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Cannabis: From a Plant That Modulates Feeding Behaviors toward Developing Selective Inhibitors of the Peripheral Endocannabinoid System for the Treatment of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11050275. [PMID: 31096702 PMCID: PMC6563239 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the role of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system in regulating energy and metabolic homeostasis. Endocannabinoids, via activating the cannabinoid type-1 receptor (CB1R), are commonly known as mediators of the thrifty phenotype hypothesis due to their activity in the central nervous system, which in turn regulates food intake and underlies the development of metabolic syndrome. Indeed, these findings led to the clinical testing of globally acting CB1R blockers for obesity and various metabolic complications. However, their therapeutic potential was halted due to centrally mediated adverse effects. Recent observations that highlighted the key role of the peripheral eCB system in metabolic regulation led to the preclinical development of various novel compounds that block CB1R only in peripheral organs with very limited brain penetration and without causing behavioral side effects. These unique molecules, which effectively ameliorate obesity, type II diabetes, fatty liver, insulin resistance, and chronic kidney disease in several animal models, are likely to be further developed in the clinic and may revive the therapeutic potential of blocking CB1R once again.
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202
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Bian Y, Jing Y, Wang L, Ma S, Jun JJ, Xie XQ. Prediction of Orthosteric and Allosteric Regulations on Cannabinoid Receptors Using Supervised Machine Learning Classifiers. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2605-2615. [PMID: 31013097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Designing highly selective compounds to protein subtypes and developing allosteric modulators targeting them are critical considerations to both drug discovery and mechanism studies for cannabinoid receptors. It is challenging but in demand to have classifiers to identify active ligands from inactive or random compounds and distinguish allosteric modulators from orthosteric ligands. In this study, supervised machine learning classifiers were built for two subtypes of cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2. Three types of features, including molecular descriptors, MACCS fingerprints, and ECFP6 fingerprints, were calculated to evaluate the compound sets from diverse aspects. Deep neural networks, as well as conventional machine learning algorithms including support vector machine, naïve Bayes, logistic regression, and ensemble learning, were applied. Their performances on the classification with different types of features were compared and discussed. According to the receiver operating characteristic curves and the calculated metrics, the advantages and drawbacks of each algorithm were investigated. The feature ranking was followed to help extract useful knowledge about critical molecular properties, substructural keys, and circular fingerprints. The extracted features will then facilitate the research on cannabinoid receptors by providing guidance on preferred properties for compound modification and novel scaffold design. Besides using conventional molecular docking studies for compound virtual screening, machine-learning-based decision-making models provide alternative options. This study can be of value to the application of machine learning in the area of drug discovery and compound development.
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203
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Role of Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 in Insulin Resistance and Its Biological Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092109. [PMID: 31035653 PMCID: PMC6540410 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous cannabinoids (ECs) are lipid-signaling molecules that specifically bind to cannabinoid receptor types 1 and 2 (CB1R and CB2R) and are highly expressed in central and many peripheral tissues under pathological conditions. Activation of hepatic CB1R is associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and impaired metabolic function, owing to increased energy intake and storage, impaired glucose and lipid metabolism, and enhanced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Additionally, blocking peripheral CB1R improves insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism and also reduces hepatic steatosis and body weight in obese mice. Thus, targeting EC receptors, especially CB1R, may provide a potential therapeutic strategy against obesity and insulin resistance. There are many CB1R antagonists, including inverse agonists and natural compounds that target CB1R and can reduce body weight, adiposity, and hepatic steatosis, and those that improve insulin sensitivity and reverse leptin resistance. Recently, the use of CB1R antagonists was suspended due to adverse central effects, and this caused a major setback in the development of CB1R antagonists. Recent studies, however, have focused on development of antagonists lacking adverse effects. In this review, we detail the important role of CB1R in hepatic insulin resistance and the possible underlying mechanisms, and the therapeutic potential of CB1R targeting is also discussed.
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204
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Spiller KJ, Bi GH, He Y, Galaj E, Gardner EL, Xi ZX. Cannabinoid CB 1 and CB 2 receptor mechanisms underlie cannabis reward and aversion in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:1268-1281. [PMID: 30767215 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Endocannabinoids are critically involved in brain reward functions, mediated by activation of CB1 receptors, reflecting their high density in the brain. However, the recent discovery of CB2 receptors in the brain, particularly in the midbrain dopamine neurons, has challenged this view and inspired us to re-examine the roles of both CB1 and CB2 receptors in the effects of cannabis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In the present study, we used the electrical intracranial self-stimulation paradigm to evaluate the effects of various cannabinoid drugs on brain reward in laboratory rats and the roles of CB1 and CB2 receptors activation in brain reward function(s). KEY RESULTS Two mixed CB1 / CB2 receptor agonists, Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9 -THC) and WIN55,212-2, produced biphasic effects-mild enhancement of brain-stimulation reward (BSR) at low doses but inhibition at higher doses. Pretreatment with a CB1 receptor antagonist (AM251) attenuated the low dose-enhanced BSR, while a CB2 receptor antagonist (AM630) attenuated high dose-inhibited BSR. To confirm these opposing effects, rats were treated with selective CB1 and CB2 receptor agonists. These compounds produced significant BSR enhancement and inhibition, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CB1 receptor activation produced reinforcing effects, whereas CB2 receptor activation was aversive. The subjective effects of cannabis depend on the balance of these opposing effects. These findings not only explain previous conflicting results in animal models of addiction but also explain why cannabis can be either rewarding or aversive in humans, as expression of CB1 and CB2 receptors may differ in the brains of different subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista J Spiller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guo-Hua Bi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yi He
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ewa Galaj
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eliot L Gardner
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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205
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Rahman S, Archana A, Dutta D, Kumar V, Kim J, Jan AT, Minakshi R. The onus of cannabinoids in interrupting the molecular odyssey of breast cancer: A critical perspective on UPR ER and beyond. Saudi Pharm J 2019; 27:437-445. [PMID: 30976189 PMCID: PMC6438785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids, commonly used for medicinal and recreational purposes, consist of various complex hydrophobic molecules obtained from Cannabis sativa L. Acting as an inhibitory molecule; they have been investigated for their antineoplastic effect in various breast tumor models. Lately, it was found that cannabinoid treatment not only stimulates autophagy-mediated apoptotic death of tumor cells through unfolded protein response (UPRER) activated downstream effectors, but also imposes cell cycle arrest. The exploitation of UPRER tumors as such is believed to be a major molecular event and is therefore employed in understanding the development and progression of breast tumor. Simultaneously, the data on clinical trials following administration of cannabinoid is currently being explored to find its role not only in palliation but also in the treatment of breast cancer. The present study summarizes new achievements in understanding the extent of therapeutic progress and highlights recent developments in cannabinoid biology towards achieving a better cure of breast cancer through the exploitation of different cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safikur Rahman
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Ayyagari Archana
- Department of Microbiology, Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110036, India
| | - Durgashree Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry, Jan Nayak Chaudhary Devilal Dental College, Sirsa, Haryana, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Zoology, R.N. College, B.R. Ambedkar Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India
| | - Jihoe Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Arif Tasleem Jan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, India
| | - Rinki Minakshi
- Department of Microbiology, Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110036, India
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206
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Jacobson MR, Watts JJ, Boileau I, Tong J, Mizrahi R. A systematic review of phytocannabinoid exposure on the endocannabinoid system: Implications for psychosis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:330-348. [PMID: 30635160 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis, the most widely used illicit drug worldwide, produces psychoactive effects through its component cannabinoids, which act on the endocannabinoid system. Research on how cannabinoid exposure affects the endocannabinoid system is limited. Substantial evidence indicates cannabis use as a risk factor for psychosis, and the mechanism(s) by which this is occurring is/are currently unknown. Here, we conduct the first review of the effects of exogenous cannabinoids on the endocannabinoid system in humans with and without psychotic disorders. The most well established finding is the down-regulation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1R) after chronic and recent cannabis exposure, but it remains uncertain whether this effect is present in cannabis users with schizophrenia. We highlight where cannabis exposure affects the endocannabinoid system in a pattern that may mirror what is seen in psychosis, and how further research can push this field forward. In these times of changing cannabis legislation, research highlighting the biological effects of cannabinoids is greatly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya R Jacobson
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, 1 King's College Circle, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Jeremy J Watts
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, 1 King's College Circle, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Isabelle Boileau
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, 1 King's College Circle, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Junchao Tong
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada.
| | - Romina Mizrahi
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, 1 King's College Circle, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, 1 King's College Circle, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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207
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Lu D, Immadi SS, Wu Z, Kendall DA. Translational potential of allosteric modulators targeting the cannabinoid CB 1 receptor. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:324-335. [PMID: 30333554 PMCID: PMC6460365 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptor, a G-protein-coupled receptor, is an attractive target for drug discovery due to its involvement in many physiological processes. Historically, drug discovery efforts targeting the CB1 receptor have focused on the development of orthosteric ligands that interact with the active site to which endogenous cannabinoids bind. Research performed over the last several decades has revealed substantial difficulties in translating CB1 orthosteric ligands into druggable candidates. The difficulty is mainly due to the adverse effects associated with orthosteric CB1 ligands. Recent discoveries of allosteric CB1 modulators provide tremendous opportunities to develop CB1 ligands with novel mechanisms of action; these ligands may potentially improve the pharmacological effects and enhance drug safety in treating the disorders by regulating the functions of the CB1 receptor. In this paper, we review and summarize the complex pharmacological profiles of each class of CB1 allosteric modulators, the development of new classes of CB1 allosteric modulators and the results from in vivo assessments of their therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Lu
- Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX, 78363, USA.
| | - Sri Sujana Immadi
- Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX, 78363, USA
| | - Zhixing Wu
- Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX, 78363, USA
| | - Debra A Kendall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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208
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Scherma M, Masia P, Satta V, Fratta W, Fadda P, Tanda G. Brain activity of anandamide: a rewarding bliss? Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:309-323. [PMID: 30050084 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anandamide is a lipid mediator that acts as an endogenous ligand of CB1 receptors. These receptors are also the primary molecular target responsible for the pharmacological effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the psychoactive ingredient in Cannabis sativa. Several studies demonstrate that anandamide exerts an overall modulatory effect on the brain reward circuitry. Several reports suggest its involvement in the addiction-producing actions of other abused drugs, and it can also act as a behavioral reinforcer in animal models of drug abuse. Importantly, all these effects of anandamide appear to be potentiated by pharmacological inhibition of its metabolic degradation. Enhanced brain levels of anandamide after treatment with inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase, the main enzyme responsible for its degradation, seem to affect the rewarding and reinforcing actions of many drugs of abuse. In this review, we will provide an overview from a preclinical perspective of the current state of knowledge regarding the behavioral pharmacology of anandamide, with a particular emphasis on its motivational/reinforcing properties. We will also discuss how modulation of anandamide levels through inhibition of enzymatic metabolic pathways could provide a basis for developing new pharmaco-therapeutic tools for the treatment of substance use disorders.
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209
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Jordan CJ, Xi ZX. Progress in brain cannabinoid CB 2 receptor research: From genes to behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 98:208-220. [PMID: 30611802 PMCID: PMC6401261 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The type 2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R) was initially regarded as a peripheral cannabinoid receptor. However, recent technological advances in gene detection, alongside the availability of transgenic mouse lines, indicate that CB2Rs are expressed in both neurons and glial cells in the brain under physiological and pathological conditions, and are involved in multiple functions at cellular and behavioral levels. Brain CB2Rs are inducible and neuroprotective via up-regulation in response to various insults, but display species differences in gene and receptor structures, CB2R expression, and receptor responses to various CB2R ligands. CB2R transcripts also differ between the brain and spleen. In the brain, CB2A is the major transcript isoform, while CB2A and CB2B transcripts are present at higher levels in the spleen. These new findings regarding brain versus spleen CB2R isoforms may in part explain why early studies failed to detect brain CB2R gene expression. Here, we review evidence supporting the expression and function of brain CB2R from gene and receptor levels to cellular functioning, neural circuitry, and animal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Jordan
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Addiction Biology Unit, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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210
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Martínez-Pinilla E, Aguinaga D, Navarro G, Rico AJ, Oyarzábal J, Sánchez-Arias JA, Lanciego JL, Franco R. Targeting CB 1 and GPR55 Endocannabinoid Receptors as a Potential Neuroprotective Approach for Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5900-5910. [PMID: 30687889 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1495-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1R) and the GPR55 receptor are expressed in striatum and are potential targets in the therapy of Parkinson's disease (PD), one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases in developed countries. The aim of this paper was to address the potential of ligands acting on those receptors to prevent the action of a neurotoxic agent, MPP+, that specifically affects neurons of the substantia nigra due to uptake via the dopamine DAT transporter. The SH-SY5Y cell line model was used as it expresses DAT and, therefore, is able to uptake MPP+ that inhibits complex I of the respiratory mitochondrial chain and leads to cell death. Cells were transfected with cDNAs coding for either or both receptors. Receptors in cotransfected cells formed heteromers as indicated by the in situ proximity ligation assays. Cell viability was assayed by oxygen rate consumption and by the bromide-based MTT method. Assays of neuroprotection using two concentrations of MPP+ showed that cells expressing receptor heteromers were more resistant to the toxic effect. After correction by effects on cell proliferation, the CB1R antagonist, SR141716, afforded an almost full neuroprotection in CB1R-expressing cells even when a selective agonist, ACEA, was present. In contrast, SR141716 was not effective in cells expressing CB1/GPR55 heteromeric complexes. In addition, an agonist of GPR55, CID1792197, did not enhance neuroprotection in GPR55-expressing cells. These results show that neurons expressing heteromers are more resistant to cell death but question the real usefulness of CB1R, GPR55, and their heteromers as targets to afford PD-related neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Martínez-Pinilla
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería s/n, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
- Instituto de Salud del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - David Aguinaga
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Prevosti Building, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona. IBUB, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona. IBUB, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto J Rico
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Neurosciences Division, Centre for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, Avenida Pío XII, 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Julen Oyarzábal
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan A Sánchez-Arias
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - José Luis Lanciego
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Neurosciences Division, Centre for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, Avenida Pío XII, 55, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Rafael Franco
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Prevosti Building, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona. IBUB, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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211
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Sharafi G, He H, Nikfarjam M. Potential Use of Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer. J Pancreat Cancer 2019; 5:1-7. [PMID: 30706048 PMCID: PMC6352507 DOI: 10.1089/pancan.2018.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cannabinoid extracts may have anticancer properties, which can improve cancer treatment outcomes. The aim of this review is to determine the potentially utility of cannabinoids in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Methods: A literature review focused on the biological effects of cannabinoids in cancer treatment, with a focus on pancreatic cancer, was conducted. In vitro and in vivo studies that investigated the effects of cannabinoids in pancreatic cancer were identified and potential mechanisms of action were assessed. Results: Cannabinol receptors have been identified in pancreatic cancer with several studies showing in vitro antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects. The main active substances found in cannabis plants are cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). There effects are predominately mediated through, but not limited to cannabinoid receptor-1, cannabinoid receptor-2, and G-protein-coupled receptor 55 pathways. In vitro studies consistently demonstrated tumor growth-inhibiting effects with CBD, THC, and synthetic derivatives. Synergistic treatment effects have been shown in two studies with the combination of CBD/synthetic cannabinoid receptor ligands and chemotherapy in xenograft and genetically modified spontaneous pancreatic cancer models. There are, however, no clinical studies to date showing treatment benefits in patients with pancreatic cancer. Conclusions: Cannabinoids may be an effective adjunct for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Data on the anticancer effectiveness of various cannabinoid formulations, treatment dosing, precise mode of action, and clinical studies are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnaz Sharafi
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hong He
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mehrdad Nikfarjam
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
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212
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Prospects for the Use of Cannabinoids in Oncology and Palliative Care Practice: A Review of the Evidence. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020129. [PMID: 30678303 PMCID: PMC6406915 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increased interest in the use of cannabinoids in the treatment of symptoms in cancer and palliative care patients. Their multimodal action, in spite of limited efficacy, may make them an attractive alternative, particularly in patients with multiple concomitant symptoms of mild and moderate intensity. There is evidence to indicate cannabis in the treatment of pain, spasticity, seizures, sleep disorders, nausea and vomiting, and Tourette syndrome. Although the effectiveness of cannabinoids is limited, it was confirmed in neuropathic pain management and combination with opioids. A relatively favorable adverse effects profile, including no depressive effect on the respiratory system, may make cannabis complement a rather narrow armamentarium that is in the disposition of a palliative care professional.
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213
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Baul HS, Manikandan C, Sen D. Cannabinoid receptor as a potential therapeutic target for Parkinson's Disease. Brain Res Bull 2019; 146:244-252. [PMID: 30664919 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons from substantia nigra pars compacta of basal ganglia caused due to gene mutation, misfolded protein aggregation, reactive oxygen species generation and inflammatory stress. Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons results in muscle stiffness, uncoordinated body movements, sleep disturbance, fatigue, amnesia and impaired voice. Currently, levodopa (L-DOPA) administration is the most widely used therapy for PD. But prolonged administration of L-DOPA is associated with the symptoms of dyskinesia. However, emerging evidences suggest the role of cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) in curtailing the progression of PD by activating neuroprotective pathways. Hence, cannabinoid therapy could be a promising alternative to combat PD in future. In the present review we have discussed the potential role of CBRs in attenuating the key mechanisms of PD and how the existing research gaps needs to be bridged in order to understand the molecular mechanism of CBRs in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri Shekhaar Baul
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ceera Manikandan
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dwaipayan Sen
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Okafor CN, Plankey MW, Li M, Chen X, Surkan PJ, Shoptaw S, Martin E, Cohen R, Sacktor N, Cook RL. Association of Marijuana Use with Changes in Cognitive Processing Speed and Flexibility for 17 Years in HIV-Seropositive and HIV-Seronegative Men. Subst Use Misuse 2019; 54:525-537. [PMID: 30700235 PMCID: PMC6443451 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2018.1495736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-term effects of marijuana on cognition, particularly in the context of HIV is not clear, as extant research shows mixed findings. OBJECTIVE To determine associations between current and cumulative exposure to marijuana and changes in cognitive processing speed and flexibility in 788 HIV-seropositive (HIV+) and 1,132 HIV-seronegative (HIV-) men followed for up to 17 years in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. RESULTS Among HIV+ men only, current daily marijuana use compared to none-use, was significantly associated with a greater annual percentage decline in cognitive processing speed assessed with the Trail Making Test A (TMTA) (β=-0.41, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.88, -0.03, p=0.03)] and Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) (β= -0.14, 95% CI: -0.28, -0.01, p=0.04). Further, monthly marijuana use was associated with greater annual percentage decline in cognitive flexibility assessed with the Trail Making Test B (TMTB) (β= -0.70, 95% CI: -1.34, -0.05; p=0.03] and cognitive processing speed (SDMT) (β= -0.21, 95% CI: -0.40, -0.01, p=0.03). Among the HIV- men only, each 5-marijuana use-years (equivalent to 5-years of daily marijuana use) was significantly associated with a 0.17 annual percentage decline in cognitive processing speed only (TMTA) (β= -0.18, 95% CI: -0.36, -0.01; p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that marijuana use, particularly current use, may be associated with worse cognitive processing speed, but the magnitude of the estimates was not clinically meaningful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuemeka N Okafor
- a Division of Infectious Diseases , David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California , USA.,b David Geffen School of Medicine , Department of Family Medicine at University of California , Los Angeles , California , USA
| | - Michael W Plankey
- c Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases , Georgetown University Medical Center , Washington, DC , USA
| | - Michael Li
- b David Geffen School of Medicine , Department of Family Medicine at University of California , Los Angeles , California , USA
| | - Xinguang Chen
- d Department of Epidemiology , College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida , USA
| | - Pamela J Surkan
- e Social and Behavioral Interventions Program, Department of International Health , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Steve Shoptaw
- b David Geffen School of Medicine , Department of Family Medicine at University of California , Los Angeles , California , USA
| | - Eileen Martin
- f Department of Psychiatry , Rush University Medical Center , Chicago , Illinois , USA
| | - Ronald Cohen
- g Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Institute on Aging, and the Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Aging and Geriatric Research , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida , USA
| | - Ned Sacktor
- h Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center , John Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Robert L Cook
- d Department of Epidemiology , College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida , USA
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The role of (E)-6-chloro-3-(3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-2-styrylquinazolin-4(3H)-one in the modulation of cannabinoidergic system. A pilot study. Pharmacol Rep 2018; 70:1124-1132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Hickernell TR, Lakra A, Berg A, Cooper HJ, Geller JA, Shah RP. Should Cannabinoids Be Added to Multimodal Pain Regimens After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty? J Arthroplasty 2018; 33:3637-3641. [PMID: 30170713 DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the effects of dronabinol on pain, nausea, and length of stay following total joint arthroplasty (TJA). METHODS We retrospectively compared 81 consecutive primary TJA patients who received 5 mg of dronabinol twice daily in addition to a standard multimodal pain regimen with a matched cohort of 162 TJA patients who received only the standard regimen. A single surgeon performed all surgeries. Patient demographics, length of stay, opioid morphine equivalents (MEs) consumed, reports of nausea/vomiting, discharge destination, distance walked in physical therapy, and visual analog scale pain scores were collected for both groups. Student's t-tests as well as chi-square or Mann-Whitney U-tests were used for statistical comparisons. RESULTS There were no significant differences between the 2 groups for age, gender, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, anesthesia type, visual analog scale scores, distance walked with physical therapy, discharge disposition, or episodes of nausea/vomiting. The mean length of stay in the dronabinol group was significantly shorter at 2.3 ± 0.9 days versus 3.0 ± 1.2 days in the control group (P = .02). In the context of a shorter stay, the dronabinol group consumed significantly fewer total MEs (252.5 ± 131.5 vs 313.3 ± 185.4 mg, P = .0088). Although the dronabinol group consumed fewer MEs per day and per length of stay on average, neither of these achieved statistical significance. No side effects of dronabinol were reported. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that further investigation into the role of cannabinoid medications for non-opioid pain control in the post-arthroplasty patient may hold merit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Hickernell
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Center for Hip and Knee Replacement, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Akshay Lakra
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Center for Hip and Knee Replacement, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Ari Berg
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Center for Hip and Knee Replacement, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Herbert J Cooper
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Center for Hip and Knee Replacement, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jeffrey A Geller
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Center for Hip and Knee Replacement, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Roshan P Shah
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Center for Hip and Knee Replacement, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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217
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Salama RAA, Abdelsalam RM, Abdel-Salam OME, Khattab MM, Salem NA, El-Khyat ZA, Morsy FA, Eldenshary EEDS. Modulation of gastric acid secretion by cannabinoids in rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2018; 33:e22256. [PMID: 30381869 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to evaluate the role of cannabinoid receptors in the regulation of gastric acid secretion and oxidative stress in gastric mucosa. To fulfill this aim, gastric acid secretion stimulated with histamine (5 mg/kg, subcutaneous [SC]), 2-deoxy- d-glucose (D-G) (200 mg/kg, intravenous) or -carbachol (4 μg/kg, SC) in the 4-hour pylorus-ligated rats. The CB1R agonist ( N-arachidonoyl dopamine, 1 mg/kg, SC) inhibited gastric acid secretion stimulated by D-G and carbachol but not in histamine, reduced pepsin content, and increased mucin secretion. Furthermore, it decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) contents with an increase in glutathione (GSH) and paraoxonase 1 (PON-1). Meanwhile, CB2R antagonist (AM630, 1 mg/kg, SC) inhibited gastric acid secretion stimulated by D-G and reduced MDA and NO contents with an increase in GSH and PON-1. Meanwhile, CB1R antagonist rimonabant or CB2R agonist GW 405833 had no effect on stimulated gastric acid secretion. Therefore, both CB1R agonist and CB2R antagonist may exert antisecretory and antioxidant potential in the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania A A Salama
- Toxicology and Narcotics Department, National Research Center (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania M Abdelsalam
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - O M E Abdel-Salam
- Toxicology and Narcotics Department, National Research Center (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Khattab
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Neveen A Salem
- Toxicology and Narcotics Department, National Research Center (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Zakaria A El-Khyat
- Medical Biochemistry Department, National Research Center (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatma A Morsy
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Research Center (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
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218
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Sevenster D, Visser RM, D'Hooge R. A translational perspective on neural circuits of fear extinction: Current promises and challenges. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 155:113-126. [PMID: 29981423 PMCID: PMC6805216 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fear extinction is the well-known process of fear reduction through repeated re-exposure to a feared stimulus without the aversive outcome. The last two decades have witnessed a surge of interest in extinction learning. First, extinction learning is observed across species, and especially research on rodents has made great strides in characterising the physical substrate underlying extinction learning. Second, extinction learning is considered of great clinical significance since it constitutes a crucial component of exposure treatment. While effective in reducing fear responding in the short term, extinction learning can lose its grip, resulting in a return of fear (i.e., laboratory model for relapse of anxiety symptoms in patients). Optimization of extinction learning is, therefore, the subject of intense investigation. It is thought that the success of extinction learning is, at least partly, determined by the mismatch between what is expected and what actually happens (prediction error). However, while much of our knowledge about the neural circuitry of extinction learning and factors that contribute to successful extinction learning comes from animal models, translating these findings to humans has been challenging for a number of reasons. Here, we present an overview of what is known about the animal circuitry underlying extinction of fear, and the role of prediction error. In addition, we conducted a systematic literature search to evaluate the degree to which state-of-the-art neuroimaging methods have contributed to translating these findings to humans. Results show substantial overlap between networks in animals and humans at a macroscale, but current imaging techniques preclude comparisons at a smaller scale, especially in sub-cortical areas that are functionally heterogeneous. Moreover, human neuroimaging shows the involvement of numerous areas that are not typically studied in animals. Results obtained in research aimed to map the extinction circuit are largely dependent on the methods employed, not only across species, but also across human neuroimaging studies. Directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieuwke Sevenster
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Renée M Visser
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom
| | - Rudi D'Hooge
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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219
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Pascual D, Sánchez-Robles E, García M, Goicoechea C. Chronic pain and cannabinoids. Great expectations or a christmas carol. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 157:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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220
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Endocannabinoid Signaling in the Habenula Regulates Adaptive Responses to Stress. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:553-554. [PMID: 30261976 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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221
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Scherma M, Masia P, Deidda M, Fratta W, Tanda G, Fadda P. New Perspectives on the Use of Cannabis in the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 5:E107. [PMID: 30279403 PMCID: PMC6313625 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5040107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Following the discovery of the endocannabinoid system and its potential as a therapeutic target for various pathological conditions, growing interest led researchers to investigate the role of cannabis and its derivatives for medical purposes. The compounds Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol are the most abundant phytocannabinoids found in cannabis extracts, as well as the most studied. The present review aims to provide an overview of the current evidence for their beneficial effects in treating psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, anxiety, and depression. Nevertheless, further investigations are required to clarify many pending issues, especially those relative to the assessment of benefits and risks when using cannabis for therapeutic purposes, thereby also helping national and federal jurisdictions to remain updated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Scherma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Paolo Masia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Matteo Deidda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Walter Fratta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Tanda
- Medication Development program, NIDA-IRP, NIH/DHHS, NIDA suite 3301, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Paola Fadda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
- Centre of Excellence "Neurobiology of Dependence", University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience ⁻ Cagliari, National Research Council, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
- National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
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222
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Role of the endocannabinoid system in drug addiction. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 157:108-121. [PMID: 30217570 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder that produces a dramaticglobal health burden worldwide. Not effective treatment of drug addiction is currently available probably due to the difficulties to find an appropriate target to manage this complex disease raising the needs for further identification of novel therapeutic approaches. The endocannabinoid system has been found to play a crucial role in the neurobiological substrate underlying drug addiction. Endocannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors are widely expressed in the main areas of the mesocorticolimbic system that participate in the initiation and maintenance of drug consumption and in the development of compulsion and loss of behavioral control occurring during drug addiction. The identification of the important role played by CB1 cannabinoid receptors in drug addiction encouraged the possible used of an early commercialized CB1 receptor antagonist for treating drug addiction. However, the incidence of serious psychiatric adverse events leaded to the sudden withdrawal from the market of this CB1 antagonist and all the research programs developed by pharmaceutical companies to obtain new CB1 antagonists were stopped. Currently, new research strategies are under development to target the endocannabinoid system for drug addiction avoiding these side effects, which include allosteric negative modulators of CB1 receptors and compounds targeting CB2 receptors. Recent studies showing the potential role of CB2 receptors in the addictive properties of different drugs of abuse have open a promising research opportunity to develop novel possible therapeutic approaches.
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223
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Bolbecker AR, Apthorp D, Martin AS, Tahayori B, Moravec L, Gomez KL, O’Donnell BF, Newman SD, Hetrick WP. Disturbances of postural sway components in cannabis users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 190:54-61. [PMID: 29983392 PMCID: PMC7185833 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A prominent effect of acute cannabis use is impaired motor coordination and driving performance. However, few studies have evaluated balance in chronic cannabis users, even though density of the CB1 receptor, which mediates the psychoactive effects of cannabis, is extremely high in brain regions critically involved in this fundamental behavior. The present study measured postural sway in regular cannabis users and used rambling and trembling analysis to quantify the integrity of central and peripheral nervous system contributions to the sway signal. METHODS Postural sway was measured in 42 regular cannabis users (CB group) and 36 non-cannabis users (N-CB group) by asking participants to stand as still as possible on a force platform in the presence and absence of motor and sensory challenges. Center of pressure (COP) path length was measured, and the COP signal was decomposed into rambling and trembling components. Exploratory correlational analyses were conducted between sway variables, cannabis use history, and neurocognitive function. RESULTS The CB group had significantly increased path length and increased trembling in the anterior-posterior (AP) direction. Exploratory correlational analyses suggested that AP rambling was significantly inversely associated with visuo-motor processing speed. DISCUSSION Regular cannabis use is associated with increased postural sway, and this appears to be predominantly due to the trembling component, which is believed to reflect the peripheral nervous system's contribution to the sway signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Bolbecker
- Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States,Dept. of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States,Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, United States,School of Psychology and Behavioural Science, University of New England, NSW, Australia,Corresponding author at: Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. Tenth St., Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States. (A.R. Bolbecker)
| | - Deborah Apthorp
- School of Psychology and Behavioural Science, University of New England, NSW, Australia,Research School of Computer Science, Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Behdad Tahayori
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Leah Moravec
- Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Karen L. Gomez
- Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Brian F. O’Donnell
- Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States,Dept. of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States,Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Sharlene D. Newman
- Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - William P. Hetrick
- Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States,Dept. of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States,Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Hosie S, Malone DT, Liu S, Glass M, Adlard PA, Hannan AJ, Hill-Yardin EL. Altered Amygdala Excitation and CB1 Receptor Modulation of Aggressive Behavior in the Neuroligin-3 R451C Mouse Model of Autism. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:234. [PMID: 30123111 PMCID: PMC6085410 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding neuronal mechanisms underlying aggression in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) could lead to better treatments and prognosis. The Neuroligin-3 (NL3)R451C mouse model of ASD has a heightened aggressive phenotype, however the biological mechanisms underlying this behavior are unknown. It is well established that NL3R451C mice have imbalanced excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity in the hippocampus and somatosensory cortex. The amygdala plays a role in modulating aggressive behavior, however potential changes in synaptic activity in this region have not previously been assessed in this model. We investigated whether aggressive behavior is robustly present in mice expressing the R451C mutation, following back-crossing onto a congenic background strain. Endocannabinoids influence social interaction and aggressive behavior, therefore we also studied the effects of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) agonist on NL3R451C mice. We report that NL3R451C mice have increased amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) with a concomitant decrease in the amplitude of inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in the basolateral amygdala. Importantly, we demonstrated that NL3R451C mice bred on a C57Bl/6 background strain exhibit an aggressive phenotype. Following non-sedating doses (0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg) of the CB1 receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 (WIN), we observed a significant reduction in aggressive behavior in NL3R451C mice. These findings demonstrate altered synaptic activity in the basolateral amygdala and suggest that the NL3R451C mouse model is a useful preclinical tool to understand the role of CB1 receptor function in aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Hosie
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel T Malone
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephanie Liu
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul Anthony Adlard
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony John Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Elisa L Hill-Yardin
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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225
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Schonhofen P, Bristot IJ, Crippa JA, Hallak JEC, Zuardi AW, Parsons RB, Klamt F. Cannabinoid-Based Therapies and Brain Development: Potential Harmful Effect of Early Modulation of the Endocannabinoid System. CNS Drugs 2018; 32:697-712. [PMID: 30109642 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-018-0550-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid retrograde signaling pathway is widely expressed in the central nervous system, where it plays major roles in regulating synaptic plasticity (excitatory and inhibitory) through long-term potentiation and long-term depression. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) components-cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoids and synthesis/degradation enzymes-are expressed and are functional from early developmental stages and throughout adolescent cortical development, regulating progenitor cell fate, neural differentiation, migration and survival. This may potentially confer increased vulnerability to adverse outcomes from early cannabinoid exposure. Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the most studied exogenous cannabinoids, and CBD-enriched Cannabis extracts have been widely (and successfully) used as adjuvants to treat children with refractory epilepsy, and there is even a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug with purified CBD derived from Cannabis. However, there is insufficient information on possible long-term changes in the central nervous system caused by cannabinoid treatments during early childhood. Like the majority of cannabinoids, CBD is able to exert its effects directly and indirectly through the ECS, which can perturb the regulatory processes mediated by this system. In addition, CBD has a large number of non-endocannabinoid targets, which can explain CBD's effects. Here, we review the current knowledge about CBD-based therapies-pure and CBD-enriched Cannabis extracts-in studies with pediatric patients, their side effects, and their mechanisms of action regarding the central nervous system and neurodevelopment aspects. Since Cannabis extracts contain Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), we consider that pure CBD is possibly safer for young patients. Nevertheless, CBD, as well as other natural and/or synthetic cannabinoids, should be studied in more detail as a therapeutic alternative to CBD-enriched Cannabis extracts for young patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Schonhofen
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS/UFRGS, 2600 Ramiro Barcelos St, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, ICBS/UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- National Institutes of Science and Technology-Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ivi Juliana Bristot
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS/UFRGS, 2600 Ramiro Barcelos St, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, ICBS/UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- National Institutes of Science and Technology-Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre Crippa
- National Institutes of Science and Technology-Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Neuroscience and Behavior Department, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jaime Eduardo Cecílio Hallak
- National Institutes of Science and Technology-Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Neuroscience and Behavior Department, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Antônio Waldo Zuardi
- National Institutes of Science and Technology-Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Neuroscience and Behavior Department, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Richard B Parsons
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London (KCL), London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Fábio Klamt
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS/UFRGS, 2600 Ramiro Barcelos St, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, ICBS/UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
- National Institutes of Science and Technology-Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Sami MB, Bhattacharyya S. Are cannabis-using and non-using patients different groups? Towards understanding the neurobiology of cannabis use in psychotic disorders. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:825-849. [PMID: 29591635 PMCID: PMC6058406 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118760662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A substantial body of credible evidence has accumulated that suggest that cannabis use is an important potentially preventable risk factor for the development of psychotic illness and its worse prognosis following the onset of psychosis. Here we summarize the relevant evidence to argue that the time has come to investigate the neurobiological effects of cannabis in patients with psychotic disorders. In the first section we summarize evidence from longitudinal studies that controlled for a range of potential confounders of the association of cannabis use with increased risk of developing psychotic disorders, increased risk of hospitalization, frequent and longer hospital stays, and failure of treatment with medications for psychosis in those with established illness. Although some evidence has emerged that cannabis-using and non-using patients with psychotic disorders may have distinct patterns of neurocognitive and neurodevelopmental impairments, the biological underpinnings of the effects of cannabis remain to be fully elucidated. In the second and third sections we undertake a systematic review of 70 studies, including over 3000 patients with psychotic disorders or at increased risk of psychotic disorder, in order to delineate potential neurobiological and neurochemical mechanisms that may underlie the effects of cannabis in psychotic disorders and suggest avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa Basseer Sami
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
- Lambeth Early Onset Inpatient Unit, Lambeth Hospital, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Sagnik Bhattacharyya
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
- Lambeth Early Onset Inpatient Unit, Lambeth Hospital, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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227
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Pekala K, Michalak A, Kruk-Slomka M, Budzynska B, Biala G. Impacts of cannabinoid receptor ligands on nicotine- and chronic mild stress-induced cognitive and depression-like effects in mice. Behav Brain Res 2018; 347:167-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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228
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Expression and localization of CB1R, NAPE-PLD, and FAAH in the vervet monkey nucleus accumbens. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8689. [PMID: 29875385 PMCID: PMC5989267 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26826-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive rodent literature suggests that the endocannabinoid (eCB) system present in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) modulates dopamine (DA) release in this area. However, expression patterns of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R), the synthesizing enzyme N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD), and the degradation enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) in the NAc have not yet been described in non-human primates. The goal of this study is therefore to characterize the expression and localization of the eCB system within the NAc of vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus) using Western blots and immunohistochemistry. Results show that CB1R, NAPE-PLD, and FAAH are expressed across the NAc rostrocaudal axis, both in the core and shell. CB1R, NAPE-PLD, and FAAH are localized in medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and fast-spiking GABAergic interneurons (FSIs). Dopaminergic projections and astrocytes did not express CB1R, NAPE-PLD, or FAAH. These data show that the eCB system is present in the vervet monkey NAc and supports its role in the primate brain reward circuit.
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229
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Frontera JL, Gonzalez Pini VM, Messore FL, Brusco A. Exposure to cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2 during early adolescence increases alcohol preference and anxiety in CD1 mice. Neuropharmacology 2018; 137:268-274. [PMID: 29778010 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) system is involved in the modulation of the reward system and participates in the reinforcing effects of different drugs of abuse, including alcohol. The most abundant receptor of the eCB system in the central nervous system is the CB1 receptor (CB1R), which is predominantly expressed in areas involved in drug addiction, such as the nucleus accumbens, the ventral tegmental area, the substantia nigra and the raphe nucleus. CB1R is expressed in early stages during development, and reaches maximum levels during early adolescence. In addition, cannabinoid receptor 2 has been found expressed also in the central nervous system at postsynaptic level. In order to analyze the participation of the eCB system on ethanol (EtOH) preference, mice were exposed to cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2 (WIN) for 5 consecutive days during early adolescence. Anxiety tests were performed the day after WIN treatment withdrawal, and EtOH preference was measured throughout adolescence. Mice exposed to WIN during early adolescence exhibited a significant increase in EtOH intake and preference after treatment. Moreover, WIN exposure during early adolescence induced an anxiogenic effect. Morphometric analysis revealed higher dendritic ramifications and fewer dendritic spines in neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta in WIN-treated mice. On the other hand, immunohistochemical analysis revealed an increase in the number of tryptophan hydroxylase-expressing neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus but no differences were found in the ventral tegmental area or substantia nigra pars compacta for tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing neurons. These results demonstrate that exposure to WIN in early adolescence can affect neural development and induce alcohol preference and anxiety-like behavior during late adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Laura Frontera
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Bs As, Argentina; CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia (IBCN), Bs As, Argentina.
| | | | - Fernando Luis Messore
- CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia (IBCN), Bs As, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Bs As, Argentina
| | - Alicia Brusco
- CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia (IBCN), Bs As, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Biología Celular, Histología, Embriología y Genética, Bs As, Argentina
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230
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Askari VR, Fereydouni N, Baradaran Rahimi V, Askari N, Sahebkar AH, Rahmanian-Devin P, Samzadeh-Kermani A. β-Amyrin, the cannabinoid receptors agonist, abrogates mice brain microglial cells inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide/interferon-γ and regulates Mφ1/Mφ2 balances. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 101:438-446. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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231
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Zhang Y, Zheng W, Shen K, Shen W. ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis by targeting matrix metalloproteinase-9 in endometrial cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:8527-8535. [PMID: 29805589 PMCID: PMC5950514 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited therapeutic interventions are clinically available for treating aggressive endometrial cancer (EC). Therefore, effective therapies are urgently required. Therefore, the present study investigated the role of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is reported to impact proliferative and migratory activities during impairment of cancer progression. In the present study, cell migration in response to THC was measured using transwell assays. Using western blot analysis, the levels of cannabinoid receptors in EC tissues were detected and pathways leading to the inhibition of cell migration by THC on human EC cells were determined. Results suggested that cannabinoid receptors were highly expressed in EC tissues. Furthermore, THC inhibited EC cell viability and motility by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and downregulating matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) gene expression in aggressive human EC cells. The results have the potential to promote the development of novel compounds for the treatment of EC metastasis. The presnet findings suggest that THC may inhibit human EC cell migration through regulating EMT and MMP-9 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhi Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China.,Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine of Ningbo University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Kewei Shen
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine of Ningbo University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Shen
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine of Ningbo University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
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232
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Morsch M, Protti DA, Cheng D, Braet F, Chung RS, Reddel SW, Phillips WD. Cannabinoid-induced increase of quantal size and enhanced neuromuscular transmission. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4685. [PMID: 29549349 PMCID: PMC5856814 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22888-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids exert dynamic control over many physiological processes including memory formation, cognition and pain perception. In the central nervous system endocannabinoids mediate negative feedback of quantal transmitter release following postsynaptic depolarization. The influence of cannabinoids in the peripheral nervous system is less clear and might have broad implications for the therapeutic application of cannabinoids. We report a novel cannabinoid effect upon the mouse neuromuscular synapse: acutely increasing synaptic vesicle volume and raising the quantal amplitudes. In a mouse model of myasthenia gravis the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212 reversed fatiguing failure of neuromuscular transmission, suggesting future therapeutic potential. Our data suggest an endogenous pathway by which cannabinoids might help to regulate transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Morsch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia. .,Discipline of Physiology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Dario A Protti
- Discipline of Physiology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Delfine Cheng
- School of Medical Sciences (Discipline of Anatomy and Histology), The Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Filip Braet
- School of Medical Sciences (Discipline of Anatomy and Histology), The Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Australian Centre for Microscopy & Microanalysis (ACMM), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Roger S Chung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Stephen W Reddel
- Departments of Molecular Medicine & Neurology, Concord Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - William D Phillips
- Discipline of Physiology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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233
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Cannabinoid Receptors and the Endocannabinoid System: Signaling and Function in the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29533978 PMCID: PMC5877694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 687] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological effects of cannabinoids, the major constituents of the ancient medicinal plant Cannabis sativa (marijuana) are mediated by two members of the G-protein coupled receptor family, cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1R) and 2. The CB1R is the prominent subtype in the central nervous system (CNS) and has drawn great attention as a potential therapeutic avenue in several pathological conditions, including neuropsychological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, cannabinoids also modulate signal transduction pathways and exert profound effects at peripheral sites. Although cannabinoids have therapeutic potential, their psychoactive effects have largely limited their use in clinical practice. In this review, we briefly summarized our knowledge of cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system, focusing on the CB1R and the CNS, with emphasis on recent breakthroughs in the field. We aim to define several potential roles of cannabinoid receptors in the modulation of signaling pathways and in association with several pathophysiological conditions. We believe that the therapeutic significance of cannabinoids is masked by the adverse effects and here alternative strategies are discussed to take therapeutic advantage of cannabinoids.
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234
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Eroli F, Loonen IC, van den Maagdenberg AM, Tolner EA, Nistri A. Differential neuromodulatory role of endocannabinoids in the rodent trigeminal sensory ganglion and cerebral cortex relevant to pain processing. Neuropharmacology 2018; 131:39-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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235
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Levar N, Francis AN, Smith MJ, Ho WC, Gilman JM. Verbal Memory Performance and Reduced Cortical Thickness of Brain Regions Along the Uncinate Fasciculus in Young Adult Cannabis Users. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2018; 3:56-65. [PMID: 29607411 PMCID: PMC5870060 DOI: 10.1089/can.2017.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Memory impairment is one of the most commonly reported effects of cannabis use, especially among those who initiate use earlier, perhaps due to the effects of delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol on cannabinoid (CB1) receptors in the brain. Studies have increasingly investigated whether cannabis use is associated with impairments in verbal memory, and with alterations in brain structures underlying verbal memory. The uncinate fasciculus (UF), a long-range white matter tract, connects regions with densely localized CB1 receptors that are important in verbal memory. This study investigated the impact of cannabis use on UF structures and its association with memory performance in young adult cannabis users (CU) and non-using controls (CON). Materials and Methods: Nineteen CU and 22 CON completed a verbal memory task and a neuroimaging protocol, in which diffusion tensor imaging and structural scans were collected. We compared memory performance, diffusion and tractography measures of the UF, and cortical thickness of regions connected by the UF, between CU and CON. In regions showing a significant group effect, we also examined associations between verbal memory performance, cortical thickness, and age of onset of cannabis use. Results: Compared to non-users, CU had worse memory performance, decreased fiber bundle length in the UF, and decreased cortical thickness of brain regions along the UF such as the entorhinal cortex and fusiform gyrus. Verbal memory performance was significantly associated with age of onset of cannabis use, indicating that those who initiated cannabis use at an earlier age performed worse. Cortical thickness of the entorhinal cortex was significantly correlated with age of first use and memory performance. Conclusion: This study provides evidence that cannabis use, especially when initiated at a young age, may be associated with worse verbal memory and altered neural development along the UF. Reductions in cortical thickness in regions implicated in memory processes may underlie weaknesses in verbal memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Levar
- Center for Addiction Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alan N Francis
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew J Smith
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Wilson C Ho
- Center for Addiction Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jodi M Gilman
- Center for Addiction Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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236
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Soethoudt M, Stolze SC, Westphal MV, van Stralen L, Martella A, van Rooden EJ, Guba W, Varga ZV, Deng H, van Kasteren SI, Grether U, IJzerman AP, Pacher P, Carreira EM, Overkleeft HS, Ioan-Facsinay A, Heitman LH, van der Stelt M. Selective Photoaffinity Probe That Enables Assessment of Cannabinoid CB 2 Receptor Expression and Ligand Engagement in Human Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:6067-6075. [PMID: 29420021 PMCID: PMC5958339 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b11281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Chemical
tools and methods that report on G protein-coupled receptor
(GPCR) expression levels and receptor occupancy by small molecules
are highly desirable. We report the development of LEI121 as a photoreactive
probe to study the type 2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R),
a promising GPCR to treat tissue injury and inflammatory diseases.
LEI121 is the first CB2R-selective bifunctional probe that
covalently captures CB2R upon photoactivation. An incorporated
alkyne serves as ligation handle for the introduction of reporter
groups. LEI121 enables target engagement studies and visualization
of endogenously expressed CB2R in HL-60 as well as primary
human immune cells using flow cytometry. Our findings show that strategically
functionalized probes allow monitoring of endogenous GPCR expression
and engagement in human cells using tandem photoclick chemistry and
hold promise as biomarkers in translational drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthias V Westphal
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , Zürich 8093 , Switzerland
| | - Luuk van Stralen
- Department of Rheumatology , Leiden University Medical Center , Albinusdreef 2 , Leiden 2333 ZA , The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Guba
- Roche Innovation Center Basel , F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124 , Basel 4070 , Switzerland
| | - Zoltan V Varga
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury , National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health , 5625 Fishers Lane , Rockville , Maryland 20852 , United States
| | | | | | - Uwe Grether
- Roche Innovation Center Basel , F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Grenzacherstrasse 124 , Basel 4070 , Switzerland
| | | | - Pal Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury , National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health , 5625 Fishers Lane , Rockville , Maryland 20852 , United States
| | - Erick M Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 , Zürich 8093 , Switzerland
| | | | - Andreea Ioan-Facsinay
- Department of Rheumatology , Leiden University Medical Center , Albinusdreef 2 , Leiden 2333 ZA , The Netherlands
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237
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Freundt-Revilla J, Heinrich F, Zoerner A, Gesell F, Beyerbach M, Shamir M, Oevermann A, Baumgärtner W, Tipold A. The endocannabinoid system in canine Steroid-Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis and Intraspinal Spirocercosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0187197. [PMID: 29408878 PMCID: PMC5800546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (ECs) are involved in immunomodulation, neuroprotection and control of inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). Activation of cannabinoid type 2 receptors (CB2) is known to diminish the release of pro-inflammatory factors and enhance the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) has been proved to induce the migration of eosinophils in a CB2 receptor-dependent manner in peripheral blood and activate neutrophils independent of CB activation in humans. The aim of the current study was to investigate the influence of the endocannabinoid system in two different CNS inflammatory diseases of the dog, i.e. Steroid-Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis (SRMA) and Intraspinal Spirocercosis (IS). The two main endocannabinoids, anandamide (AEA) and 2-AG, were quantified by mass spectrometry in CSF and serum samples of dogs affected with Steroid- Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis in the acute phase (SRMA A), SRMA under treatment with prednisolone (SRMA Tr), intraspinal Spirocercosis and healthy dogs. Moreover, expression of the CB2 receptor was evaluated in inflammatory lesions of SRMA and IS and compared to healthy controls using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Dogs with SRMA A showed significantly higher concentrations of total AG and AEA in serum in comparison to healthy controls and in CSF compared to SRMA Tr (p<0.05). Furthermore, dogs with IS displayed the highest ECs concentrations in CSF, being significantly higher than in CSF samples of dogs with SRMA A (p<0.05). CSF samples that demonstrated an eosinophilic pleocytosis had the highest levels of ECs, exceeding those with neutrophilic pleocytosis, suggesting that ECs have a major effect on migration of eosinophils in the CSF. Furthermore, CB2 receptor expression was found in glial cells in the spinal cord of healthy dogs, whereas in dogs with SRMA and IS, CB2 was strongly expressed not only in glial cells but also on the cellular surface of infiltrating leukocytes (i.e. neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages) at lesion sites. The present study revealed an upregulated endocannabinoid system in dogs with inflammatory CNS diseases, highlighting the endocannabinoid system as a potential target for treatment of inflammatory CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Freundt-Revilla
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Franciska Heinrich
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Zoerner
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Gesell
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Beyerbach
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology, and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Merav Shamir
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anna Oevermann
- Department Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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238
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Vadivelu N, Kai AM, Kodumudi G, Sramcik J, Kaye AD. Medical Marijuana: Current Concepts, Pharmacological Actions of Cannabinoid Receptor Mediated Activation, and Societal Implications. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2018; 22:3. [PMID: 29349551 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-018-0656-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of the following review is to summarize the history and current policies related to marijuana use and prevalence, basic and clinical science pharmacological literature regarding efficacy, subpopulations of concern, and varying policies regarding its use at present. RECENT FINDINGS With the increasingly widespread utilization of marijuana, there is also a growing complexity of public health policy, regulation, and necessity to further assess the medical indications and adverse long-term effects of marijuana use. Health care providers as well as the general public must be prepared to become familiar and up-to-date with medical literature, legislation, and educational material regarding medical marijuana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini Vadivelu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, TMP3 333, Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Alice M Kai
- Department of Internal Medicine, NYU Winthrop Hospital, 259 First Street, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA
| | - Gopal Kodumudi
- California Northstate University College of Medicine, 9700 West Taron Drive, Elk Grove, CA, 95757, USA
| | - Julie Sramcik
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, TMP3 333, Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Alan D Kaye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1542 Tulane Ave, Suite 656, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
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239
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Galindo L, Moreno E, López-Armenta F, Guinart D, Cuenca-Royo A, Izquierdo-Serra M, Xicota L, Fernandez C, Menoyo E, Fernández-Fernández JM, Benítez-King G, Canela EI, Casadó V, Pérez V, de la Torre R, Robledo P. Cannabis Users Show Enhanced Expression of CB1-5HT2A Receptor Heteromers in Olfactory Neuroepithelium Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6347-6361. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0833-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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240
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Cilia R. Molecular Imaging of the Cannabinoid System in Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 141:305-345. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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241
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Meyer HC, Lee FS, Gee DG. The Role of the Endocannabinoid System and Genetic Variation in Adolescent Brain Development. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:21-33. [PMID: 28685756 PMCID: PMC5719094 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During adolescence, both rodent and human studies have revealed dynamic changes in the developmental trajectories of corticolimbic structures, which are known to contribute to the regulation of fear and anxiety-related behaviors. The endocannabinoid (eCB) system critically regulates stress responsivity and anxiety throughout the life span. Emerging evidence suggests that during adolescence, changes in eCB signaling contribute to the maturation of local and corticolimbic circuit populations of neurons, such as mediating the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission within the prefrontal cortex. This function of the eCB system facilitates efficient communication within and between brain regions and serves a central role in establishing complex and adaptive cognitive and behavioral processing. Although these peri-adolescent changes in eCB signaling promote brain development and plasticity, they also render this period a particularly sensitive one for environmental perturbations to these normative fluctuations in eCB signaling, such as stress, potentially leading to altered developmental trajectories of neural circuits governing emotional behaviors. In this review, we focus on the role of eCB signaling on the regulation of stress and anxiety-related behaviors both during and after adolescence. Moreover, we discuss the functional implications of human genetic variation in the eCB system for the risk for anxiety and consequences of stress across development and into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi C Meyer
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francis S Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dylan G Gee
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Busquets-Garcia A, Bains J, Marsicano G. CB 1 Receptor Signaling in the Brain: Extracting Specificity from Ubiquity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:4-20. [PMID: 28862250 PMCID: PMC5719111 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are amongst the most ubiquitous signaling molecules in the nervous system. Over the past few decades, observations based on a large volume of work, first examining the pharmacological effects of exogenous cannabinoids, and then the physiological functions of eCBs, have directly challenged long-held and dogmatic views about communication, plasticity and behavior in the central nervous system (CNS). The eCBs and their cognate cannabinoid receptors exhibit a number of unique properties that distinguish them from the widely studied classical amino-acid transmitters, neuropeptides, and catecholamines. Although we now have a loose set of mechanistic rules based on experimental findings, new studies continue to reveal that our understanding of the eCB system (ECS) is continuously evolving and challenging long-held conventions. Here we will briefly summarize findings on the current canonical view of the 'ECS' and will address novel aspects that reveal how a nearly ubiquitous system can determine highly specific functions in the brain. In particular, we will focus on findings that push for an expansion of our ideas around long-held beliefs about eCB signaling that, while clearly true, may be contributing to an oversimplified perspective on how cannabinoid signaling at the microscopic level impacts behavior at the macroscopic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Busquets-Garcia
- INSERM U1215, NeuroCentre Magendie, Team ‘Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation’, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jaideep Bains
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- INSERM U1215, NeuroCentre Magendie, Team ‘Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation’, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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243
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Perdikaris P, Tsarouchi M, Fanarioti E, Natsaridis E, Mitsacos A, Giompres P. Long lasting effects of chronic WIN55,212-2 treatment on mesostriatal dopaminergic and cannabinoid systems in the rat brain. Neuropharmacology 2017; 129:1-15. [PMID: 29113897 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid administration modulates dopamine transmission via an indirect, multisynaptic mechanism that includes the activation of cannabinoid type-1 receptor (CB1R). The present study evaluated in rodents, the effects of acute and chronic (20 days) WIN55,212-2 administration, a non-selective CB1R agonist, on dopamine uptake and synthesis in the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways and associate them to its effects on the endocannabinoid system. The effect of spontaneous withdrawal, after different abstinence periods (7 days, 20 days), was also assessed. Acute and chronic administration of WIN55,212-2 decreased dopamine transporter (DAT) binding and mRNA levels, as well as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA expression in the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). In the striatum, chronic WIN55,212-2 administration led to decreased protein expression of DAT and TH, whereas no alterations were observed after acute administration, suggesting a diminished dopamine uptake and synthesis after chronic agonist treatment. Furthermore, after chronic agonist treatment, we observed reduced CB1R binding and mRNA levels in SN and striatum, providing evidence for a possible regulatory role of the endocannabinoid system on dopaminergic function. Seven days after WIN55,212-2 cessation, we observed a rebound increase in mRNA, binding and total protein levels of DAT and TH in VTA, SN and striatum proposing the existence of a biphasic expression pattern, which was also observed in CB1R binding levels. Within the 20-day period of abstinence, TH mRNA and protein levels and CB1R binding levels remain increased. The above results indicate that chronic CB1R agonist treatment induces long-lasting control of the mesostriatal dopaminergic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Perdikaris
- Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Martha Tsarouchi
- Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Eleni Fanarioti
- Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Evangelos Natsaridis
- Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Ada Mitsacos
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Giompres
- Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
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244
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Gangadharan A, Choi SE, Hassan A, Ayoub NM, Durante G, Balwani S, Kim YH, Pecora A, Goy A, Suh KS. Protein calorie malnutrition, nutritional intervention and personalized cancer care. Oncotarget 2017; 8:24009-24030. [PMID: 28177923 PMCID: PMC5410360 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer patients often experience weight loss caused by protein calorie malnutrition (PCM) during the course of the disease or treatment. PCM is expressed as severe if the patient has two or more of the following characteristics: obvious significant muscle wasting, loss of subcutaneous fat; nutritional intake of <50% of recommended intake for 2 weeks or more; bedridden or otherwise significantly reduced functional capacity; weight loss of >2% in 1 week, 5% in 1 month, or 7.5% in 3 months. Cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome (CACS) is a multifactorial condition of advanced PCM associated with underlying illness (in this case cancer) and is characterized by loss of muscle with or without loss of fat mass. Cachexia is defined as weight loss of more than 5% of body weight in 12 months or less in the presence of chronic disease. Hence with a chronic illness on board even a small amount of weight loss can open the door to cachexia. These nutritional challenges can lead to severe morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. In the clinic, the application of personalized medicine and the ability to withstand the toxic effects of anti-cancer therapies can be optimized when the patient is in nutritional homeostasis and is free of anorexia and cachexia. Routine assessment of nutritional status and appropriate intervention are essential components of the effort to alleviate effects of malnutrition on quality of life and survival of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Gangadharan
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, JT Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack Meridian Health, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Sung Eun Choi
- Department of Family, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, Queens College, The City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
| | - Ahmed Hassan
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, JT Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack Meridian Health, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Nehad M Ayoub
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Gina Durante
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Sakshi Balwani
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, JT Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack Meridian Health, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Young Hee Kim
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Pecora
- Clinical Divisions, JT Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack Meridian Health, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Andre Goy
- Clinical Divisions, JT Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack Meridian Health, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - K Stephen Suh
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, JT Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack Meridian Health, Hackensack, NJ, USA
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Ranganathan M, Radhakrishnan R, Addy PH, Schnakenberg-Martin AM, Williams AH, Carbuto M, Elander J, Pittman B, Andrew Sewell R, Skosnik PD, D'Souza DC. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) impairs encoding but not retrieval of verbal information. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017. [PMID: 28642081 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cannabis and agonists of the brain cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) produce acute memory impairments in humans. However, the extent to which cannabinoids impair the component processes of encoding and retrieval has not been established in humans. The objective of this analysis was to determine whether the administration of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis, impairs encoding and/or retrieval of verbal information. MATERIALS AND METHODS Healthy subjects were recruited from the community. Subjects were administered the Rey-Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) either before administration of THC (experiment #1) (n=38) or while under the influence of THC (experiment #2) (n=57). Immediate and delayed recall on the RAVLT was compared. Subjects received intravenous THC, in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized manner at doses known to produce behavioral and subjective effects consistent with cannabis intoxication. RESULTS Total immediate recall, short delayed recall, and long delayed recall were reduced in a statistically significant manner only when the RAVLT was administered to subjects while they were under the influence of THC (experiment #2) and not when the RAVLT was administered prior. CONCLUSIONS THC acutely interferes with encoding of verbal memory without interfering with retrieval. These data suggest that learning information prior to the use of cannabis or cannabinoids is not likely to disrupt recall of that information. Future studies will be necessary to determine whether THC impairs encoding of non-verbal information, to what extent THC impairs memory consolidation, and the role of other cannabinoids in the memory-impairing effects of cannabis. CLINICAL TRIAL INFORMATION Cannabinoids, Neural Synchrony, and Information Processing (THC-Gamma) http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT00708994 NCT00708994 Pharmacogenetics of Cannabinoid Response http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00678730 NCT00678730.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohini Ranganathan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA; Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Rajiv Radhakrishnan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA; Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peter H Addy
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Medical Informatics, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA; Substance Abuse Treatment Unit, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ashley M Schnakenberg-Martin
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA; Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ashley H Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA; Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michelle Carbuto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA; Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jacqueline Elander
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA; Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brian Pittman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - R Andrew Sewell
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA; Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Patrick D Skosnik
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA; Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Deepak Cyril D'Souza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA; Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
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Effects of Extended Cannabis Abstinence on Cognitive Outcomes in Cannabis Dependent Patients with Schizophrenia vs Non-Psychiatric Controls. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:2259-2271. [PMID: 28443616 PMCID: PMC5603819 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cross-sectional studies of the effects of cannabis on cognition in schizophrenia have produced mixed results. Heavy and persistent cannabis use in schizophrenia is a common clinical problem, and effects of controlled abstinence from cannabis in these patients have not been carefully evaluated. The present study sought to determine the effects of cannabis abstinence on cognition in patients with schizophrenia and co-occurring cannabis dependence. We utilized a 28-day cannabis abstinence paradigm to investigate the state-dependent effects of cannabis on select cognitive outcomes in cannabis-dependent patients with schizophrenia and non-psychiatric controls. Nineteen patients and 20 non-psychiatric male cannabis-dependent participants underwent 28 days of cannabis abstinence. Cognition was assessed on day 0, 14, and 28 using a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Clinical symptoms were assessed weekly. Abstinence was facilitated by contingency reinforcement confirmed by twice weekly urinalysis. Forty-two percent of patients and 55% of controls achieved end-point abstinence (p=0.53), which was biochemically-verified (day 28 urinary THC-COOH <20 ng/ml). In this preliminary study, schizophrenia-abstainers demonstrated improvements in Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R) performance over time [F(2,14)=4.73, p<0.03] (d=1.07). Lesser improvements on HVLT-R were observed in non-psychiatric control abstainers (d=0.66), and with abstinence on other cognitive test measures, in both patients and controls. Verbal memory and learning may improve in schizophrenia and control subjects with cannabis abstinence, but larger more definitive studies are needed. Our findings underscore the importance of developing effective interventions for cannabis use disorders in schizophrenia.
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247
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Han X, He Y, Bi GH, Zhang HY, Song R, Liu QR, Egan JM, Gardner EL, Li J, Xi ZX. CB1 Receptor Activation on VgluT2-Expressing Glutamatergic Neurons Underlies Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9-THC)-Induced Aversive Effects in Mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12315. [PMID: 28951549 PMCID: PMC5614984 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis can be rewarding or aversive. Cannabis reward is believed to be mediated by activation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1Rs) on GABAergic neurons that disinhibit dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying cannabis aversion in rodents. In the present study, CB1Rs are found not only on VTA GABAergic neurons, but also on VTA glutamatergic neurons that express vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VgluT2). We then used Cre-Loxp transgenic technology to selectively delete CB1Rs in VgluT2-expressing glutamatergic neurons (VgluT2-CB1−/−) and Cre-dependent viral vector to express light-sensitive channelrhodopsin-2 into VTA glutamatergic neurons. We found that photoactivation of VTA glutamatergic neurons produced robust intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) behavior, which was dose-dependently blocked by DA receptor antagonists, but enhanced by cocaine. In contrast, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the major psychoactive component of cannabis, produced dose-dependent conditioned place aversion and a reduction in the above optical ICSS in VgluT2-cre control mice, but not in VgluT2-CB1−/− mice. These findings suggest that activation of CB1Rs in VgluT2-expressing glutamate neurons produces aversive effects that might explain why cannabinoid is not rewarding in rodents and might also account for individual differences in the hedonic effects of cannabis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.,Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yi He
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Guo-Hua Bi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Hai-Ying Zhang
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Rui Song
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Qing-Rong Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Eliot L Gardner
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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248
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Su H, Zhao M. Endocannabinoid mechanism in amphetamine-type stimulant use disorders: A short review. J Clin Neurosci 2017; 46:9-12. [PMID: 28912087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence shows that the endocannabinoid system is involved in amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) use disorders. To elucidate the role of the endocannabinoid system in ATS addiction, we reviewed results of studies using cannabinoid receptor agonists, antagonists as well as knockout model. The endocannabinoid system seems to play a role in reinstatement and relapse of ATS addiction and ATS-induced psychiatric symptoms. The molecular mechanisms of this system remains unclear, the association with dopamine system in nucleus accumbens is most likely involved. However, the function of the endocannabinoid system in anxiety and anti-anxiety effects induced by ATS is more complicated. These findings suggest that the endocannabinoid system may play an important role in the mechanism of ATS addiction and provide new idea for treating ATS addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Su
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China.
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De Caro C, Leo A, Citraro R, De Sarro C, Russo R, Calignano A, Russo E. The potential role of cannabinoids in epilepsy treatment. Expert Rev Neurother 2017; 17:1069-1079. [PMID: 28845714 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2017.1373019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epilepsy is one of the world's oldest recognized and prevalent neurological diseases. It has a great negative impact on patients' quality of life (QOL) as a consequence of treatment resistant seizures in about 30% of patients together with drugs' side effects and comorbidities. Therefore, new drugs are needed and cannabinoids, above all cannabidiol, have recently gathered attention. Areas covered: This review summarizes the scientific data from human and animal studies on the major cannabinoids which have been of interest in the treatment of epilepsy, including drugs acting on the endocannabinoid system. Expert commentary: Despite the fact that cannabis has been used for many purposes over 4 millennia, the development of drugs based on cannabinoids has been very slow. Only recently, research has focused on their potential effects and CBD is the first treatment of this group with clinical evidence of efficacy in children with Dravet syndrome; moreover, other studies are currently ongoing to confirm its effectiveness in patients with epilepsy. On the other hand, it will be of interest to understand whether drugs acting on the endocannabinoid system will be able to reach the market and prove their known preclinical efficacy also in patients with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen De Caro
- a Department of Science of Health, School of Medicine and Surgery , University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro , Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Antonio Leo
- a Department of Science of Health, School of Medicine and Surgery , University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro , Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Rita Citraro
- a Department of Science of Health, School of Medicine and Surgery , University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro , Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Caterina De Sarro
- a Department of Science of Health, School of Medicine and Surgery , University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro , Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Roberto Russo
- b Department of Pharmacy , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Antonio Calignano
- b Department of Pharmacy , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Emilio Russo
- a Department of Science of Health, School of Medicine and Surgery , University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro , Catanzaro , Italy
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MacDowell KS, Sayd A, García-Bueno B, Caso JR, Madrigal JLM, Leza JC. Effects of the antipsychotic paliperidone on stress-induced changes in the endocannabinoid system in rat prefrontal cortex. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:457-470. [PMID: 26987678 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2016.1151075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objectives There is a need to explore novel mechanisms of action of existing/new antipsychotics. One potential candidate is the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The present study tried to elucidate the effects of the antipsychotic paliperidone on stress-induced ECS alterations. Methods Wister rats were submitted to acute/chronic restraint stress. Paliperidone (1 mg/kg) was given prior each stress session. Cannabinoid receptors and endocannabinoids (eCBs) synthesis and degradation enzymes were measured in prefrontal cortex (PFC) samples by RT-PCR and Western Blot. Results In the PFC of rats exposed to acute stress, paliperidone increased CB1 receptor (CB1R) expression. Furthermore, paliperidone increased the expression of the eCB synthesis enzymes N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine- hydrolysing phospholipase D and DAGLα, and blocked the stress-induced increased expression of the degrading enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase. In chronic conditions, paliperidone prevented the chronic stress-induced down-regulation of CB1R, normalised DAGLα expression and reverted stress-induced down-regulation of the 2-AG degrading enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase. ECS was analysed also in periphery. Acute stress decreased DAGLα expression, an effect prevented by paliperidone. Contrarily, chronic stress increased DAGLα and this effect was potentiated by paliperidone. Conclusions The results obtained described a preventive effect of paliperidone on stress-induced alterations in ECS. Considering the diverse alterations on ECS described in psychotic disease, targeting ECS emerges as a new therapeutic possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina S MacDowell
- a Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , University Complutense (UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica UCM , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Aline Sayd
- a Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , University Complutense (UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica UCM , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Borja García-Bueno
- a Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , University Complutense (UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica UCM , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Javier R Caso
- a Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , University Complutense (UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica UCM , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - José L M Madrigal
- a Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , University Complutense (UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica UCM , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Leza
- a Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , University Complutense (UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica UCM , 28040 Madrid , Spain
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