce various changes in mitochondria and cellular cytosol that lead to the generation of reactive species and free radicals whose accumulation can be harmful to human health. Among them, supplementation with phenolic compounds seems to be a promising approach since their chemical structure, composed of catechol, pyrogallol, and methoxy groups, gives them remarkable health-promoting properties, such as the ability to suppress inflammatory processes, counteract oxidative damage, boost the immune system, and thus, reduce muscle soreness and accelerate recovery. Phenolic compounds have also already been shown to be effective in improving temporal performance and reducing psychological stress and fatigue. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the current knowledge on the effects of dietary phenolics on physical performance and recovery in athletes and sports practitioners. Overall, the reports show that phenolics exert important benefits on exercise-induced muscle damage as well as play a biological/physiological role in improving physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.C.G.); (J.D.F.-F.); (G.A.)
- CIBIT—Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Dário Gaspar
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal;
| | - José David Flores-Félix
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.C.G.); (J.D.F.-F.); (G.A.)
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- CIBIT—Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Alves
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.C.G.); (J.D.F.-F.); (G.A.)
| | - Luís R. Silva
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.C.G.); (J.D.F.-F.); (G.A.)
- CPIRN-UDI/IPG—Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Research Unit for Inland Development (UDI), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
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157
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IWATA R, CHANG L, AKIYAMA H, KAWAMURA T, SUZUKI K, SAKAMOTO S, MURAOKA I. The effects of sex differences on delayed-onset muscle soreness by cold-water immersion following resistance exercise. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2022. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.20.04328-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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158
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Kostrzewa-Nowak D, Nowak R. Beep Test Does Not Induce Phosphorylation of Ras/MAPK- or JAK/STAT-Related Proteins in Peripheral Blood T Lymphocytes. Front Physiol 2022; 13:823469. [PMID: 35370792 PMCID: PMC8965037 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.823469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Th1 cell subset is involved in the immunological response induced by physical exercise. The aim of this work is to evaluate the post-effort activation of Ras/MAPK and JAK/STAT signaling pathways in T cells of young, physically active men. Seventy-six physically active, healthy men between 15 and 21 years old performed a standard physical exercise protocol (Beep test). Phosphorylation levels of Ras/MAPK-(p38 MAPK, ERK1/2) and JAK/STAT-related (STAT1, STAT3, STAT5, and STAT6) proteins were evaluated by flow cytometry in Th and Tc cells post-effort and during the lactate recovery period. The performed physical effort was not a strong enough physiological stimulant to provoke the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, STAT1, STAT3, STAT5, and STAT6 in T cells, at least for the duration of our study (the end of the lactate recovery period). We conclude that more observation time-points, including shorter and longer times after the exercise, are required to determine if the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway is involved in modulating the post-effort immunological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kostrzewa-Nowak
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
- *Correspondence: Dorota Kostrzewa-Nowak,
| | - Robert Nowak
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
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159
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Ben Dhia I, Maaloul R, Marzougui H, Ghroubi S, Kallel C, Driss T, Elleuch MH, Ayadi F, Turki M, Hammouda O. Melatonin reduces muscle damage, inflammation and oxidative stress induced by exhaustive exercise in people with overweight/obesity. Physiol Int 2022; 109:78-89. [PMID: 35238798 DOI: 10.1556/2060.2022.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intense physical exercise leads to inflammation, oxidative stress and muscle damage, and these responses are of greater magnitude in people with obesity. Melatonin (MLT) is considered an endogenous antioxidant which may have beneficial effects against inflammation, oxidative stress and promote tissue repair after exercise. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of MLT on inflammatory parameters, oxidative stress and muscle damage in people with overweight/obesity after a high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE). METHODS A total of 23 subjects with obesity (9 men and 14 women) age: 33.26 ± 9.81 years, BMI: 37.75 ± 8.87 kg.m-2 were randomized to participate in two experimental sessions: HIIE + Placebo and HIIE + MLT (3 mg). The HIIE protocol corresponds to 8 intervals of 1 min (90% of the maximal aerobic power (MAP)) alternating with 2 min recovery (45% of the MAP). Blood samples were drawn before and 5 min after each exercise session. RESULTS MLT ingestion attenuated the increase of inflammation (C-reactive protein, white blood cells (P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.45; for both) and Neutrophils (P < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.36)) and hepatic and muscle damage (Aspartate aminotransferase (P < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.25), Alanine aminotransferase (P < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.27) and Creatine kinase (P = 0.02, ηp2 = 0.23). MLT also attenuated the exercise induced lipid and protein peroxidation (i.e., Malondialdehyde (P = 0.03, ηp2 = 0.19) and AOPP (P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.55)). Concerning the antioxidant status, MLT intake increased Thiol (P < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.26) and Catalase (P < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.32) and decreased Uric acid (P = 0.02, ηp2 = 0.2) and Total bilirubin (P < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.33). CONCLUSIONS MLT intake before HIIE reduced muscle damage by modulating oxidative stress and preventing overexpression of the pro-inflammatory mediators in people with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Ben Dhia
- 1 Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé (EM2S) LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- 2 Research Laboratory of Evaluation and Management of Musculoskeletal System Pathologies, LR20ES09, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Rami Maaloul
- 1 Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé (EM2S) LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- 3 Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Houssem Marzougui
- 1 Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé (EM2S) LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- 3 Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sameh Ghroubi
- 2 Research Laboratory of Evaluation and Management of Musculoskeletal System Pathologies, LR20ES09, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | - Tarak Driss
- 5 Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
| | - Mohamed Habib Elleuch
- 2 Research Laboratory of Evaluation and Management of Musculoskeletal System Pathologies, LR20ES09, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Ayadi
- 3 Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Turki
- 3 Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Omar Hammouda
- 3 Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- 5 Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
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160
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Evaluating the Effects of Increased Protein Intake on Muscle Strength, Hypertrophy and Power Adaptations with Concurrent Training: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2022; 52:441-461. [PMID: 34822138 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01585-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Concurrent training incorporates dual exercise modalities, typically resistance and aerobic-based exercise, either in a single session or as part of a periodized training program, that can promote muscle strength, mass, power/force and aerobic capacity adaptations for the purposes of sports performance or general health/wellbeing. Despite multiple health and exercise performance-related benefits, diminished muscle hypertrophy, strength and power have been reported with concurrent training compared to resistance training in isolation. Dietary protein is well-established to facilitate skeletal muscle growth, repair and regeneration during recovery from exercise. The degree to which increased protein intake can amplify adaptation responses with resistance exercise, and to a lesser extent aerobic exercise, has been highly studied. In contrast, much less focus has been directed toward the capacity for protein to enhance anabolic and metabolic responses with divergent contractile stimuli inherent to concurrent training and potentially negate interference in muscle strength, power and hypertrophy. This review consolidates available literature investigating increased protein intake on rates of muscle protein synthesis, hypertrophy, strength and force/power adaptations following acute and chronic concurrent training. Acute concurrent exercise studies provide evidence for the significant stimulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis with protein compared to placebo ingestion. High protein intake can also augment increases in lean mass with chronic concurrent training, although these increases do not appear to translate into further improvements in strength adaptations. Similarly, the available evidence indicates protein intake twice the recommended intake and beyond does not rescue decrements in selective aspects of muscle force and power production with concurrent training.
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Lee H, Han NR, Kim SJ, Yun JI, Lee ST. Development of a High-Yield Isolation Protocol Optimized for the Retrieval of Active Muscle Satellite Cells from Mouse Skeletal Muscle Tissue. Int J Stem Cells 2022; 15:283-290. [PMID: 35220284 PMCID: PMC9396018 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc21179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Difficulties often encountered in separating and purifying active muscle satellite cells (MSCs) from skeletal muscle tissues have limited the supply of cells for muscle therapy and artificial meat production. Here, we report an effective isolation protocol to economically and conveniently retrieve active MSCs from skeletal muscle tissues in mice. Methods and Results We optimized an enzyme-based tissue digestion protocol for isolating skeletal muscle-derived primary cell population having a large number of active MSCs and described a method of differential plating (DP) for improving purity of active MSCs from skeletal muscle-derived primary cell population. Then, the age of the mouse appropriate to the isolation of a large number of active MSCs was elucidated. The best isolation yield of active MSCs from mouse skeletal muscle tissues was induced by the application of DP method to the primary cell population harvested from skeletal muscle tissues of 2-week-old mice digested in 0.2% (w/v) collagenase type II for 30 min at 37℃ and then in 0.1% (w/v) pronase for 5 min at 37℃. Conclusions The protocol we developed not only facilitates the isolation of MSCs but also maximizes the retrieval of active MSCs. Our expectation is that this protocol will contribute to the development of original technologies essential for muscle therapy and artificial meat industrialization in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Lee
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | | | - Seong Jae Kim
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | | | - Seung Tae Lee
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
- KustoGen Inc., Chuncheon, Korea
- Department of Applied Animal Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
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Doma K, Ramachandran AK, Boullosa D, Connor J. The Paradoxical Effect of Creatine Monohydrate on Muscle Damage Markers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:1623-1645. [PMID: 35218552 PMCID: PMC9213373 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01640-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background Several studies have examined the effect of creatine monohydrate (CrM) on indirect muscle damage markers and muscle performance, although pooled data from several studies indicate that the benefits of CrM on recovery dynamics are limited. Objective This systematic review and meta-analysis determined whether the ergogenic effects of CrM ameliorated markers of muscle damage and performance following muscle-damaging exercises. Methods In total, 23 studies were included, consisting of 240 participants in the CrM group (age 23.9 ± 10.4 years, height 178 ± 5 cm, body mass 76.9 ± 7.6 kg, females 10.4%) and 229 participants in the placebo group (age 23.7 ± 8.5 years, height 177 ± 5 cm, body mass 77.0 ± 6.6 kg, females 10.0%). These studies were rated as fair to excellent following the PEDro scale. The outcome measures were compared between the CrM and placebo groups at 24–36 h and 48–90 h following muscle-damaging exercises, using standardised mean differences (SMDs) and associated p-values via forest plots. Furthermore, sub-group analyses were conducted by separating studies into those that examined the effects of CrM as an acute training response (i.e., after one muscle-damaging exercise bout) and those that examined the chronic training response (i.e., examining the acute response after the last training session following several weeks of training). Results According to the meta-analysis, the CrM group exhibited significantly lower indirect muscle damage markers (i.e., creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and/or myoglobin) at 48–90 h post-exercise for the acute training response (SMD − 1.09; p = 0.03). However, indirect muscle damage markers were significantly greater in the CrM group at 24 h post-exercise (SMD 0.95; p = 0.04) for the chronic training response. Although not significant, a large difference in indirect muscle damage markers was also found at 48 h post-exercise (SMD 1.24) for the chronic training response. The CrM group also showed lower inflammation for the acute training response at 24–36 h post-exercise and 48–90 h post-exercise with a large effect size (SMD − 1.38 ≤ d ≤ − 1.79). Similarly, the oxidative stress markers were lower for the acute training response in the CrM group at 24–36 h post-exercise and 90 h post-exercise, with a large effect size (SMD − 1.37 and − 1.36, respectively). For delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), the measures were lower for the CrM group at 24 h post-exercise with a moderate effect size (SMD − 0.66) as an acute training response. However, the inter-group differences for inflammation, oxidative stress, and DOMS were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Conclusion Overall, our meta-analysis demonstrated a paradoxical effect of CrM supplementation post-exercise, where CrM appears to minimise exercise-induced muscle damage as an acute training response, although this trend is reversed as a chronic training response. Thus, CrM may be effective in reducing the level of exercise-induced muscle damage following a single bout of strenuous exercises, although training-induced stress could be exacerbated following long-term supplementation of CrM. Although long-term usage of CrM is known to enhance training adaptations, whether the increased level of exercise-induced muscle damage as a chronic training response may provide potential mechanisms to enhance chronic training adaptations with CrM supplementation remains to be confirmed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40279-022-01640-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Doma
- James Cook Drive, Rehabilitation Sciences Building, College of Healthcare Sciences, Sports and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, QLD481, Australia.
| | | | - Daniel Boullosa
- James Cook Drive, Rehabilitation Sciences Building, College of Healthcare Sciences, Sports and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, QLD481, Australia.,Federal University of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Jonathan Connor
- James Cook Drive, Rehabilitation Sciences Building, College of Healthcare Sciences, Sports and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, QLD481, Australia
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Allan J, Buss LA, Draper N, Currie MJ. Exercise in People With Cancer: A Spotlight on Energy Regulation and Cachexia. Front Physiol 2022; 13:836804. [PMID: 35283780 PMCID: PMC8914107 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.836804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise is increasingly becoming a standard of cancer care, with well-documented benefits for patients including improved mental wellbeing and reduced treatment-related side effects. However, important gaps in knowledge remain about how to optimise exercise prescription for people with cancer. Importantly, it remains unclear how exercise affects the progression of cancer cachexia (a wasting disease stemming from energy imbalance, and a common manifestation of advanced malignant disease), particularly once the condition has already developed. It was recently suggested that the anti-tumour effect of exercise might come from improved energetic capacity. Here, we highlight the possible effect of exercise on energetic capacity and energy regulation in the context of cancer, and how this might affect the progression of cancer cachexia. We suggest that due to the additional energy demand caused by the tumour and associated systemic inflammation, overreaching may occur more easily in people with cancer. Importantly, this could result in impaired anti-tumour immunity and/or the exacerbation of cancer cachexia. This highlights the importance of individualised exercise programs for people with cancer, with special consideration for the regulation of energy balance, ongoing monitoring and possible nutritional supplementation to support the increased energy demand caused by exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Allan
- School of Health Sciences, Health and Human Development, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Linda A. Buss
- Department of Medicine, Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Linda A. Buss,
| | - Nick Draper
- School of Health Sciences, Health and Human Development, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Margaret J. Currie
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Cold for centuries: a brief history of cryotherapies to improve health, injury and post-exercise recovery. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1153-1162. [PMID: 35195747 PMCID: PMC9012715 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04915-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
For centuries, cold temperatures have been used by humans for therapeutic, health and sporting recovery purposes. This application of cold for therapeutic purposes is regularly referred to as cryotherapy. Cryotherapies including ice, cold-water and cold air have been popularised by an ability to remove heat, reduce core and tissue temperatures, and alter blood flow in humans. The resulting downstream effects upon human physiologies providing benefits that include a reduced perception of pain, or analgesia, and an improved sensation of well-being. Ultimately, such benefits have been translated into therapies that may assist in improving post-exercise recovery, with further investigations assessing the role that cryotherapies can play in attenuating the ensuing post-exercise inflammatory response. Whilst considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the mechanistic changes associated with adopting cryotherapies, research focus tends to look towards the future rather than to the past. It has been suggested that this might be due to the notion of progress being defined as change over time from lower to higher states of knowledge. However, a historical perspective, studying a subject in light of its earliest phase and subsequent evolution, could help sharpen one's vision of the present; helping to generate new research questions as well as look at old questions in new ways. Therefore, the aim of this brief historical perspective is to highlight the origins of the many arms of this popular recovery and treatment technique, whilst further assessing the changing face of cryotherapy. We conclude by discussing what lies ahead in the future for cold-application techniques.
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Tabone M, García-Merino JA, Bressa C, Rocha Guzman NE, Herrera Rocha K, Chu Van E, Castelli FA, Fenaille F, Larrosa M. Chronic Consumption of Cocoa Rich in Procyanidins Has a Marginal Impact on Gut Microbiota and on Serum and Fecal Metabolomes in Male Endurance Athletes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:1878-1889. [PMID: 35112856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cocoa is used in the sports world as a supplement, although there is no consensus on its use. We investigated the effect of cocoa intake on intestinal ischemia (intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP)), serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels, gastrointestinal symptoms, and gut microbiota in endurance athletes during their training period on an unrestricted diet. We also performed a metabolomics analysis of serum and feces after a bout of exercise before and after supplementation. Cocoa consumption had no effect on I-FABP, LPS, or gastrointestinal symptoms. Cocoa intake significantly increased the abundance of Blautia and Lachnospira genera and decreased the abundance of the Agathobacter genus, which was accompanied by elevated levels of polyphenol fecal metabolites 4-hydroxy-5-(phenyl)-valeric acid and O-methyl-epicatechin-O-glucuronide. Our untargeted approach revealed that cocoa had no significant effects on serum and fecal metabolites and that its consumption had little impact on the metabolome after a bout of physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Tabone
- MAS Microbiota Group, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid 28670, Spain
| | - Jose Angel García-Merino
- MAS Microbiota Group, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid 28670, Spain
| | - Carlo Bressa
- MAS Microbiota Group, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid 28670, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - Nuria Elizabeth Rocha Guzman
- Grupo de Investigación en Alimentos Funcionales y Nutracéuticos, Unidad de Posgrado, Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Durango 34080, México
| | - Karen Herrera Rocha
- Grupo de Investigación en Alimentos Funcionales y Nutracéuticos, Unidad de Posgrado, Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Durango, Durango 34080, México
| | - Emeline Chu Van
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Florence A Castelli
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - François Fenaille
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Mar Larrosa
- MAS Microbiota Group, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid 28670, Spain
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid 28040, Spain
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TLR4-Mediated Inflammatory Responses Regulate Exercise-Induced Molecular Adaptations in Mouse Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031877. [PMID: 35163799 PMCID: PMC8837103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance exercise induces various adaptations that yield health benefits; however, the underlying molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Given that it has recently been accepted that inflammatory responses are required for a specific muscle adaptation after exercise, this study investigated whether toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, a pattern recognition receptor that induces proinflammatory cytokines, is responsible for exercise-induced adaptations in mouse skeletal muscle. The TLR4 mutant (TLR4m) and intact TLR4 control mice were each divided into 2 groups (sedentary and voluntary wheel running) and were housed for six weeks. Next, we removed the plantaris muscle and evaluated the expression of cytokines and muscle regulators. Exercise increased cytokine expression in the controls, whereas a smaller increase was observed in the TLR4m mice. Mitochondrial markers and mitochondrial biogenesis inducers, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta and heat shock protein 72, were increased in the exercised controls, whereas this upregulation was attenuated in the TLR4m mice. In contrast, exercise increased the expression of molecules such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-alpha and glucose transporter 4 in both the controls and TLR4m mice. Our findings indicate that exercise adaptations such as mitochondrial biogenesis are mediated via TLR4, and that TLR4-mediated inflammatory responses could be involved in the mechanism of adaptation.
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Duarte W, Rodrigues Júnior JL, V.Paula L, Chagas MH, Andrade AG, Veneroso CE, Chaves SF, Serpa TK, Pimenta EM. C-Reactive Protein and Skin Temperature of the lower limbs of Brazilian elite soccer players like load markers following three consecutive games. J Therm Biol 2022; 105:103188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ruas CV, Latella C, Taylor JL, Haff GG, Nosaka K. Early Detection of Prolonged Decreases in Maximal Voluntary Contraction Force after Eccentric Exercise of the Knee Extensors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:267-279. [PMID: 35029591 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined whether the magnitude of muscle damage indicated by changes in maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) strength 1 to 3 d after unaccustomed eccentric exercise (ECC) was correlated with changes in central and peripheral neuromuscular parameters immediately post-ECC. METHODS Twenty participants (19-36 yr) performed six sets of eight eccentric contractions of the knee extensors. Rate of force development (RFD) during knee extensor MVIC, twitch force, rate of force development (RFDRT) and rate of relaxation (RRRT) of the resting twitch, maximal M-wave (MMAX), voluntary activation, silent period duration, motor-evoked potentials (MEP) and short-interval intracortical inhibition were assessed before, immediately after, and 1 to 3 d post-ECC. Relationships between changes in these variables immediately post-ECC and changes in MVIC strength at 1 to 3 d post-ECC were examined by Pearson product-moment (r) or Spearman correlations. RESULTS Maximal voluntary isometric contraction strength decreased (-22.2% ± 18.4%) immediately postexercise, and remained below baseline at 1 (-16.3% ± 15.2%), 2 (-14.7% ± 13.2%) and 3 d post-ECC (-8.6% ± 15.7%). Immediately post-ECC, RFD (0-30-ms: -38.3% ± 31.4%), twitch force (-45.9% ± 22.4%), RFDRT (-32.5% ± 40.7%), RRRT (-38.0% ± 39.7%), voluntary activation (-21.4% ± 16.5%) and MEP/MMAX at rest (-42.5% ± 23.3%) also decreased, whereas the silent period duration at 10%-MVIC increased by 26.0% ± 12.2% (P < 0.05). Decreases in RFD at 0 to 30 ms, 0 to 50 ms, and 0 to 100 ms immediately post-ECC were correlated (P < 0.05) with changes in MVIC strength at 1 d (r = 0.56-0.60) and 2 d post-ECC (r = 0.53-0.63). Changes in MEP/MMAX at 10%-MVIC immediately post-ECC were correlated with changes in MVIC strength at 1 d (r = -0.53) and 2 d (r = -0.54) post-ECC (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The magnitude of decrease in MVIC strength at 1 to 3 d after ECC was associated with the magnitude of changes in RFD and MEP/MMAX immediately post-ECC. However, based on individual data, these markers were not sensitive for the practical detection of muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, AUSTRALIA
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Aldosari Z, Abbasian N, Robinson K, Bevington A, Watson E. Low pH up-regulates interleukin-6 mRNA in L6-G8C5 rat skeletal muscle cells independent of pH sensing by SNAT2(SLC38A2) transporters. FASEB Bioadv 2022; 4:138-152. [PMID: 35141477 PMCID: PMC8814557 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise is known to create a transient, but potent increase in skeletal muscle expression of potentially anti-inflammatory myokine interleukin-6 (IL-6). This effect may be clinically important in managing chronic inflammatory states. It has previously been proposed that lactic acidosis following exercise promotes this IL-6 up-regulation, but the mechanism of this acidosis effect is unknown. Rat skeletal muscle cell line L6-G8C5 has been used previously to model metabolic effects of acidosis, sensing low pH through the resulting inhibition of amino acid transporter SNAT2(SLC38A2). Use of ionophore ionomycin to model the rise in intracellular Ca2+ concentration occurring in contracting muscle strongly up-regulates IL-6 mRNA in L6-G8C5 myotubes. This study used this model to test the hypothesis that low extracellular pH (7.1) enhances ionomycin-induced IL-6 mRNA up-regulation by inhibiting SNAT2. Incubation of L6-G8C5 myotubes for 6 h with 0.5 µM ionomycin at control pH (7.4) resulted in a 15-fold increase in IL-6 mRNA which was further enhanced (1.74-fold) at pH 7.1. In contrast low pH had no significant effect on IL-6 mRNA without ionomycin, nor on the IL-6 mRNA increase that was induced by cyclic stretch. Even though pH 7.1 halved the transport activity of SNAT2, alternative methods of SNAT2 inhibition (JNK inhibitor SP600125; SNAT2 antagonist MeAIB; or SNAT2 silencing with siRNA) did not mimic the enhancing effect of low pH on IL-6 mRNA. On the contrary, JNK inhibition blunted the effect of pH 7.1 with ionomycin, but had no effect at pH 7.4. It is concluded that low pH promotes Ca2+/ionomycin-induced up-regulation of IL-6 mRNA through a novel SNAT2-independent JNK-dependent pH-sensing pathway not previously described in this skeletal muscle model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyad Aldosari
- Department of Respiratory SciencesUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
- Department of Medical Laboratories SciencesCollege of Applied Medical Sciences in AlquwayiyahShaqra UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Nima Abbasian
- School of Life and Medical SciencesUniversity of HertfordshireHatfieldUK
| | | | - Alan Bevington
- Department of Respiratory SciencesUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - Emma Watson
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
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Lecina M, Castellar C, Pradas F, López-Laval I. 768-km Multi-Stage Ultra-Trail Case Study-Muscle Damage, Biochemical Alterations and Strength Loss on Lower Limbs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19020876. [PMID: 35055697 PMCID: PMC8776162 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A series of case studies aimed to evaluate muscular fatigue in running a 768-km ultra-trail race in 11 days. Four non-professional athletes (four males) were enrolled. Muscle damage blood biomarkers (creatine kinase (CK), lactodeshydrogenase (LDH), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lower limb strength were evaluated by using Bosco jumps test; squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ) and Abalakov jump (ABA) were assessed before (pre), after the race (post) and for two and nine days during the recovery period (rec2 and rec9), respectively. Results showed: pre-post SJ = −28%, CMJ = −36% and ABA = −21%. Values returned to basal during rec9: SJ = −1%, CMJ = −2% or even exceeded pre-values ABA = +3%. On the contrary, muscle damage blood biomarkers values increased at post; CK = +888%, LDH = +172%, AST = +167% and ALT = +159% and the values returned gradually to baseline at rec9 except for AST = +226% and ALT = +103% which remained higher. Nonparametric bivariate Spearman’s test showed strong correlations (Rs ≥ 0.8) between some jumps and muscle damage biomarkers at post (SJ-LDH Rs = 0.80, SJ-AST Rs = 0.8, ABA-LD H Rs = 0.80 and ABA-AST Rs = 0.80), at rec2 (SJ-CK Rs = 0.80 and SJ-ALT Rs = 0.80) and even during rec9 (ABA-CK). Similarly, some parameters such as accumulated elevation and training volume showed a strong correlation with LDH values after finishing the ultra-trail race. The alteration induced by completing an ultra-trail event in the muscle affects lower limb strength and may in some circumstances result in serious medical conditions including post- exertional rhabdomyolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Lecina
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain;
| | - Carlos Castellar
- ENFYRED Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain; (C.C.); (F.P.)
| | - Francisco Pradas
- ENFYRED Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain; (C.C.); (F.P.)
| | - Isaac López-Laval
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain;
- Movimiento Humano Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Docherty S, Harley R, McAuley JJ, Crowe LAN, Pedret C, Kirwan PD, Siebert S, Millar NL. The effect of exercise on cytokines: implications for musculoskeletal health: a narrative review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:5. [PMID: 34991697 PMCID: PMC8740100 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The physiological effects of physical exercise are ubiquitously reported as beneficial to the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems. Exercise is widely promoted by medical professionals to aid both physical and emotional wellbeing; however, mechanisms through which this is achieved are less well understood. Despite numerous beneficial attributes, certain types of exercise can inflict significant significant physiological stress. Several studies document a key relationship between exercise and immune activation. Activation of the innate immune system occurs in response to exercise and it is proposed this is largely mediated by cytokine signalling. Cytokines are typically classified according to their inflammatory properties and evidence has shown that cytokines expressed in response to exercise are diverse and may act to propagate, modulate or mitigate inflammation in musculoskeletal health. The review summarizes the existing literature on the relationship between exercise and the immune system with emphasis on how exercise-induced cytokine expression modulates inflammation and the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Docherty
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| | - Rachael Harley
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| | - Joseph J McAuley
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| | - Lindsay A N Crowe
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| | - Carles Pedret
- Sports Medicine and Imaging Department, Clinica Diagonal, C/Sant Mateu 24-26, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Paul D Kirwan
- School of Physiotherapy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Physiotherapy Department, Connolly Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stefan Siebert
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| | - Neal L Millar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK.
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172
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Relationship between Eccentric-Exercise-Induced Loss in Muscle Function to Muscle Soreness and Tissue Hardness. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10010096. [PMID: 35052259 PMCID: PMC8775922 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that unusual exercise, especially eccentric contraction (ECC), could cause delayed-onset muscle soreness. However, the factors related to the loss of muscle strength and range of motion (ROM) caused by eccentrically damaged muscle, such as increases in muscle soreness, tissue hardness, and pain threshold, have not been investigated in detail. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the factors related to the loss of muscle strength and ROM caused by eccentrically damaged muscle in a large sample. Fifty-six sedentary healthy young male volunteers were instructed to perform 60 repetitions of ECC exercise. The outcome variables were measured before and 48 h after the ECC exercise. The results showed that a decrease in ROM was correlated to an increase in tissue hardness, whereas a decrease in muscle strength was correlated to an increase in muscle soreness. Our results suggested that tissue hardness must be controlled for ROM loss, and muscle soreness must be controlled for muscle-strength loss.
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173
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Bizjak DA, Treff G, Zügel M, Schumann U, Winkert K, Schneider M, Abendroth D, Steinacker JM. Differences in Immune Response During Competition and Preparation Phase in Elite Rowers. Front Physiol 2022; 12:803863. [PMID: 34975545 PMCID: PMC8718927 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.803863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Metabolic stress is high during training and competition of Olympic rowers, but there is a lack of biomedical markers allowing to quantify training load on the molecular level. We aimed to identify such markers applying a complex approach involving inflammatory and immunologic variables. Methods: Eleven international elite male rowers (age 22.7 ± 2.4 yrs.; VO2max 71 ± 5 ml·min-1·kg-1) of the German National Rowing team were monitored at competition phase (COMP) vs. preparation phase (PREP), representing high vs. low load. Perceived stress and recovery were assessed by a Recovery Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ-76 Sport). Immune cell activation (dendritic cell (DC)/macrophage/monocytes/T-cells) was evaluated via fluorescent activated cell sorting. Cytokines, High-Mobility Group Protein B1 (HMGB1), cell-free DNA (cfDNA), creatine kinase (CK), uric acid (UA), and kynurenine (KYN) were measured in venous blood. Results: Rowers experienced more general stress and less recovery during COMP, but sports-related stress and recovery did not differ from PREP. During COMP, DC/macrophage/monocyte and T-regulatory cells (Treg-cell) increased (p = 0.001 and 0.010). HMGB1 and cfDNA increased in most athletes during COMP (p = 0.001 and 0.048), while CK, UA, and KYN remained unaltered (p = 0.053, 0.304, and 0.211). Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β (p = 0.002), TNF-α (p < 0.001), and the chemokine IL-8 (p = 0.001) were elevated during COMP, while anti-inflammatory Il-10 was lower (p = 0.002). Conclusion: COMP resulted in an increase in biomarkers reflecting tissue damage, with plausible evidence of immune cell activation that appeared to be compensated by anti-inflammatory mechanisms, such as Treg-cell proliferation. We suggest an anti-inflammatory and immunological matrix approach to optimize training load quantification in elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alexander Bizjak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gunnar Treff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martina Zügel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Uwe Schumann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kay Winkert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marion Schneider
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Division of Experimental Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Michael Steinacker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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174
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Benefits on Hematological and Biochemical Parameters of a High-Intensity Interval Training Program for a Half-Marathon in Recreational Middle-Aged Women Runners. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19010498. [PMID: 35010758 PMCID: PMC8744745 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: half-marathon races are popular among recreational runners, with increases in participation among middle-aged and women. We aimed to determine the effects of two half-marathon training programs on hematological and biochemical markers in middle-aged female recreational runners; (2) Methods: ten women (40 ± 7 years) followed moderate intensity continuous training (MICT), based on running volume below 80% V˙O2max, and another ten women followed high intensity interval training (HIIT) at 80%–100% V˙O2max, with less volume, and combined with eccentric loading exercise. Hematology, plasma osmolality, and plasma markers of metabolic status, muscle damage, inflammatory, and oxidative stress were measured before (S1) and after (S2) training and 24 h after the half-marathon (S3); (3) Results: both training programs had similar moderate effects at S2. However, the acute response at S3 induced different alterations. There was a greater decrease in cholesterol and triglyceride levels in MICT and reductions in markers of damage and inflammation in HIIT. Greater variability in some plasma markers at S3 in MICT suggests that there is inter-individual variability in the response to training; (4) Conclusions: HIIT led to better adaptation to the competition maybe because of the repeated exposure to higher oxygen consumption and eccentric loading exercise.
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175
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Dutra de Morais Mourão N, Lopes J, Neto A, Pérego S, França A, França E. Behavior profile of cytokines submitted to combat sports. A systematic review. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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176
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Lin CH, Lin YA, Chen SL, Hsu MC, Hsu CC. American Ginseng Attenuates Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage via the Modulation of Lipid Peroxidation and Inflammatory Adaptation in Males. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010078. [PMID: 35010953 PMCID: PMC8746757 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is characterized by a reduction in functional performance, disruption of muscle structure, production of reactive oxygen species, and inflammatory reactions. Ginseng, along with its major bioactive component ginsenosides, has been widely employed in traditional Chinese medicine. The protective potential of American ginseng (AG) for eccentric EIMD remains unclear. Twelve physically active males (age: 22.4 ± 1.7 years; height: 175.1 ± 5.7 cm; weight: 70.8 ± 8.0 kg; peak oxygen consumption [V˙O2peak] 54.1 ± 4.3 mL/kg/min) were administrated by AG extract (1.6 g/day) or placebo (P) for 28 days and subsequently challenged by downhill (DH) running (−10% gradient and 60% V˙O2peak). The levels of circulating 8-iso-prostaglandin F 2α (PGF2α), creatine kinase (CK), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-10, and TNF-α, and the graphic pain rating scale (GPRS) were measured before and after supplementation and DH running. The results showed that the increases in plasma CK activity induced by DH running were eliminated by AG supplementation at 48 and 72 h after DH running. The level of plasma 8-iso-PGF2α was attenuated by AG supplementation immediately (p = 0.01 and r = 0.53), 2 h (p = 0.01 and r = 0.53) and 24 h (p = 0.028 and r = 0.45) after DH running compared with that by P supplementation. Moreover, our results showed an attenuation in the plasma IL-4 levels between AG and P supplementation before (p = 0.011 and r = 0.52) and 72 h (p = 0.028 and r = 0.45) following DH running. Our findings suggest that short-term supplementation with AG alleviates eccentric EIMD by decreasing lipid peroxidation and promoting inflammatory adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hung Lin
- Physical Education Office, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-An Lin
- Department of Sports Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Shu-Li Chen
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan;
| | - Mei-Chich Hsu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Substance and Behavior Addiction Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-C.H.); (C.-C.H.); Tel.: +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2285) (M.-C.H.); +886-2-2736-1661 (ext. 3259) (C.-C.H.)
| | - Cheng-Chen Hsu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-C.H.); (C.-C.H.); Tel.: +886-7-312-1101 (ext. 2285) (M.-C.H.); +886-2-2736-1661 (ext. 3259) (C.-C.H.)
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177
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Transcriptomic adaptation during skeletal muscle habituation to eccentric or concentric exercise training. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23930. [PMID: 34907264 PMCID: PMC8671437 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03393-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eccentric (ECC) and concentric (CON) contractions induce distinct muscle remodelling patterns that manifest early during exercise training, the causes of which remain unclear. We examined molecular signatures of early contraction mode-specific muscle adaptation via transcriptome-wide network and secretome analyses during 2 weeks of ECC- versus CON-specific (downhill versus uphill running) exercise training (exercise 'habituation'). Despite habituation attenuating total numbers of exercise-induced genes, functional gene-level profiles of untrained ECC or CON were largely unaltered post-habituation. Network analysis revealed 11 ECC-specific modules, including upregulated extracellular matrix and immune profiles plus downregulated mitochondrial pathways following untrained ECC. Of 3 CON-unique modules, 2 were ribosome-related and downregulated post-habituation. Across training, 376 ECC-specific and 110 CON-specific hub genes were identified, plus 45 predicted transcription factors. Secreted factors were enriched in 3 ECC- and/or CON-responsive modules, with all 3 also being under the predicted transcriptional control of SP1 and KLF4. Of 34 candidate myokine hubs, 1 was also predicted to have elevated expression in skeletal muscle versus other tissues: THBS4, of a secretome-enriched module upregulated after untrained ECC. In conclusion, distinct untrained ECC and CON transcriptional responses are dampened after habituation without substantially shifting molecular functional profiles, providing new mechanistic candidates into contraction-mode specific muscle regulation.
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178
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Visconti LM, Cotter JA, Schick EE, Daniels N, Viray FE, Purcell CA, Brotman CB, Ruhman KE, Escobar KA. Impact of varying doses of omega-3 supplementation on muscle damage and recovery after eccentric resistance exercise. Metabol Open 2021; 12:100133. [PMID: 34693240 PMCID: PMC8515381 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2021.100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) commonly occurs following intense resistance exercise and is associated with decrements in exercise performance and delayed muscle recovery. Thus, practical methods to attenuate EIMD would prove useful to both training and athletic populations. Omega-3 (n-3) supplementation has been shown to mitigate EIMD with evidence of increasing efficacy at higher doses (up to 6 g/day). However, data of its efficacy in trained individuals is limited. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of 6 and 8 g of n-3 supplementation on markers of muscle damage and muscle recovery after eccentric resistance exercise in resistance-trained males. METHODS Using a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design, 26 resistance trained males (23 ± 4 years; 173.6 ± 20.5 cm; 81.9 ± 9.7 kg; 14.2 ± 3.7% body fat) supplemented with 6 (n=10) or 8 g (n=7) of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, or placebo (n=9) for 33 days. On day 30, participants performed a lower body muscle-damaging eccentric resistance exercise bout. Measures of muscle performance, soreness, and damage were taken pre-exercise on day 30 as well as on days 31-33, including vertical jump height (VJH), perceived muscle soreness (PMS), hip and knee range of motion (ROM), repetitions to fatigue (RTF) at 70% 1-RM, and serum creatine kinase (CK) while participants continued to supplement until day 33. RESULTS There were significant differences in VJH, PMS, and serum CK following the muscle-damaging exercise bout compared to pre-exercise (p<0.05). However, there were no significant (p>0.05) differences between supplementation groups (6 g, 8 g, and placebo) at any time point post-exercise (day 31-33). There were no changes in hip and knee ROM or RTF at any time point or between groups. Vertical jump height and PMS returned to pre-exercise levels despite CK remaining elevated post-exercise. CONCLUSIONS Thirty-three days of 6 and 8 g of n-3 supplementation did not attenuate EIMD or enhance muscle recovery following muscle-damaging eccentric resistance exercise in resistance-trained males. Further research using various n-3 supplementation durations, doses, and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations may be needed to establish its efficacy in attenuating EIMD, which may vary between trained and untrained individuals. Furthermore, while circulating CK is commonly used to assess muscle damage, elevated CK levels may not reflect muscle recovery status following muscle-damaging exercise.
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Key Words
- Athletic performance
- CK, creatine kinase
- DHA, docosahexaenoic acid
- DOMS, delayed-onset muscle soreness
- Dietary supplements
- EIMD, exercise-induced muscle damage
- EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid
- Fatty acids
- Omega-3
- PMS, perceived muscle soreness
- ROM, range of motion
- RTF, repetitions to fatigue
- Resistance training
- Sports nutritional sciences
- VJH, vertical jump height
- n-3, omega-3
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Visconti
- Physiology of EXercise & Sport Lab, Department of Kinesiology, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, 90840, USA
- Southern California University of Health Sciences, Whittier, CA, 90604, USA
| | - Joshua A. Cotter
- Physiology of EXercise & Sport Lab, Department of Kinesiology, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, 90840, USA
| | - Evan E. Schick
- Physiology of EXercise & Sport Lab, Department of Kinesiology, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, 90840, USA
| | - Noah Daniels
- Physiology of EXercise & Sport Lab, Department of Kinesiology, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, 90840, USA
| | - Frederick E. Viray
- Physiology of EXercise & Sport Lab, Department of Kinesiology, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, 90840, USA
| | - Carson A. Purcell
- Physiology of EXercise & Sport Lab, Department of Kinesiology, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, 90840, USA
| | - Cate B.R. Brotman
- Physiology of EXercise & Sport Lab, Department of Kinesiology, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, 90840, USA
| | - Karen E. Ruhman
- Physiology of EXercise & Sport Lab, Department of Kinesiology, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, 90840, USA
| | - Kurt A. Escobar
- Physiology of EXercise & Sport Lab, Department of Kinesiology, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, 90840, USA
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180
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Kayacan Y, Çetinkaya A, Yazar H, Makaracı Y. Oxidative stress response to different exercise intensity with an automated assay: thiol/disulphide homeostasis. Arch Physiol Biochem 2021; 127:504-508. [PMID: 31409146 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2019.1651868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different intensity treadmill exercises on the thiol disulphide homeostasis which is a new marker of oxidative stress in rats. Male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups as follows: control (CNT), low (LEx), moderate (MEx) and high-intensity exercise (HEx) group. Exercise was performed for 4 weeks. Following completion of the experimental protocol, serum total thiol, native thiol and disulphide concentrations were determined using a novel automated measurement method. Additionally, dynamic disulphide status, reduced thiol, oxidised thiol and thiol oxidation reduction percentage ratios were compared among the groups. Disulphide levels were significantly lower in MEx group and highest in CNT group (p = .047). The lowest oxidised thiol and the highest reduced thiol were determined in CNT group (p = .086; p = .083). These findings indicate that moderate-intensity exercise is more effective in reducing oxidative stress than low and high-intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yildirim Kayacan
- Yasar Dogu Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Çetinkaya
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Hayrullah Yazar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Yücel Makaracı
- Yasar Dogu Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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181
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Singh P, Chazaud B. Benefits and pathologies associated with the inflammatory response. Exp Cell Res 2021; 409:112905. [PMID: 34736921 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Adult skeletal muscle regenerates completely after a damage, thanks to the satellite cells, or muscle stem cells (MuSCs), that implement the adult myogenic program. This program is sustained by both robust intrinsic mechanisms and extrinsic cues coming from the close neighborhood of MuSCs during muscle regeneration. Among the various cell types present in the regenerating muscle, immune cells, and particularly macrophages, exert numerous functions and provide sequential transient niches to support the myogenic program. The adequate orchestration of the delivery of these cues ensures efficient muscle regeneration and full functional recovery. The situation is very different in muscular dystrophies where asynchronous and permanent microinjuries occur, triggering contradictory regenerating cues at the same time in a specific area, that lead to chronic inflammation and fibrogenesis. Here we review the beneficial effects that leukocytes, and particularly macrophages, exert on their neighboring cells during skeletal muscle regeneration after an acute injury. Then, the more complicated (and less beneficial) roles of leukocytes during muscular dystrophies are presented. Finally, we discuss how the inflammatory compartment may be a target to improve muscle regeneration in both acute muscle injury and muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawandeep Singh
- Institut NeuroMyoGene, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Université Lyon, Faculté de Médecine, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Bénédicte Chazaud
- Institut NeuroMyoGene, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Université Lyon, Faculté de Médecine, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, 69008, Lyon, France.
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182
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Hughes RL, Holscher HD. Fueling Gut Microbes: A Review of the Interaction between Diet, Exercise, and the Gut Microbiota in Athletes. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:2190-2215. [PMID: 34229348 PMCID: PMC8634498 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The athlete's goal is to optimize their performance. Towards this end, nutrition has been used to improve the health of athletes' brains, bones, muscles, and cardiovascular system. However, recent research suggests that the gut and its resident microbiota may also play a role in athlete health and performance. Therefore, athletes should consider dietary strategies in the context of their potential effects on the gut microbiota, including the impact of sports-centric dietary strategies (e.g., protein supplements, carbohydrate loading) on the gut microbiota as well as the effects of gut-centric dietary strategies (e.g., probiotics, prebiotics) on performance. This review provides an overview of the interaction between diet, exercise, and the gut microbiota, focusing on dietary strategies that may impact both the gut microbiota and athletic performance. Current evidence suggests that the gut microbiota could, in theory, contribute to the effects of dietary intake on athletic performance by influencing microbial metabolite production, gastrointestinal physiology, and immune modulation. Common dietary strategies such as high protein and simple carbohydrate intake, low fiber intake, and food avoidance may adversely impact the gut microbiota and, in turn, performance. Conversely, intake of adequate dietary fiber, a variety of protein sources, and emphasis on unsaturated fats, especially omega-3 (ɷ-3) fatty acids, in addition to consumption of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics, have shown promising results in optimizing athlete health and performance. Ultimately, while this is an emerging and promising area of research, more studies are needed that incorporate, control, and manipulate all 3 of these elements (i.e., diet, exercise, and gut microbiome) to provide recommendations for athletes on how to "fuel their microbes."
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley L Hughes
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Hannah D Holscher
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Division of Nutrition Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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183
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Russell BM, Chang CR, Hill T, Cotter JD, Francois ME. Post-exercise Warm or Cold Water Immersion to Augment the Cardiometabolic Benefits of Exercise Training: A Proof of Concept Trial. Front Physiol 2021; 12:759240. [PMID: 34803740 PMCID: PMC8595200 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.759240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether substituting the final half within 60-min bouts of exercise with passive warm or cold water immersion would provide similar or greater benefits for cardiometabolic health. Thirty healthy participants were randomized to two of three short-term training interventions in a partial crossover (12 sessions over 14–16 days, 4 week washout): (i) EXS: 60 min cycling 70% maximum heart rate (HRmax), (ii) WWI: 30 min cycling then 30 min warm water (38–40°C) immersion, and/or (iii) CWI: 30 min cycling then 30 min cold water (10–12°C) immersion. Before and after, participants completed a 20 min cycle work trial, V.O2max test, and an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test during which indirect calorimetry was used to measure substrate oxidation and metabolic flexibility (slope of fasting to post-prandial carbohydrate oxidation). Data from twenty two participants (25 ± 5 year, BMI 23 ± 3 kg/m2, Female = 11) were analyzed using a fixed-effects linear mixed model. V.O2max increased more in EXS (interaction p = 0.004) than CWI (95% CI: 1.1, 5.3 mL/kg/min, Cohen’s d = 1.35), but not WWI (CI: −0.4, 3.9 mL/kg/min, d = 0.72). Work trial distance and power increased 383 ± 223 m and 20 ± 6 W, respectively, without differences between interventions (interaction both p > 0.68). WWI lowered post-prandial glucose ∼9% (CI −1.9, −0.5 mmol/L; d = 0.63), with no difference between interventions (interaction p = 0.469). Substituting the second half of exercise with WWI provides similar cardiometabolic health benefits to time matched exercise, however, substituting with CWI does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke M Russell
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Courtney R Chang
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Terry Hill
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - James D Cotter
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Monique E Francois
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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184
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Watson EL, Baker LA, Wilkinson TJ, Gould DW, Xenophontos S, Graham-Brown M, Major RW, Ashford RU, Viana JL, Smith AC. Inflammation and physical dysfunction: responses to moderate intensity exercise in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 37:860-868. [PMID: 35090033 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfab333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with chronic kidney disease (CKD) experience skeletal muscle wasting, reduced levels of physical function and performance, and chronic systemic inflammation. While it is known that a relationship exists between inflammation and muscle wasting, the association between inflammation and physical function or performance in CKD has not been well studied. Exercise has anti-inflammatory effects, but little is known regarding the effect of moderate intensity exercise. This study aimed to (i) compare systemic and intramuscular inflammation between CKD stage G3b-5 and non-CKD controls; (ii) establish whether a relationship exists between physical performance, exercise capacity and inflammation in CKD; (iii) determine changes in systemic and intramuscular inflammation following 12 weeks of exercise; and (iv) investigate whether improving inflammatory status via training contributes to improvements in physical performance and muscle mass. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of previously collected data. CKD patients stages G3b-5 (n = 84, n = 43 males) and non-CKD controls (n = 26, n = 17 males) underwent tests of physical performance, exercise capacity, muscle strength and muscle size. In addition, a subgroup of CKD participants underwent 12 weeks of exercise training, randomized to aerobic (AE, n = 21) or combined (CE, n = 20) training. Plasma and intramuscular inflammation and myostatin were measured at rest and following exercise. RESULTS Tumour necrosis factor-α was negatively associated with lower $^{^{^{.}}}{\rm V}$O2Peak (P = 0.01), Rectus femoris-cross sectional area (P = 0.002) and incremental shuttle walk test performance (P < 0.001). Interleukin-6 was negatively associated with sit-to-stand 60 performances (P = 0.006) and hand grip strength (P = 0.001). Unaccustomed exercise created an intramuscular inflammatory response that was attenuated following 12 weeks of training. Exercise training did not reduce systemic inflammation, but AE training did significantly reduce mature myostatin levels (P = 0.02). Changes in inflammation were not associated with changes in physical performance. CONCLUSIONS Systemic inflammation may contribute to reduced physical function in CKD. Twelve weeks of exercise training was unable to reduce the level of chronic systemic inflammation in these patients, but did reduce plasma myostatin concentrations. Further research is required to further investigate this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Watson
- Leicester Kidney Lifestyle Team, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Luke A Baker
- Leicester Kidney Lifestyle Team, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Tom J Wilkinson
- Leicester Kidney Lifestyle Team, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Doug W Gould
- Leicester Kidney Lifestyle Team, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Soteris Xenophontos
- Leicester Kidney Lifestyle Team, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Matthew Graham-Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,John Walls Renal Unit, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Rupert W Major
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,John Walls Renal Unit, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Robert U Ashford
- Leicester Orthopaedics, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Joao L Viana
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Portugal
| | - Alice C Smith
- Leicester Kidney Lifestyle Team, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
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185
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Naughton M, McLean S, Scott TJ, Weaving D, Solomon C. Quantifying Fatigue in the Rugby Codes: The Interplay Between Collision Characteristics and Neuromuscular Performance, Biochemical Measures, and Self-Reported Assessments of Fatigue. Front Physiol 2021; 12:711634. [PMID: 34776996 PMCID: PMC8586499 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.711634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Locomotor and collision actions that rugby players complete during match-play often lead to substantial fatigue, and in turn, delays in recovery. The methods used to quantify post-match fatigue and recovery can be categorised as subjective and objective, with match-related collision characteristics thought to have a primary role in modulating these recovery measures. The aim of this review was to (1) evaluate how post-match recovery has been quantified in the rugby football codes (i.e., rugby league, rugby union, and rugby sevens), (2) to explore the time-course of commonly used measures of fatigue post-match, and (3) to investigate the relationships between game-related collisions and fatigue metrics. The available evidence suggests that upper-, and lower-body neuromuscular performance are negatively affected, and biomarkers of muscular damage and inflammation increase in the hours and days following match-play, with the largest differences being at 12–36 h post-match. The magnitude of such responses varies within and between neuromuscular performance (Δ ≤ 36%, n = 13 studies) and tissue biomarker (Δ ≤ 585%, n = 18 studies) measures, but nevertheless appears strongly related to collision frequency and intensity. Likewise, the increase in perceived soreness in the hours and days post-match strongly correlate to collision characteristics across the rugby football codes. Within these findings, there are specific differences in positional groups and recovery trajectories between the codes which relate to athlete characteristics, and/or locomotor and collision characteristics. Finally, based on these findings, we offer a conceptual model of fatigue which details the multidimensional latent structure of the load to fatigue relationship contextualised to rugby. Research to date has been limited to univariate associations to explore relationships between collision characteristics and recovery, and multivariate methods are necessary and recommended to account for the latent structures of match-play external load and post-match fatigue constructs. Practitioners should be aware of the typical time windows of fatigue recovery and utilise both subjective and objective metrics to holistically quantify post-match recovery in rugby.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Naughton
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott McLean
- Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Tannath J Scott
- New South Wales Rugby League, Sydney Olympic Park, NSW, Australia.,Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Weaving
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Solomon
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
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186
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Sabapathy M, Tan F, Al Hussein S, Jaafar H, Brocherie F, Racinais S, Ihsan M. Effect of heat pre-conditioning on recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage. Curr Res Physiol 2021; 4:155-162. [PMID: 34746835 PMCID: PMC8562196 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of heat pre-conditioning on the recovery of muscle torque, microvascular function, movement economy and stride mechanics following exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Twenty male participants were equally assigned to a control (CON) and an experimental group (HEAT), and performed a 30-min downhill run (DHR) to elicit EIMD. HEAT group received three consecutive days of heat exposure (45.1 ± 3.2 min of hot water immersion at 42 °C) prior to DHR. Microvascular function (near-infrared spectroscopy), maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque of the knee extensors, as well as two treadmill-based steady-state runs performed below (SSR-1) and above (SSR-2) the first ventilatory threshold were assessed prior to DHR and repeated for four consecutive days post-DHR (D1-POST to D4-POST). The decline in MVC torque following EIMD was attenuated in HEAT compared with CON at D1-POST (p = 0.037), D3-POST (p = 0.002) and D4-POST (p = 0.022). Muscle soreness increased in both CON and HEAT, but was significantly attenuated in HEAT compared with CON at D2-POST (p = 0.024) and D3-POST (p = 0.013). Microvascular function decreased in CON from D1-POST to D3-POST (p = 0.009 to 0.018), and was lower compared with HEAT throughout D1-POST to D3-POST (p = 0.003 to 0.017). Pre-heat treatment decreased the magnitude of strength loss and muscle soreness, as well as attenuated the decline in microvascular function following EIMD. Heat treatment appears a promising pre-conditioning strategy when embarking on intensified training periods or competition. Three days of heat pre-conditioning decreases the extent of strength loss, soreness and microvascular function after EIMD. Pre heat treatment might be a promising preconditioning tool prior to intensified training periods or competition. Heat tretament may positively impact activities of daily living, training quality and adherence to training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Sabapathy
- Sport Physiology, Sport Science and Medicine, Singapore Sport Institute, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Frankie Tan
- Sport Physiology, Sport Science and Medicine, Singapore Sport Institute, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Shadiq Al Hussein
- Sport Physiology, Sport Science and Medicine, Singapore Sport Institute, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Haiyum Jaafar
- Football Science and Medicine, Football Association of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Sebastien Racinais
- Research and Scientific Support, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammed Ihsan
- Sport Physiology, Sport Science and Medicine, Singapore Sport Institute, Republic of Singapore
- Research and Scientific Support, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Human Potential Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Corresponding author. Human Potential Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore. 10 Medical Drive, 117597, Singapore.
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187
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de Sousa CAZ, Sierra APR, Martínez Galán BS, Maciel JFDS, Manoel R, Barbeiro HV, de Souza HP, Cury-Boaventura MF. Time Course and Role of Exercise-Induced Cytokines in Muscle Damage and Repair After a Marathon Race. Front Physiol 2021; 12:752144. [PMID: 34721075 PMCID: PMC8554198 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.752144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance exercise induces an increase in the expression of exercise-induced peptides that participate in the repair and regeneration of skeletal muscles. The present study aimed to evaluate the time course and role of exercise-induced cytokines in muscle damage and repair after a marathon race. Fifty-seven Brazilian male amateur marathon finishers, aged 30–55 years, participated in this study. The blood samples were collected 24 h before, immediately after, and 24 and 72 h after the São Paulo International Marathon. The leukogram and muscle damage markers were analyzed using routine automated methodology in the clinical laboratory. The plasma levels of the exercise-induced cytokines were determined using the Human Magnetic Bead Panel or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays [decorin and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15)]. A muscle damage was characterized by an increase in plasma myocellular proteins and immune changes (leukocytosis and neutrophilia). Running the marathon increased interleukin (IL)-6 (4-fold), IL-8 (1.5-fold), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (2.4-fold), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (1.5-fold), IL-10 (11-fold), decorin (1.9-fold), GDF-15 (1.8-fold), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (2.7-fold), follistatin (2-fold), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF-21) (3.4-fold) plasma levels. We also observed a reduction in musclin, myostatin, IL-15, and apelin levels immediately after the race (by 22–36%), 24 h (by 26–52%), and 72 h after the race (by 25–53%). The changes in BDNF levels were negatively correlated with the variations in troponin levels (r = −0.36). The variations in IL-6 concentrations were correlated with the changes in follistatin (r = 0.33) and FGF-21 (r = 0.31) levels after the race and with myostatin and irisin levels 72 h after the race. The changes in IL-8 and IL-10 levels had positive correlation with variation in musclin (p < 0.05). Regeneration of exercise-induced muscle damage involves the participation of classical inflammatory mediators, as well as GDF-15, BDNF, follistatin, decorin, and FGF-21, whose functions include myogenesis, mytophagia, satellite cell activation, and downregulation of protein degradation. The skeletal muscle damage markers were not associated to myokines response. However, BDNF had a negative correlation with a myocardial damage marker. The classical anti-inflammatory mediators (IL-10, IL-8, and IL-6) induced by exercise are associated to myokines response immediately after the race and in the recovery period and may affect the dynamics of muscle tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Augustus Zocoler de Sousa
- Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Cruzeiro Do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Bryan Steve Martínez Galán
- Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Cruzeiro Do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Fernanda de Sousa Maciel
- Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Cruzeiro Do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richelieau Manoel
- Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Cruzeiro Do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Fernanda Cury-Boaventura
- Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Cruzeiro Do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
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188
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Rose GL, Mielke GI, Durr M, Schaumberg MA. Effect of resistance training on chronic inflammation: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grace Laura Rose
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
| | - Gregore Iven Mielke
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
| | - Madeleine Durr
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
| | - Mia Annalies Schaumberg
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences University of the Sunshine Coast Sippy Downs Australia
- Sunshine Coast Health Institute Birtinya Australia
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189
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Lecina M, López I, Castellar C, Pradas F. Extreme Ultra-Trail Race Induces Muscular Damage, Risk for Acute Kidney Injury and Hyponatremia: A Case Report. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111323. [PMID: 34769840 PMCID: PMC8582916 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A case study involving a healthy trained male athlete who completed a 786 km multi-stage ultra-trail race. Several markers were analyzed in blood and urine samples: creatinine (SCR) for kidney damage, sodium ([Na+]) for hyponatremia, creatine kinase (CK) for exertional rhabdomyolysis, as well as other hematological values. Samples were taken before and after the race and during the recovery period (days 2 and 9 after the race). Results showed: SCR = 1.13 mg/dl, [Na+] =139 mmol/l and CK = 1.099 UI/l. Criteria for the determination of acute kidney damage were not met, and [Na+] concentration was above 135 mEq/L, indicating the absence of hyponatremia. Exertional rhabdomyolysis was suffered by the athlete (baseline CK increased fivefold), though this situation was reverted after 9 days of recovery. Ultra-trail races cause biochemical changes in athletes, which should be known about by healthcare professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Lecina
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain; (M.L.); (I.L.)
| | - Isaac López
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain; (M.L.); (I.L.)
| | - Carlos Castellar
- ENFYRED Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Francisco Pradas
- ENFYRED Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain;
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190
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Increasing the resting time between drop jumps lessens delayed-onset muscle soreness and limits the extent of prolonged low-frequency force depression in human knee extensor muscles. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 122:255-266. [PMID: 34674024 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04834-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Unaccustomed eccentric contractions generally result in a long-lasting contractile impairment, referred to as prolonged low-frequency force depression (PLFFD), and delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). We here used repeated drop jumps (DJs) as an eccentric contraction model and studied the effects of increasing the time between DJs from 20 s to 5 min. We hypothesized that both PLFFD and DOMS would be less marked at the longer DJ interval due to the longer time to restore structural elements between DJs. METHODS Young men (n = 12) randomly performed 50 DJs with either 20-s (DJ-20 s) or 5-min (DJ-5 min) rest between DJs. Voluntary, 20 Hz and 100 Hz electrically stimulated isometric knee extension torques and muscle soreness were monitored before and for 7 days after DJs; serum CK activity was measured to assess muscle fibre protein leakage. In additional experiments, changes in mRNA levels were assessed in muscle biopsies collected before and 1 h after exercise. RESULTS A marked PLFFD was observed with both protocols and the extent of 20 Hz torque depression was smaller immediately and 1 day after DJ-5 min than after DJ-20 s (p < 0.05), whereas the MVC and 100 Hz torques were similarly decreased with the two protocols. Markedly larger differences between the two protocols were observed for the muscle soreness score, which 1-4 days after exercise was about two times larger with DJ-20 s than with DJ-5 min (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The larger protective effect of the longer DJ interval against DOMS than against PLFFD indicates that their underlying mechanisms involve different structural elements.
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191
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Ferlito JV, Ferlito MV, Leal-Junior ECP, Tomazoni SS, De Marchi T. Comparison between cryotherapy and photobiomodulation in muscle recovery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 37:1375-1388. [PMID: 34669081 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03442-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) and cryotherapy (CRT) on muscle recovery outcomes. These searches were performed in PubMed, PEDro, CENTRAL, and VHL (which includes the Lilacs, Medline, and SciELO database) from inception to June 2021. We included randomized clinical trials involved healthy human volunteers (> 18 years) underwent an intervention of PBMT and CRT, when used in both isolated form post-exercise. Standardized mean differences (SMD) or mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval were calculated and pooled in a meta-analysis for synthesis. The risk of bias and quality of evidence were assessed through Cochrane risk-of-bias tool and GRADE system. Four articles (66 participants) with a high to low risk of bias were included. The certainty of evidence was classified as moderate to very low. PBMT was estimated to improve the muscle strength (SMD = 1.73, CI 95% 1.33 to 2.13, I2 = 27%, p < 0.00001), reduce delayed onset muscle soreness (MD: - 25.69%, CI 95% - 34.42 to - 16.97, I2 = 89%, p < 0.00001), and lower the concentration of biomarkers of muscle damage (SMD = - 1.48, CI 95% - 1.93 to - 1.03, I2 = 76%, p < 0,00,001) when compared with CRT. There was no difference in oxidative stress and inflammatory levels. Based on our findings, the use of PBMT in muscle recovery after high-intensity exercise appears to be beneficial, provides a clinically important effect, and seems to be the best option when compared to CRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Vitor Ferlito
- Physiotherapy's Clinic, University Center CNEC of Bento Gonçalves (UNICNEC), R. Arlindo Franklin Barbosa, 460, Bento Gonçalves, RS, 95700-000, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Laboratory, University of Caxias Do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinicius Ferlito
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Laboratory, University of Caxias Do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ernesto Cesar Pinto Leal-Junior
- Laboratory of Phototherapy and Innovative Technologies in Health (LaPIT), Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Physiotherapy Research Group, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Shaiane Silva Tomazoni
- Physiotherapy Research Group, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Thiago De Marchi
- Physiotherapy's Clinic, University Center CNEC of Bento Gonçalves (UNICNEC), R. Arlindo Franklin Barbosa, 460, Bento Gonçalves, RS, 95700-000, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Phototherapy and Innovative Technologies in Health (LaPIT), Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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192
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Buss LA, Hock B, Merry TL, Ang AD, Robinson BA, Currie MJ, Dachs GU. Effect of immune modulation on the skeletal muscle mitochondrial exercise response: An exploratory study in mice with cancer. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258831. [PMID: 34665826 PMCID: PMC8525738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer causes mitochondrial alterations in skeletal muscle, which may progress to muscle wasting and, ultimately, to cancer cachexia. Understanding how exercise adaptations are altered by cancer and cancer treatment is important for the effective design of exercise interventions aimed at improving cancer outcomes. We conducted an exploratory study to investigate how tumor burden and cancer immunotherapy treatment (anti-PD-1) modify the skeletal muscle mitochondrial response to exercise training in mice with transplantable tumors (B16-F10 melanoma and EO771 breast cancer). Mice remained sedentary or were provided with running wheels for ~19 days immediately following tumor implant while receiving no treatment (Untreated), isotype control antibody (IgG2a) or anti-PD-1. Exercise and anti-PD-1 did not alter the growth rate of either tumor type, either alone or in combination therapy. Untreated mice with B16-F10 tumors showed increases in most measured markers of skeletal muscle mitochondrial content following exercise training, as did anti-PD-1-treated mice, suggesting increased mitochondrial content following exercise training in these groups. However, mice with B16-F10 tumors receiving the isotype control antibody did not exhibit increased skeletal muscle mitochondrial content following exercise. In untreated mice with EO771 tumors, only citrate synthase activity and complex IV activity were increased following exercise. In contrast, IgG2a and anti-PD-1-treated groups both showed robust increases in most measured markers following exercise. These results indicate that in mice with B16-F10 tumors, IgG2a administration prevents exercise adaptation of skeletal muscle mitochondria, but adaptation remains intact in mice receiving anti-PD-1. In mice with EO771 tumors, both IgG2a and anti-PD-1-treated mice show robust skeletal muscle mitochondrial exercise responses, while untreated mice do not. Taken together, we postulate that immune modulation may enhance skeletal muscle mitochondrial response to exercise in tumor-bearing mice, and suggest this as an exciting new avenue for future research in exercise oncology.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Citrate (si)-Synthase/metabolism
- Electron Transport Complex IV/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Immunoglobulin G/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin G/pharmacology
- Immunotherapy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Physical Conditioning, Animal/methods
- Random Allocation
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A. Buss
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Barry Hock
- Hematology Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Troy L. Merry
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Abel D. Ang
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Bridget A. Robinson
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Canterbury Regional Cancer and Hematology Service, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Margaret J. Currie
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Gabi U. Dachs
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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193
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Mendonça TP, Aidar FJ, Matos DG, Souza RF, Marçal AC, Almeida-Neto PF, Cabral BG, Garrido ND, Neiva HP, Marinho DA, Marques MC, Reis VM. Force production and muscle activation during partial vs. full range of motion in Paralympic Powerlifting. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257810. [PMID: 34644331 PMCID: PMC8513888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Paralympic Powerlifting is a sport in which the strength of the upper limbs is assessed through bench press performance in an adapted specific bench. It is therefore essential to optimize training methods to maximize this performance. The aim of the present study was to compare force production and muscle activation involved in partial vs. full range of motion (ROM) training in Paralympic Powerlifting. Twelve male athletes of elite national level in Paralympic Powerlifting participated in the study (28.60 ± 7.60 years of age, 71.80 ± 17.90 kg of body mass). The athletes performed five sets of 5RM (repetition maximum), either with 90% of 1RM in full ROM or with a load of 130% 1RM in partial ROM. All subjects underwent both exercise conditions in consecutive weeks. Order assignment in the first week was random and counterbalanced. Fatigue index (FI), Maximum Isometric Force (MIF), Time to MIF (Time) and rate of force development (RFD) were determined by a force sensor. Muscle thickness was obtained using ultrasound images. All measures were taken pre- and post-training. Additionally, electromyographic signal (EMG) was evaluated in the last set of each exercise condition. Post-exercise fatigue was higher with full ROM as well as loss of MIF. Full ROM also induced greater. EMG showed greater activation of the Clavicular portion and Sternal portion of pectoralis major muscle and lower in the anterior portion of deltoid muscle when full ROM was performed. Muscle thickness of the pectoralis major muscle increased post-exercise. We concluded that training with partial ROM enables higher workloads with lower loss of muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanise Pires Mendonça
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Felipe José Aidar
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Dihogo Gama Matos
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Raphael Fabrício Souza
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Anderson Carlos Marçal
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports (GEPEPS), Federal University of Sergipe (UFS), São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Breno Guilherme Cabral
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | - Nuno Domingos Garrido
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Henrique Pereira Neiva
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Daniel Almeida Marinho
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário Cardoso Marques
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Victor Machado Reis
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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194
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Al-Muraikhy S, Ramanjaneya M, Dömling AS, Bettahi I, Donati F, Botre F, Abou-Samra AB, Sellami M, Elrayess MA. High Endurance Elite Athletes Show Age-dependent Lower Levels of Circulating Complements Compared to Low/Moderate Endurance Elite Athletes. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:715035. [PMID: 34631796 PMCID: PMC8494969 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.715035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Aerobic exercise activates the complement system in the peripheral blood. However, the effect of age and high intensity endurance training on the levels of circulating complements and sassociated inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress markers and cellular aging remains unknown. Methods: In this study, serum samples from 79 elite athletes who belong to high (n = 48) and low/moderate (n = 31) endurance sports and two age groups (below 30 years old, n = 53, and above 30 years old, n = 26) were profiled for 14 complements. Linear models were used to assess differences in complements levels between sport and age groups. Spearmann’s correlation was used to assess the relationship among detected complements and proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress markers and telomere lengths. Results: High endurance elite athletes exhibited significantly lower levels of circulating C2, C3b/iC3b and adipsin complements than their age-matched low/moderate endurance counterparts. Levels of C2, adipsin and C3b/iC3b were positively correlated with most detected complements, the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-22 and the anti-oxidant enzyme catalase. However, they were negatively correlated with telomere length only in younger elite athletes regardless of their sport groups. Furthermore, high endurance elite athletes showed significantly lower concentrations of C3b/iC3b, C4b, C5, C5a, C1q, C3, C4, factor H and properdin in younger athletes compared to their older counterparts. Conclusion: Our novel data suggest that high endurance elite athletes exhibit age-independent lower levels of circulating C2, C3b/iC3b and adipsin, associated with lower inflammatory, oxidative stress and cellular aging, as well as lower levels of 10 other complements in younger athletes compared to older counterparts. Assessing the effect of various levels of endurance sports on complements-based immune response provides a better understanding of exercise physiology and pathophysiology of elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamma Al-Muraikhy
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Manjunath Ramanjaneya
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Ilham Bettahi
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Francesco Donati
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Botre
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maha Sellami
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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195
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Iolascon G, Moretti A, Paoletta M, Liguori S, Di Munno O. Muscle Regeneration and Function in Sports: A Focus on Vitamin D. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:medicina57101015. [PMID: 34684052 PMCID: PMC8537590 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57101015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Muscle is one of the main targets for the biological effects of vitamin D. This hormone modulates several functions of skeletal muscles, from development to tissue repair after injury, through genomic and non-genomic mechanisms. Vitamin D deficiency and supplementation seem to significantly affect muscle strength in different populations, including athletes, although optimal serum 25(OH)D3 level for sport performance has not been defined so far. Additionally, vitamin D deficiency results in myopathy characterized by fast-twitch fiber atrophy, fatty infiltration, and fibrosis. However, less is known about regenerative effects of vitamin D supplementation after sport-related muscle injuries. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is particularly expressed in the embryonic mesoderm during intrauterine life and in satellite cells at all stages of life for recovery of the skeletal muscle after injury. Vitamin D supplementation enhances muscle differentiation, growth, and regeneration by increasing the expression of myogenic factors in satellite cells. The objective of this narrative review is to describe the role of vitamin D in sport-related muscle injury and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Iolascon
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via de Crecchio, 6, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.I.); (M.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Antimo Moretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via de Crecchio, 6, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.I.); (M.P.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0815665537
| | - Marco Paoletta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via de Crecchio, 6, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.I.); (M.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Sara Liguori
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via de Crecchio, 6, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.I.); (M.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Ombretta Di Munno
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
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196
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The Effect of Submaximal Exercise Followed by Short-Term Cold-Water Immersion on the Inflammatory State in Healthy Recreational Athletes: A Cross-Over Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10184239. [PMID: 34575347 PMCID: PMC8468461 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10184239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold-water immersion (CWI) after exercise is a method used by sportsmen to improve recovery. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of a 3 min CWI on the inflammatory state by measuring levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), and activities of α1-antitrypsin (AAT) and lysosomal enzymes, including arylsulfatase (ASA), acid phosphatase (AcP), and cathepsin D (CTS D), in the blood of healthy recreational athletes. Male volunteers (n = 22, age 25 ± 4.8 yr) performed a 30 min submaximal aerobic exercise, followed by a 20 min rest at room temperature (RT-REST) or a 20 min rest at room temperature with an initial 3 min 8 °C water bath (CWI-REST). Blood samples were taken at baseline, immediately after exercise, and after 20 min of recovery. The IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α levels and the AAT activity increased significantly immediately after exercise. The IL-6 level was significantly higher after CWI-REST than after RT-REST. No changes in the activities of the lysosomal enzymes were observed. The effect of a 3 min CWI on the level of inflammatory markers during post-exercise recovery was limited. Thus, it might be considered as a widely available method of regeneration for recreational athletes.
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197
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Jeffries AC, Marcora SM, Coutts AJ, Wallace L, McCall A, Impellizzeri FM. Development of a Revised Conceptual Framework of Physical Training for Use in Research and Practice. Sports Med 2021; 52:709-724. [PMID: 34519982 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01551-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A conceptual framework has a central role in the scientific process. Its purpose is to synthesize evidence, assist in understanding phenomena, inform future research and act as a reference operational guide in practical settings. We propose an updated conceptual framework intended to facilitate the validation and interpretation of physical training measures. This revised conceptual framework was constructed through a process of qualitative analysis involving a synthesis of the literature, analysis and integration with existing frameworks (Banister and PerPot models). We identified, expanded, and integrated four constructs that are important in the conceptualization of the process and outcomes of physical training. These are: (1) formal introduction of a new measurable component 'training effects', a higher-order construct resulting from the combined effect of four possible responses (acute and chronic, positive and negative); (2) explanation, clarification and examples of training effect measures such as performance, physiological, subjective and other measures (cognitive, biomechanical, etc.); (3) integration of the sport performance outcome continuum (from performance improvements to overtraining); (4) extension and definition of the network of linkages (uni and bidirectional) between individual and contextual factors and other constructs. Additionally, we provided constitutive and operational definitions, and examples of theoretical and practical applications of the framework. These include validation and conceptualization of constructs (e.g., performance readiness), and understanding of higher-order constructs, such as training tolerance, when monitoring training to adapt it to individual responses and effects. This proposed conceptual framework provides an overarching model that may help understand and guide the development, validation, implementation and interpretation of measures used for athlete monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie C Jeffries
- Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Samuele M Marcora
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Aaron J Coutts
- Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lee Wallace
- Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alan McCall
- Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Arsenal Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK
| | - Franco M Impellizzeri
- Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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198
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Connysson M, Rhodin M, Bergh A, Jansson A. Effects of horse housing on musculoskeletal system post-exercise recovery. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/cep200088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of two housing systems (control housing and loose housing) on musculoskeletal condition during recovery from race-like exercise in Standardbred horses. The hypothesis was that a loose housing system provides better conditions for musculoskeletal recovery than the control housing. Eight adult geldings (mean age 11 years) were used in a study with a cross-over design, with the control housing (CH) and loose housing (LH) treatments each run for 21 days. The horses had ad libitum access to forage and performed two similar race-like exercise tests (ET), on day 7 and day 14 in each treatment. Blood samples were collected before ET, at finish line, and at 7, 22, and 44 h of recovery and analysed for the muscle enzyme activities of creatine kinase and amino transferase. Before and three days after ET, hind leg fetlock joint region circumference and diameter, joint range of motion in right hock and carpus, mechanical nociceptive threshold in back muscle, and movement asymmetry were recorded. Overall circumference and overall diameter of hind fetlock joint region were lower in LH horses than CH horses (P=0.045 and P=0.017, respectively), but no other differences were observed. In conclusion, a loose housing system did not alter the recovery of musculoskeletal condition other than preventing a post exercise enlargement of the circumference and diameter of the hind fetlock joint region.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Connysson
- Wången National Center for Education in Trotting, Vången 110, 83593 Alsen, Sweden
| | - M. Rhodin
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A. Bergh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7011, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A. Jansson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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199
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Murphy CH, McGlory C. Fish Oil for Healthy Aging: Potential Application to Master Athletes. Sports Med 2021; 51:31-41. [PMID: 34515971 PMCID: PMC8566636 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01509-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Master athletes perform high volumes of exercise training yet display lower levels of physical functioning and exercise performance when compared with younger athletes. Several reports in the clinical literature show that long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC n-3 PUFA) ingestion promotes skeletal muscle anabolism and strength in untrained older persons. There is also evidence that LC n-3 PUFA ingestion improves indices of muscle recovery following damaging exercise in younger persons. These findings suggest that LC n-3 PUFA intake could have an ergogenic effect in master athletes. However, the beneficial effect of LC n-3 PUFA intake on skeletal muscle in response to exercise training in both older and younger persons is inconsistent and, in some cases, generated from low-quality studies or those with a high risk of bias. Other factors such as the choice of placebo and health status of participants also confound interpretation of existing reports. As such, when considered on balance, the available evidence does not indicate that ingestion of LC n-3 PUFAs above current population recommendations (250–500 mg/day; 2 portions of oily fish per week) enhances exercise performance or recovery from exercise training in master athletes. Further work is now needed related to how the dose, duration, and co-ingestion of LC n-3 PUFAs with other nutrients such as amino acids impact the adaptive response to exercise training. This work should also consider how LC n-3 PUFA supplementation may differentially alter the lipid profile of cellular membranes of key regulatory sites such as the sarcolemma, mitochondria, and sarcoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caoileann H Murphy
- Department of Agrifood Business & Spatial Analysis, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Chris McGlory
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division St, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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200
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da Silva W, Machado ÁS, Lemos AL, de Andrade CF, Priego-Quesada JI, Carpes FP. Relationship between exercise-induced muscle soreness, pain thresholds, and skin temperature in men and women. J Therm Biol 2021; 100:103051. [PMID: 34503798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Infrared thermography (IRT) has gained popularity in sports medicine for determining whether changes in skin temperature relate to pain and muscle damage. Such a relationship would support IRT as a non-invasive method to monitor these physiological responses. However, the literature remains controversial. Here, we determine the relationship between exercise-induced muscle soreness (DOMS), pain, and skin temperature in men and women before and after exercise. Twenty-two physically active adults (10 men and 12 women) completed a squat exercise protocol to induce muscle damage. Skin temperature, DOMS, and pressure pain threshold (PPT) were assessed in the quadriceps pre, post-exercise, and 48 h post-exercise. DOMS increased similarly in men and women post-exercise and 48 h post-exercise. PPT was lower in women compared to men. PPT decreased 48 h post-exercise for men but did not differ between the moments for women. Skin temperature responses were sex-dependent. Mean and maximum temperatures increased post-exercise for men, and maximum temperature reduced 48 h post-exercise. In women, the minimum temperature increased 48 h post-exercise. DOMS was not predicted by skin temperature but showed a direct association between pre and 48 h post-exercise variation of maximum skin temperature and PPT. We conclude that there is a sex-dependent effect in analyzing skin temperature changes in response to exercise, something that seems to not have been addressed in previous studies. To date, inferences are generally assumed as similar for both men and women, which we show may not be the case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian da Silva
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Álvaro Sosa Machado
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Andressa Lemes Lemos
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Camilla Ferreira de Andrade
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Jose Ignacio Priego-Quesada
- Research Group in Sport Biomechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sports and Biophysics and Medical Physics Group, Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Felipe P Carpes
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
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