151
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Wakhloo D, Scharkowski F, Curto Y, Javed Butt U, Bansal V, Steixner-Kumar AA, Wüstefeld L, Rajput A, Arinrad S, Zillmann MR, Seelbach A, Hassouna I, Schneider K, Qadir Ibrahim A, Werner HB, Martens H, Miskowiak K, Wojcik SM, Bonn S, Nacher J, Nave KA, Ehrenreich H. Functional hypoxia drives neuroplasticity and neurogenesis via brain erythropoietin. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1313. [PMID: 32152318 PMCID: PMC7062779 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO), named after its role in hematopoiesis, is also expressed in mammalian brain. In clinical settings, recombinant EPO treatment has revealed a remarkable improvement of cognition, but underlying mechanisms have remained obscure. Here, we show with a novel line of reporter mice that cognitive challenge induces local/endogenous hypoxia in hippocampal pyramidal neurons, hence enhancing expression of EPO and EPO receptor (EPOR). High-dose EPO administration, amplifying auto/paracrine EPO/EPOR signaling, prompts the emergence of new CA1 neurons and enhanced dendritic spine densities. Single-cell sequencing reveals rapid increase in newly differentiating neurons. Importantly, improved performance on complex running wheels after EPO is imitated by exposure to mild exogenous/inspiratory hypoxia. All these effects depend on neuronal expression of the Epor gene. This suggests a model of neuroplasticity in form of a fundamental regulatory circle, in which neuronal networks—challenged by cognitive tasks—drift into transient hypoxia, thereby triggering neuronal EPO/EPOR expression. EPO treatment improves cognition, but underlying mechanisms were unknown. Here the authors describe a regulatory loop in which brain networks challenged by cognitive tasks drift into functional hypoxia that drives—via neuronal EPO synthesis—neurodifferentiation and dendritic spine formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debia Wakhloo
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Scharkowski
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yasmina Curto
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Interdisciplinary Research Structure for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Umer Javed Butt
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vikas Bansal
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Agnes A Steixner-Kumar
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Liane Wüstefeld
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ashish Rajput
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sahab Arinrad
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias R Zillmann
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna Seelbach
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Imam Hassouna
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Schneider
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Abdul Qadir Ibrahim
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Kamilla Miskowiak
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sonja M Wojcik
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bonn
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Juan Nacher
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Interdisciplinary Research Structure for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain.,CIBERSAM: Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, Valencia, Spain.,Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany. .,DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany. .,DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.
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152
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Lucassen PJ, Fitzsimons CP, Salta E, Maletic-Savatic M. Adult neurogenesis, human after all (again): Classic, optimized, and future approaches. Behav Brain Res 2020; 381:112458. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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153
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Prolactin, Estradiol and Testosterone Differentially Impact Human Hippocampal Neurogenesis in an In Vitro Model. Neuroscience 2020; 454:15-39. [PMID: 31930958 PMCID: PMC7839971 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human hippocampal progenitor cells (HPCs) and tissue express classical sex hormone receptors. Prolactin does not impact human HPCs maintained in a proliferative state. Prolactin increases neuronal differentiation of human HPCs only in the short term. Estradiol and testosterone both increase the cell density of proliferating HPCs. Estradiol and testosterone have no observed effect on differentiating HPCs.
Previous studies have indicated that sex hormones such as prolactin, estradiol and testosterone may play a role in the modulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) in rodents and non-human primates, but so far there has been no investigation of their impact on human hippocampal neurogenesis. Here, we quantify the expression levels of the relevant receptors in human post-mortem hippocampal tissue and a human hippocampal progenitor cell (HPC) line. Secondly, we investigate how these hormones modulate hippocampal neurogenesis using a human in vitro cellular model. Human female HPCs were cultured with biologically relevant concentrations of either prolactin, estradiol or testosterone. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation, immunocytochemistry (ICC) and high-throughput analyses were used to quantify markers determining cell fate after HPCs were either maintained in a proliferative state or allowed to differentiate in the presence of these hormones. In proliferating cells, estrogen and testosterone increased cell density but had no clear effect on markers of proliferation or cell death to account for this. In differentiating cells, a 3-day treatment of prolactin elicited a transient effect, whereby it increased the proportion of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2)-positive and Doublecortin (DCX)-positive cells, but this effect was not apparent after 7-days. At this timepoint we instead observe a decrease in proliferation. Overall, our study demonstrates relatively minor, and possibly short-term effects of sex hormones on hippocampal neurogenesis in human cells. Further work will be needed to understand if our results differ to previous animal research due to species-specific differences, or whether it relates to limitations of our in vitro model.
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154
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Lange C, Rost F, Machate A, Reinhardt S, Lesche M, Weber A, Kuscha V, Dahl A, Rulands S, Brand M. Single cell sequencing of radial glia progeny reveals the diversity of newborn neurons in the adult zebrafish brain. Development 2020; 147:dev.185595. [PMID: 31908317 PMCID: PMC6983714 DOI: 10.1242/dev.185595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish display widespread and pronounced adult neurogenesis, which is fundamental for their regeneration capability after central nervous system injury. However, the cellular identity and the biological properties of adult newborn neurons are elusive for most brain areas. Here, we have used short-term lineage tracing of radial glia progeny to prospectively isolate newborn neurons from the her4.1+ radial glia lineage in the homeostatic adult forebrain. Transcriptome analysis of radial glia, newborn neurons and mature neurons using single cell sequencing identified distinct transcriptional profiles, including novel markers for each population. Specifically, we detected two separate newborn neuron types, which showed diversity of cell fate commitment and location. Further analyses showed that these cell types are homologous to neurogenic cells in the mammalian brain, identified neurogenic commitment in proliferating radial glia and indicated that glutamatergic projection neurons are generated in the adult zebrafish telencephalon. Thus, we prospectively isolated adult newborn neurons from the adult zebrafish forebrain, identified markers for newborn and mature neurons in the adult brain, and revealed intrinsic heterogeneity among adult newborn neurons and their homology with mammalian adult neurogenic cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lange
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), CMCB, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Fabian Rost
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Noethnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Pfotenhauer Strasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Machate
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), CMCB, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Reinhardt
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), CMCB, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,DRESDEN-concept Genome Center, c/o Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Lesche
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), CMCB, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,DRESDEN-concept Genome Center, c/o Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anke Weber
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), CMCB, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Veronika Kuscha
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), CMCB, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Dahl
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), CMCB, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,DRESDEN-concept Genome Center, c/o Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Steffen Rulands
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Noethnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Pfotenhauer Strasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Brand
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), CMCB, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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155
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Mishra P, Narayanan R. Heterogeneities in intrinsic excitability and frequency-dependent response properties of granule cells across the blades of the rat dentate gyrus. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:755-772. [PMID: 31913748 PMCID: PMC7052640 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00443.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG), the input gate to the hippocampus proper, is anatomically segregated into three different sectors, namely, the suprapyramidal blade, the crest region, and the infrapyramidal blade. Although there are well-established differences between these sectors in terms of neuronal morphology, connectivity patterns, and activity levels, differences in electrophysiological properties of granule cells within these sectors have remained unexplored. Here, employing somatic whole cell patch-clamp recordings from the rat DG, we demonstrate that granule cells in these sectors manifest considerable heterogeneities in their intrinsic excitability, temporal summation, action potential characteristics, and frequency-dependent response properties. Across sectors, these neurons showed positive temporal summation of their responses to inputs mimicking excitatory postsynaptic currents and showed little to no sag in their voltage responses to pulse currents. Consistently, the impedance amplitude profile manifested low-pass characteristics and the impedance phase profile lacked positive phase values at all measured frequencies and voltages and for all sectors. Granule cells in all sectors exhibited class I excitability, with broadly linear firing rate profiles, and granule cells in the crest region fired significantly fewer action potentials compared with those in the infrapyramidal blade. Finally, we found weak pairwise correlations across the 18 different measurements obtained individually from each of the three sectors, providing evidence that these measurements are indeed reporting distinct aspects of neuronal physiology. Together, our analyses show that granule cells act as integrators of afferent information and emphasize the need to account for the considerable physiological heterogeneities in assessing their roles in information encoding and processing.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We employed whole cell patch-clamp recordings from granule cells in the three subregions of the rat dentate gyrus to demonstrate considerable heterogeneities in their intrinsic excitability, temporal summation, action potential characteristics, and frequency-dependent response properties. Across sectors, granule cells did not express membrane potential resonance, and their impedance profiles lacked inductive phase leads at all measured frequencies. Our analyses also show that granule cells manifest class I excitability characteristics, categorizing them as integrators of afferent information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Mishra
- Cellular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Rishikesh Narayanan
- Cellular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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156
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Accogli A, Addour-Boudrahem N, Srour M. Neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and axon guidance. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 173:25-42. [PMID: 32958178 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64150-2.00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Development of the central nervous system (CNS) is a complex, dynamic process that involves a precisely orchestrated sequence of genetic, environmental, biochemical, and physical factors from early embryonic stages to postnatal life. Duringthe past decade, great strides have been made to unravel mechanisms underlying human CNS development through the employment of modern genetic techniques and experimental approaches. In this chapter, we review the current knowledge regarding the main developmental processes and signaling mechanisms of (i) neurogenesis, (ii) neuronal migration, and (iii) axon guidance. We discuss mechanisms related to neural stem cells proliferation, migration, terminal translocation of neuronal progenitors, and axon guidance and pathfinding. For each section, we also provide a comprehensive overview of the underlying regulatory processes, including transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and epigenetic factors, and a myriad of signaling pathways that are pivotal to determine the fate of neuronal progenitors and newly formed migrating neurons. We further highlight how impairment of this complex regulating system, such as mutations in its core components, may cause cortical malformation, epilepsy, intellectual disability, and autism in humans. A thorough understanding of normal human CNS development is thus crucial to decipher mechanisms responsible for neurodevelopmental disorders and in turn guide the development of effective and targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Accogli
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Istituto Giannina Gaslini Pediatric Hospital, Genova, Italy; Departments of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal-Child Science, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Myriam Srour
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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157
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Nakafuku M, Del Águila Á. Developmental dynamics of neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the postnatal mammalian brain in health and disease: Historical and future perspectives. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 9:e369. [PMID: 31825170 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mature mammalian brain has long been thought to be a structurally rigid, static organ since the era of Ramón y Cajal in the early 20th century. Evidence accumulated over the past three decades, however, has completely overturned this long-held view. We now know that new neurons and glia are continuously added to the brain at postnatal stages, even in mature adults of various mammalian species, including humans. Moreover, these newly added cells contribute to structural plasticity and play important roles in higher order brain function, as well as repair after damage. A major source of these new neurons and glia is neural stem cells (NSCs) that persist in specialized niches in the brain throughout life. With this new view, our understanding of normal brain physiology and interventional approaches to various brain disorders has changed markedly in recent years. This article provides a brief overview on the historical changes in our understanding of the developmental dynamics of neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the postnatal and adult mammalian brain and discusses the roles of NSCs and other progenitor populations in such cellular dynamics in health and disease of the postnatal mammalian brain. This article is categorized under: Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Stem Cell Differentiation and Reversion Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Tissue Stem Cells and Niches Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Regeneration Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Stem Cells and Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Nakafuku
- Divisions of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ángela Del Águila
- Divisions of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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158
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Schilder BM, Petry HM, Hof PR. Evolutionary shifts dramatically reorganized the human hippocampal complex. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:3143-3170. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Schilder
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York New York
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York New York
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York New York
| | - Heywood M. Petry
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville Louisville Kentucky
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York New York
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York New York
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159
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Liang M, Zhong H, Rong J, Li Y, Zhu C, Zhou L, Zhou R. Postnatal Lipopolysaccharide Exposure Impairs Adult Neurogenesis and Causes Depression-like Behaviors Through Astrocytes Activation Triggering GABAA Receptor Downregulation. Neuroscience 2019; 422:21-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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160
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Spampinato SF, Bortolotto V, Canonico PL, Sortino MA, Grilli M. Astrocyte-Derived Paracrine Signals: Relevance for Neurogenic Niche Regulation and Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1346. [PMID: 31824311 PMCID: PMC6881379 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are essential for proper regulation of the central nervous system (CNS). Importantly, these cells are highly secretory in nature. Indeed they can release hundreds of molecules which play pivotal physiological roles in nervous tissues and whose abnormal regulation has been associated with several CNS disorders. In agreement with these findings, recent studies have provided exciting insights into the key contribution of astrocyte-derived signals in the pleiotropic functions of these cells in brain health and diseases. In the future, deeper analysis of the astrocyte secretome is likely to further increase our current knowledge on the full potential of these cells and their secreted molecules not only as active participants in pathophysiological events, but as pharmacological targets or even as therapeutics for neurological and psychiatric diseases. Herein we will highlight recent findings in our and other laboratories on selected molecules that are actively secreted by astrocytes and contribute in two distinct functions with pathophysiological relevance for the astroglial population: i) regulation of neural stem cells (NSCs) and their progeny within adult neurogenic niches; ii) modulation of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Federica Spampinato
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Bortolotto
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Canonico
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Maria Angela Sortino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Grilli
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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161
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Codina‐Martínez H, Fernández‐García B, Díez‐Planelles C, Fernández ÁF, Higarza SG, Fernández‐Sanjurjo M, Díez‐Robles S, Iglesias‐Gutiérrez E, Tomás‐Zapico C. Autophagy is required for performance adaptive response to resistance training and exercise‐induced adult neurogenesis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 30:238-253. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Codina‐Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional Área de Fisiología Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias Oviedo Spain
| | - Benjamín Fernández‐García
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias Oviedo Spain
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo Spain
| | - Carlos Díez‐Planelles
- Departamento de Biología Funcional Área de Fisiología Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias Oviedo Spain
| | - Álvaro F. Fernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA) Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo Spain
| | - Sara G. Higarza
- Departamento de Biología Funcional Área de Fisiología Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo Spain
| | - Manuel Fernández‐Sanjurjo
- Departamento de Biología Funcional Área de Fisiología Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias Oviedo Spain
| | - Sergio Díez‐Robles
- Departamento de Biología Funcional Área de Fisiología Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo Spain
| | - Eduardo Iglesias‐Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional Área de Fisiología Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias Oviedo Spain
| | - Cristina Tomás‐Zapico
- Departamento de Biología Funcional Área de Fisiología Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias Oviedo Spain
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162
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Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Neural Circuit Formation in a Cuprizone-Induced Multiple Sclerosis Mouse Model. J Neurosci 2019; 40:447-458. [PMID: 31719166 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0866-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairments are key features in multiple sclerosis (MS), a progressive disorder characterized by neuroinflammation-induced demyelination in the central nervous system. To understand the neural substrates that link demyelination to cognitive deficits in MS, we investigated hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic connectivity of adult-born neurons, which play an essential role in cognitive function. The administration and withdrawal of the combination of cuprizone and rapamycin (Cup/Rap) in C57BL/6J male mice efficiently demyelinated and remyelinated the hippocampus, respectively. In the demyelinated hippocampus, neurogenesis was nearly absent in the dentate gyrus, which was due to inhibited proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs). Specifically, radial glia-like type 1 NSCs were shifted from a proliferative state to a mitotically-quiescent state in the demyelinated hippocampus. In addition, dendritic spine densities of adult-born neurons were significantly decreased, indicating a reduction in synaptic connections between hippocampal newborn neurons and excitatory input neurons. Concomitant with hippocampal remyelination induced by withdrawal of Cup/Rap, proliferation of type 1 NSCs and dendritic spine densities of adult-born neurons reverted to normal in the hippocampus. Our study shows that proliferation of hippocampal NSCs and synaptic connectivity of adult-born neurons are inversely correlated with the level of demyelination, providing critical insight into hippocampal neurogenesis as a potential therapeutic target to treat cognitive deficits associated with MS.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT To identify the neural substrates that mediate cognitive dysfunctions associated with a majority of MS patients, we investigated hippocampal neurogenesis and structural development of adult-born neurons using a Cup/Rap model, which recapitulates the hippocampal demyelination that occurs in MS patients. A shift of NSCs from a proliferatively-active state to mitotically-quiescent state dramatically decreased neurogenesis in the demyelinated hippocampus. Formation of dendritic spines on newborn neurons was also impaired following demyelination. Interestingly, the altered neurogenesis and synaptic connectivity of newborn neurons were reversed to normal levels during remyelination. Thus, our study revealed reversible genesis and synaptic connectivity of adult-born neurons between the demyelinated and remyelinated hippocampus, suggesting hippocampal neurogenesis as a potential target to normalize cognitive impairments in MS patients.
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163
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Zimmermann T, Maroso M, Beer A, Baddenhausen S, Ludewig S, Fan W, Vennin C, Loch S, Berninger B, Hofmann C, Korte M, Soltesz I, Lutz B, Leschik J. Neural stem cell lineage-specific cannabinoid type-1 receptor regulates neurogenesis and plasticity in the adult mouse hippocampus. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:4454-4471. [PMID: 30307491 PMCID: PMC6215469 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mouse hippocampus occur in a specific neurogenic niche, where a multitude of extracellular signaling molecules converges to regulate NSC proliferation as well as fate and functional integration. However, the underlying mechanisms how NSCs react to extrinsic signals and convert them to intracellular responses still remains elusive. NSCs contain a functional endocannabinoid system, including the cannabinoid type-1 receptor (CB1). To decipher whether CB1 regulates adult neurogenesis directly or indirectly in vivo, we performed NSC-specific conditional inactivation of CB1 by using triple-transgenic mice. Here, we show that lack of CB1 in NSCs is sufficient to decrease proliferation of the stem cell pool, which consequently leads to a reduction in the number of newborn neurons. Furthermore, neuronal differentiation was compromised at the level of dendritic maturation pointing towards a postsynaptic role of CB1 in vivo. Deteriorated neurogenesis in NSC-specific CB1 knock-outs additionally resulted in reduced long-term potentiation in the hippocampal formation. The observed cellular and physiological alterations led to decreased short-term spatial memory and increased depression-like behavior. These results demonstrate that CB1 expressed in NSCs and their progeny controls neurogenesis in adult mice to regulate the NSC stem cell pool, dendritic morphology, activity-dependent plasticity, and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Zimmermann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Mattia Maroso
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, USA
| | - Annika Beer
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Sarah Baddenhausen
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Susann Ludewig
- Zoological Institute, Division Cellular Neurobiology, TU Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wenqiang Fan
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Constance Vennin
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany.,German Resilience Center (DRZ), Mainz
| | - Sebastian Loch
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Benedikt Berninger
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Centre for Developmental Neurobiology and MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, UK
| | - Clementine Hofmann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Korte
- Zoological Institute, Division Cellular Neurobiology, TU Braunschweig, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Research group Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ivan Soltesz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, USA
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany.,German Resilience Center (DRZ), Mainz
| | - Julia Leschik
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
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164
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Maftei D, Ratano P, Fusco I, Marconi V, Squillace S, Negri L, Severini C, Balboni G, Steardo L, Bronzuoli MR, Scuderi C, Campolongo P, Lattanzi R. The prokineticin receptor antagonist PC1 rescues memory impairment induced by β amyloid administration through the modulation of prokineticin system. Neuropharmacology 2019; 158:107739. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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165
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Tao X, Sun N, Mu Y. Development of Depotentiation in Adult-Born Dentate Granule Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:236. [PMID: 31681768 PMCID: PMC6805727 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, i.e., long-term potentiation (LTP), long-term depression (LTD) and LTP reversal, is generally thought to make up the cellular mechanism underlying learning and memory in the mature brain, in which N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype of glutamate (NMDA) receptors and neurogenesis play important roles. LTP reversal may be the mechanism of forgetting and may mediate many psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, but the specific mechanisms underlying these disorders remain unclear. In addition, LTP reversal during the development of adult-born dentate granule cells (DGCs) remains unknown. We found that the expression of the NMDA receptor subunits NR2A and NR2B displayed dynamic changes during the development of postnatal individuals and the maturation of adult-born neurons and was coupled with the change in LTP reversal. The susceptibility of LTP reversal progressively increases with the rise in the expression of NR2A during the development of postnatal individual and adult-born neurons. In addition, NMDA receptor subunits NR2A, but not NR2B, mediated LTP reversal in the DGCs of the mouse hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Tao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yangling Mu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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166
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Horgusluoglu-Moloch E, Risacher SL, Crane PK, Hibar D, Thompson PM, Saykin AJ, Nho K. Genome-wide association analysis of hippocampal volume identifies enrichment of neurogenesis-related pathways. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14498. [PMID: 31601890 PMCID: PMC6787090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50507-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis occurs in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus during adulthood and contributes to sustaining the hippocampal formation. To investigate whether neurogenesis-related pathways are associated with hippocampal volume, we performed gene-set enrichment analysis using summary statistics from a large-scale genome-wide association study (N = 13,163) of hippocampal volume from the Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium and two year hippocampal volume changes from baseline in cognitively normal individuals from Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative Cohort (ADNI). Gene-set enrichment analysis of hippocampal volume identified 44 significantly enriched biological pathways (FDR corrected p-value < 0.05), of which 38 pathways were related to neurogenesis-related processes including neurogenesis, generation of new neurons, neuronal development, and neuronal migration and differentiation. For genes highly represented in the significantly enriched neurogenesis-related pathways, gene-based association analysis identified TESC, ACVR1, MSRB3, and DPP4 as significantly associated with hippocampal volume. Furthermore, co-expression network-based functional analysis of gene expression data in the hippocampal subfields, CA1 and CA3, from 32 normal controls showed that distinct co-expression modules were mostly enriched in neurogenesis related pathways. Our results suggest that neurogenesis-related pathways may be enriched for hippocampal volume and that hippocampal volume may serve as a potential phenotype for the investigation of human adult neurogenesis.
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Grants
- UL1 TR001108 NCATS NIH HHS
- R01 CA129769 NCI NIH HHS
- R35 CA197289 NCI NIH HHS
- P50 GM115318 NIGMS NIH HHS
- R01 AG019771 NIA NIH HHS
- P30 AG010133 NIA NIH HHS
- R03 AG054936 NIA NIH HHS
- U01 AG024904 NIA NIH HHS
- UL1 TR002369 NCATS NIH HHS
- R01 LM011360 NLM NIH HHS
- U54 EB020403 NIBIB NIH HHS
- K01 AG049050 NIA NIH HHS
- R01 LM012535 NLM NIH HHS
- CIHR
- NLM R01 LM012535, NIA R03 AG054936, NIA R01 AG19771, NIA P30 AG10133, NLM R01 LM011360, NSF IIS-1117335, DOD W81XWH-14-2-0151, NCAA 14132004, NIGMS P50GM115318, NCATS UL1 TR001108, NIA K01 AG049050, the Alzheimer’s Association, the Indiana Clinical and Translational Science Institute, and the IU Health-IU School of Medicine Strategic Neuroscience Research Initiative.
- ENIGMA was supported in part by a Consortium grant (U54EB020403 to PMT) from the NIH Institutes contributing to the Big Data to Knowledge (BD2K) Initiative, including the NIBIB and NCI.
- Data collection and sharing for this project was funded by the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) (National Institutes of Health Grant U01 AG024904) and DOD ADNI (Department of Defense award number W81XWH-12-2-0012). ADNI is funded by the National Institute on Aging, the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, and through generous contributions from the following: AbbVie, Alzheimer’s Association; Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation; Araclon Biotech; BioClinica, Inc.; Biogen; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; CereSpir, Inc.; Cogstate; Eisai Inc.; Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Eli Lilly and Company; EuroImmun; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and its affiliated company Genentech, Inc.; Fujirebio; GE Healthcare; IXICO Ltd.; Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy Research & Development, LLC.; Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC.; Lumosity; Lundbeck; Merck & Co., Inc.; Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC.; NeuroRx Research; Neurotrack Technologies; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; Pfizer Inc.; Piramal Imaging; Servier; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company; and Transition Therapeutics. The Canadian Institutes of Health Research is providing funds to support ADNI clinical sites in Canada. Private sector contributions are facilitated by the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (www.fnih.org). The grantee organization is the Northern California Institute for Research and Education, and the study is coordinated by the Alzheimer’s Therapeutic Research Institute at the University of Southern California. ADNI data are disseminated by the Laboratory for Neuro Imaging at the University of Southern California. Additional support for data analysis was provided by NLM R01 LM012535, NIA R03 AG054936, NIA R01 AG19771, NIA P30 AG10133, NLM R01 LM011360, NSF IIS-1117335, DOD W81XWH-14-2-0151, NCAA 14132004, NIGMS P50GM115318, NCATS UL1 TR001108, NIA K01 AG049050, the Alzheimer’s Association, the Indiana Clinical and Translational Science Institute, and the IU Health-IU School of Medicine Strategic Neuroscience Research Initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrin Horgusluoglu-Moloch
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shannon L Risacher
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Paul K Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Derrek Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Biomarkers, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J Saykin
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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167
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Microglial P2Y12 Receptor Regulates Seizure-Induced Neurogenesis and Immature Neuronal Projections. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9453-9464. [PMID: 31597724 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0487-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures are common in humans with various etiologies ranging from congenital aberrations to acute injuries that alter the normal balance of brain excitation and inhibition. A notable consequence of seizures is the induction of aberrant neurogenesis and increased immature neuronal projections. However, regulatory mechanisms governing these features during epilepsy development are not fully understood. Recent studies show that microglia, the brain's resident immune cell, contribute to normal neurogenesis and regulate seizure phenotypes. However, the role of microglia in aberrant neurogenic seizure contexts has not been adequately investigated. To address this question, we coupled the intracerebroventricular kainic acid model with current pharmacogenetic approaches to eliminate microglia in male mice. We show that microglia promote seizure-induced neurogenesis and subsequent seizure-induced immature neuronal projections above and below the pyramidal neurons between the DG and the CA3 regions. Furthermore, we identify microglial P2Y12 receptors (P2Y12R) as a participant in this neurogenic process. Together, our results implicate microglial P2Y12R signaling in epileptogenesis and provide further evidence for targeting microglia in general and microglial P2Y12R in specific to ameliorate proepileptogenic processes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Epileptogenesis is a process by which the brain develops epilepsy. Several processes have been identified that confer the brain with such epileptic characteristics, including aberrant neurogenesis and increased immature neuronal projections. Understanding the mechanisms that promote such changes is critical in developing therapies to adequately restrain epileptogenesis. We investigated the role of purinergic P2Y12 receptors selectively expressed by microglia, the resident brain immune cells. We report, for the first time, that microglia in general and microglial P2Y12 receptors in specific promote both aberrant neurogenesis and increased immature neuronal projections. These results indicate that microglia enhance epileptogenesis by promoting these processes and suggest that targeting this immune axis could be a novel therapeutic strategy in the clinic.
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168
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Kozareva DA, Cryan JF, Nolan YM. Born this way: Hippocampal neurogenesis across the lifespan. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e13007. [PMID: 31298475 PMCID: PMC6718573 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The capability of the mammalian brain to generate new neurons through the lifespan has gained much attention for the promise of new therapeutic possibilities especially for the aging brain. One of the brain regions that maintains a neurogenesis-permissive environment is the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Here, new neurons are generated from a pool of multipotent neural progenitor cells to become fully functional neurons that are integrated into the brain circuitry. A growing body of evidence points to the fact that neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus is necessary for certain memory processes, and in mood regulation, while alterations in hippocampal neurogenesis have been associated with a myriad of neurological and psychiatric disorders. More recently, evidence has come to light that new neurons may differ in their vulnerability to environmental and disease-related influences depending on the time during the life course at which they are exposed. Thus, it has been the topic of intense research in recent years. In this review, we will discuss the complex process and associated functional relevance of hippocampal neurogenesis during the embryonic/postnatal period and in adulthood. We consider the implications of hippocampal neurogenesis during the developmentally critical periods of adolescence and older age. We will further consider the literature surrounding hippocampal neurogenesis and its functional role during these critical periods with a view to providing insight into the potential of harnessing neurogenesis for health and therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danka A. Kozareva
- Department of Anatomy & NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - John F. Cryan
- Department of Anatomy & NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
- APC Microbiome IrelandUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Yvonne M. Nolan
- Department of Anatomy & NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
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169
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Abbott LC, Nigussie F. Adult neurogenesis in the mammalian dentate gyrus. Anat Histol Embryol 2019; 49:3-16. [PMID: 31568602 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Earlier observations in neuroscience suggested that no new neurons form in the mature central nervous system. Evidence now indicates that new neurons do form in the adult mammalian brain. Two regions of the mature mammalian brain generate new neurons: (a) the border of the lateral ventricles of the brain (subventricular zone) and (b) the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. This review focuses only on new neuron formation in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. During normal prenatal and early postnatal development, neural stem cells (NSCs) give rise to differentiated neurons. NSCs persist in the dentate gyrus SGZ, undergoing cell division, with some daughter cells differentiating into functional neurons that participate in learning and memory and general cognition through integration into pre-existing neural networks. Axons, which emanate from neurons in the entorhinal cortex, synapse with dendrites of the granule cells (small neurons) of the dentate gyrus. Axons from granule cells synapse with pyramidal cells in the hippocampal CA3 region, which send axons to synapse with CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells that send their axons out of the hippocampus proper. Adult neurogenesis includes proliferation, differentiation, migration, the death of some newly formed cells and final integration of surviving cells into neural networks. We summarise these processes in adult mammalian hippocampal neurogenesis and discuss the roles of major signalling molecules that influence neurogenesis, including neurotransmitters and some hormones. The recent controversy raised concerning whether or not adult neurogenesis occurs in humans also is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C Abbott
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Fikru Nigussie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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170
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Mendes de Lima C, Douglas Corrêa Pereira P, Pereira Henrique E, Augusto de Oliveira M, Carvalho Paulo D, Silva de Siqueira L, Guerreiro Diniz D, Almeida Miranda D, André Damasceno de Melo M, Gyzely de Morais Magalhães N, Francis Sherry D, Wanderley Picanço Diniz C, Guerreiro Diniz C. Differential Change in Hippocampal Radial Astrocytes and Neurogenesis in Shorebirds With Contrasting Migratory Routes. Front Neuroanat 2019; 13:82. [PMID: 31680881 PMCID: PMC6798042 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about environmental influences on radial glia-like (RGL) α cells (radial astrocytes) and their relation to neurogenesis. Because radial glia is involved in adult neurogenesis and astrogenesis, we investigated this association in two migratory shorebird species that complete their autumnal migration using contrasting strategies. Before their flights to South America, the birds stop over at the Bay of Fundy in Canada. From there, the semipalmated sandpiper (Calidris pusilla) crosses the Atlantic Ocean in a non-stop 5-day flight, whereas the semipalmated plover (Charadrius semipalmatus) flies primarily overland with stopovers for rest and feeding. From the hierarchical cluster analysis of multimodal morphometric features, followed by the discriminant analysis, the radial astrocytes were classified into two main morphotypes, Type I and Type II. After migration, we detected differential changes in the morphology of these cells that were more intense in Type I than in Type II in both species. We also compared the number of doublecortin (DCX)-immunolabeled neurons with morphometric features of radial glial-like α cells in the hippocampal V region between C. pusilla and C. semipalmatus before and after autumn migration. Compared to migrating birds, the convex hull surface area of radial astrocytes increased significantly in wintering individuals in both C. semipalmatus and C. pusilla. Although to a different extent we found a strong correlation between the increase in the convex hull surface area and the increase in the total number of DCX immunostained neurons in both species. Despite phylogenetic differences, it is of interest to note that the increased morphological complexity of radial astrocytes in C. semipalmatus coincides with the fact that during the migratory process over the continent, the visuospatial environment changes more intensely than that associated with migration over Atlantic. The migratory flight of the semipalmated plover, with stopovers for feeding and rest, vs. the non-stop flight of the semipalmated sandpiper may differentially affect radial astrocyte morphology and neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Mendes de Lima
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Patrick Douglas Corrêa Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Campus Bragança, Bragança, Brazil
| | - Ediely Pereira Henrique
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Campus Bragança, Bragança, Brazil
| | - Marcus Augusto de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Dario Carvalho Paulo
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Lucas Silva de Siqueira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Campus Bragança, Bragança, Brazil
| | - Daniel Guerreiro Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Campus Bragança, Bragança, Brazil
| | - Diego Almeida Miranda
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Campus Bragança, Bragança, Brazil
| | - Mauro André Damasceno de Melo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Campus Bragança, Bragança, Brazil
| | - Nara Gyzely de Morais Magalhães
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - David Francis Sherry
- Advanced Facility for Avian Research, Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Cristovam Wanderley Picanço Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Cristovam Guerreiro Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Neuroecologia, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Campus Bragança, Bragança, Brazil
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171
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Sakurai M, Kurachi J, Sakai Y, Morimoto M. Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection inhibits hippocampal neurogenesis in mice. Neuropathology 2019; 39:425-433. [PMID: 31502307 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The brain has long been considered a site of "immune privilege"; however, recent evidence indicates the presence of brain-immune interactions in physiological and pathological conditions. Neurogenesis, a process of generating functionally integrated neurons, occurs in the adult brain of mammals. The adult neurogenesis predominantly takes place in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone (SVZ). Several studies have shown that an immune reaction or alteration could affect adult neurogenesis activity, suggesting a link between the immune system and adult neurogenesis. Helminth infection is one of the activators of Th2 immune response. However, the influence of this type of immune reaction on adult neurogenesis is not well studied. In this study, we evaluated adult neurogenesis in mice infected with the helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb). Immunohistochemically, the number of both doublecortin-positive cells and doublecortin/5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-double-positive cells was decreased in the SGZ of Nb-infected mice by day 9 after infection. However, the total number of BrdU-positive newborn cells in the SGZ did not change. In no significant alterations were detected in the SVZ of infected mice. In addition, using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we observed no significant changes in the expression levels of neurotropic factors important for neurogenesis in the hippocampus. In conclusion, our results indicate that adult neurogenesis in SGZ, but not in SVZ, is inhibited by Nb infection. Th2 immune response might have a suppressive effect on hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Sakurai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Junya Kurachi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sakai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Morimoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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172
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Functions of subventricular zone neural precursor cells in stroke recovery. Behav Brain Res 2019; 376:112209. [PMID: 31493429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation and ectopic migration of neural precursor cells (NPCs) in response to ischemic brain injury was first reported two decades ago. Since then, studies of brain injury-induced subventricular zone cytogenesis, primarily in rodent models, have provided insight into the cellular and molecular determinants of this phenomenon and its modulation by various factors. However, despite considerable correlational evidence-and some direct evidence-to support contributions of NPCs to behavioral recovery after stroke, the causal mechanisms have not been identified. Here we discuss the subventricular zone cytogenic response and its possible roles in brain injury and disease, focusing on rodent models of stroke. Emerging evidence suggests that NPCs can modulate harmful responses and enhance reparative responses to neurologic diseases. We speculatively identify four broad functions of NPCs in the context of stroke: cell replacement, cytoprotection, remodeling of residual tissue, and immunomodulation. Thus, NPCs may have pleiotropic functions in supporting behavioral recovery after stroke.
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173
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Siddiqui A, Romeo RD. Sex Differences and Similarities in Hippocampal Cellular Proliferation and the Number of Immature Neurons during Adolescence in Rats. Dev Neurosci 2019; 41:132-138. [PMID: 31430748 DOI: 10.1159/000502056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is associated with significant reductions in hippocampal cellular proliferation and neurogenesis, the physiological and behavioral implications of which are unclear. Though sex differences exist in these proliferative processes in adulthood, relatively little is known about the role sex plays in these adolescent-related changes. To address this gap, we examined cross-sectional area of the dentate gyrus and cellular proliferation, as measured by Ki-67 immunohistochemistry, in pre- (30 days), mid- (45 days), and post-adolescent (70 days) male and female rats. We also investigated the number of immature neurons using doublecortin (DCX) immunohistochemistry in pre- and post-adolescent males and females. Despite increases in the size of the dentate gyrus during adolescence, we found significant adolescent-related decreases in hippocampal proliferation in both males and females, with a more dramatic decrease in males, indicating both age- and sex-dependent changes in the dentate gyrus. We also found an adolescent-related decline in the number of immature neurons in the dentate gyrus of male rats and a female-biased sex difference in the number of immature neurons in adults. Given these significant changes in the dentate gyrus, these data suggest that this period in development might be particularly sensitive to internal and external factors known to modulate neurogenesis, with potential sex-specific neurobehavioral ramifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Siddiqui
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Behavior Program Barnard College of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Russell D Romeo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Behavior Program Barnard College of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA,
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174
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Stringham NT, Holmes PV, Stringham JM. Effects of macular xanthophyll supplementation on brain-derived neurotrophic factor, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and cognitive performance. Physiol Behav 2019; 211:112650. [PMID: 31425700 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oxidative and inflammatory processes play a major role in stress-induced neural atrophy. There is a wide body of literature linking oxidative and inflammatory stress with reductions in neurotrophic factors, stress resilience, and cognitive function. Based on their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity, we investigated the effect of the dietary carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin, along with the zeaxanthin isomer meso-zeaxanthin (collectively the "macular xanthophylls" [MXans]) on systemic brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and anti-oxidant capacity (AOC), and the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. To investigate higher-order effects, we assessed cognitive performance. METHODS 59 young (18-25 yrs.), healthy subjects participated in a 6-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the effects of MXan supplementation on the aforementioned serum parameters and cognitive performance. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: placebo, 13 mg, or 27 mg/day total MXans; all measures were taken at baseline and 6 months. Blood was obtained via fasting blood draw, and MXan concentration in the retina (termed macular pigment optical density [MPOD]) was measured via customized heterochromatic flicker photometry. Serum BDNF and cytokines were assessed via ELISA. Serum antioxidant capacity (AOC) and serum MXan concentrations were quantified via colorimetric microplate assay, and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Cognitive performance was measured via a computer-based assessment tool (CNS Vital Signs). RESULTS BDNF, MPOD, serum MXans, and AOC all increased significantly versus placebo in both treatment groups over the 6-month study period (p < .05 for all). IL-1β decreased significantly versus placebo in both treatment groups (p = .0036 and p = .006, respectively). For cognitive measures, scores for composite memory, verbal memory, sustained attention, psychomotor speed, and processing speed all improved significantly in treatment groups (p < .05 for all) and remained unchanged in the placebo group. Several measures were found to be significantly associated in terms of relational changes over the course of the study. Notably, change in BDNF was related to change in IL-1β (r = -0.47; p < .001) and MPOD (r = 0.44; p = .0086). Additionally, changes in serum MXans were strongly related to AOC (r = 0.79 & 0.61 for lutein and zeaxanthin isomers respectively; p < .001). For cognitive scores, change in BDNF was correlated to change in composite memory (r = 0.32; p = .014) and verbal memory (r = 0.35; p = .007), whereas change in MPOD was correlated with change in both psychomotor speed (r = 0.38; p = .003), and processing speed (r = 0.35; p = .007). Change in serum lutein was found to be significantly correlated to change in verbal memory (r = 0.41; p < .001), composite memory (r = 0.31; p = .009), and sustained attention (r = 0.28; p = .036). Change in serum zeaxanthin isomers was significantly correlated with change in verbal memory (r = 0.33; p = .017). Lastly, change in AOC was significantly associated with verbal memory (r = 0.34; p = .021), composite memory (r = 0.29; p = .03), and sustained attention (r = 0.35; p = .016). No significant relational changes in any cognitive parameter were found for the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS Six months of daily supplementation with at least 13 mg of MXans significantly reduces serum IL-1β, significantly increases serum MXans, BDNF, MPOD, and AOC, and improves several parameters of cognitive performance. Findings suggest that increased systemic antioxidant/anti-inflammatory capacity (and not necessarily deposition of the carotenoids in neural tissues), may explain many of the effects determined in this study. The significant relationship between change in BDNF and IL-1β over the course of the study suggests that regular consumption of MXans interrupts the inflammatory cascade that can lead to reduction of BDNF. Changes in MPOD and BDNF appear to account for enhancement in cognitive parameters that involve speed of processing and complex processing, respectively. ISRCTN Clinical Trial Registration: ISRCTN16156382.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole T Stringham
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program-Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America; Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America.
| | - Philip V Holmes
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program-Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America; Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America.
| | - James M Stringham
- Visual Performance Laboratory, Duke Eye Center, Durham, NC 27705, United States of America.
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175
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De Miguel Z, Haditsch U, Palmer TD, Azpiroz A, Sapolsky RM. Adult-generated neurons born during chronic social stress are uniquely adapted to respond to subsequent chronic social stress. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1178-1188. [PMID: 29311652 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-017-0013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress is a recognized risk factor for psychiatric and psychological disorders and a potent modulator of adult neurogenesis. Numerous studies have shown that during stress, neurogenesis decreases; however, during the recovery from the stress, neurogenesis increases. Despite the increased number of neurons born after stress, it is unknown if the function and morphology of those neurons are altered. Here we asked whether neurons in adult mice, born during the final 5 days of chronic social stress and matured during recovery from chronic social stress, are similar to neurons born with no stress conditions from a quantitative, functional and morphological perspective, and whether those neurons are uniquely adapted to respond to a subsequent stressful challenge. We observed an increased number of newborn neurons incorporated in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus during the 10-week post-stress recovery phase. Interestingly, those new neurons were more responsive to subsequent chronic stress, as they showed more of a stress-induced decrease in spine density and branching nodes than in neurons born during a non-stress period. Our results replicate findings that the neuronal survival and incorporation of neurons in the adult dentate gyrus increases after chronic stress and suggest that such neurons are uniquely adapted in the response to future social stressors. This finding provides a potential mechanism for some of the long-term hippocampal effects of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zurine De Miguel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Department of Basic Psychological Processes and their Development, Basque Country University, San Sebastián, 20018, Spain.
| | - Ursula Haditsch
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Theo D Palmer
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Arantza Azpiroz
- Department of Basic Psychological Processes and their Development, Basque Country University, San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Robert M Sapolsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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176
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Jain S, LaFrancois JJ, Botterill JJ, Alcantara-Gonzalez D, Scharfman HE. Adult neurogenesis in the mouse dentate gyrus protects the hippocampus from neuronal injury following severe seizures. Hippocampus 2019; 29:683-709. [PMID: 30672046 PMCID: PMC6640126 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that reducing the numbers of adult-born neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the mouse increases susceptibility to severe continuous seizures (status epilepticus; SE) evoked by systemic injection of the convulsant kainic acid (KA). However, it was not clear if the results would be the same for other ways to induce seizures, or if SE-induced damage would be affected. Therefore, we used pilocarpine, which induces seizures by a different mechanism than KA. Also, we quantified hippocampal damage after SE. In addition, we used both loss-of-function and gain-of-function methods in adult mice. We hypothesized that after loss-of-function, mice would be more susceptible to pilocarpine-induced SE and SE-associated hippocampal damage, and after gain-of-function, mice would be more protected from SE and hippocampal damage after SE. For loss-of-function, adult neurogenesis was suppressed by pharmacogenetic deletion of dividing radial glial precursors. For gain-of-function, adult neurogenesis was increased by conditional deletion of pro-apoptotic gene Bax in Nestin-expressing progenitors. Fluoro-Jade C (FJ-C) was used to quantify neuronal injury and video-electroencephalography (video-EEG) was used to quantify SE. Pilocarpine-induced SE was longer in mice with reduced adult neurogenesis, SE had more power and neuronal damage was greater. Conversely, mice with increased adult-born neurons had shorter SE, SE had less power, and there was less neuronal damage. The results suggest that adult-born neurons exert protective effects against SE and SE-induced neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Jain
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute of Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - John J. LaFrancois
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute of Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Justin J. Botterill
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute of Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - David Alcantara-Gonzalez
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute of Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Helen E. Scharfman
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute of Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Departments of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Neuroscience & Physiology, and Psychiatry, New York Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
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177
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Lazutkin A, Podgorny O, Enikolopov G. Modes of division and differentiation of neural stem cells. Behav Brain Res 2019; 374:112118. [PMID: 31369774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hippocampal neurogenesis presents an unorthodox form of neuronal plasticity and may be relevant for the normal or abnormal functioning of the human and animal brain. As production of new neurons decreases after birth, purposefully activating stem cells to create additional new neurons may augment brain function or slow a disease's progression. Here, we describe current models of hippocampal stem cell maintenance and differentiation, and emphasize key features of neural stem cells' turnover that may define hippocampal neurogenesis enhancement attempts' long-term consequences. We argue that even the basic blueprint of how stem cells are maintained, divide, differentiate, and are eliminated is still contentious, with different models potentially leading to vastly different outcomes in regard to neuronal production and stem cell pool preservation. We propose that to manipulate neurogenesis for a long-term benefit, we must first understand the outline of the neural stem cells' lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lazutkin
- Center for Developmental Genetics and Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia; P.K. Anokhin Institute for Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Podgorny
- Center for Developmental Genetics and Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States; Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Grigori Enikolopov
- Center for Developmental Genetics and Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.
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178
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Acute social isolation alters neurogenomic state in songbird forebrain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 117:23311-23316. [PMID: 31332005 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1820841116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged social isolation has negative effects on brain and behavior in humans and other social organisms, but neural mechanisms leading to these effects are not understood. Here we tested the hypothesis that even brief periods of social isolation can alter gene expression and DNA methylation in higher cognitive centers of the brain, focusing on the auditory/associative forebrain of the highly social zebra finch. Using RNA sequencing, we first identified genes that individually increase or decrease expression after isolation and observed general repression of gene sets annotated for neurotrophin pathways and axonal guidance functions. We then pursued 4 genes of large effect size: EGR1 and BDNF (decreased by isolation) and FKBP5 and UTS2B (increased). By in situ hybridization, each gene responded in different cell subsets, arguing against a single cellular mechanism. To test whether effects were specific to the social component of the isolation experience, we compared gene expression in birds isolated either alone or with a single familiar partner. Partner inclusion ameliorated the effect of solo isolation on EGR1 and BDNF, but not on FKBP5 and UTS2B nor on circulating corticosterone. By bisulfite sequencing analysis of auditory forebrain DNA, isolation caused changes in methylation of a subset of differentially expressed genes, including BDNF. Thus, social isolation has rapid consequences on gene activity in a higher integrative center of the brain, triggering epigenetic mechanisms that may influence processing of ongoing experience.
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179
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Fang Y, Du N, Xing L, Duo Y, Zheng L. Evaluation of hippocampal volume and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor as potential diagnostic markers of conversion from amnestic mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease: A STROBE-compliant article. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e16604. [PMID: 31348306 PMCID: PMC6709245 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000016604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) is a transitional stage between normal aging and Alzheimer disease (AD), and is associated with an increased risk of AD. Many studies have shown that apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 (APOE ε4) genotype is a major genetic predictor of AD progression, especially in patients with aMCI. However, the application of APOE genotyping in the diagnosis of MCI progressing to AD is limited by its low sensitivity and specificity, which often leads to high false-positive rate. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and hippocampal volume as predictors of aMCI to AD transition in APOE ε4 genotype patients.A total of 178 subjects were diagnosed with aMCI. The patients with aMCI that progressed to AD within 2 years were included in the MCI-AD group (n = 86), those maintaining an aMCI diagnosis after 2 years were placed in the MCI-MCI group (n = 92), and neurologically healthy age-matched individuals were set as controls (n = 90). APOE genotypes were determined. Blood samples from all subjects were drawn at baseline, 12 months, and 24 months for serum BNDF assessments. Hippocampal delineations were monitored by magnetic resonance imaging.Compared to control group, aMCI-AD patients (the patients with aMCI that progressed to AD within 2 years) exhibited worse performance on cognitive and neuropsychological batteries. Meanwhile, we found that aMCI-AD patients were associated with abnormally low serum BDNF level and greater hippocampal volume loss than MCI-MCI patients (patients maintaining an aMCI diagnosis after 2 years). Moreover, patients with aMCI who were carriers of APOE ε4 showed a notable decrease in serum BDNF and a significant reduction in hippocampal volume, especially in those who progressed to AD.The present study demonstrates that aMCI that evolves into AD in patients with the APOE ε4 genotype may be predicted by hippocampal volume and serum BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naiyi Du
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
| | | | - Yali Duo
- Central Laboratory, Harrison International Peace Hospital, Hengshui, Hebei, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Central Laboratory, Harrison International Peace Hospital, Hengshui, Hebei, China
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180
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Trent S, Hall J, Connelly WM, Errington AC. Cyfip1 Haploinsufficiency Does Not Alter GABA A Receptor δ-Subunit Expression and Tonic Inhibition in Dentate Gyrus PV + Interneurons and Granule Cells. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0364-18.2019. [PMID: 31209152 PMCID: PMC6635810 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0364-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy number variation (CNV) at chromosomal region 15q11.2 is linked to increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders including autism and schizophrenia. A significant gene at this locus is cytoplasmic fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) interacting protein 1 (CYFIP1). CYFIP1 protein interacts with FMRP, whose monogenic absence causes fragile X syndrome (FXS). Fmrp knock-out has been shown to reduce tonic GABAergic inhibition by interacting with the δ-subunit of the GABAA receptor (GABAAR). Using in situ hybridization (ISH), qPCR, Western blotting techniques, and patch clamp electrophysiology in brain slices from a Cyfip1 haploinsufficient mouse, we examined δ-subunit mediated tonic inhibition in the dentate gyrus (DG). In wild-type (WT) mice, DG granule cells (DGGCs) responded to the δ-subunit-selective agonist THIP with significantly increased tonic currents. In heterozygous mice, no significant difference was observed in THIP-evoked currents in DGGCs. Phasic GABAergic inhibition in DGGC was also unaltered with no difference in properties of spontaneous IPSCs (sIPSCs). Additionally, we demonstrate that DG granule cell layer (GCL) parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PV+-INs) have functional δ-subunit-mediated tonic GABAergic currents which, unlike DGGC, are also modulated by the α1-selective drug zolpidem. Similar to DGGC, both IPSCs and THIP-evoked currents in PV+-INs were not different between Cyfip1 heterozygous and WT mice. Supporting our electrophysiological data, we found no significant change in hippocampal δ-subunit mRNA expression or protein level and no change in α1/α4-subunit mRNA expression. Thus, Cyfip1 haploinsufficiency, mimicking human 15q11.2 microdeletion syndrome, does not alter hippocampal phasic or tonic GABAergic inhibition, substantially differing from the Fmrp knock-out mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Trent
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - William M Connelly
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Adam C Errington
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
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181
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Fu CH, Iascone DM, Petrof I, Hazra A, Zhang X, Pyfer MS, Tosi U, Corbett BF, Cai J, Lee J, Park J, Iacovitti L, Scharfman HE, Enikolopov G, Chin J. Early Seizure Activity Accelerates Depletion of Hippocampal Neural Stem Cells and Impairs Spatial Discrimination in an Alzheimer's Disease Model. Cell Rep 2019; 27:3741-3751.e4. [PMID: 31242408 PMCID: PMC6697001 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis has been reported to be decreased, increased, or not changed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and related transgenic mouse models. These disparate findings may relate to differences in disease stage, or the presence of seizures, which are associated with AD and can stimulate neurogenesis. In this study, we investigate a transgenic mouse model of AD that exhibits seizures similarly to AD patients and find that neurogenesis is increased in early stages of disease, as spontaneous seizures became evident, but is decreased below control levels as seizures recur. Treatment with the antiseizure drug levetiracetam restores neurogenesis and improves performance in a neurogenesis-associated spatial discrimination task. Our results suggest that seizures stimulate, and later accelerate the depletion of, the hippocampal neural stem cell pool. These results have implications for AD as well as any disorder accompanied by recurrent seizures, such as epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsuan Fu
- Memory & Brain Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Daniel Maxim Iascone
- Department of Neuroscience and Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Iraklis Petrof
- Memory & Brain Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Anupam Hazra
- Department of Neuroscience and Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Mark S Pyfer
- Department of Neuroscience and Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Umberto Tosi
- Department of Neuroscience and Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Brian F Corbett
- Department of Neuroscience and Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Jingli Cai
- Department of Neuroscience and Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Jason Lee
- Memory & Brain Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jin Park
- Memory & Brain Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lorraine Iacovitti
- Department of Neuroscience and Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Helen E Scharfman
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Physiology and the Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Grigori Enikolopov
- Center for Developmental Genetics and Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Jeannie Chin
- Memory & Brain Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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182
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Liu B, Zhang Q, Ke C, Xia Z, Luo C, Li Y, Guan X, Cao X, Xu Y, Zhao Y. Ginseng-Angelica-Sansheng-Pulvis Boosts Neurogenesis Against Focal Cerebral Ischemia-Induced Neurological Deficiency. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:515. [PMID: 31191223 PMCID: PMC6549519 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The traditional Chinese medicine Ginseng-Angelica-Shanseng-Pulvis (GASP) has been used to treat stroke for 300 years. This present study investigated if it can induce increases in neurogenesis following cerebral ischemic injury. Methods Rats following middle cerebral artery occlusion were orally treated with high, medium, and low doses of a standardized GASP extract. Results After 14 days, treatment with GASP improved regional blood flow and infarction volume by magnetic resonance imaging scanning, enhanced Ki67+ expression in the subventricular zone, increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) secretion, Nestin, and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2/4 expressions in the hippocampus in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, low-dose treatment with GASP downregulated doublecortin and Notch1 expressions in the hippocampus, as well as upregulated glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in the subgranular zone and hairy and enhancer of split (Hes) 5 expression in the hippocampus, while treatment with middle and high doses of GASP reversed these results. Meanwhile, the consumed time was shortened in the basket test and the adhesive removal test and the spending time on exploring novel objects was prolonged by GASP treatment whose effects were more obvious at day 14 post-ischemia. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that treatment with GASP increases neurogenesis and ameliorates sensorimotor functions and recognition memory. We hypothesize that these effects are thought be mediated by an effect on the BMP2/4 pathway and Notch1/Hes5 signal. Due to its beneficial efficacy, GASP can be recognized as an alternative therapeutic agent for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chienchih Ke
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,Biomedical Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zhenyan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Xiaowei Guan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Cao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yonghua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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183
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La Rosa C, Ghibaudi M, Bonfanti L. Newly Generated and Non-Newly Generated "Immature" Neurons in the Mammalian Brain: A Possible Reservoir of Young Cells to Prevent Brain Aging and Disease? J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050685. [PMID: 31096632 PMCID: PMC6571946 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain plasticity is important for translational purposes since most neurological disorders and brain aging problems remain substantially incurable. In the mammalian nervous system, neurons are mostly not renewed throughout life and cannot be replaced. In humans, the increasing life expectancy explains the increase in brain health problems, also producing heavy social and economic burden. An exception to the “static” brain is represented by stem cell niches leading to the production of new neurons. Such adult neurogenesis is dramatically reduced from fish to mammals, and in large-brained mammals with respect to rodents. Some examples of neurogenesis occurring outside the neurogenic niches have been reported, yet these new neurons actually do not integrate in the mature nervous tissue. Non-newly generated, “immature” neurons (nng-INs) are also present: Prenatally generated cells continuing to express molecules of immaturity (mostly shared with the newly born neurons). Of interest, nng-INs seem to show an inverse phylogenetic trend across mammals, being abundant in higher-order brain regions not served by neurogenesis and providing structural plasticity in rather stable areas. Both newly generated and nng-INs represent a potential reservoir of young cells (a “brain reserve”) that might be exploited for preventing the damage of aging and/or delay the onset/reduce the impact of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara La Rosa
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Torino, Italy.
| | - Marco Ghibaudi
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
| | - Luca Bonfanti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Torino, Italy.
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184
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Anstötz M, Lee SK, Neblett TI, Rune GM, Maccaferri G. Experience-Dependent Regulation of Cajal-Retzius Cell Networks in the Developing and Adult Mouse Hippocampus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [PMID: 28637318 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to their near-disappearance in the adult neocortex, Cajal-Retzius cells have been suggested to persist longer in the hippocampus. A distinctive feature of the mature hippocampus, not maintained by other cortical areas, is its ability to sustain adult neurogenesis. Here, we have investigated whether environmental manipulations affecting hippocampal postnatal neurogenesis have a parallel impact on Cajal-Retzius cells. We used multiple mouse reporter lines to unequivocally identify Cajal-Retzius cells and quantify their densities during postnatal development. We found that exposure to an enriched environment increased the persistence of Cajal-Retzius cells in the hippocampus, but not in adjacent cortical regions. We did not observe a similar effect for parvalbumin-expressing interneurons, which suggested the occurrence of a cell type-specific process. In addition, we did not detect obvious changes either in Cajal-Retzius cell electrophysiological or morphological features, when compared with what previously reported in animals not exposed to enriched conditions. However, optogenetically triggered synaptic output of Cajal-Retzius cells onto local interneurons was enhanced, consistent with our observation of higher Cajal-Retzius cell densities. In conclusion, our data reveal a novel form of hippocampal, cell type-specific, experience-dependent network plasticity. We propose that this phenomenon may be involved in the regulation of enrichment-dependent enhanced hippocampal postnatal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Anstötz
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA.,Institute for Neuroanatomy, University/University Hospital Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sun Kyong Lee
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA
| | - Tamra I Neblett
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA
| | - Gabriele M Rune
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University/University Hospital Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gianmaria Maccaferri
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA
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185
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Bernstein EE, McNally RJ. Examining the Effects of Exercise on Pattern Separation and the Moderating Effects of Mood Symptoms. Behav Ther 2019; 50:582-593. [PMID: 31030875 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise has broad cognitive benefits. One target of interest is enhanced memory. The present study explored pattern separation as a specific memory process that could be sensitive to acute and regular exercise and clinically significant for disorders (e.g., depression) characterized by cognitive-affective deficits and hippocampal impairment. In a within-subjects design, participants (N = 69) attended two visits during which they repeated a behavioral pattern separation task at rest and after an activity (cycling, stretching). Regular exercise habits, demographics, mood and anxiety symptoms, and recognition memory capacity were also measured. More regular exercise predicted better resting pattern separation, t(62) = 2.13, b = 1.74, p = .037. Age moderated this effect, t(61) = 2.35, b = .25, p = .02; exercise most strongly predicted performance among middle-age participants. There was no main effect of activity condition on post-activity performance, t(61) = .67, p = .51. However, with significant heterogeneity in reported mood symptoms and regular exercise habits, there was a three-way interaction between condition, regular exercise, and depression, t(55) = 2.08, b = .22, p = .04. Relative to stretching, cycling appears to have enhanced the benefit of regular exercise for pattern separation performance; however, this was evident among participants with mild to no symptoms of depression, but absent among participants with moderate to severe symptoms. Results have implications for how exercise might protect against declines in pattern separation. Future research should explore exercise's potential as a prevention tool or early intervention for pattern separation and related clinical outcomes.
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186
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Kandasamy M, Yesudhas A, Poornimai Abirami GP, Radhakrishnan RK, Roshan SA, Johnson E, Ravichandran VR, Biswas A, Shanmugaapriya S, Anusuyadevi M, Aigner L. Genetic reprogramming of somatic cells into neuroblasts through a co-induction of the doublecortin gene along the Yamanaka factors: A promising approach to model neuroregenerative disorders. Med Hypotheses 2019; 127:105-111. [PMID: 31088631 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) mediated adult neurogenesis represents the regenerative plasticity of the brain. The functionality of the neurogenic process appears to be operated by neuroblasts, the multipotent immature neuronal population of the adult brain. While neuroblasts have been realized to play a major role in synaptic remodeling and immunogenicity, neurodegenerative disorders have been characterized by failure in the terminal differentiation, maturation, integration and survival of newborn neuroblasts. Advancement in understanding the impaired neuroregenerative process along the neuropathological conditions has currently been limited by lack of an appropriate experimental model of neuroblasts. The genetic reprogramming of somatic cells into pluripotent state offers a potential strategy for the experimental modeling of brain disorders. Thus, the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) based direct reprogramming of somatic cells into neuroblasts would represent a potential tool to understand the regenerative biology of the adult brain. Therefore, this concise article discusses the significance of iPSCs, the functional roles of neuroblasts in the adult brain and provides a research hypothesis for the direct reprogramming of somatic cells into neuroblasts through the co-induction of a potential proneurogenic marker, the doublecortin (DCX) gene along with the Yamanaka factors. The proposed cellular model of adult neurogenesis may provide us with further insights into neuropathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders and will provide a potential experimental platform for diagnostic, drug discovery and regenerative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Kandasamy
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India; School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India; UGC-Faculty Recharge Programme (UGC-FRP), University Grants Commission, New Delhi, India.
| | - Ajisha Yesudhas
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G P Poornimai Abirami
- School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Risna Kanjirassery Radhakrishnan
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Syed Aasish Roshan
- Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Esther Johnson
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vijaya Roobini Ravichandran
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abir Biswas
- Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Muthuswamy Anusuyadevi
- School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India; Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
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187
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Mishra P, Narayanan R. Disparate forms of heterogeneities and interactions among them drive channel decorrelation in the dentate gyrus: Degeneracy and dominance. Hippocampus 2019; 29:378-403. [PMID: 30260063 PMCID: PMC6420062 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability of a neuronal population to effectuate channel decorrelation, which is one form of response decorrelation, has been identified as an essential prelude to efficient neural encoding. To what extent are diverse forms of local and afferent heterogeneities essential in accomplishing channel decorrelation in the dentate gyrus (DG)? Here, we incrementally incorporated four distinct forms of biological heterogeneities into conductance-based network models of the DG and systematically delineate their relative contributions to channel decorrelation. First, to effectively incorporate intrinsic heterogeneities, we built physiologically validated heterogeneous populations of granule (GC) and basket cells (BC) through independent stochastic search algorithms spanning exhaustive parametric spaces. These stochastic search algorithms, which were independently constrained by experimentally determined ion channels and by neurophysiological signatures, revealed cellular-scale degeneracy in the DG. Specifically, in GC and BC populations, disparate parametric combinations yielded similar physiological signatures, with underlying parameters exhibiting significant variability and weak pair-wise correlations. Second, we introduced synaptic heterogeneities through randomization of local synaptic strengths. Third, in including adult neurogenesis, we subjected the valid model populations to randomized structural plasticity and matched neuronal excitability to electrophysiological data. We assessed networks comprising different combinations of these three local heterogeneities with identical or heterogeneous afferent inputs from the entorhinal cortex. We found that the three forms of local heterogeneities were independently and synergistically capable of mediating significant channel decorrelation when the network was driven by identical afferent inputs. However, when we incorporated afferent heterogeneities into the network to account for the divergence in DG afferent connectivity, the impact of all three forms of local heterogeneities was significantly suppressed by the dominant role of afferent heterogeneities in mediating channel decorrelation. Our results unveil a unique convergence of cellular- and network-scale degeneracy in the emergence of channel decorrelation in the DG, whereby disparate forms of local and afferent heterogeneities could synergistically drive input discriminability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Mishra
- Cellular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Molecular Biophysics UnitIndian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
| | - Rishikesh Narayanan
- Cellular Neurophysiology Laboratory, Molecular Biophysics UnitIndian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
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188
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Hass-Cohen N, Clyde Findlay JM. The art therapy relational neuroscience and memory reconsolidation four drawing protocol. ARTS IN PSYCHOTHERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aip.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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189
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Mustafin RN, Enikeeva RF, Malykh SB, Valinurov RG, Khusnutdinova EK. [Genetics and epigenetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2019; 118:106-110. [PMID: 30335081 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2018118091106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Molecular genetic studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have demonstrated the involvement of multiple genes in the etiology of ADHD. A polygenic hypothesis of the etiopathogenesis was formulated without clear knowledge of common mechanisms of ADHD development. Twin, family and adoption studies have established the heritability of 70-80% for ADHD. Association studies have shown the relationship between ADHD and genes of dopaminergic (DRD4, DRD5, SLC6A3), serotoninergic (HTR1B, 5-HTTLPR), glutamatergic (mGluR, NDRG2) systems, metabolic pathways (SLC2A3, SLC6A4, CDH13, CFOD1, GFOD1), membrane proteins (KChIP1, ITGA1, SNAP-25) as well as tumour-suppressor (NDRG2, NF1) and cytokine genes. The marked comorbidity of ADHD with other psychiatric disorders and shared genetic risk factors were determined. Studies of a role of copy number variations (CNVs) provided more promising evidence that suggested the possible involvement of retroelements as the unifying factors of disease etiopathogenesis. Transposons, which are sensitive to stress, may cause CNVs and are key regulators of brain development and functioning. The dysregulation of transposons is thought to be important in changes in tuning of gene regulatory pathways and epigenetic regulation of neurons in ADHD that may be a common principle underlying the heterogeneous nature of ADHD. Research on noncoding RNAs will help to confirm the hypothesis and develop diagnostic algorithms of examination of ADHD patients as an important step in the implementation of personalized medicine in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R F Enikeeva
- Bashkir State University, Ufa, Russia; Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia
| | - S B Malykh
- Psychological Institute of Russian Academy of Education, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - E K Khusnutdinova
- Bashkir State University, Ufa, Russia; Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia
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190
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mélanie F. GUIGUENO
- Department of Natural Resource SciencesMcGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
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191
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Zupanc GK. Stem‐Cell‐Driven Growth and Regrowth of the Adult Spinal Cord in Teleost Fish. Dev Neurobiol 2019; 79:406-423. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Günther K.H. Zupanc
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Biology Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts
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192
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Rodríguez-Iglesias N, Sierra A, Valero J. Rewiring of Memory Circuits: Connecting Adult Newborn Neurons With the Help of Microglia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:24. [PMID: 30891446 PMCID: PMC6411767 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
New neurons are continuously generated from stem cells and integrated into the adult hippocampal circuitry, contributing to memory function. Several environmental, cellular, and molecular factors regulate the formation of new neurons, but the mechanisms that govern their incorporation into memory circuits are less explored. Herein we will focus on microglia, the resident immune cells of the CNS, which modulate the production of new neurons in the adult hippocampus and are also well suited to participate in their circuit integration. Microglia may contribute to the refinement of brain circuits during development and exert a role in physiological and pathological conditions by regulating axonal and dendritic growth; promoting the formation, elimination, and relocation of synapses; modulating excitatory synaptic maturation; and participating in functional synaptic plasticity. Importantly, microglia are able to sense subtle changes in their environment and may use this information to differently modulate hippocampal wiring, ultimately impacting on memory function. Deciphering the role of microglia in hippocampal circuitry constant rewiring will help to better understand the influence of microglia on memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Rodríguez-Iglesias
- Laboratory of Glial Cell Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Amanda Sierra
- Laboratory of Glial Cell Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Ikerbasque Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jorge Valero
- Laboratory of Glial Cell Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Ikerbasque Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
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193
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Clewett D, DuBrow S, Davachi L. Transcending time in the brain: How event memories are constructed from experience. Hippocampus 2019; 29:162-183. [PMID: 30734391 PMCID: PMC6629464 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Our daily lives unfold continuously, yet when we reflect on the past, we remember those experiences as distinct and cohesive events. To understand this phenomenon, early investigations focused on how and when individuals perceive natural breakpoints, or boundaries, in ongoing experience. More recent research has examined how these boundaries modulate brain mechanisms that support long-term episodic memory. This work has revealed that a complex interplay between hippocampus and prefrontal cortex promotes the integration and separation of sequential information to help organize our experiences into mnemonic events. Here, we discuss how both temporal stability and change in one's thoughts, goals, and surroundings may provide scaffolding for these neural processes to link and separate memories across time. When learning novel or familiar sequences of information, dynamic hippocampal processes may work both independently from and in concert with other brain regions to bind sequential representations together in memory. The formation and storage of discrete episodic memories may occur both proactively as an experience unfolds. They may also occur retroactively, either during a context shift or when reactivation mechanisms bring the past into the present to allow integration. We also describe conditions and factors that shape the construction and integration of event memories across different timescales. Together these findings shed new light on how the brain transcends time to transform everyday experiences into meaningful memory representations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah DuBrow
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, USA
| | - Lila Davachi
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, USA
- Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA
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194
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Sánchez-Vidaña DI, Po KKT, Fung TKH, Chow JKW, Lau WKW, So PK, Lau BWM, Tsang HWH. Lavender essential oil ameliorates depression-like behavior and increases neurogenesis and dendritic complexity in rats. Neurosci Lett 2019; 701:180-192. [PMID: 30825591 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a major health issue that causes severe societal economic and health burden. Aromatherapy, a practice that uses essential oils for preventive and therapeutic purposes, represents a promising therapeutic alternative for the alleviation of depressive symptoms. Lavender essential oil (LEO) has been the focus of clinical studies due to its positive effect on mood. An animal model of chronic administration of high dose corticosterone to induce depression- and anxiety-like behavior and reduced neurogenesis was used to explore the biological changes brought by aromatherapy. Twenty-four adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned into four groups: Control, corticosterone (Cort) group with high dose of corticosterone, LEO group with daily exposure to LEO by inhalation, and LEO + Cort. At the end of the 14-day treatment period, behavioral tests were carried out. Serum samples were collected 2-3 days after the 14-day period treatment and before perfusion to carry out biochemical analyses to measure BDNF, corticosterone and oxytocin. After perfusion, brains were collected for immunohistochemical analysis to detect BrdU and DCX positive cells in the hippocampus and subventricular zone. Results showed that treatment with LEO ameliorated the depression-like behavior induced by the chronic administration of corticosterone as observed in the LEO + Cort group. Cort treatment reduced the number of BrdU positive cells in the hippocampus and the subventricular zone. Treatment with LEO prevented the corticosterone-induced reduction in the number of BrdU positive cells (LEO + Cort group) demonstrating the neurogenic effect of LEO under high corticosterone conditions. Chronic administration of high dose of corticosterone significantly reduced the dendritic complexity of immature neurons. On the contrary, treatment with LEO increased dendritic complexity of immature neurons under high corticosterone conditions (LEO + Cort group). The improved neurogenesis and dendritic complexity observed in the LEO + Cort group demonstrated a clear restorative effect of LEO under high corticosterone conditions. However, 2-3 days after the treatment, the levels of BDNF were upregulated in the LEO and LEO + Cort groups. Furthermore, the concentration of oxytocin in serum, 2-3 days after the treatment, showed to be upregulated in the LEO group alone. The present study has provided evidence of the biological effect of LEO on neuroplasticity and neurogenesis. Also, this study contributes to the understanding of the mechanism of action of LEO in an animal model where depression- and anxiety-like behavior and reduced neurogenesis were induced by high corticosterone administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Kai-Ting Po
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Timothy Kai-Hang Fung
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jason Ka-Wing Chow
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Way Kwok-Wai Lau
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pui-Kin So
- University Research Facility in Life Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Benson Wui-Man Lau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Hector Wing-Hong Tsang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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195
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Cuartero MI, de la Parra J, Pérez-Ruiz A, Bravo-Ferrer I, Durán-Laforet V, García-Culebras A, García-Segura JM, Dhaliwal J, Frankland PW, Lizasoain I, Moro MÁ. Abolition of aberrant neurogenesis ameliorates cognitive impairment after stroke in mice. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:1536-1550. [PMID: 30676325 DOI: 10.1172/jci120412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Poststroke cognitive impairment is considered one of the main complications during the chronic phase of ischemic stroke. In the adult brain, the hippocampus regulates both encoding and retrieval of new information through adult neurogenesis. Nevertheless, the lack of predictive models and studies based on the forgetting processes hinders the understanding of memory alterations after stroke. Our aim was to explore whether poststroke neurogenesis participates in the development of long-term memory impairment. Here, we show a hippocampal neurogenesis burst that persisted 1 month after stroke and that correlated with an impaired contextual and spatial memory performance. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the enhancement of hippocampal neurogenesis after stroke by physical activity or memantine treatment weakened existing memories. More importantly, stroke-induced newborn neurons promoted an aberrant hippocampal circuitry remodeling with differential features at ipsi- and contralesional levels. Strikingly, inhibition of stroke-induced hippocampal neurogenesis by temozolomide treatment or using a genetic approach (Nestin-CreERT2/NSE-DTA mice) impeded the forgetting of old memories. These results suggest that hippocampal neurogenesis modulation could be considered as a potential approach for treatment of poststroke cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Cuartero
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan de la Parra
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Pérez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Bravo-Ferrer
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Violeta Durán-Laforet
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia García-Culebras
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel García-Segura
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), UCM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jagroop Dhaliwal
- Program in Neuroscience & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul W Frankland
- Program in Neuroscience & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Moro
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), UCM, Madrid, Spain
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196
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Leibowitz JA, Natarajan G, Zhou J, Carney PR, Ormerod BK. Sustained somatostatin gene expression reverses kindling-induced increases in the number of dividing Type-1 neural stem cells in the hippocampi of behaviorally responsive rats. Epilepsy Res 2019; 150:78-94. [PMID: 30735971 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis persists throughout life in the hippocampi of all mammals, including humans. In the healthy hippocampus, relatively quiescent Type-1 neural stem cells (NSCs) can give rise to more proliferative Type-2a neural progenitor cells (NPCs), which generate neuronal-committed Type-2b NPCs that mature into Type-3 neuroblasts. Many Type-3 neuroblasts survive and mature into functionally integrated granule neurons over several weeks. In kindling models of epilepsy, neurogenesis is drastically upregulated and many new neurons form aberrant connections that could support epileptogenesis and/or seizures. We have shown that sustained vector-mediated hippocampal somatostatin (SST) expression can both block epileptogenesis and reverse seizure susceptibility in fully kindled rats. Here we test whether adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector-mediated sustained SST expression modulates hippocampal neurogenesis and microglial activation in fully kindled rats. We found significantly more dividing Type-1 NSCs and a corresponding increased number of surviving new neurons in the hippocampi of kindled versus sham-kindled rats. Increased numbers of activated microglia were found in the granule cell layer and hilus of kindled rats at both time points. After intrahippocampal injection with either eGFP or SST-eGFP vector, we found similar numbers of dividing Type-1 NSCs and -2 NPCs and surviving BrdU+ neurons and glia in the hippocampi of kindled rats. Upon observed variability in responses to SST-eGFP (2/4 rats exhibited Grade 0 seizures in the test session), we conducted an additional experiment. We found significantly fewer dividing Type-1 NSCs in the hippocampi of SST-eGFP vector-treated responder rats (5/13 rats) relative to SST-eGFP vector-treated non-responders and eGFP vector-treated controls that exhibited high-grade seizures on the test session. The number of activated microglia was upregulated in the GCL and hilus of kindled rats, regardless of vector treatment. These data support the hypothesis that sustained SST expression exerts antiepileptic effects potentially through normalization of neurogenesis and suggests that abnormally high proliferating Type-1 NSC numbers may be a cellular mechanism of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gowri Natarajan
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, USA; Neuroscience Program, USA
| | - Junli Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, USA; Neuroscience Program, USA
| | - Paul R Carney
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, USA; Neuroscience Program, USA; Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Brandi K Ormerod
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, USA; Department of Neuroscience, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, USA.
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197
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Yu Z, Lin D, Zhong Y, Luo B, Liu S, Fei E, Lai X, Zou S, Wang S. Transmembrane protein 108 involves in adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:9. [PMID: 30651970 PMCID: PMC6330398 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-019-0272-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transmembrane protein 108 (Tmem108) is a risk gene of psychiatric diseases including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression disorder. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms of Tmem108 are largely unknown. Results Here we investigated the pathophysiological function of Tmem108 in the hippocampal dentate gyrus by using Tmem108 mutant mice. Tmem108 highly expressed in the dentate gyrus and CA3 of the hippocampus. Dentate gyrus is a brain region where adult neurogenesis occurs, and aberrant adult neurogenesis in dentate gyrus has been implicated in major depression disorder. Indeed, Tmem108 mutant mice had lower immobility than wild type mice in tail suspension test and forced swimming test. BrdU and anti-Ki67 antibody staining indicated that adult neurogenesis of the hippocampal dentate gyrus region decreased in Tmem108 mutant mice. qPCR results showed that expression of Axin2, DISC1 and β-Catenin, three dentate gyrus adult neurogenesis related genes in Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway, decreased in Tmem108 mutant mice. Furthermore, Tmem108 enhanced free β-Catenin level in dual luciferase assay. Conclusions Thus, our data suggest that Tmem108 increases adult neurogenesis and plays a complexity role in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yu
- 1Laboratory of Synaptic Development and Plasticity, Institute of Life Science and School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi China.,2School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi China
| | - Dong Lin
- 1Laboratory of Synaptic Development and Plasticity, Institute of Life Science and School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi China
| | - Yanzi Zhong
- 1Laboratory of Synaptic Development and Plasticity, Institute of Life Science and School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi China
| | - Bin Luo
- 1Laboratory of Synaptic Development and Plasticity, Institute of Life Science and School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi China
| | - Shengsheng Liu
- 3Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi China
| | - Erkang Fei
- 1Laboratory of Synaptic Development and Plasticity, Institute of Life Science and School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi China
| | - Xinsheng Lai
- 1Laboratory of Synaptic Development and Plasticity, Institute of Life Science and School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi China
| | - Suqi Zou
- 1Laboratory of Synaptic Development and Plasticity, Institute of Life Science and School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi China
| | - Shunqi Wang
- 1Laboratory of Synaptic Development and Plasticity, Institute of Life Science and School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi China.,2School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi China
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198
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Mineyeva OA, Bezriadnov DV, Kedrov AV, Lazutkin AA, Anokhin KV, Enikolopov GN. Radiation Induces Distinct Changes in Defined Subpopulations of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells in the Adult Hippocampus. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1013. [PMID: 30686979 PMCID: PMC6333747 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While irradiation can effectively treat brain tumors, this therapy also causes cognitive impairments, some of which may stem from the disruption of hippocampal neurogenesis. To study how radiation affects neurogenesis, we combine phenotyping of subpopulations of hippocampal neural stem and progenitor cells with double- and triple S-phase labeling paradigms. Using this approach, we reveal new features of division, survival, and differentiation of neural stem and progenitor cells after exposure to gamma radiation. We show that dividing neural stem cells, while susceptible to damage induced by gamma rays, are less vulnerable than their rapidly amplifying progeny. We also show that dividing stem and progenitor cells that survive irradiation are suppressed in their ability to replicate 0.5–1 day after the radiation exposure. Suppression of division is also observed for cells that entered the cell cycle after irradiation or were not in the S phase at the time of exposure. Determining the longer term effects of irradiation, we found that 2 months after exposure, radiation-induced suppression of division is partially relieved for both stem and progenitor cells, without evidence for compensatory symmetric divisions as a means to restore the normal level of neurogenesis. By that time, most mature young neurons, born 2–4 weeks after the irradiation, still bear the consequences of radiation exposure, unlike younger neurons undergoing early stages of differentiation without overt signs of deficient maturation. Later, 6 months after an exposure to 5 Gy, cell proliferation and neurogenesis are further impaired, though neural stem cells are still available in the niche, and their pool is preserved. Our results indicate that various subpopulations of stem and progenitor cells in the adult hippocampus have different susceptibility to gamma radiation, and that neurogenesis, even after a temporary restoration, is impaired in the long term after exposure to gamma rays. Our study provides a framework for investigating critical issues of neural stem cell maintenance, aging, interaction with their microenvironment, and post-irradiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Mineyeva
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia.,P. K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia.,National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute," Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitri V Bezriadnov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia.,P. K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V Kedrov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia.,P. K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A Lazutkin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia.,P. K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia.,N.N. Burdenko Neurosurgery Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin V Anokhin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia.,P. K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow, Russia.,National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute," Moscow, Russia
| | - Grigori N Enikolopov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia.,Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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199
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Adams W, Graham JN, Han X, Riecke H. Top-down inputs drive neuronal network rewiring and context-enhanced sensory processing in olfaction. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006611. [PMID: 30668563 PMCID: PMC6358160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of the computational power of the mammalian brain arises from its extensive top-down projections. To enable neuron-specific information processing these projections have to be precisely targeted. How such a specific connectivity emerges and what functions it supports is still poorly understood. We addressed these questions in silico in the context of the profound structural plasticity of the olfactory system. At the core of this plasticity are the granule cells of the olfactory bulb, which integrate bottom-up sensory inputs and top-down inputs delivered by vast top-down projections from cortical and other brain areas. We developed a biophysically supported computational model for the rewiring of the top-down projections and the intra-bulbar network via adult neurogenesis. The model captures various previous physiological and behavioral observations and makes specific predictions for the cortico-bulbar network connectivity that is learned by odor exposure and environmental contexts. Specifically, it predicts that-after learning-the granule-cell receptive fields with respect to sensory and with respect to cortical inputs are highly correlated. This enables cortical cells that respond to a learned odor to enact disynaptic inhibitory control specifically of bulbar principal cells that respond to that odor. For this the reciprocal nature of the granule cell synapses with the principal cells is essential. Functionally, the model predicts context-enhanced stimulus discrimination in cluttered environments ('olfactory cocktail parties') and the ability of the system to adapt to its tasks by rapidly switching between different odor-processing modes. These predictions are experimentally testable. At the same time they provide guidance for future experiments aimed at unraveling the cortico-bulbar connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Adams
- Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - James N. Graham
- Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Xuchen Han
- Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Hermann Riecke
- Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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200
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Heterogeneity of Stem Cells in the Hippocampus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1169:31-53. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-24108-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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