151
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Xie L, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Chen Y, Lu D, Wu W. COVID-19 and Diabetes: A Comprehensive Review of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2, Mutual Effects and Pharmacotherapy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:772865. [PMID: 34867819 PMCID: PMC8639866 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.772865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential relationship between diabetes and COVID-19 has been evaluated. However, new knowledge is rapidly emerging. In this study, we systematically reviewed the relationship between viral cell surface receptors (ACE2, AXL, CD147, DC-SIGN, L-SIGN and DPP4) and SARS-CoV-2 infection risk, and emphasized the implications of ACE2 on SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 pathogenesis. Besides, we updated on the two-way interactions between diabetes and COVID-19, as well as the treatment options for COVID-19 comorbid patients from the perspective of ACE2. The efficacies of various clinical chemotherapeutic options, including anti-diabetic drugs, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, lipid-lowering drugs, anticoagulants, and glucocorticoids for COVID-19 positive diabetic patients were discussed. Moreover, we reviewed the significance of two different forms of ACE2 (mACE2 and sACE2) and gender on COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. This review summarizes COVID-19 pathophysiology and the best strategies for clinical management of diabetes patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Weihua Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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152
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Al-Karmalawy AA, Soltane R, Abo Elmaaty A, Tantawy MA, Antar SA, Yahya G, Chrouda A, Pashameah RA, Mustafa M, Abu Mraheil M, Mostafa A. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Control between Drug Repurposing and Vaccination: A Comprehensive Overview. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1317. [PMID: 34835248 PMCID: PMC8622998 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses represent a major public health concern, as they are highly mutated, resulting in new strains emerging with high pathogenicity. Currently, the world is suffering from the newly evolving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This virus is the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a mild-to-severe respiratory tract infection with frequent ability to give rise to fatal pneumonia in humans. The overwhelming outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 continues to unfold all over the world, urging scientists to put an end to this global pandemic through biological and pharmaceutical interventions. Currently, there is no specific treatment option that is capable of COVID-19 pandemic eradication, so several repurposed drugs and newly conditionally approved vaccines are in use and heavily applied to control the COVID-19 pandemic. The emergence of new variants of the virus that partially or totally escape from the immune response elicited by the approved vaccines requires continuous monitoring of the emerging variants to update the content of the developed vaccines or modify them totally to match the new variants. Herein, we discuss the potential therapeutic and prophylactic interventions including repurposed drugs and the newly developed/approved vaccines, highlighting the impact of virus evolution on the immune evasion of the virus from currently licensed vaccines for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
| | - Raya Soltane
- Department of Basic Sciences, Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Ayman Abo Elmaaty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Tantawy
- Hormones Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Egypt
- Stem Cells Laboratory, Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Egypt
| | - Samar A Antar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
| | - Galal Yahya
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Amani Chrouda
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11932, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Interfaces and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Sciences, Monastir University, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
- Institute of Analytical Sciences, UMR CNRS-UCBL-ENS 5280, 5 Rue la Doua, CEDEX, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Rami Adel Pashameah
- Department of Basic Sciences, Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhamad Mustafa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Deraya University, Minia 61111, Egypt
| | - Mobarak Abu Mraheil
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Egypt
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153
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Extreme Situation Experienced by Dental Students of the Medical University of Silesia Due to the SARS-CoV-2 Epidemic during the First Lockdown. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9111513. [PMID: 34828557 PMCID: PMC8622489 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9111513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic declared in many countries in 2020 due to COVID-19 led to the freezing of economies and the introduction of distance learning in both schools and universities. This unusual situation has affected the mental state of citizens, which has the potential to lead to the development of post-traumatic stress and depression. This study aimed to assess the level of stress in dental students in the context of the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic. A survey on the PSS-10 scale was prepared to measure the level of perceived stress. The study included 164 dental students at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of the Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. The results showed the impact of COVID-19 on the stress of students, with 67.7% reporting high levels of stress. The study also revealed that stress was higher among older female students. This paper recommends that the university provide more intensive psychological care as psychological first aid strategies in epidemics or natural disasters and to consider telemedicine in order to deliver services due to the limitations of the pandemic.
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154
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Viana Invenção MDC, Melo ARDS, de Macêdo LS, da Costa Neves TSP, de Melo CML, Cordeiro MN, de Aragão Batista MV, de Freitas AC. Development of synthetic antigen vaccines for COVID-19. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:3855-3870. [PMID: 34613880 PMCID: PMC8506811 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1974288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The current pandemic called COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus brought the need for the search for fast alternatives to both control and fight the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, a race for a vaccine against COVID-19 took place, and some vaccines have been approved for emergency use in several countries in a record time. Ongoing prophylactic research has sought faster, safer, and precise alternatives by redirecting knowledge of other vaccines, and/or the development of new strategies using available tools, mainly in the areas of genomics and bioinformatics. The current review highlights the development of synthetic antigen vaccines, focusing on the usage of bioinformatics tools for the selection and construction of antigens on the different vaccine constructions under development, as well as strategies to optimize vaccines for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria da Conceição Viana Invenção
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy - LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Alanne Rayssa da Silva Melo
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy - LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Larissa Silva de Macêdo
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy - LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Thaís Souto Paula da Costa Neves
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy - LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Moutinho Lagos de Melo
- Laboratory of Immunological and Antitumor Analysis, Department of Antibiotics, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Nazário Cordeiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy - LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius de Aragão Batista
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos de Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy - LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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155
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Katsiki N, Gómez‐Huelgas R, Mikhailidis DP, Pérez‐Martínez P. Narrative review on clinical considerations for patients with diabetes and COVID-19: More questions than answers. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14833. [PMID: 34510676 PMCID: PMC8646329 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND-AIM Diabetes, obesity and hypertension are common comorbidities associated with increased severity and mortality rates from Corona Virus Disease (COVID)-19. METHODS In this narrative review (using the PubMed database), we discuss epidemiological data and pathophysiological links between diabetes and COVID-19. The potential effects of glycaemic control and antidiabetic drugs on the prevalence and outcomes of COVID-19 are also reviewed, as well as the role of telemedicine and diabetes self-management in the post-COVID-19 era. RESULTS Diabetes has been linked to COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, although further research is needed to elucidate this association. In the meantime, physicians should be aware of the potential rise in the prevalence of diabetes (due to unhealthy lifestyle changes during the pandemic), its severity and complications and focus on achieving optimal diabetes prevention and management. Telemedicine and diabetes self-management may help towards this direction. Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors may affect viral entry and infection, and thus COVID-19 outcomes, as shown in observational studies. CONCLUSION Diabetes has been associated with COVID-19 development and progression. Certain antidiabetic drugs may influence COVID-19 prevention and management. The results of ongoing randomized clinical trials will shed more light on this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Katsiki
- First Department of Internal MedicineDiabetes CenterDivision of Endocrinology and MetabolismAHEPA University HospitalThessalonikiGreece
| | - Ricardo Gómez‐Huelgas
- Internal Medicine DepartmentRegional University Hospital of MálagaInstituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)Universidad de MalagaMalagaSpain
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Dimitri P. Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryRoyal Free Hospital CampusUniversity College London Medical SchoolUniversity College London (UCL)LondonUK
| | - Pablo Pérez‐Martínez
- CIBER Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBEROBN)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis UnitDepartment of MedicineIMIBIC/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de CordobaCordobaSpain
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156
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Jia F, Wang G, Xu J, Long J, Deng F, Jiang W. Role of tumor necrosis factor-α in the mortality of hospitalized patients with severe and critical COVID-19 pneumonia. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:23895-23912. [PMID: 34725309 PMCID: PMC8610114 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is presently the most pressing public health concern worldwide. Cytokine storm is an important factor leading to death of patients with COVID-19. This study aims to characterize serum cytokines of patients with severe or critical COVID-19. Clinical records were obtained from 149 patients who were tested at the Sino-French New City Branch of Tongji Hospital from 30 January to 30 March 2020. Data regarding the clinical features of the patients was collected and analyzed. Among the 149, 45 (30.2%) of them had severe conditions and 104 (69.8%) of that presented critical symptoms. In the meantime, 80 (53.7%) of that 149 died during hospitalization. Of all, male patients accounted for 94 (69.1%). Compared with patients in severe COVID-19, those who in critical COVID-19 had significantly higher levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and IL-10. Moreover, the passed-away patients had considerably higher levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 than those survived from it. Regression analysis revealed that serum TNF-α level was an independent risk factor for the death of patient with severe conditions. Among the proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-6) analyzed herein, TNF-α was seen as a risk factor for the death of patients with severe or critical COVID-19. This study suggests that anti-TNF-α treatment allows patients with severe or critical COVID-19 pneumonia to recover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Junhong Long
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Fuxue Deng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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157
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Ebrahim SH, Maher AD, Kanagasabai U, Alfaraj SH, Alzahrani NA, Alqahtani SA, Assiri AM, Memish ZA. MERS-CoV Confirmation among 6,873 suspected persons and relevant Epidemiologic and Clinical Features, Saudi Arabia - 2014 to 2019. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 41:101191. [PMID: 34805807 PMCID: PMC8590843 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Of the three lethal coronaviruses, in addition to the ongoing pandemic-causing SARS-CoV 2, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) remains in circulation. Information on MERS-CoV has relied on small sample of patients. We updated the epidemiology, laboratory and clinical characteristics, and survival patterns of MERS-CoV retrospectively with the largest sample of followed patients. METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of line-listed records of non-random, continuously admitted patients who were suspected (6,873) or confirmed with MERS-CoV (501) admitted to one of the four MERS-CoV referral hospitals in Saudi Arabia, 2014-2019. FINDINGS Of the 6,873 MERS-CoV suspected persons, the majority were male (56%) and Saudi nationals (83%) and 95% had no known history that increased their risk of exposure to MERS-CoV patients or vectors (95%). More confirmed cases reported history that increased their risk of MERS-CoV infection (41%). Among the suspected, MERS-CoV confirmation (7.4% overall) was independently associated with being male, known transmission link to MERS-CoV patients or vectors, fever, symptoms for 7 days, admission through intensive care unit, and diabetes. Among persons with confirmed MERS-CoV, single symptoms were reported by 20%, 3-symptom combinations (fever, cough and dyspnea) reported by 21% and 2-symptom combinations (fever, cough) reported by 16%. Of the two-thirds (62%) of MERS-CoV confirmed patients who presented with co-morbidity, 32% had 2-"comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension). More than half of the MERS-CoV patents showed abnormal chest X-ray, elevated aspartate aminotransferase, and creatinine kinase. About a quarter of MERS-CoV patients had positive cultures on blood, urine, or respiratory secretions. During an average hospital stay of 18 days (range 11 to 30), 64% developed complications involving liver, lungs, or kidneys. Ventilation requirement (29% of MERS-CoV cases) was independently associated with abnormal chest X-ray, viremia (Ct value <30), elevated creatinine, and prothrombin time. Death (21% overall) was independently associated with older age, dyspnea and abnormal chest X-ray on admission, and low hemoglobulin levels. INTERPRETATIONS With two-thirds of the symptomatic persons developing multiorgan complications MERS-CoV remains the coronavirus with the highest severity (29%) and case fatality rate (21%) among the three lethal coronaviruses. Metabolic abnormalities appear to be an independent risk factor for sustained MERS-CoV transmission. The poorly understood transmission dynamics and non-specific clinical and laboratory features call for high index of suspicion among respiratory disease experts to help early detection of outbreaks. We reiterate the need for case control studies on transmission. FUNDING No special funding to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahul H. Ebrahim
- Adjunct Professor, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology, Bamako
| | - Andrew D. Maher
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Sarah H. Alfaraj
- Corona Center, Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nojom A. Alzahrani
- Corona Center, Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A. Alqahtani
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia & Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Abdullah M. Assiri
- Infection Prevention and Control, Preventive Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziad A. Memish
- Research & Innovation Center, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health and College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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158
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Boegel SJ, Gabriel M, Sasges M, Petri B, D’Agostino MR, Zhang A, Ang JC, Miller MS, Meunier SM, Aucoin MG. Robust Evaluation of Ultraviolet-C Sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 and Surrogate Coronaviruses. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0053721. [PMID: 34668746 PMCID: PMC8528122 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00537-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
UV light, more specifically UV-C light at a wavelength of 254 nm, is often used to disinfect surfaces, air, and liquids. In early 2020, at the cusp of the COVID-19 pandemic, UV light was identified as an efficient means of eliminating coronaviruses; however, the variability in published sensitivity data is evidence of the need for experimental rigor to accurately quantify the effectiveness of this technique. In the current study, reliable and reproducible UV techniques have been adopted, including accurate measurement of light intensity, consideration of fluid UV absorbance, and confirmation of uniform dose delivery, including dose verification using an established biological target (T1UV bacteriophage) and a resistant recombinant virus (baculovirus). The experimental results establish the UV sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, and mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and highlight the potential for surrogate viruses for disinfection studies. All four coronaviruses were found to be easily inactivated by 254 nm irradiation, with UV sensitivities of 1.7, 1.8, 1.7, and 1.2 mJ/cm2/log10 reduction for SARS-CoV-2, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, and MHV, respectively. Similar UV sensitivities for these species demonstrate the capacity for HCoV-OC43, HCoV-229E, and MHV to be considered surrogates for SARS-CoV-2 in UV-inactivation studies, greatly reducing hazards and simplifying procedures for future experimental studies. IMPORTANCE Disinfection of SARS-CoV-2 is of particular importance due to the global COVID-19 pandemic. UV-C irradiation is a compelling disinfection technique because it can be applied to surfaces, air, and water and is commonly used in drinking water and wastewater treatment facilities. UV inactivation depends on the dose received by an organism, regardless of the intensity of the light source or the optical properties of the medium in which it is suspended. The 254 nm irradiation sensitivity was accurately determined using benchmark methodology and a collimated beam apparatus for four coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, and MHV), a surrogate indicator organism (T1UV), and a resistant recombinant virus (baculovirus vector). Considering the light distribution across the sample surface, the attenuation of light intensity with fluid depth, the optical absorbance of the fluid, and the sample uniformity due to mixing enable accurate measurement of the fundamental inactivation kinetics and UV sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. J. Boegel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | | | | | - B. Petri
- Trojan Technologies, London, Canada
| | - M. R. D’Agostino
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - A. Zhang
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - J. C. Ang
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - M. S. Miller
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - S. M. Meunier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - M. G. Aucoin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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159
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Ma Q, Xie Y, Wang Z, Lei B, Chen R, Liu B, Jiang H, Wang Y, Liu Q, Yang Z. Efficacy and safety of ReDuNing injection as a treatment for COVID-19 and its inhibitory effect against SARS-CoV-2. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 279:114367. [PMID: 34174375 PMCID: PMC8223030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the rapid emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) poses a considerable threat to global public health, no specific treatment is available for COVID-19. ReDuNing injection (RDN) is a traditional Chinese medicine known to exert antibacterial, antiviral, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, RDN has been recommended in the diagnosis and treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-associated pneumonia by the National Health Council and the National Administration of Chinese Medicine. However, there is no information regarding its efficacy against COVID-19. AIM OF STUDY This study was designed to determine the clinical efficacy of RDN in patients with COVID-19 and characterize its antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 50 adults with COVID-19 were included in this study, and the primary endpoint was recovery from clinical symptoms following 14 days of treatment. General improvements were defined as the disappearance of the major symptoms of infection including fever, fatigue, and cough. The secondary endpoints included the proportion of patients who achieved clinical symptom amelioration on days 7 and 10, time to clinical recovery, time to a negative nucleic acid test result, duration of hospitalization, and time to defervescence. Plaque reduction and cytopathic effect assays were also performed in vitro, and reverse-transcription quantitative PCR was performed to evaluate the expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IP-10, MCP-1, IL-6, IFN-α, IFN-γ, IL-2 and CCL-5) during SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS The RDN group exhibited a shorter median time for the resolution of clinical symptoms (120 vs. 220 h, P < 0.0001), less time to a negative PCR test result (215 vs. 310 h, P = 0.0017), shorter hospitalization (14.8 vs. 18.5 days, P = 0.0002), and lower timeframe for defervescence (24.5 vs. 75 h, P = 0.0001) than the control group. In addition, time to improved imaging was also shorter in the RDN group than in the control group (6 vs.8.9 days, P = 0.0273); symptom resolution rates were higher in the RDN group than in the control group at 7 (96.30% vs. 39.13%, P < 0.0001) and 10 days (96.30% vs. 56.52%, P = 0.0008). No allergic reactions or anaphylactic responses were reported in this trial. RDN markedly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 proliferation and viral plaque formation in vitro. In addition, RDN significantly reduced inflammatory cytokine production in infected cells. CONCLUSIONS RDN relieves clinical symptoms in patients with COVID-19 and reduces SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulating inflammatory cytokine-related disorders, suggestion that this medication might be a safe and effective treatment for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, postcode, PR China
| | - Yuqi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, postcode, PR China
| | - Zhoulang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, postcode, PR China
| | - Biao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, postcode, PR China
| | - Ruihan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, postcode, PR China
| | - Bin Liu
- Kunming University of Science and Technology Library, Kunming, China
| | - Haiming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, postcode, PR China
| | - Yutao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, postcode, PR China
| | - Qingquan Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100010, PR China.
| | - Zifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, postcode, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau.
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Qiao L, Chen M, Li S, Hu J, Gong C, Zhang Z, Cao X. A peptide-based subunit candidate vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 delivered by biodegradable mesoporous silica nanoparticles induced high humoral and cellular immunity in mice. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:7287-7296. [PMID: 34612299 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01060c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Development of a rapidly scalable vaccine is still an urgent task to halt the spread of COVID-19. We have demonstrated biodegradable mesoporous silica nanoparticles (BMSNs) as a good drug delivery carrier for tumor therapy. In this study, seven linear B cell epitopes and three CD8+ T cell epitopes were screened from the spike (S) glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 by computer-based immunoinformatic approaches for vaccine design. A nanoparticle-based candidate vaccine (B/T@BMSNs) against SARS-CoV-2 was rapidly prepared by encapsulating these ten epitope peptides within BMSNs, respectively. BMSNs with potential biodegradability, proved to possess excellent safety in vitro and in vivo, could efficiently deliver epitope peptides into the cytoplasm of RAW264.7 cells. Strong Th1-biased humoral and cellular immunity were induced by B/T@BMSNs in mice and all the 10 selected epitopes were identified as effective antigen epitopes, which could induce robust peptide-specific immune response. The elicited functional antibody could bind to the recombinant S protein and block the binding of the S protein to the ACE-2 receptor. These results demonstrate the potential of a nanoparticles vaccine platform based on BMSNs to rapidly develop peptide-based subunit vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiao
- Central Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, P. R. China
| | - Minmin Chen
- School of Materials and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, P. R. China.
| | - Suyan Li
- Central Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, P. R. China
| | - Jinxia Hu
- School of Materials and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, P. R. China.
| | - Chaoju Gong
- Central Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoqi Zhang
- School of International Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, P. R. China.
| | - Xichuan Cao
- School of Materials and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, P. R. China.
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161
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Sharma J, Rajput R, Bhatia M, Arora P, Sood V. Clinical Predictors of COVID-19 Severity and Mortality: A Perspective. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:674277. [PMID: 34760713 PMCID: PMC8573222 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.674277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused huge socio-economic losses and continues to threat humans worldwide. With more than 4.5 million deaths and more than 221 million confirmed COVID-19 cases, the impact on physical, mental, social and economic resources is immeasurable. During any novel disease outbreak, one of the primary requirements for effective mitigation is the knowledge of clinical manifestations of the disease. However, in absence of any unique identifying characteristics, diagnosis/prognosis becomes difficult. It intensifies misperception and leads to delay in containment of disease spread. Numerous clinical research studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses have generated considerable data on the same. However, identification of some of the distinct clinical signs and symptoms, disease progression biomarkers and the risk factors leading to adverse COVID-19 outcomes warrant in-depth understanding. In view of this, we assessed 20 systematic reviews and meta-analyses with an intent to understand some of the potential independent predictors/biomarkers/risk factors of COVID-19 severity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
| | - Roopali Rajput
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Manika Bhatia
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Pooja Arora
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Vikas Sood
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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162
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Kaur A, Chopra M, Bhushan M, Gupta S, Kumari P H, Sivagurunathan N, Shukla N, Rajagopal S, Bhalothia P, Sharma P, Naravula J, Suravajhala R, Gupta A, Abbasi BA, Goswami P, Singh H, Narang R, Polavarapu R, Medicherla KM, Valadi J, Kumar S A, Chaubey G, Singh KK, Bandapalli OR, Kavi Kishor PB, Suravajhala P. The Omic Insights on Unfolding Saga of COVID-19. Front Immunol 2021; 12:724914. [PMID: 34745097 PMCID: PMC8564481 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.724914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The year 2019 has seen an emergence of the novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19). Since the onset of the pandemic, biological and interdisciplinary research is being carried out across the world at a rapid pace to beat the pandemic. There is an increased need to comprehensively understand various aspects of the virus from detection to treatment options including drugs and vaccines for effective global management of the disease. In this review, we summarize the salient findings pertaining to SARS-CoV-2 biology, including symptoms, hosts, epidemiology, SARS-CoV-2 genome, and its emerging variants, viral diagnostics, host-pathogen interactions, alternative antiviral strategies and application of machine learning heuristics and artificial intelligence for effective management of COVID-19 and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvinpreet Kaur
- Department of Bioinformatics, Hans Raj Mahila Maha Vidyalaya, Punjab, India
- Bioclues.org, Hyderabad, India
| | - Mehak Chopra
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Mahak Bhushan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Sonal Gupta
- Bioclues.org, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Birla Institute of Scientific Research, Jaipur, India
| | | | - Narmadhaa Sivagurunathan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Birla Institute of Scientific Research, Jaipur, India
| | - Nidhi Shukla
- Bioclues.org, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Birla Institute of Scientific Research, Jaipur, India
| | - Shalini Rajagopal
- Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology & Research (Deemed to be University), Guntur, India
| | - Purva Bhalothia
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Birla Institute of Scientific Research, Jaipur, India
| | - Purnima Sharma
- Department of Bioinformatics, Hans Raj Mahila Maha Vidyalaya, Punjab, India
| | - Jalaja Naravula
- Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology & Research (Deemed to be University), Guntur, India
| | - Renuka Suravajhala
- Bioclues.org, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India
| | - Ayam Gupta
- Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology & Research (Deemed to be University), Guntur, India
| | - Bilal Ahmed Abbasi
- Functional Genomics Unit, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India
| | - Prittam Goswami
- Department of Biotechnology, Haldia Institute of Technology, West Bengal, India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Department of Bioinformatics, Hans Raj Mahila Maha Vidyalaya, Punjab, India
- Bioclues.org, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rahul Narang
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Krishna Mohan Medicherla
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Birla Institute of Scientific Research, Jaipur, India
| | - Jayaraman Valadi
- Bioclues.org, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Computer Science, Flame University, Pune, India
| | - Anil Kumar S
- Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology & Research (Deemed to be University), Guntur, India
| | - Gyaneshwer Chaubey
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Benaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Keshav K. Singh
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Obul Reddy Bandapalli
- Bioclues.org, Hyderabad, India
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Applied Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Polavarapu Bilhan Kavi Kishor
- Bioclues.org, Hyderabad, India
- Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology & Research (Deemed to be University), Guntur, India
| | - Prashanth Suravajhala
- Bioclues.org, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Birla Institute of Scientific Research, Jaipur, India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kerala, India
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163
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Satheesh NJ, Salloum-Asfar S, Abdulla SA. The Potential Role of COVID-19 in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis-A Preliminary Report. Viruses 2021; 13:2091. [PMID: 34696521 PMCID: PMC8540806 DOI: 10.3390/v13102091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that mainly affects the lungs. COVID-19 symptoms include the presence of fevers, dry coughs, fatigue, sore throat, headaches, diarrhea, and a loss of taste or smell. However, it is understood that SARS-CoV-2 is neurotoxic and neuro-invasive and could enter the central nervous system (CNS) via the hematogenous route or via the peripheral nerve route and causes encephalitis, encephalopathy, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) in COVID-19 patients. This review discusses the possibility of SARS-CoV-2-mediated Multiple Sclerosis (MS) development in the future, comparable to the surge in Parkinson's disease cases following the Spanish Flu in 1918. Moreover, the SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with a cytokine storm. This review highlights the impact of these modulated cytokines on glial cell interactions within the CNS and their role in potentially prompting MS development as a secondary disease by SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 is neurotropic and could interfere with various functions of neurons leading to MS development. The influence of neuroinflammation, microglia phagocytotic capabilities, as well as hypoxia-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration, are mechanisms that may ultimately trigger MS development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salam Salloum-Asfar
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha 34110, Qatar;
| | - Sara A. Abdulla
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha 34110, Qatar;
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164
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Identifying the Most Potent Dual-Targeting Compound(s) against 3CLprotease and NSP15exonuclease of SARS-CoV-2 from Nigella sativa: Virtual Screening via Physicochemical Properties, Docking and Dynamic Simulation Analysis. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9101814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The outbreak of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has drastically affected the human population and caused enormous economic deprivation. It belongs to the β-coronavirus family and causes various problems such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and has resulted in a global pandemic. Though various medications have been under trial for combating COVID-19, specific medicine for treating COVID-19 is unavailable. Thus, the current situation urgently requires effective treatment modalities. Nigella sativa, a natural herb with reported antiviral activity and various pharmacological properties, has been selected in the present study to identify a therapeutic possibility for treating COVID-19. Methods: The present work aimed to virtually screen the bioactive compounds of N. sativa based on the physicochemical properties and docking approach against two SARS-CoV-2 enzymes responsible for crucial functions: 3CLpro (Main protease) and NSP15 (Nonstructural protein 15 or exonuclease). However, simulation trajectory analyses for 100 ns were accomplished by using the YASARA STRUCTURE tool based on the AMBER14 force field with 400 snapshots every 250 ps. RMSD and RMSF plots were successfully obtained for each target. Results: The results of molecular docking have shown higher binding energy of dithymoquinone (DTQ), a compound of N. sativa against 3CLpro and Nsp15, i.e., −8.56 kcal/mol and −8.31 kcal/mol, respectively. Further, the dynamic simulation has shown good stability of DTQ against both the targeted enzymes. In addition, physicochemical evaluation and toxicity assessment also revealed that DTQ obeyed the Lipinski rule and did not have any toxic side effects. Importantly, DTQ was much better in every aspect among the 13 N. sativa compounds and 2 control compounds tested. Conclusions: The results predicted that DTQ is a potent therapeutic molecule that could dual-target both 3CLpro and NSP15 for anti-COVID therapy.
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165
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Mohammad T, Choudhury A, Habib I, Asrani P, Mathur Y, Umair M, Anjum F, Shafie A, Yadav DK, Hassan MI. Genomic Variations in the Structural Proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and Their Deleterious Impact on Pathogenesis: A Comparative Genomics Approach. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:765039. [PMID: 34722346 PMCID: PMC8548870 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.765039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A continual rise in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become a global threat. The main problem comes when SARS-CoV-2 gets mutated with the rising infection and becomes more lethal for humankind than ever. Mutations in the structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2, i.e., the spike surface glycoprotein (S), envelope (E), membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N), and replication machinery enzymes, i.e., main protease (Mpro) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) creating more complexities towards pathogenesis and the available COVID-19 therapeutic strategies. This study analyzes how a minimal variation in these enzymes, especially in S protein at the genomic/proteomic level, affects pathogenesis. The structural variations are discussed in light of the failure of small molecule development in COVID-19 therapeutic strategies. We have performed in-depth sequence- and structure-based analyses of these proteins to get deeper insights into the mechanism of pathogenesis, structure-function relationships, and development of modern therapeutic approaches. Structural and functional consequences of the selected mutations on these proteins and their association with SARS-CoV-2 virulency and human health are discussed in detail in the light of our comparative genomics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taj Mohammad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Arunabh Choudhury
- Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Insan Habib
- Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Purva Asrani
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Yash Mathur
- Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Umair
- Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Farah Anjum
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Shafie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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166
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Jiang M, Zhang G, Liu H, Ding P, Liu Y, Tian Y, Wang Y, Wang A. Epitope Profiling Reveals the Critical Antigenic Determinants in SARS-CoV-2 RBD-Based Antigen. Front Immunol 2021; 12:707977. [PMID: 34621266 PMCID: PMC8490722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.707977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is a huge public health crisis for the globe. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein plays a vital role in viral infection and serves as a major target for developing neutralizing antibodies. In this study, the antibody response to the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 S protein was analyzed by a panel of sera from animals immunized with RBD-based antigens and four linear B-cell epitope peptides (R345, R405, R450 and R465) were revealed. The immunogenicity of three immunodominant peptides (R345, R405, R465) was further accessed by peptide immunization in mice, and all of them could induced potent antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 S protein, indicating that the three determinants in the RBD were immunogenic. We further generated and characterized monoclonal antibodies (15G9, 12C10 and 10D2) binding to these epitope peptides, and finely mapped the three immunodominant epitopes using the corresponding antibodies. Neutralization assays showed that all three monoclonal antibodies had neutralization activity. Results from IFA and western blotting showed that 12C10 was a cross-reactive antibody against both of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Results from conservative and structural analysis showed that 350VYAWN354 was a highly conserved epitope and exposed on the surface of SARS-CoV-2 S trimer, whereas 473YQAGSTP479 located in the receptor binding motif (RBM) was variable among different SARS-CoV-2 strains. 407VRQIAP412 was a highly conserved, but cryptic epitope shared between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. These findings provide important information for understanding the humoral antibody response to the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 S protein and may facilitate further efforts to design SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the target of COVID-19 diagnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Zhongze Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peiyang Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yunchao Liu
- Henan Zhongze Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Zhongze Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanwei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Zhongze Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aiping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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167
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Targovnik AM, Simonin JA, Mc Callum GJ, Smith I, Cuccovia Warlet FU, Nugnes MV, Miranda MV, Belaich MN. Solutions against emerging infectious and noninfectious human diseases through the application of baculovirus technologies. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:8195-8226. [PMID: 34618205 PMCID: PMC8495437 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11615-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Baculoviruses are insect pathogens widely used as biotechnological tools in different fields of life sciences and technologies. The particular biology of these entities (biosafety viruses 1; large circular double-stranded DNA genomes, infective per se; generally of narrow host range on insect larvae; many of the latter being pests in agriculture) and the availability of molecular-biology procedures (e.g., genetic engineering to edit their genomes) and cellular resources (availability of cell lines that grow under in vitro culture conditions) have enabled the application of baculoviruses as active ingredients in pest control, as systems for the expression of recombinant proteins (Baculovirus Expression Vector Systems—BEVS) and as viral vectors for gene delivery in mammals or to display antigenic proteins (Baculoviruses applied on mammals—BacMam). Accordingly, BEVS and BacMam technologies have been introduced in academia because of their availability as commercial systems and ease of use and have also reached the human pharmaceutical industry, as incomparable tools in the development of biological products such as diagnostic kits, vaccines, protein therapies, and—though still in the conceptual stage involving animal models—gene therapies. Among all the baculovirus species, the Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus has been the most highly exploited in the above utilities for the human-biotechnology field. This review highlights the main achievements (in their different stages of development) of the use of BEVS and BacMam technologies for the generation of products for infectious and noninfectious human diseases. Key points • Baculoviruses can assist as biotechnological tools in human health problems. • Vaccines and diagnosis reagents produced in the baculovirus platform are described. • The use of recombinant baculovirus for gene therapy–based treatment is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Marisa Targovnik
- Cátedra de Biotecnología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, Buenos Aires, 1113, Argentina.
- Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, CONICET -Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, Sexto Piso, C1113AAD, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Jorge Alejandro Simonin
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Biología Celular y Molecular, Área Virosis de Insectos, Instituto de Microbiología Básica y Aplicada, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gregorio Juan Mc Callum
- Cátedra de Biotecnología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, Buenos Aires, 1113, Argentina
- Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, CONICET -Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, Sexto Piso, C1113AAD, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Smith
- Cátedra de Biotecnología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, Buenos Aires, 1113, Argentina
- Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, CONICET -Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, Sexto Piso, C1113AAD, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Franco Uriel Cuccovia Warlet
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Biología Celular y Molecular, Área Virosis de Insectos, Instituto de Microbiología Básica y Aplicada, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Nugnes
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Biología Celular y Molecular, Área Virosis de Insectos, Instituto de Microbiología Básica y Aplicada, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Miranda
- Cátedra de Biotecnología, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, Buenos Aires, 1113, Argentina
- Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (NANOBIOTEC), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, CONICET -Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, Sexto Piso, C1113AAD, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano Nicolás Belaich
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Biología Celular y Molecular, Área Virosis de Insectos, Instituto de Microbiología Básica y Aplicada, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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168
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HONARVAR MOHAMMADREZA, ROSHANDEL GHOLAMREZA, SHIRZAD-ASKI HESAMADDIN, TABARRAEI ALIJAN, TAHAMTAN ALIREZA, GHELICHI-GHOJOGH MOUSA, FAZEL ABDOLREZA, AREFNIA SERAJEDDIN, JAFARI NAHID, MANSOURY MOHSEN, JAFARI ALIREZA, RAJABI ABDOLHALIM. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the COVID-19 epidemic and associated factors for mortality in Golestan province, Iran: a retrospective cohort study. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2021; 62:E298-E304. [PMID: 34604569 PMCID: PMC8451345 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2021.62.2.1910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background We aimed to further clarify the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 2019-nCoV pneumonia and risk factors associated for mortality. Methods In this study, we included inpatient with acute respiratory distress syndrome at Golestan Hospitals who had been discharged or had died in 2020. Epidemiological, and clinical data were extracted from electronic medical records and compared between recovered and died cases. We used multiple logistic regression methods to explore the risk factors associated with in-hospital death. Results Overall 2,835 acute respiratory distress syndrome patients were included in this study, and 874 (30.83%) were positive for 2019-nCoV. Five hundred and sixty-three patients (19.86%) died, 1,687 patients (59.51%) were recovered. Of the total deaths, only 288 (10.15%) were attributed to COVID-19. The most common symptoms at onset of illness were respiratory distress [1,795 (63.32%)], fever [1,601 (56.47%)], dry cough [1,595 (56.26%)], sore throat [445 (15.70%)], and myalgia [342 (12.06%)]. One thousand and twelve (35.7%) had 1 or more coexisting medical conditions. In multiple logistic regression analysis, risk factors associated with the death included older age [OR (Odds Ratio) = 1.03; 95% CI; 1.02-1.04], blood oxygen level (SPO2 < 93%) (OR = 2.44; 95% CI; 1.79-3.31), comorbidities (OR = 2.15; 95% CI; 1.62-2.84), respiratory distress (OR = 1.74; 95% CI; 1.28-2.37), and headache (OR = 0.44 95% CI; 0.21-0.92). Conclusions The 2019-nCoV infection caused collections of severe respiratory illness and was associated to a high ratio of hospitalization in ICU and high mortality. Older age and comorbidities were associated with more risk of death among patients with 2019-nCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- MOHAMMAD REZA HONARVAR
- Health Management and Social Development Research Center, Faculty of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - GHOLAMREZA ROSHANDEL
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | | | - ALIJAN TABARRAEI
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - ALIREZA TAHAMTAN
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - MOUSA GHELICHI-GHOJOGH
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - ABDOLREZA FAZEL
- Cancer Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - SERAJEDDIN AREFNIA
- Deputy of Treatment, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - NAHID JAFARI
- Deputy of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - MOHSEN MANSOURY
- Statistics and Information Technology Office, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - ALIREZA JAFARI
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - ABDOLHALIM RAJABI
- Health Management and Social Development Research Center, Faculty of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Environmental Health Research Center, Faculty of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Correspondence: Abdolhalim Rajabi, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Hirkan Blvd., Gorgan 1449614535, Iran - E-mail:
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169
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Ramakrishnan SG, Robert B, Salim A, Ananthan P, Sivaramakrishnan M, Subramaniam S, Natesan S, Suresh R, Rajeshkumar G, Maran JP, Al-Dhabi NA, Karuppiah P, Valan Arasu M. Nanotechnology based solutions to combat zoonotic viruses with special attention to SARS, MERS, and COVID 19: Detection, protection and medication. Microb Pathog 2021; 159:105133. [PMID: 34390768 PMCID: PMC8358084 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic viruses originate from birds or animal sources and responsible for disease transmission from animals to people through zoonotic spill over and presents a significant global health concern due to lack of rapid diagnostics and therapeutics. The Corona viruses (CoV) were known to be transmitted in mammals. Early this year, SARS-CoV-2, a novel strain of corona virus, was identified as the causative pathogen of an outbreak of viral pneumonia in Wuhan, China. The disease later named corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), subsequently spread across the globe rapidly. Nano-particles and viruses are comparable in size, which serves to be a major advantage of using nano-material in clinical strategy to combat viruses. Nanotechnology provides novel solutions against zoonotic viruses by providing cheap and efficient detection methods, novel, and new effective rapid diagnostics and therapeutics. The prospective of nanotechnology in COVID 19 is exceptionally high due to their small size, large surface-to-volume ratio, susceptibility to modification, intrinsic viricidal activity. The nano-based strategies address the COVID 19 by extending their role in i) designing nano-materials for drug/vaccine delivery, ii) developing nano-based diagnostic approaches like nano-sensors iii) novel nano-based personal protection equipment to be used in prevention strategies.This review aims to bring attention to the significant contribution of nanotechnology to mitigate against zoonotic viral pandemics by prevention, faster diagnosis and medication point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Ganesh Ramakrishnan
- Bioprocess and Biomaterials laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Becky Robert
- Bioprocess and Biomaterials laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Anisha Salim
- Bioprocess and Biomaterials laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Padma Ananthan
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sadhasivam Subramaniam
- Bioprocess and Biomaterials laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India; Department of Extension and Career Guidance, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India.
| | - Sivarajasekar Natesan
- Unit Operations laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
| | - Rahul Suresh
- Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - G Rajeshkumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - J Prakash Maran
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Periyar University, Salem, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ponmurugan Karuppiah
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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170
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Patel R, Prajapati J, Rao P, Rawal RM, Saraf M, Goswami D. Repurposing the antibacterial drugs for inhibition of SARS-CoV2-PLpro using molecular docking, MD simulation and binding energy calculation. Mol Divers 2021; 26:2189-2209. [PMID: 34591234 PMCID: PMC8481324 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10325-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Papain-like protease (nsp-3; non-structural protein) of novel corona virus is an ideal target for developing drugs as it plays multiple important functions for viral growth and replication. For instance, role of nsp-3 has been recognized in cleavage of viral polyprotein; furthermore, in infected host it weakens the immune system via downregulating the production of type I interferon. This downregulation is promoted by removal of ubiquitin-like interferon-stimulated gene 15 protein (ISG15) from interferon-responsive factor 3 (IRF3) protein. Among known inhibitors of SARS-CoV-PLpro GRL0617 is by far the most effective inhibitor. As PLpro of SARS-CoV2 is having more than 80% similarity with SARS-CoV-PLpro, GRL0617 is reported to be effective even against SARS-CoV2. Owing to this similarity, certain key amino acids remain the same/conserved in both proteins. Among conserved amino acids Tyr268 for SARS-CoV2 and Tyr269 for SARS-CoV produce important hydrophobic interactions with aromatic rings of GRL0617. Here, in this study antibacterial compounds were collected from ZINC database, and they were filtered to select compounds that are having similar structural features as GRL0617. This filtered library of compound was then docked with SARS-CoV and CoV2-PLpro. Five hits were noted that were able to interact with Tyr268 (SARS-CoV2) and Tyr269 (SARS-CoV). Further, best hit 2-(2-((benzofuran-2-carboxamido)methyl)-5-methoxy-1H-indol-1-yl)acetic acid (ZINC44459905) was studied using molecular dynamic simulation where stability of protein–ligand complex as well as stability of produced interactions was noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Jignesh Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Priyashi Rao
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Rakesh M Rawal
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Meenu Saraf
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Dweipayan Goswami
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India.
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171
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Reyaz S, Tasneem A, Rai GP, Bairagya HR. Investigation of structural analogs of hydroxychloroquine for SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro): A computational drug discovery study. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 109:108021. [PMID: 34537554 PMCID: PMC8426616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.108021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The main protease (Mpro) is the key enzyme of nCOVID-19 and plays a decisive role that makes it an attractive drug target. Multiple analysis of crystal structures reveals the presence of W1, W2, and W3 water locations in the active site pocket of Mpro; W1 and W2 are unstable and are weakly bonded with protein in comparison to W3 of Mpro-native. So, we adopt the water displacement method to occupy W1 or W2 sites by triggering HCQ or its analogs to inactivate the enzyme. Virtual screening is employed to find out best analogs of HCQ, molecular docking is used for water displacement from catalytic region of Mpro, and finally, MD simulations are conducted for validation of these findings. The docking study reveals that W1 and W2 are occupied by respective atoms of ZINC28706440 whereas W2 by HCQ and indacaterol. Finally, MD results demonstrate (i) HCQ occupies W1 and W2 positions, but its analogs (indacaterol and ZINC28706440) are inadequate to retain either W1 or W2 (ii) His41 and Asp187 are stabilized by W3 in Mpro-native and His41, Cys145 and HCQ by W7 in ZINC28706440, and W4, W5, and W6 make water mediated bridge between indacaterol with His41. The structural, dynamical, and thermodynamic (WFP and J value) profiling parameters suggest that W3, W4, and W7 are prominent in their corresponding positions in comparison with W5 and W6. The final results conclude that ZINC28706440 may act as a best analog of HCQ with acceptable physico-chemical and toxicological scores and may further be synthesized for experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Reyaz
- Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Alvea Tasneem
- Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Gyan Prakash Rai
- Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Hridoy R Bairagya
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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172
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Sharma HN, Latimore COD, Matthews QL. Biology and Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2: Understandings for Therapeutic Developments against COVID-19. Pathogens 2021; 10:1218. [PMID: 34578250 PMCID: PMC8470303 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are positive sense, single-stranded, enveloped, and non-segmented RNA viruses that belong to the Coronaviridae family within the order Nidovirales and suborder Coronavirinae. Two Alphacoronavirus strains: HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63 and five Betacoronaviruses: HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 have so far been recognized as Human Coronaviruses (HCoVs). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 is currently the greatest concern for humanity. Despite the overflow of research on SARS-CoV-2 and other HCoVs published every week, existing knowledge in this area is insufficient for the complete understanding of the viruses and the diseases caused by them. This review is based on the analysis of 210 published works, and it attempts to cover the basic biology of coronaviruses, including the genetic characteristics, life cycle, and host-pathogen interaction, pathogenesis, the antiviral drugs, and vaccines against HCoVs, especially focusing on SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, we will briefly discuss the potential link between extracellular vesicles (EVs) and SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Nath Sharma
- Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA;
| | | | - Qiana L. Matthews
- Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA;
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA;
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173
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Age and Smoking Predict Antibody Titres at 3 Months after the Second Dose of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9091042. [PMID: 34579279 PMCID: PMC8472889 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: We aimed to determine antibody (Ab) titres 3 months after the second dose of the BNT162b2 coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) vaccine and to explore clinical variables predicting these titres in Japan. Methods: We enrolled 378 healthcare workers (255 women, 123 men) whose blood samples were collected 91 ± 15 days after the second of two inoculations of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (Pfizer/BioNTech) given 3 weeks apart. Medical histories and demographic characteristics were recorded using a structured self-reported questionnaire. The relationships between Ab titres and these factors were analysed. Results: Median age (interquartile range (IQR)) of the participants was 44 (32–54) years. Median Ab titre (IQR) against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike antigen was 764 (423–1140) U/mL. Older participants had significantly lower Ab titres; median (IQR) Ab titres were 942 (675–1390) and 1095 (741–1613) U/mL in men and women in their 20s, respectively, but 490 (297–571) and 519 (285–761) U/mL in men and women in their 60–70s, respectively. In the age-adjusted analysis, the only risk factors for lower Ab titres were male sex and smoking. However, the sex difference may have arisen from the sex difference in smoking rate. Moreover, Ab titres were significantly lower in current smokers than in ex-smokers. Conclusions: The most important factors associated with low Ab titres were age and smoking habit. In particular, current smoking status caused lower Ab titres, and smoking cessation before vaccination may improve the individual efficacy of the BNT162b2 vaccine.
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174
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Ghazawy ER, Ewis AA, Mahfouz EM, Khalil DM, Arafa A, Mohammed Z, Mohammed ENF, Hassan EE, Abdel Hamid S, Ewis SA, Mohammed AENS. Psychological impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on the university students in Egypt. Health Promot Int 2021; 36:1116-1125. [PMID: 33367587 PMCID: PMC7799058 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daaa147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
University students are at elevated risk for mental health problems. The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent public health measures taken to combat it burdened the students' life with additional dramatic psychological impacts. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychological impacts that affected the university students in Egypt during the COVID-19 pandemic. An online survey was sent to the Egyptian university students via all means of online communication during the first week of May 2020 by using a non-probability snowball sampling. A survey included a short version Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) and socio-demographic data. Overall, 70.5, 53.6 and 47.8% of Egyptian students had depression, anxiety and stress, respectively. Being a female, having a relative or acquaintance infected with COVID-19, having a preexisting chronic disease and lacking of psychological support from families, community and universities increase the risk of depression, anxiety and stress among Egyptian students. Being a medical student is associated with depression while, spending more time to follow news of COVID-19 pandemic is associated with increased anxiety. Egyptian students experience varying levels of psychological disturbance during COVID-19 pandemic. This study suggests that mental health of the university students should be carefully, monitored during the crisis and the universities should provide psychological-oriented services, adapted to these circumstances to mitigate its emotional impact on the students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman R Ghazawy
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Minia University, El-Minia, Minia, 61511 Egypt
| | - Ashraf A Ewis
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Minia University, El-Minia, Minia, 61511 Egypt.,Faculty of Health Sciences - AlQunfudah, Department of Public Health and Occupational Medicine, Umm AlQura University, Meccah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman M Mahfouz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Minia University, El-Minia, Minia, 61511 Egypt
| | - Doaa M Khalil
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Minia, 61511 Egypt
| | - Ahmed Arafa
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Minia, 61511 Egypt.,Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Zeinab Mohammed
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Minia, 61511 Egypt
| | - El-Nabgha F Mohammed
- Faculty of Arts, Department of Psychology, Minia University, El-Minia, Minia, 61511 Egypt
| | - Ebtesam E Hassan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Minia University, El-Minia, Minia, 61511 Egypt
| | - Sarah Abdel Hamid
- Faculty of Medicine, Undergraduate Students, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Minia, 61511 Egypt
| | - Somaya A Ewis
- Faculty of Medicine, Undergraduate Students, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Minia, 61511 Egypt
| | - Abd El-Nassir S Mohammed
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Occupational Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Minia, 61511 Egypt
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175
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Giusti L, Mammarella S, Salza A, Del Vecchio S, Ussorio D, Casacchia M, Roncone R. Predictors of academic performance during the covid-19 outbreak: impact of distance education on mental health, social cognition and memory abilities in an Italian university student sample. BMC Psychol 2021; 9:142. [PMID: 34526153 PMCID: PMC8441245 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-021-00649-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the impact of distance education (DE) on mental health, social cognition, and memory abilities in a sample of university students during the national COVID-19 lockdown in Italy and to identify the predictors of academic performance. METHODS Two hundred and three students (76.4% women, mean age 24.3, SD ± 4.9) responded to an anonymous online cross-sectional survey between July 15 and September 30, 2020, on DE experience and cognitive and social-cognitive variables. A short version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II, ten images from the Eyes Task, and five memory vignette stimuli were included in the survey. Descriptive, one-way ANOVA, correlation, and logistic regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS Half of the student sample reported significant impairment in concentration and learning abilities during DE. Regarding psychological health, 19.7%, 27.1%, and 23.6% of the sample reported mild, moderate, and severe depressive symptoms, respectively. Correlation analyses showed a statistically significant negative association between depression and the overall subjective evaluation of DE (r = - 0.359; p < 0.000). Changes in one's study context and habits, i.e., studying alone at one's parents' home instead of studying with colleagues or alone in a university "social place" (e.g., the university library), seemed to increase the likelihood of poor academic performance by almost 3 times (O.R. 3.918; p = 0.032). This predictor was no longer statistically significant in the subsequent step when the individual impairment predictors were entered. Learning concentration impairment during DE (O.R. 8.350; p = 0.014), anxiety about COVID-19 contagion for oneself or others (O.R. 3.363; p = 0.022), female gender (O.R. 3.141; p = 0.045), and depressive symptomatology (O.R. 1.093; p = 0.047) were ultimately determined to be the strongest predictors of poor academic performance, whereas the appreciation of DE represented a protective variable (O.R. 0.610; p < 0.000). CONCLUSIONS The study showed a negative impact of DE on the mental health of students presenting depressive symptoms and impairment in concentration and learning, the latter identified as the strongest predictors of poor academic performances. The study confirms the emerging need to monitor the impact of DE, which occurred during the 2019/2020 academic year and will continue in the coming months, to refine educational offerings and meet students' psychological needs by implementing psychological interventions based on the modifiable variables that seem to compromise students' psychological well-being and academic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Giusti
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Public Health, Life and Environmental Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- Counselling and Consultation Service for Students (SACS), University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Silvia Mammarella
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Public Health, Life and Environmental Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- Counselling and Consultation Service for Students (SACS), University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Anna Salza
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Public Health, Life and Environmental Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- Counselling and Consultation Service for Students (SACS), University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Sasha Del Vecchio
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Public Health, Life and Environmental Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- Counselling and Consultation Service for Students (SACS), University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Donatella Ussorio
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Public Health, Life and Environmental Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- Counselling and Consultation Service for Students (SACS), University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Massimo Casacchia
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Public Health, Life and Environmental Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- Counselling and Consultation Service for Students (SACS), University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Rita Roncone
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Public Health, Life and Environmental Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
- Counselling and Consultation Service for Students (SACS), University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
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176
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Dhanaraj P, Muthiah I, Rozbu MR, Nuzhat S, Paulraj MS. Computational Studies on T2Rs Agonist-Based Anti-COVID-19 Drug Design. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:637124. [PMID: 34485378 PMCID: PMC8416165 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.637124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The expeditious and world pandemic viral disease of new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has formed a prompt urgency to discover auspicious target-based ligand for the treatment of COVID-19. Symptoms of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) typically include dry cough, fever, and shortness of breath. Recent studies on many COVID-19 patients in Italy and the United Kingdom found increasing anosmia and ageusia among the COVID-19-infected patients. SARS-CoV-2 possibly infects neurons in the nasal passage and disrupts the senses of smell and taste, like other coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV that could target the central nervous system. Developing a drug based on the T2Rs might be of better understanding and worth finding better molecules to act against COVID-19. In this research, we have taken a taste receptor agonist molecule to find a better core molecule that may act as the best resource to design a drug or corresponding derivatives. Based on the computational docking studies, the antibiotic tobramycin showed the best interaction against 6LU7 COVID-19 main protease. Aromatic carbonyl functional groups of the molecule established intermolecular hydrogen bonding interaction with GLN189 amino acid and it showed the two strongest carbonyl interactions with receptor protein resulting in a glide score of -11.159. To conclude, depending on the molecular recognition of the GPCR proteins, the agonist molecule can be recognized to represent the cell secondary mechanism; thus, it provides enough confidence to design a suitable molecule based on the tobramycin drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premnath Dhanaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biosciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Science (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore, India
| | - Indiraleka Muthiah
- Department of Biotechnology, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, India
| | - Mahtabin Rodela Rozbu
- Department of Science and Math Program, Asian University for Women, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Samiha Nuzhat
- Department of Science and Math Program, Asian University for Women, Chittagong, Bangladesh
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177
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Hurmach VV, Platonov MO, Prylutska SV, Scharff P, Prylutskyy YI, Ritter U. C 60 fullerene against SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus: an in silico insight. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17748. [PMID: 34493768 PMCID: PMC8423725 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97268-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on WHO reports the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is currently widespread all over the world. So far > 162 million cases have been confirmed, including > 3 million deaths. Because of the pandemic still spreading across the globe the accomplishment of computational methods to find new potential mechanisms of virus inhibitions is necessary. According to the fact that C60 fullerene (a sphere-shaped molecule consisting of carbon) has shown inhibitory activity against various protein targets, here the analysis of the potential binding mechanism between SARS-CoV-2 proteins 3CLpro and RdRp with C60 fullerene was done; it has resulted in one and two possible binding mechanisms, respectively. In the case of 3CLpro, C60 fullerene interacts in the catalytic binding pocket. And for RdRp in the first model C60 fullerene blocks RNA synthesis pore and in the second one it prevents binding with Nsp8 co-factor (without this complex formation, RdRp can't perform its initial functions). Then the molecular dynamics simulation confirmed the stability of created complexes. The obtained results might be a basis for other computational studies of 3CLPro and RdRp potential inhibition ways as well as the potential usage of C60 fullerene in the fight against COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasyl V Hurmach
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Maksim O Platonov
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of NASU, Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine
| | - Svitlana V Prylutska
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
- National University of Life and Environmental Science of Ukraine, Kyiv, 03041, Ukraine
| | - Peter Scharff
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Technical University of Ilmenau, 98693, Ilmenau, Germany
| | | | - Uwe Ritter
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Technical University of Ilmenau, 98693, Ilmenau, Germany.
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178
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Khan A, Gui J, Ahmad W, Haq I, Shahid M, Khan AA, Shah A, Khan A, Ali L, Anwar Z, Safdar M, Abubaker J, Uddin NN, Cao L, Wei DQ, Mohammad A. The SARS-CoV-2 B.1.618 variant slightly alters the spike RBD-ACE2 binding affinity and is an antibody escaping variant: a computational structural perspective. RSC Adv 2021; 11:30132-30147. [PMID: 35480256 PMCID: PMC9040812 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04694b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuing reports of new SARS-CoV-2 variants have caused worldwide concern and created a challenging situation for clinicians. The recently reported variant B.1.618, which possesses the E484K mutation specific to the receptor-binding domain (RBD), as well as two deletions of Tyr145 and His146 at the N-terminal binding domain (NTD) of the spike protein, must be studied in depth to devise new therapeutic options. Structural variants reported in the RBD and NTD may play essential roles in the increased pathogenicity of this SARS-CoV-2 new variant. We explored the binding differences and structural-dynamic features of the B.1.618 variant using structural and biomolecular simulation approaches. Our results revealed that the E484K mutation in the RBD slightly altered the binding affinity through affecting the hydrogen bonding network. We also observed that the flexibility of three important loops in the RBD required for binding was increased, which may improve the conformational optimization and consequently binding of the new variant. Furthermore, we found that deletions of Tyr145 and His146 at the NTD reduced the binding affinity of the monoclonal antibody (mAb) 4A8, and that the hydrogen bonding network was significantly affected consequently. This data show that the new B.1.618 variant is an antibody-escaping variant with slightly altered ACE2-RBD affinity. Moreover, we provide insights into the binding and structural-dynamics changes resulting from novel mutations in the RBD and NTD. Our results suggest the need for further in vitro and in vivo studies that will facilitate the development of possible therapies for new variants such as B.1.618.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Khan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Gui
- Department of Emergency, Shiyan People's Hospital Bao'an District Shenzhen China
| | - Waqar Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Inamul Haq
- Department of Animal Sciences, Jeonbuk National University 567 Baekji-Daero, Deokjin-gu Jeonju-si Jeollabuk-do 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Marukh Shahid
- Department of Botany, University of Okara Okara Punjab Pakistan
| | | | - Abdullah Shah
- Department of Biotechnology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Dir Sheringal Pakistan
| | - Arsala Khan
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore Punjab Pakistan
| | - Liaqat Ali
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad 45550 Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Anwar
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Safdar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University DI Khan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Jehad Abubaker
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute Kuwait
| | - N Nizam Uddin
- Biomedical Engineering Department, HITEC University Taxila Punjab Pakistan
| | - Liqiang Cao
- Henan University of Technology (HAUT) Zhengzhou P. R. China
| | - Dong-Qing Wei
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai-Islamabad-Belgrade Joint Innovation Center on Antibacterial Resistances, Joint Laboratory of International Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Ministry of Education and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200030 P. R. China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory Vanke Cloud City Phase I Building 8, Xili Street, Nashan District Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 P. R China
| | - Anwar Mohammad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute Kuwait
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179
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Luo L, Qiu Q, Huang F, Liu K, Lan Y, Li X, Huang Y, Cui L, Luo H. Drug repurposing against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A review. J Pharm Anal 2021; 11:683-690. [PMID: 34513115 PMCID: PMC8416689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has been found to be the culprit in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), causing a global pandemic. Despite the existence of many vaccine programs, the number of confirmed cases and fatalities due to COVID-19 is still increasing. Furthermore, a number of variants have been reported. Because of the absence of approved anti-coronavirus drugs, the treatment and management of COVID-19 has become a global challenge. Under these circumstances, drug repurposing is an effective method to identify candidate drugs with a shorter cycle of clinical trials. Here, we summarize the current status of the application of drug repurposing in COVID-19, including drug repurposing based on virtual computer screening, network pharmacology, and bioactivity, which may be a beneficial COVID-19 treatment. Mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection and drug targets were reviewed. Drug repurposing against COVID-19 based on computer virtual screening, network pharmacology, bioactivity were summarized. The use of drug repurposing in COVID-19 was addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianxiang Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China.,Marine Medical Research Institute of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Qin Qiu
- Graduate School, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Fangfang Huang
- Graduate School, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Kaifeng Liu
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongqi Lan
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Animal Experiment Center, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuge Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Liao Cui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, China
| | - Hui Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China
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180
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Yang F, Zou H, Gan J, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Jiang C, Xia J. Important scoring systems for assessing the severity of COVID-19 based on COVID-19-related deaths in Wuhan, China. EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE 2021; 1:29-36. [PMID: 38630113 PMCID: PMC8447734 DOI: 10.1097/ec9.0000000000000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics of 21 deaths and evaluate potential factors affecting disease severity and mortality risk in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Methods This retrospective analysis assessed clinical data of 21 patients who died owing to COVID-19. Disease severity and mortality risk were assessed using Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II); Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA); multilobular infiltration, hypo-lymphocytosis, bacterial coinfection, smoking history, hypertension and age (MuLBSTA); and pneumonia severity index (PSI) scores. Results The mean age of the patients was 66 ± 14 years and 15 (71.4%) patients were men. Sixteen (76.2%) patients had chronic medical illnesses. Twelve (57.1%) patients were overweight. Decreased lymphocyte proportions were observed in 17 (81.0%) patients on admission. Elevated D-dimer levels were observed in 11 (52.4%) patients, and the levels significantly increased when pneumonia deteriorated. The initial APACHE II and SOFA scores demonstrated that 18 (85.7%) and 13 (61.9%) patients, respectively, were in the middle-risk level. MuLBSTA and PSI scores after admission were associated with higher risks of mortality in 13 (61.9%) patients. Most patients developed organ failure and subsequently died. Conclusions Older, overweight, male patients with a history of chronic illnesses and continuously decreased lymphocyte proportions and increased D-dimer levels might have higher risks of death owing to COVID-19. The combination of general scoring (SOFA) and pneumonia-specific scoring (MuLBSTA and PSI) systems after admission might be sensitive in assessing the mortality risk of patients with COVID-19 who are in critical condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihong Yang
- Emergency Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Zou
- Emergency Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiaohong Gan
- Emergency Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhongxiang Zhang
- Emergency Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Emergency Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Emergency Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jian Xia
- Emergency Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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181
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Emam M, Oweda M, Antunes A, El-Hadidi M. Positive selection as a key player for SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity: Insights into ORF1ab, S and E genes. Virus Res 2021; 302:198472. [PMID: 34118359 PMCID: PMC8190378 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The human β-coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 epidemic started in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China. It causes Covid-19 disease which has become pandemic. Each of the five-known human β-coronaviruses has four major structural proteins (E, M, N and S) and 16 non-structural proteins encoded by ORF1a and ORF1b together (ORF1ab) that are involved in virus pathogenicity and infectivity. Here, we performed detailed positive selection analyses for those six genes among the four previously known human β-coronaviruses and within 38 SARS-CoV-2 genomes to assess signatures of adaptive evolution using maximum likelihood approaches. Our results suggest that three genes (E, S and ORF1ab genes) are under strong signatures of positive selection among human β-coronavirus, influencing codons that are located in functional important protein domains. The E protein-coding gene showed signatures of positive selection in two sites, Asp 66 and Ser 68, located inside a putative transmembrane α-helical domain C-terminal part, which is preferentially composed by hydrophilic residues. Such Asp and Ser sites substitutions (hydrophilic residues) increase the stability of the transmembrane domain in SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, substitutions in the spike (S) protein S1 N-terminal domain have been found, all of them were located on the S protein surface, suggesting their importance in viral transmissibility and survival. Furthermore, evidence of strong positive selection was detected in three of the SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural proteins (NSP1, NSP3, NSP16), which are encoded by ORF1ab and play vital roles in suppressing host translation machinery, viral replication and transcription and inhibiting the host immune response. These results are insightful to assess the role of positive selection in the SARS-CoV-2 encoded proteins, which will allow to better understand the virulent pathogenicity of the virus and potentially identifying targets for drug or vaccine strategy design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Emam
- Bioinformatics group, Center for Informatics Sciences (CIS), Nile University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mariam Oweda
- Bioinformatics group, Center for Informatics Sciences (CIS), Nile University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Agostinho Antunes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Mohamed El-Hadidi
- Bioinformatics group, Center for Informatics Sciences (CIS), Nile University, Giza, Egypt
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182
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Khan A, Umbreen S, Hameed A, Fatima R, Zahoor U, Babar Z, Waseem M, Hussain Z, Rizwan M, Zaman N, Ali S, Suleman M, Shah A, Ali L, Ali SS, Wei DQ. In Silico Mutagenesis-Based Remodelling of SARS-CoV-1 Peptide (ATLQAIAS) to Inhibit SARS-CoV-2: Structural-Dynamics and Free Energy Calculations. Interdiscip Sci 2021; 13:521-534. [PMID: 34324157 PMCID: PMC8319699 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-021-00447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The prolific spread of COVID-19 caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) from its epicenter in Wuhan, China, to every nook and cranny of the world after December 2019, jeopardize the prevailing health system in the world and has raised serious concerns about human safety. Multi-directional efforts are made to design small molecule inhibitors, and vaccines and many other therapeutic options are practiced, but their final therapeutic potential is still to be tested. Using the old drug or vaccine or peptides could aid this process to avoid such long experimental procedures. Hence, here, we have repurposed a small peptide (ATLQAIAS) from the previous study, which reported the inhibitory effects of this peptide. We used in silico mutagenesis approach to design more peptides from the native wild peptide, which revealed that substitutions (T2W, T2Y, L3R, and A5W) could increase the binding affinity of the peptide towards the 3CLpro. Furthermore, using MD simulation and free energy calculation confirmed its dynamics stability and stronger binding affinities. Per-residue energy decomposition analysis revealed that the specified substitution significantly increased the binding affinity at the residue level. Our wide-ranging analyses of binding affinities disclosed that our designed peptide owns the potential to hinder the SARS-CoV-2 and will reduce the progression of SARS-CoV-2-borne pneumonia. Our research strongly suggests the experimental and clinical validation of these peptides to curtail the recent corona outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Khan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaheena Umbreen
- Department of Botany, University of Okara, Okara, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Asma Hameed
- Department of Botany, University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Rida Fatima
- Department of Chemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Ujala Zahoor
- Department of Botany, Women University, Bagh, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Zainib Babar
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Muhammad Waseem
- Faculty of Rehabilitation and Allied Health Science, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Hussain
- Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Nasib Zaman
- Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Ali
- Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Suleman
- Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Shah
- Department of Biotechnology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Liaqat Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Syed Shujait Ali
- Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Dong-Qing Wei
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai-Islamabad-Belgrade Joint Innovation Center On Antibacterial Resistances, Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation in Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Ministry of Education and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China.
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Vanke Cloud City Phase I Building 8, Xili Street, Nashan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People's Republic of China.
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183
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Caramaschi S, Kapp ME, Miller SE, Eisenberg R, Johnson J, Epperly G, Maiorana A, Silvestri G, Giannico GA. Histopathological findings and clinicopathologic correlation in COVID-19: a systematic review. Mod Pathol 2021; 34:1614-1633. [PMID: 34031537 PMCID: PMC8141548 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-021-00814-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has had devastating effects on global health and worldwide economy. Despite an initial reluctance to perform autopsies due to concerns for aerosolization of viral particles, a large number of autopsy studies published since May 2020 have shed light on the pathophysiology of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This review summarizes the histopathologic findings and clinicopathologic correlations from autopsies and biopsies performed in patients with COVID-19. PubMed and Medline (EBSCO and Ovid) were queried from June 4, 2020 to September 30, 2020 and histopathologic data from autopsy and biopsy studies were collected based on 2009 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 58 studies reporting 662 patients were included. Demographic data, comorbidities at presentation, histopathologic findings, and virus detection strategies by organ system were collected. Diffuse alveolar damage, thromboembolism, and nonspecific shock injury in multiple organs were the main findings in this review. The pathologic findings emerging from autopsy and biopsy studies reviewed herein suggest that in addition to a direct viral effect in some organs, a unifying pathogenic mechanism for COVID-19 is ARDS with its known and characteristic inflammatory response, cytokine release, fever, inflammation, and generalized endothelial disturbance. This study supports the notion that autopsy studies are of utmost importance to our understanding of disease features and treatment effect to increase our knowledge of COVID-19 pathophysiology and contribute to more effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Caramaschi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia—AOU Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Meghan E. Kapp
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sara E. Miller
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rosana Eisenberg
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joyce Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Antonino Maiorana
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia—AOU Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Giovanna A. Giannico
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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184
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Vidhya Rekha U, Anita M, Bhuminathan S, Sadhana K. Known data on CoVid-19 infection linked to type-2 diabetes. Bioinformation 2021; 17:772-775. [PMID: 35540698 PMCID: PMC9049093 DOI: 10.6026/97320630017772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is of interest to document the known data on CoVid-19 infection linked to type-2 diabetes. Hyperglycemia, inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis, altered cytokine synthesis, phagocytic cell dysfunction, impaired T cell-mediated immune responses, and inadequate microbia were all seen in people with Diabetes. Individuals with diabetes have also been shown to elevate levels of the proinflammatory cytokine, especially IL-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and different markers such as C reactive protein, D-dimer, and fibrinogen. This will prolong the cytokine storms and lead to severe illness in diabetic individuals with COVID-19 infection. The role of acute glycemic control after COVID- 19 manifestation on clinical outcomes has not been known in detail. Known data shows that hyperglycemia facilitates local viral replication in the lungs and impairs anti-viral immune response. Thus, acute glycemic management plays an important role in limiting viral replication and disease progression in patients with diabetes. The available evidence implicates diabetes as important risk factors impacting the clinical severity of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Vidhya Rekha
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Pallikaranai, Chennai-600100, India
| | - M Anita
- Department of Prosthodontics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Pallikaranai, Chennai 600100, India
| | - S Bhuminathan
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Pallikaranai, Chennai-600100, India
| | - K Sadhana
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Pallikaranai, Chennai-600100, India
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185
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Sun G, Cui Q, Garcia G, Wang C, Zhang M, Arumugaswami V, Riggs AD, Shi Y. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infected cell model systems reveals differential innate immune responses. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17146. [PMID: 34433867 PMCID: PMC8387424 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96462-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptome of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells that reflects the interplay between host and virus has provided valuable insights into mechanisms underlying SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease progression. In this study, we show that SARS-CoV-2 can establish a robust infection in HEK293T cells that overexpress human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) without triggering significant host immune response. Instead, endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response-related pathways are predominantly activated. By comparing our data with published transcriptome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in other cell lines, we found that the expression level of hACE2 directly correlates with the viral load in infected cells but not with the scale of immune responses. Only cells that express high level of endogenous hACE2 exhibit an extensive immune attack even with a low viral load. Therefore, the infection route may be critical for the extent of the immune response, thus the severity of COVID-19 disease status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Sun
- Department of Diabetes Complications & Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Qi Cui
- Division of Stem Cell Biology Research, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Gustavo Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Cheng Wang
- Division of Stem Cell Biology Research, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Mingzi Zhang
- Division of Stem Cell Biology Research, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Arthur D Riggs
- Department of Diabetes Complications & Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Division of Stem Cell Biology Research, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
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186
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Aguiar VRC, Augusto DG, Castelli EC, Hollenbach JA, Meyer D, Nunes K, Petzl-Erler ML. An immunogenetic view of COVID-19. Genet Mol Biol 2021; 44:e20210036. [PMID: 34436508 PMCID: PMC8388242 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2021-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Meeting the challenges brought by the COVID-19 pandemic requires an interdisciplinary approach. In this context, integrating knowledge of immune function with an understanding of how genetic variation influences the nature of immunity is a key challenge. Immunogenetics can help explain the heterogeneity of susceptibility and protection to the viral infection and disease progression. Here, we review the knowledge developed so far, discussing fundamental genes for triggering the innate and adaptive immune responses associated with a viral infection, especially with the SARS-CoV-2 mechanisms. We emphasize the role of the HLA and KIR genes, discussing what has been uncovered about their role in COVID-19 and addressing methodological challenges of studying these genes. Finally, we comment on questions that arise when studying admixed populations, highlighting the case of Brazil. We argue that the interplay between immunology and an understanding of genetic associations can provide an important contribution to our knowledge of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor R. C. Aguiar
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Genética e Biologia
Evolutiva, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Danillo G. Augusto
- University of California, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences,
Department of Neurology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Genética, Curitiba,
PR, Brazil
| | - Erick C. Castelli
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu,
Departamento de Patologia, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Jill A. Hollenbach
- University of California, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences,
Department of Neurology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Diogo Meyer
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Genética e Biologia
Evolutiva, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kelly Nunes
- Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Genética e Biologia
Evolutiva, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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187
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Scarpa F, Sanna D, Azzena I, Cossu P, Giovanetti M, Benvenuto D, Coradduzza E, Alexiev I, Casu M, Fiori PL, Ciccozzi M. Update on the Phylodynamics of SADS-CoV. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080820. [PMID: 34440564 PMCID: PMC8402179 DOI: 10.3390/life11080820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are known to be harmful and heterogeneous viruses, able to infect a large number of hosts. Among them, SADS-CoV (Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus), also known as PEAV (Porcine Enteric Alphacoronavirus), or SeA-CoV (Swine Enteric Alphacoronavirus), is the most recent Alphacoronavirus discovered, and caused several outbreaks reported in Chinese swine herds between late 2016 and 2019. We performed an upgraded phylodinamic reconstruction of SADS-CoV based on all whole genomes available on 21 June 2021. Results showed a very close relationship between SADS-CoV and HKU2-like CoV, which may represent the evolutionary intermediate step towards the present SADS-CoV. The direct progenitor of SADS-CoV is so far unknown and, although it is well known that horseshoe bats are reservoirs for Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2-like (HKU2-like CoVs), the transmission path from bats to pigs is still unclear. The discrepancies in the phylogenetic position of rodent CoV, when different molecular markers were considered, corroborate the recombination hypothesis, suggesting that wild rats, which are frequent in farms, may have played a key role. The failure of the attempt at molecular dating, due to the lack of a clock signal, also corroborates the occurrence of a recombination event hypothesis. Zoonotic infections originating in wildlife can easily become a significant threat for human health. In such a context, due to the high recombination and cross-species capabilities of Coronavirus, SADS-CoV represents a possible high-risk pathogen for humans which needs a constant molecular monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Scarpa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (I.A.); (P.C.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Daria Sanna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.S.); (P.L.F.)
| | - Ilenia Azzena
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (I.A.); (P.C.); (M.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.S.); (P.L.F.)
| | - Piero Cossu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (I.A.); (P.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Flavivirus Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil;
| | - Domenico Benvenuto
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (D.B.); (M.C.)
| | | | - Ivailo Alexiev
- National Reference Laboratory of HIV, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 1504 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Marco Casu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (I.A.); (P.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Pier Luigi Fiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (D.S.); (P.L.F.)
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (D.B.); (M.C.)
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188
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Sun Y, Jiang N, Li Z, Li X, Yang B, Si D, Ma P, Zhang J, Jia N, Jin M, He Y, Cui X, Liu T, Yu Q. A Retrospective Study of 268 Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection to Evaluate the Association Between Blood Glucose and Severity of COVID-19 Pneumonia and Patient Mortality. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e932156. [PMID: 34362862 PMCID: PMC8356513 DOI: 10.12659/msm.932156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is one of the most commonly reported comorbidities among patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. This retrospective study of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection was conducted to evaluate the association between blood glucose levels and the severity of COVID-19 pneumonia and patient mortality. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 268 patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were included in this retrospective study. We obtained demographic characteristics, clinical symptoms, laboratory data, and survival information from patients' electronic medical records. Blood glucose was measured on admission to the hospital. Comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cardiovascular disease, were collected by self-reported medical history. RESULTS Significantly higher risks of severe COVID-19 were found in patients with blood glucose levels ranging from 5.53 to 7.27 mmol/L (odds ratio [OR], 3.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.81-8.75) and in patients with blood glucose ≥7.27 mmol/L (OR, 12.10; 95% CI, 5.53-26.48) than in those with blood glucose <5.53 mmol/L. There was a trend toward better survival in patients with blood glucose <5.53 mmol/L than in patients with blood glucose from 5.53 to 7.27 mmol/L (hazard ratio [HR], 6.34; 95% CI, 1.45-27.71) and ≥7.27 mmol/L (HR, 19.37; 95% CI, 4.68-80.17). Estimated 10-day overall survival rates were 96.8%, 90.6%, and 69.3% in patients with blood glucose <5.53 mmol/L, 5.53 to 7.27 mmol/L, and ³7.27 mmol/L, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Hyperglycemia was association with severity of COVID-19 pneumonia and with increased patient mortality. These findings support the need for blood glucose monitoring and control of hyperglycemia in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Sun
- Department of Emergency, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Emergency, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Zhijun Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Xinwei Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Daoyuan Si
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Piyong Ma
- Department of Critical Care, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Jinnan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Ningning Jia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Mengdi Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Yang He
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Xingyao Cui
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Tianji Liu
- Department of Emergency, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Qiong Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
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189
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Rehman SU, Rehman SU, Yoo HH. COVID-19 challenges and its therapeutics. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112015. [PMID: 34388532 PMCID: PMC8339548 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, an infectious disease, has emerged as one of the leading causes of death worldwide, making it one of the severe public health issues in recent decades. nCoV, the novel SARS coronavirus that causes COVID-19, has brought together scientists in the quest for possible therapeutic and preventive measures. The development of new drugs to manage COVID-19 effectively is a challenging and time-consuming process, thus encouraging extensive investigation of drug repurposing and repositioning candidates. Several medications, including remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, lopinavir, favipiravir, ribavirin, ritonavir, interferons, azithromycin, capivasertib and bevacizumab, are currently under clinical trials for COVID-19. In addition, several medicinal plants with considerable antiviral activities are potential therapeutic candidates for COVID-19. Statistical data show that the pandemic is yet to slow down, and authorities are placing their hopes on vaccines. Within a short period, four types of vaccines, namely, whole virus, viral vector, protein subunit, and nucleic acid (RNA/DNA), which can confer protection against COVID-19 in different ways, were already in a clinical trial. SARS-CoV-2 variants spread is associated with antibody escape from the virus Spike epitopes, which has grave concerns for viral re-infection and even compromises the effectiveness of the vaccines. Despite these efforts, COVID-19 treatment is still solely based on clinical management through supportive care. We aim to highlight the recent trends in COVID-19, relevant statistics, and clinical findings, as well as potential therapeutics, including in-line treatment methods, preventive measures, and vaccines to combat the prevalence of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabi Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, Abasyn University Peshawar, Pakistan
| | | | - Hye Hyun Yoo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
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190
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Pluskota-Karwatka D, Hoffmann M, Barciszewski J. Reducing SARS-CoV-2 pathological protein activity with small molecules. J Pharm Anal 2021; 11:383-397. [PMID: 33842018 PMCID: PMC8020608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are dangerous human and animal pathogens. The newly identified coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of COVID-19 outbreak, which is a real threat to human health and life. The world has been struggling with this epidemic for about a year, yet there are still no targeted drugs and effective treatments are very limited. Due to the long process of developing new drugs, reposition of existing ones is one of the best ways to deal with an epidemic of emergency infectious diseases. Among the existing drugs, there are candidates potentially able to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 replication, and thus inhibit the infection of the virus. Some therapeutics target several proteins, and many diseases share molecular paths. In such cases, the use of existing pharmaceuticals for more than one purpose can reduce the time needed to design new drugs. The aim of this review was to analyze the key targets of viral infection and potential drugs acting on them, as well as to discuss various strategies and therapeutic approaches, including the possible use of natural products. We highlighted the approach based on increasing the involvement of human deaminases, particularly APOBEC deaminases in editing of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. This can reduce the cytosine content in the viral genome, leading to the loss of its integrity. We also indicated the nucleic acid technologies as potential approaches for COVID-19 treatment. Among numerous promising natural products, we pointed out curcumin and cannabidiol as good candidates for being anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcin Hoffmann
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Barciszewski
- NanoBiomedical Center of the Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences 61-704, Poznań, Poland
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191
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Mba IE, Sharndama HC, Osondu-chuka GO, Okeke OP. Immunobiology and nanotherapeutics of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2): a current update. Infect Dis (Lond) 2021; 53:559-580. [PMID: 33905282 PMCID: PMC8095391 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2021.1916071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) constitutes the most significant global public health challenge in a century. It has reignited research interest in coronavirus. While little information is available, research is currently in progress to comprehensively understand the general biology and immune response mechanism against SARS-CoV-2. The spike proteins (S protein) of SARS-CoV-2 perform a crucial function in viral infection establishment. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 play a pivotal role in viral entry. Upon viral entry, the released pro-inflammatory proteins (cytokines and chemokines) cause the migration of the T cells, monocytes, and macrophages to the infection site. IFNϒ released by T cells initiates a loop of pro-inflammatory feedback. The inflammatory state may further enhance with an increase in immune dysfunction responsible for the infection's progression. A treatment approach that prevents ACE2-mediated viral entry and reduces inflammatory response is a crucial therapeutic intervention strategy, and nanomaterials and their conjugates are promising candidates. Nanoparticles can inhibit viral entry and replication. Nanomaterials have also found application in targeted drug delivery and also in developing a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Here, we briefly summarize the origin, transmission, and clinical features of SARS-CoV-2. We then discussed the immune response mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we further discussed nanotechnology's potentials as an intervention strategy against SARS-CoV-2 infection. All these understandings will be crucial in developing therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV-2.
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192
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Tania M, Asad A, Li T, Islam MS, Islam SB, Hossen MM, Bhuiyan MR, Khan MA. Thymoquinone against infectious diseases: Perspectives in recent pandemics and future therapeutics. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 24:1014-1022. [PMID: 34804418 PMCID: PMC8591769 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2021.56250.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The recent pandemics caused by coronavirus infections have become major challenges in 21st century human health. Scientists are struggling hard to develop a complete cure for infectious diseases, for example, drugs or vaccines against these deadly infectious diseases. We have searched papers on thymoquinone (TQ) and its effects on different infectious diseases in databases like Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, and reviewed them in this study. To date research suggests that natural products may become a potential therapeutic option for their prodigious anti-viral or anti-microbial effects on infectious diseases. TQ, a natural phytochemical from black seeds, is known for its health-beneficial activities against several diseases, including infections. It is evident from different in vitro and in vivo studies that TQ is effective against tuberculosis, influenza, dengue, Ebola, Zika, hepatitis, malaria, HIV, and even recent pandemics caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome of coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2). In these cases, the molecular mechanism of TQ is partly clear but mostly obscure. In this review article, we have discussed the role of TQ against different infectious diseases, including COVID-19, and also critically reviewed the future use of TQ use to fight against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Tania
- Research Division of Nature Study Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Division of Molecular Cancer, Red Green Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Asaduzzaman Asad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tian Li
- The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Md. Shariful Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tejgaon College, National University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shad Bin Islam
- Bachelor in Medicine and Surgery Program, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Md. Munnaf Hossen
- Department of Immunology, Health Science Center, Shenzhen, University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Md. Asaduzzaman Khan
- The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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193
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Motavalli R, Abdelbasset WK, Rahman HS, Achmad MH, Sergeevna NK, Zekiy AO, Adili A, Khiavi FM, Marofi F, Yousefi M, Ghoreishizadeh S, Shomali N, Etemadi J, Jarahian M. The lethal internal face of the coronaviruses: Kidney tropism of the SARS, MERS, and COVID19 viruses. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:1005-1015. [PMID: 34118117 PMCID: PMC8426673 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The kidney is one of the main targets attacked by viruses in patients with a coronavirus infection. Until now, SARS-CoV-2 has been identified as the seventh member of the coronavirus family capable of infecting humans. In the past two decades, humankind has experienced outbreaks triggered by two other extremely infective members of the coronavirus family; the MERS-CoV and the SARS-CoV. According to several investigations, SARS-CoV causes proteinuria and renal impairment or failure. The SARS-CoV was identified in the distal convoluted tubules of the kidney of infected patients. Also, renal dysfunction was observed in numerous cases of MERS-CoV infection. And recently, during the 2019-nCoV pandemic, it was found that the novel coronavirus not only induces acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) but also can induce damages in various organs including the liver, heart, and kidney. The kidney tissue and its cells are targeted massively by the coronaviruses due to the abundant presence of ACE2 and Dpp4 receptors on kidney cells. These receptors are characterized as the main route of coronavirus entry to the victim cells. Renal failure due to massive viral invasion can lead to undesirable complications and enhanced mortality rate, thus more attention should be paid to the pathology of coronaviruses in the kidney. Here, we have provided the most recent knowledge on the coronaviruses (SARS, MERS, and COVID19) pathology and the mechanisms of their impact on the kidney tissue and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza Motavalli
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Walid Kamal Abdelbasset
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation SciencesCollege of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz UniversityAl KharjSaudi Arabia
- Department of Physical TherapyKasr Al‐Aini Hospital, Cairo UniversityGizaEgypt
| | | | - Muhammad Harun Achmad
- Department of Pediatric DentistryFaculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin UniversityMakassarIndonesia
| | | | | | - Ali Adili
- Department of oncologyTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | | | - Faroogh Marofi
- Department of Immunology, Division of Hematology, Faculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | | | - Navid Shomali
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Jalal Etemadi
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Mostafa Jarahian
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit (G401), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
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194
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Tardiolo G, Brianti P, Sapienza D, dell’Utri P, Dio VD, Rao G, Calabrò RS. Are We Paving the Way to Dig Out of the "Pandemic Hole"? A Narrative Review on SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: From Animal Models to Human Immunization. Med Sci (Basel) 2021; 9:53. [PMID: 34449681 PMCID: PMC8395838 DOI: 10.3390/medsci9030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new pathogen agent causing the coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19). This novel virus originated the most challenging pandemic in this century, causing economic and social upheaval internationally. The extreme infectiousness and high mortality rates incentivized the development of vaccines to control this pandemic to prevent further morbidity and mortality. This international scenario led academic scientists, industries, and governments to work and collaborate strongly to make a portfolio of vaccines available at an unprecedented pace. Indeed, the robust collaboration between public systems and private companies led to resolutive actions for accelerating therapeutic interventions and vaccines mechanism. These strategies contributed to rapidly identifying safe and effective vaccines as quickly and efficiently as possible. Preclinical research employed animal models to develop vaccines that induce protective and long-lived immune responses. A spectrum of vaccines is worldwide under investigation in various preclinical and clinical studies to develop both individual protection and safe development of population-level herd immunity. Companies employed and developed different technological approaches for vaccines production, including inactivated vaccines, live-attenuated, non-replicating viral vector vaccines, as well as acid nucleic-based vaccines. In this view, the present narrative review provides an overview of current vaccination strategies, taking into account both preclinical studies and clinical trials in humans. Furthermore, to better understand immunization, animal models on SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Tardiolo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Via Palatucci snc, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Pina Brianti
- Unit of Dermatology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Piazza Pugliatti 1, 98122 Messina, Italy;
| | - Daniela Sapienza
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Piazza Pugliatti 1, 98122 Messina, Italy;
| | - Pia dell’Utri
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (P.d.); (V.D.D.); (G.R.)
| | - Viviane Di Dio
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (P.d.); (V.D.D.); (G.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Rao
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (P.d.); (V.D.D.); (G.R.)
| | - Rocco Salvatore Calabrò
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (P.d.); (V.D.D.); (G.R.)
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195
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Schoeman D, Fielding BC. Human Coronaviruses: Counteracting the Damage by Storm. Viruses 2021; 13:1457. [PMID: 34452323 PMCID: PMC8402835 DOI: 10.3390/v13081457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 18 years, three highly pathogenic human (h) coronaviruses (CoVs) have caused severe outbreaks, the most recent causative agent, SARS-CoV-2, being the first to cause a pandemic. Although much progress has been made since the COVID-19 pandemic started, much about SARS-CoV-2 and its disease, COVID-19, is still poorly understood. The highly pathogenic hCoVs differ in some respects, but also share some similarities in clinical presentation, the risk factors associated with severe disease, and the characteristic immunopathology associated with the progression to severe disease. This review aims to highlight these overlapping aspects of the highly pathogenic hCoVs-SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2-briefly discussing the importance of an appropriately regulated immune response; how the immune response to these highly pathogenic hCoVs might be dysregulated through interferon (IFN) inhibition, antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA); and how these could link to the ensuing cytokine storm. The treatment approaches to highly pathogenic hCoV infections are discussed and it is suggested that a greater focus be placed on T-cell vaccines that elicit a cell-mediated immune response, using rapamycin as a potential agent to improve vaccine responses in the elderly and obese, and the potential of stapled peptides as antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Burtram C. Fielding
- Molecular Biology and Virology Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa;
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196
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Adegbola PI, Fadahunsi OS, Adegbola AE, Semire B. In silico studies of Potency and safety assessment of selected trial drugs for the treatment of COVID-19. In Silico Pharmacol 2021; 9:45. [PMID: 34312587 PMCID: PMC8295030 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-021-00105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has caused millions of infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths globally. Presently, no cure for SARS-CoV-2 infection is available; thus, all hands are on deck for new drug discovery. Although, several studies have reported the potentials of some already approved drugs for the treatment of COVID-19. This study attempted to compare the potency and safety of some these trial drugs via in silico methods. The binding affinity and interactions of the trial drugs with proteins involved in viral polyprotein processing (Papain like protease (PLpro) and Chymotrypsin like-protease (3-CLpro), viral replication (RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)) and host protease were studied in this work. The pharmacokinetic properties and toxicity potentials of the trial drugs were also predicted using vNN Web Server for ADMET Predictions. From the results, Merimepodib and Dexamethaxone demonstrated the most significant inhibitory potential against the PLpro. The binding affinity (∆G°) for merimepodib was - 7.2 kcal/mol while the inhibition constant was 6.3 µM. The binding affinity of the inhibitors for CLpro ranged from - 5.6 to - 9.5 kcal/mol. whereas Lopinavir (- 7.7 kcal/mol) exhibited the strongest affinity for RdRp. Overall, our results showed that all the ligands have a higher affinity for the 3-Chymotrypsin like protease than the other proteins (PLpro, RdRp, and Host protease). Among these compounds lopinavir, merimepodib and dexamethasone could be inhibitors with potentials for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2. However, the only dexamethasone has attractive pharmacokinetic and toxicity properties probable for drug development; therefore, our study provides a basis for developing effective drugs targeting a specific protein in the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40203-021-00105-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ifeoluwa Adegbola
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Olumide Samuel Fadahunsi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Aanuoluwa Eunice Adegbola
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Banjo Semire
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
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Si R, Yao Y, Zhang X, Lu Q, Aziz N. Investigating the Links Between Vaccination Against COVID-19 and Public Attitudes Toward Protective Countermeasures: Implications for Public Health. Front Public Health 2021; 9:702699. [PMID: 34368065 PMCID: PMC8333618 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.702699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is spreading globally at an unprecedented rate. To protect the world against this devastating catastrophe, vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 have been produced following consistent clinical trials. However, the durability of a protective immune response due to vaccination has not been confirmed. Moreover, COVID-19 vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is not 100% guaranteed, as new variants arise due to mutations. Consequently, health officials are pleading with the public to take extra precautions against the virus and continue wearing masks, wash hands, and observe physical distancing even after vaccination. The current research collected data from 4,540 participants (1,825 vaccinated and 2,715 not vaccinated) in China to analyze this phenomenon empirically. The propensity score matching (PSM) model is employed to analyze the impact of vaccination against COVID-19 on participants' attitudes toward protective countermeasures. The findings showed that gender, age, education level, occupation risk, individual health risk perception, public health risk perception, social responsibility, peer effect, and government supervision are the main drivers for participants to be vaccinated with COVID-19's vaccines. The results further show that vaccination lessened participants' frequency of hand washing by 1.75 times and their compliance frequency intensity of observing physical distancing by 1.24 times. However, the rate of mask-wearing did not reduce significantly, implying that China's main countermeasure of effective mask-wearing effectively controls COVID-19. Moreover, the findings indicate that a reduction in the frequency of hand washing and observing physical distance could cause a resurgence of COVID-19. In conclusion, factors leading to the eradication of SARS-CoV-2 from the world are complex to be achieved, so the exploration of COVID-19 vaccination and people's attitude toward protective countermeasures may provide insights for policymakers to encourage vaccinated people to follow protective health measures and help in completely defeating the COVID-19 from the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruishi Si
- School of Public Administration, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Yumeng Yao
- School of Public Administration, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Xueqian Zhang
- School of Public Administration, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Qian Lu
- College of Economics and Management, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Noshaba Aziz
- College of Economics and Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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198
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Mondeja B, Valdes O, Resik S, Vizcaino A, Acosta E, Montalván A, Paez A, Mune M, Rodríguez R, Valdés J, Gonzalez G, Sanchez D, Falcón V, González Y, Kourí V, Díaz A, Guzmán M. SARS-CoV-2: preliminary study of infected human nasopharyngeal tissue by high resolution microscopy. Virol J 2021; 18:149. [PMID: 34275492 PMCID: PMC8286443 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01620-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological agent of COVID-19. This virus has become one of the most dangerous in recent times with a very high rate of transmission. At present, several publications show the typical crown-shape of the novel coronavirus grown in cell cultures. However, an integral ultramicroscopy study done directly from clinical specimens has not been published. METHODS Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 12 Cuban individuals, six asymptomatic and RT-PCR negative (negative control) and six others from a COVID-19 symptomatic and RT-PCR positive for SARS CoV-2. Samples were treated with an aldehyde solution and processed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal microscopy (CM) and, atomic force microscopy. Improvement and segmentation of coronavirus images were performed by a novel mathematical image enhancement algorithm. RESULTS The images of the negative control sample showed the characteristic healthy microvilli morphology at the apical region of the nasal epithelial cells. As expected, they do not display virus-like structures. The images of the positive sample showed characteristic coronavirus-like particles and evident destruction of microvilli. In some regions, virions budding through the cell membrane were observed. Microvilli destruction could explain the anosmia reported by some patients. Virus-particles emerging from the cell-surface with a variable size ranging from 80 to 400 nm were observed by SEM. Viral antigen was identified in the apical cells zone by CM. CONCLUSIONS The integral microscopy study showed that SARS-CoV-2 has a similar image to SARS-CoV. The application of several high-resolution microscopy techniques to nasopharyngeal samples awaits future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Mondeja
- Center for Advanced Studies of Cuba (CEA), La Habana, Cuba.
| | - Odalys Valdes
- Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí" (IPK), La Habana, Cuba
| | - Sonia Resik
- Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí" (IPK), La Habana, Cuba
| | | | - Emilio Acosta
- Center for Advanced Studies of Cuba (CEA), La Habana, Cuba
| | | | - Amira Paez
- Center for Advanced Studies of Cuba (CEA), La Habana, Cuba
| | - Mayra Mune
- Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí" (IPK), La Habana, Cuba
| | - Roberto Rodríguez
- Institute of Cybernetics, Mathematics, and Physics of Cuba (ICIMAF), La Habana, Cuba
| | - Juan Valdés
- Center for Advanced Studies of Cuba (CEA), La Habana, Cuba
| | - Guelsys Gonzalez
- Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí" (IPK), La Habana, Cuba
| | - Daisy Sanchez
- Center for Advanced Studies of Cuba (CEA), La Habana, Cuba
| | - Viviana Falcón
- Center of Genetic Engineer and Biotechnology of Cuba (CIGB), La Habana, Cuba
| | | | - Vivian Kourí
- Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí" (IPK), La Habana, Cuba
| | | | - Angelina Díaz
- Center for Advanced Studies of Cuba (CEA), La Habana, Cuba
| | - María Guzmán
- Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí" (IPK), La Habana, Cuba
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199
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Alberti A, Schuelter-Trevisol F, Iser BPM, Traebert E, Freiberger V, Ventura L, Rezin GT, da Silva BB, Meneghetti Dallacosta F, Grigollo L, Dias P, Fin G, De Jesus JA, Pertille F, Rossoni C, Hur Soares B, Nodari Júnior RJ, Comim CM. Obesity in people with diabetes in COVID-19 times: Important considerations and precautions to be taken. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:5358-5371. [PMID: 34307590 PMCID: PMC8281433 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i20.5358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
At the end of 2019, a new disease with pandemic potential appeared in China. It was a novel coronavirus called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Later, in the first quarter of 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of this disease a pandemic. Elderly people, people with comorbidities, and health care professionals are more vulnerable to COVID-19. Obesity has been growing exponentially worldwide, affecting several age groups. It is a morbidity that is associated with genetic, epigenetic, environment factors and/or interaction between them. Obesity is associated with the development of several diseases including diabetes mellitus, mainly type 2. Diabetes affects a significant portion of the global population. Obesity and diabetes are among the main risk factors for the development of severe symptoms of COVID-19, and individuals with these conditions constitute a risk group. Based on a literature review on obesity in people with diabetes in the framework of the COVID-19 pandemic, this study presents updated important considerations and care to be taken with this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Alberti
- Research Group in Neurodevelopment of Childhood and Adolescence, Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina (Unisul), Palhoça, 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Schuelter-Trevisol
- Brazil Clinical Research Center, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Tubarão, 88704 -900, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Betine Pinto Moehlecke Iser
- Brazil Clinical Research Center, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Tubarão, 88704 -900, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Eliane Traebert
- Postgraduate Programme in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Viviane Freiberger
- Research Group in Neurodevelopment of Childhood and Adolescence, Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina (Unisul), Palhoça, 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Leticia Ventura
- Research Group in Neurodevelopment of Childhood and Adolescence, Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina (Unisul), Palhoça, 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Tezza Rezin
- Brazil Clinical Research Center, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina at Tubarão, Tubarão, 88704 -900, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Bruna Becker da Silva
- Postgraduate Programme in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Meneghetti Dallacosta
- Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Health, University of the West of Santa Catarina, Joaçaba, 89600-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Leoberto Grigollo
- Research Group in Neurodevelopment of Childhood and Adolescence, Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina (Unisul), Palhoça, 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Paula Dias
- Research Group in Neurodevelopment of Childhood and Adolescence, Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina (Unisul), Palhoça, 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Gracielle Fin
- Department of Physical Education, University of the West of Santa Catarina, Joaçaba, 89600-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Josiane Aparecida De Jesus
- Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Health, University of the West of Santa Catarina, Joaçaba, 89600-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fabiane Pertille
- Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Health, University of the West of Santa Catarina, Joaçaba, 89600-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Carina Rossoni
- Environmental Health Institute of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lisbon, Lisboa, 1649-029, Portugal
| | - Ben Hur Soares
- Health Science, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, 99052-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Clarissa Martinelli Comim
- Research Group in Neurodevelopment of Childhood and Adolescence, Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of South Santa Catarina (Unisul), Palhoça, 88137-270, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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200
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Guo W, Lakshminarayanan H, Rodriguez-Palacios A, Salata RA, Xu K, Draz MS. Glycan Nanostructures of Human Coronaviruses. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:4813-4830. [PMID: 34290504 PMCID: PMC8289332 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s302516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human coronaviruses present a substantial global disease burden, causing damage to populations’ health, economy, and social well-being. Glycans are one of the main structural components of all microbes and organismic structures, including viruses—playing multiple essential roles in virus infection and immunity. Studying and understanding virus glycans at the nanoscale provide new insights into the diagnosis and treatment of viruses. Glycan nanostructures are considered potential targets for molecular diagnosis, antiviral therapeutics, and the development of vaccines. This review article describes glycan nanostructures (eg, glycoproteins and glycolipids) that exist in cells, subcellular structures, and microbes. We detail the structure, characterization, synthesis, and functions of virus glycans. Furthermore, we describe the glycan nanostructures of different human coronaviruses, such as human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63), human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1), the Middle East respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and how glycan nanotechnology can be useful to prevent and combat human coronaviruses infections, along with possibilities that are not yet explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanru Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Harini Lakshminarayanan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alex Rodriguez-Palacios
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Germ-Free and Gut Microbiome Core, Cleveland Digestive Diseases Research Core Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,University Hospitals Research and Education Institute, University Hospital Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Robert A Salata
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kaijin Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohamed S Draz
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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