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Texture-based markers from structural imaging correlate with motor handicap in Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2724. [PMID: 33526820 PMCID: PMC7851138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing need for surrogate biomarkers for Parkinson’s disease (PD). Structural analysis using magnetic resonance imaging with T1-weighted sequences has the potential to quantify histopathological changes. Degeneration is typically measured by the volume and shape of morphological changes. However, these changes appear late in the disease, preventing their use as surrogate markers. We investigated texture changes in 108 individuals, divided into three groups, matched in terms of sex and age: (1) healthy controls (n = 32); (2) patients with early-stage PD (n = 39); and (3) patients with late-stage PD and severe L-dopa-related complications (n = 37). All patients were assessed in off-treatment conditions. Statistical analysis of first- and second-order texture features was conducted in the substantia nigra, striatum, thalamus and sub-thalamic nucleus. Regions of interest volumetry and voxel-based morphometry were performed for comparison. Significantly different texture features were observed between the three populations, with some showing a gradual linear progression between the groups. The volumetric changes in the two PD patient groups were not significantly different. Texture features were significantly associated with clinical scores for motor handicap. These results suggest that texture features, measured in the nigrostriatal pathway at PD diagnosis, may be useful in predicting clinical progression of motor handicap.
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202
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Jung S, Kim JH, Kang NO, Sung G, Ko YG, Bang M, Park CI, Lee SH. Fusiform gyrus volume reduction associated with impaired facial expressed emotion recognition and emotional intensity recognition in patients with schizophrenia spectrum psychosis. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2021; 307:111226. [PMID: 33249305 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Impaired social cue perception such as emotional recognition is a prominent feature in patients with schizophrenia, adversely affecting psychosocial outcomes and worsening clinical manifestations of the disease. However, few structural neuroimaging studies have investigated both facial emotion recognition and emotion intensity recognition in schizophrenia. Ninety patients with schizophrenia spectrum psychosis and fifty healthy controls underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging. The gray matter volumes of emotion recognition areas such as the bilateral caudal anterior cingulate cortex, rostral anterior cingulate cortex, fusiform gyrus, insula, amygdala, and hippocampus, were compared between patients and controls. Emotional recognition levels and symptom severities were examined. Group analysis showed that the gray matter volumes of the patients were significantly smaller in left hippocampus and fusiform gyrus compared with healthy controls. A correlation analysis revealed that larger left fusiform gyrus volume was associated with better facial emotion recognition and emotional intensity recognition in patients with schizophrenia spectrum psychosis. Additionally, left fusiform gyrus volumes showed a significant negative correlation with the negative symptom scores at baseline. These findings suggest that gray matter abnormalities in the left fusiform gyrus are associated with impaired social emotion recognition and severity of negative symptoms at baseline in patients with schizophrenia spectrum psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sra Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Kim
- CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Ok Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Gihye Sung
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Gun Ko
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Bang
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Il Park
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Hyuk Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
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Parker JA, Merchant SH, Attaripour-Isfahani S, Cho HJ, McGurrin P, Brooks BP, La Spada AR, Hallett M, Huryn LA, Horovitz SG. In vivo assessment of neurodegeneration in Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 7. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 29:102561. [PMID: 33516934 PMCID: PMC7848632 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
DTI study reveals brain-wide differences between SCA7 patients and controls. DTI dual-compartment model controls for increased CSF-like free water in patients. Tensor-based deformations show SCA7 tissue loss extends beyond cerebellum. Focal atrophy, but global microstructural abnormalities were observed in SCA7.
Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 7 (SCA7) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia and retinal degeneration. Increasing loss of visual function complicates the use of clinical scales to track the progression of motor symptoms, hampering our ability to develop accurate biomarkers of disease progression, and thus test the efficacy of potential treatments. We aimed to identify imaging measures of neurodegeneration, which may more accurately reflect SCA7 severity and progression. While common structural MRI techniques have been previously used for this purpose, they can be biased by neurodegeneration-driven increases in extracellular CSF-like water. In a cross-sectional study, we analyzed diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data collected from a cohort of 13 SCA7 patients and 14 healthy volunteers using: 1) a diffusion tensor-based image registration technique, and 2) a dual-compartment DTI model to control for the potential increase in extracellular CSF-like water. These methodologies allowed us to assess both volumetric and microstructural abnormalities in both white and gray matter brain-wide in SCA7 patients for the first time. To measure tissue volume, we performed diffusion tensor-based morphometry (DTBM) using the tensor-based registration. To assess tissue microstructure, we computed the parenchymal mean diffusivity (pMD) and parenchymal fractional anisotropy (pFA) using the dual compartment model. This model also enabled us to estimate the parenchymal volume fraction (pVF), a measure of parenchymal tissue volume within a given voxel. While DTBM and pVF revealed tissue loss primarily in the brainstem, cerebellum, thalamus, and major motor white matter tracts in patients (p < 0.05, FWE corrected; Hedge’s g > 1), pMD and pFA detected microstructural abnormalities in virtually all tissues brain-wide (p < 0.05, FWE corrected; Hedge’s g > 1). The Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia trended towards correlation with cerebellar pVF (r = −0.66, p = 0.104, FDR corrected) and global white matter pFA (r = −0.64, p = 0.104, FDR corrected). These results advance our understanding of neurodegeneration in living SCA7 patients by providing the first voxel-wise characterization of white matter volume loss and gray matter microstructural abnormalities. Moving forward, this comprehensive approach could be applied to characterize the full spatiotemporal pattern of neurodegeneration in SCA7, and potentially develop an accurate imaging biomarker of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Parker
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shabbir H Merchant
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Sanaz Attaripour-Isfahani
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hyun Joo Cho
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patrick McGurrin
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian P Brooks
- Ophthalmic Genetics & Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Albert R La Spada
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; UCI Institute for Neurotherapeutics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laryssa A Huryn
- Ophthalmic Genetics & Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Silvina G Horovitz
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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204
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Ridwan AR, Niaz MR, Wu Y, Qi X, Zhang S, Kontzialis M, Javierre-Petit C, Tazwar M, Bennett DA, Yang Y, Arfanakis K. Development and evaluation of a high performance T1-weighted brain template for use in studies on older adults. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:1758-1776. [PMID: 33449398 PMCID: PMC7978143 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Τhe accuracy of template-based neuroimaging investigations depends on the template's image quality and representativeness of the individuals under study. Yet a thorough, quantitative investigation of how available standardized and study-specific T1-weighted templates perform in studies on older adults has not been conducted. The purpose of this work was to construct a high-quality standardized T1-weighted template specifically designed for the older adult brain, and systematically compare the new template to several other standardized and study-specific templates in terms of image quality, performance in spatial normalization of older adult data and detection of small inter-group morphometric differences, and representativeness of the older adult brain. The new template was constructed with state-of-the-art spatial normalization of high-quality data from 222 older adults. It was shown that the new template (a) exhibited high image sharpness, (b) provided higher inter-subject spatial normalization accuracy and (c) allowed detection of smaller inter-group morphometric differences compared to other standardized templates, (d) had similar performance to that of study-specific templates constructed with the same methodology, and (e) was highly representative of the older adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Raquib Ridwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mohammad Rakeen Niaz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yingjuan Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shengwei Zhang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Marinos Kontzialis
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Carles Javierre-Petit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mahir Tazwar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yongyi Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Konstantinos Arfanakis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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205
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Jagust WJ, Landau SM. Temporal Dynamics of β-Amyloid Accumulation in Aging and Alzheimer Disease. Neurology 2021; 96:e1347-e1357. [PMID: 33408147 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the time course of β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition in the brain, which is crucial for planning therapeutic trials of Aβ-lowering therapies in Alzheimer disease (AD). METHODS Two samples of participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative were studied with [18F]Florbetapir (FBP) Aβ PET and followed for up to 9 years. Sample A included 475 cognitively normal (CN) older people and those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD and sample B included 220 CN Aβ- individuals. We examined the trajectory of FBP over time in sample A and the incidence rate of conversion from negative to positive Aβ PET scans in sample B. RESULTS The relationship between time and brain Aβ was sigmoidal, taking 6.4 years to transition from amyloid negative to positive and another 13.9 years to the onset of MCI. Aβ deposition rates began to slow only 3.8 years after reaching the positivity threshold. The incidence rate for scan positivity was 38/1,000 person-years, and factors associated with conversion were age, baseline FBP, and being a female APOE ε4 carrier. Among CN Aβ- individuals, FBP slopes were associated with rates of memory decline and brain tau measured with [18F]Flortaucipir PET 5 years after baseline. CONCLUSIONS Lowering brain Aβ must be accomplished early in the evolution of AD. Transitions of PET scans from Aβ- to Aβ+ should be predictable, and it is reasonable to expect that lowering rates of Aβ even in early stages could produce clinically significant benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Jagust
- From the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley; and Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA.
| | - Susan M Landau
- From the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley; and Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
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206
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Koenig LN, McCue LM, Grant E, Massoumzadeh P, Roe CM, Xiong C, Moulder KL, Wang L, Zazulia AR, Kelly P, Dincer A, Zaza A, Shimony JS, Benzinger TLS, Morris JC. Lack of association between acute stroke, post-stroke dementia, race, and β-amyloid status. Neuroimage Clin 2021; 29:102553. [PMID: 33524806 PMCID: PMC7848631 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stroke and Alzheimer disease share risk factors and often co-occur, and both have been reported to have a higher prevalence in African Americans as compared to non-Hispanic whites. However, their interaction has not been established. The objective of this study was to determine if preclinical Alzheimer disease is a risk factor for stroke and post-stroke dementia and whether racial differences moderate this relationship. METHODS This case-control study was analyzed in 2019 using retrospective data from 2007 to 2013. Participants were adults age 65 and older with and without acute ischemic stroke. Recruitment included word of mouth and referrals in Saint Louis, MO, with stroke participants recruited from acutely hospitalized patients and non-stroke participants from community living older adults who were research volunteers. Our assessment included radiologic reads of infarcts, microbleeds, and white matter hyperintensitites (WMH); a Pittsburgh Compound B PET measure of cortical β-amyloid binding; quantitative measures of hippocampal and WMH volume; longitudinal Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores; and Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) 1 year post-stroke. RESULTS A total of 243 participants were enrolled, 81 of which had a recent ischemic stroke. Participants had a mean age of 75, 57% were women, and 52% were African American. Cortical amyloid did not differ significantly by race, stroke status, or CDR post-stroke. There were racial differences in MMSE scores at baseline (mean 26.8 for African Americans, 27.9 for non-Hispanic whites, p = 0.03), but not longitudinally. African Americans were more likely to have microbleeds (32.8% vs 22.6%, p = 0.04), and within the acute stroke group, African Americans were more likely to have small infarcts (75.6% vs 56.8%, p = 0.049). CONCLUSION Preclinical Alzheimer disease did not show evidence of being a risk factor for stroke nor predictive of post-stroke dementia. We did not observe racial differences in β-amyloid levels. However, even after controlling for several vascular risk factors, African Americans with clinical stroke presentations had greater levels of vascular pathology on MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Koenig
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Lena M McCue
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Elizabeth Grant
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Parinaz Massoumzadeh
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Catherine M Roe
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Krista L Moulder
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Allyson R Zazulia
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Peggy Kelly
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Aylin Dincer
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Aiad Zaza
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Joshua S Shimony
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Tammie L S Benzinger
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA.
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207
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Clinically Applicable Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Morphologic Measurements of Grey Matter Changes in the Human Brain. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11010055. [PMID: 33466559 PMCID: PMC7824828 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Purpose: Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) measurements can be used to sensitively estimate brain morphological alterations and may support clinical diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases (ND). We aimed to establish a normative reference database for a clinical applicable quantitative MR morphologic measurement on neurodegenerative changes in patients; (2) Methods: Healthy subjects (HCs, n = 120) with an evenly distribution between 21 to 70 years and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients (n = 11, mean age = 52.45 ± 6.80 years), as an example of ND patients, underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations under routine diagnostic conditions. Regional cortical thickness (rCTh) in 68 regions of interest (ROIs) and subcortical grey matter volume (SGMV) in 14 ROIs were determined from all subjects by using Computational Anatomy Toolbox. Those derived from HCs were analyzed to determine age-related differences and subsequently used as reference to estimate ALS-related alterations; (3) Results: In HCs, the rCTh (in 49/68 regions) and the SGMV (in 9/14 regions) in elderly subjects were less than those in younger subjects and exhibited negative linear correlations to age (p < 0.0007 for rCTh and p < 0.004 for SGMV). In comparison to age- and sex-matched HCs, the ALS patients revealed significant decreases of rCTh in eight ROIs, majorly located in frontal and temporal lobes; (4) Conclusion: The present study proves an overall grey matter decline with normal ageing as reported previously. The provided reference may be used for detection of grey matter alterations in neurodegenerative diseases that are not apparent in standard MR scans, indicating the potential of using qMRI as an add-on diagnostic tool in a clinical setting.
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208
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McCullough S, Emmorey K. Effects of deafness and sign language experience on the human brain: voxel-based and surface-based morphometry. LANGUAGE, COGNITION AND NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 36:422-439. [PMID: 33959670 PMCID: PMC8096161 DOI: 10.1080/23273798.2020.1854793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated how deafness and sign language experience affect the human brain by comparing neuroanatomical structures across congenitally deaf signers (n = 30), hearing native signers (n = 30), and hearing sign-naïve controls (n = 30). Both voxel-based and surface-based morphometry results revealed deafness-related structural changes in visual cortices (grey matter), right frontal lobe (gyrification), and left Heschl's gyrus (white matter). The comparisons also revealed changes associated with lifelong signing experience: expansions in the surface area within left anterior temporal and left occipital lobes, and a reduction in cortical thickness in the right occipital lobe for deaf and hearing signers. Structural changes within these brain regions may be related to adaptations in the neural networks involved in processing signed language (e.g. visual perception of face and body movements). Hearing native signers also had unique neuroanatomical changes (e.g. reduced gyrification in premotor areas), perhaps due to lifelong experience with both a spoken and a signed language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen McCullough
- Laboratory for Language and Cognitive Neuroscience, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Karen Emmorey
- Laboratory for Language and Cognitive Neuroscience, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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209
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Detection and analysis of Alzheimer’s disease using various machine learning algorithms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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210
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Sämann PG, Iglesias JE, Gutman B, Grotegerd D, Leenings R, Flint C, Dannlowski U, Clarke‐Rubright EK, Morey RA, Erp TG, Whelan CD, Han LKM, Velzen LS, Cao B, Augustinack JC, Thompson PM, Jahanshad N, Schmaal L. FreeSurfer
‐based segmentation of hippocampal subfields: A review of methods and applications, with a novel quality control procedure for
ENIGMA
studies and other collaborative efforts. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 43:207-233. [PMID: 33368865 PMCID: PMC8805696 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural hippocampal abnormalities are common in many neurological and psychiatric disorders, and variation in hippocampal measures is related to cognitive performance and other complex phenotypes such as stress sensitivity. Hippocampal subregions are increasingly studied, as automated algorithms have become available for mapping and volume quantification. In the context of the Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta Analysis Consortium, several Disease Working Groups are using the FreeSurfer software to analyze hippocampal subregion (subfield) volumes in patients with neurological and psychiatric conditions along with data from matched controls. In this overview, we explain the algorithm's principles, summarize measurement reliability studies, and demonstrate two additional aspects (subfield autocorrelation and volume/reliability correlation) with illustrative data. We then explain the rationale for a standardized hippocampal subfield segmentation quality control (QC) procedure for improved pipeline harmonization. To guide researchers to make optimal use of the algorithm, we discuss how global size and age effects can be modeled, how QC steps can be incorporated and how subfields may be aggregated into composite volumes. This discussion is based on a synopsis of 162 published neuroimaging studies (01/2013–12/2019) that applied the FreeSurfer hippocampal subfield segmentation in a broad range of domains including cognition and healthy aging, brain development and neurodegeneration, affective disorders, psychosis, stress regulation, neurotoxicity, epilepsy, inflammatory disease, childhood adversity and posttraumatic stress disorder, and candidate and whole genome (epi‐)genetics. Finally, we highlight points where FreeSurfer‐based hippocampal subfield studies may be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Eugenio Iglesias
- Centre for Medical Image Computing University College London London UK
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts US
- Computer Science and AI Laboratory (CSAIL), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cambridge Massachusetts US
| | - Boris Gutman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago USA
| | | | - Ramona Leenings
- Department of Psychiatry University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Claas Flint
- Department of Psychiatry University of Münster Münster Germany
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science University of Münster Germany
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Emily K. Clarke‐Rubright
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Durham North Carolina USA
- VISN 6 MIRECC, Durham VA Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Rajendra A. Morey
- Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Durham North Carolina USA
- VISN 6 MIRECC, Durham VA Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Theo G.M. Erp
- Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior University of California Irvine California USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory University of California Irvine Irvine California USA
| | - Christopher D. Whelan
- Imaging Genetics Center Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Laura K. M. Han
- Department of Psychiatry Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam Neuroscience Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Laura S. Velzen
- Orygen Parkville Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health The University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Bo Cao
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry University of Alberta Edmonton Canada
| | - Jean C. Augustinack
- The Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts US
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- Orygen Parkville Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health The University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
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211
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Machado R, Lima C, d'Almeida OC, Afonso A, Macário C, Castelo-Branco M, Sousa L, Santana I, Batista S. Protective effects of cognitive and brain reserve in multiple sclerosis: Differential roles on social cognition and 'classic cognition'. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 48:102716. [PMID: 33421706 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to cognitive reserve (CR) and brain reserve (BR) theories, lifetime intellectual enrichment and maximal brain volume protect against cognitive decline. OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of CR and BR on social cognition in multiple sclerosis (MS), and compare it with 'classic cognition'. METHODS We included 60 MS patients and 60 healthy controls matched on age, sex, and education. Education was used has a proxy of CR and intracranial volume (ICV) as a proxy of BR. Participants underwent Theory of Mind (ToM) testing (Eyes Test, Videos Test), comprehensive neuropsychological assessment and 3Tesla brain MRI. Cortical and subcortical grey matter (GM) volumes were calculated. RESULTS We found positive effects of education and ICV on general cognitive status and ToM performance, respectively. Higher education moderated the impact of subcortical GM atrophy on 'classic' cognitive status (R2=0.219, p=<0.001). Conversely, greater ICV attenuated the impact of cortical GM atrophy on Eyes Test (R2=0.158, p=0.002) and Videos Test (R2=0.198, p=0.001). Stratification for disease duration showed that the protective effect of education/ICV occurred in early stages of disease (<10 years). CONCLUSION CR and BR have differential protective roles in MS, with BR having a positive effect on social cognition and CR on 'classic' cognitive domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Machado
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra 3000-075, Portugal.
| | - Cláudia Lima
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra 3000-075, Portugal
| | - Otília C d'Almeida
- Visual Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC). IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Afonso
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carmo Macário
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra 3000-075, Portugal
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- Visual Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC). IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lívia Sousa
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra 3000-075, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Santana
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra 3000-075, Portugal; Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC). IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sónia Batista
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra 3000-075, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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212
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Exploring Cortical Thickness Alteration in Parkinson Disease Patients with Freezing of Gaits. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8874119. [PMID: 33354205 PMCID: PMC7735855 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8874119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Freezing of gait (FoG) is a disabling gait disorder that commonly occurs in advanced stages of Parkinson's disease (PD). The neuroanatomical mechanisms underlying FoG in PD are still unclear. The present study aims to explore alterations of structural gray matter (GM) in PD patients with FoG. Method: Twenty-four PD patients with FoG (FoG+), 37 PD patients without FoG (FoG-) and 24 healthy controls (HC) were included. All subjects underwent a standardized MRI protocol. The cortical thickness (CTh), segmentation volume without ventricles (BrainSegVolNotVent) and estimated total intracranial volume (eTIV) were analysed using the FreeSurfer pipeline. Results: CTh differences were found in the right middle temporal gyrus (rMTG) generally. Compared to that in HCs, the CTh of the rMTG in both the FoG+ and FoG- groups was smaller, while no significant difference between the FoG+ and FoG- groups. Correlation analyses demonstrated a negative correlation between the CTh of the rMTG and the UPDRS part II score in PD subjects, and a borderline significant correlation between the score of Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (FoGQ) and rMTG CTh. Additionally, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis revealed a cut-off point of CTh =3.08 mm in the rMTG that could be used to differentiate PD patients and HCs (AUC =0.79, P <0.01). There were no differences in the BrainSegVolNotVent or eTIV among the 3 groups. Conclusions: Our findings currently suggest no significant difference between FoG+ and FoG- patients in terms of structural gray matter changes. However, decreased CTh in the rMTG related to semantic control may be used as a biomarker to differentiate PD patients and HCs.
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213
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Holla B, Taylor PA, Glen DR, Lee JA, Vaidya N, Mehta UM, Venkatasubramanian G, Pal PK, Saini J, Rao NP, Ahuja CK, Kuriyan R, Krishna M, Basu D, Kalyanram K, Chakrabarti A, Orfanos DP, Barker GJ, Cox RW, Schumann G, Bharath RD, Benegal V. A series of five population-specific Indian brain templates and atlases spanning ages 6-60 years. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:5164-5175. [PMID: 32845057 PMCID: PMC7670651 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anatomical brain templates are commonly used as references in neurological MRI studies, for bringing data into a common space for group‐level statistics and coordinate reporting. Given the inherent variability in brain morphology across age and geography, it is important to have templates that are as representative as possible for both age and population. A representative‐template increases the accuracy of alignment, decreases distortions as well as potential biases in final coordinate reports. In this study, we developed and validated a new set of T1w Indian brain templates (IBT) from a large number of brain scans (total n = 466) acquired across different locations and multiple 3T MRI scanners in India. A new tool in AFNI, make_template_dask.py, was created to efficiently make five age‐specific IBTs (ages 6–60 years) as well as maximum probability map (MPM) atlases for each template; for each age‐group's template–atlas pair, there is both a “population‐average” and a “typical” version. Validation experiments on an independent Indian structural and functional‐MRI dataset show the appropriateness of IBTs for spatial normalization of Indian brains. The results indicate significant structural differences when comparing the IBTs and MNI template, with these differences being maximal along the Anterior–Posterior and Inferior–Superior axes, but minimal Left–Right. For each age‐group, the MPM brain atlases provide reasonably good representation of the native‐space volumes in the IBT space, except in a few regions with high intersubject variability. These findings provide evidence to support the use of age and population‐specific templates in human brain mapping studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Holla
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Paul A Taylor
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel R Glen
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John A Lee
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nilakshi Vaidya
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India.,Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), SGDP Centre, IoPPN, KCL, London, UK
| | | | | | - Pramod Kumar Pal
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Jitender Saini
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Naren P Rao
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Chirag K Ahuja
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rebecca Kuriyan
- St. John's Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Murali Krishna
- CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India.,Foundation for Research and Advocacy in Mental Health, Mysore, India
| | - Debashish Basu
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | | | - Gareth J Barker
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London (KCL), London, UK
| | - Robert W Cox
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), SGDP Centre, IoPPN, KCL, London, UK
| | - Rose Dawn Bharath
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Vivek Benegal
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India
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214
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Nigri A, Sarro L, Mongelli A, Pinardi C, Porcu L, Castaldo A, Ferraro S, Grisoli M, Bruzzone MG, Gellera C, Taroni F, Mariotti C, Nanetti L. Progression of Cerebellar Atrophy in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2 Gene Carriers: A Longitudinal MRI Study in Preclinical and Early Disease Stages. Front Neurol 2020; 11:616419. [PMID: 33384659 PMCID: PMC7770103 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.616419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias type 2 (SCA2) is an autosomal dominant inherited disease caused by expanded trinucleotide repeats (≥32 CAG) within the coding region of ATXN2 gene. Age of disease onset primarily depends on the length of the expanded region. The majority of subjects carrying the mutation remain free of clinical signs for few decades (“pre-symptomatic” stage), but in proximity of disease onset subtle neurophysiological, cognitive, and structural brain imaging changes may occur. Aims of the present study are to determine the time-window in which early clinical and neurodegenerative MRI changes may be identified, and to evaluate the rate of the disease progression in both preclinical and early disease phases. We performed a 1-year longitudinal study in 42 subjects: 14 SCA2 patients (mean age 39 years, disease duration 7 years, SARA score 9 points), 13 presymptomatic SCA2 subjects (preSCA2, mean age 39 years, expected time to disease onset 16 years), and 15 gene-negative healthy controls (mean age 33 years). All participants underwent genetic test, neurological examination, cognitive tests, and brain MRI. Evaluations were repeated at 1-year interval. Baseline MRI evaluations in SCA2 patients showed significant atrophy in cerebellum, brainstem, basal ganglia and cortex compared to controls, while preSCA2 subjects had isolated volume loss in the pons, and cortical thinning in specific frontal and parietal areas, namely rostral-middle-frontal and precuneus. One-year longitudinal follow-up demonstrated, in SCA2 patients, volume reduction in cerebellum, pons, superior cerebellar peduncles, and midbrain, and only in the cerebellum in preSCA2 subjects. No progression in clinical or cognitive measures was observed in preSCA2 subjects. The rate of volume loss in the cerebellum and subcortical regions greatly differed between patients and preSCA2. In conclusion, our pilot study demonstrated that MRI measures are highly sensitive to identify longitudinal structural changes in SCA2 patients, and in preSCA2 up to a decade before expected disease onset. These findings may contribute in the understanding of early neurodegenerative processes and may be useful in future therapeutical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nigri
- Department of Neuroradiology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Lidia Sarro
- Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.,Ospedale Martini, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessia Mongelli
- Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Pinardi
- Department of Neuroradiology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Porcu
- Laboratory of Methodology for Clinical Research, Oncology Department, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Castaldo
- Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Ferraro
- Department of Neuroradiology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Grisoli
- Department of Neuroradiology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Bruzzone
- Department of Neuroradiology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia Gellera
- Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Franco Taroni
- Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Mariotti
- Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Nanetti
- Department of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
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215
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Profant O, Škoch A, Tintěra J, Svobodová V, Kuchárová D, Svobodová Burianová J, Syka J. The Influence of Aging, Hearing, and Tinnitus on the Morphology of Cortical Gray Matter, Amygdala, and Hippocampus. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:553461. [PMID: 33343328 PMCID: PMC7746808 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.553461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Age related hearing loss (presbycusis) is a natural process represented by elevated auditory thresholds and decreased speech intelligibility, especially in noisy conditions. Tinnitus is a phantom sound that also potentially leads to cortical changes, with its highest occurrence coinciding with the clinical onset of presbycusis. The aim of our project was to identify age, hearing loss and tinnitus related structural changes, within the auditory system and associated structures. Groups of subjects with presbycusis and tinnitus (22 subjects), with only presbycusis (24 subjects), young tinnitus patients with normal hearing (10 subjects) and young controls (17 subjects), underwent an audiological examination to characterize hearing loss and tinnitus. In addition, MRI (3T MR system, analysis in Freesurfer software) scans were used to identify changes in the cortical and subcortical structures. The following areas of the brain were analyzed: Heschl gyrus (HG), planum temporale (PT), primary visual cortex (V1), gyrus parahippocampus (PH), anterior insula (Ins), amygdala (Amg), and hippocampus (HP). A statistical analysis was performed in R framework using linear mixed-effects models with explanatory variables: age, tinnitus, laterality and hearing. In all of the cortical structures, the gray matter thickness decreased significantly with aging without having an effect on laterality (differences between the left and right hemispheres). The decrease in the gray matter thickness was faster in the HG, PT and Ins in comparison with the PH and V1. Aging did not influence the surface of the cortical areas, however there were differences between the surface size of the reported regions in the left and right hemispheres. Hearing loss caused only a borderline decrease of the cortical surface in the HG. Tinnitus was accompanied by a borderline decrease of the Ins surface and led to an increase in the volume of Amy and HP. In summary, aging is accompanied by a decrease in the cortical gray matter thickness; hearing loss only has a limited effect on the structure of the investigated cortical areas and tinnitus causes structural changes which are predominantly within the limbic system and insula, with the structure of the auditory system only being minimally affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Profant
- Department of Auditory Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Faculty Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Antonín Škoch
- MR Unit, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jaroslav Tintěra
- MR Unit, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czechia
| | - Veronika Svobodová
- Department of Auditory Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Diana Kuchárová
- Department of Auditory Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jana Svobodová Burianová
- Department of Auditory Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Josef Syka
- Department of Auditory Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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216
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Rebsamen M, Rummel C, Reyes M, Wiest R, McKinley R. Direct cortical thickness estimation using deep learning-based anatomy segmentation and cortex parcellation. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:4804-4814. [PMID: 32786059 PMCID: PMC7643371 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate and reliable measures of cortical thickness from magnetic resonance imaging are an important biomarker to study neurodegenerative and neurological disorders. Diffeomorphic registration-based cortical thickness (DiReCT) is a known technique to derive such measures from non-surface-based volumetric tissue maps. ANTs provides an open-source method for estimating cortical thickness, derived by applying DiReCT to an atlas-based segmentation. In this paper, we propose DL+DiReCT, a method using high-quality deep learning-based neuroanatomy segmentations followed by DiReCT, yielding accurate and reliable cortical thickness measures in a short time. We evaluate the methods on two independent datasets and compare the results against surface-based measures from FreeSurfer. Good correlation of DL+DiReCT with FreeSurfer was observed (r = .887) for global mean cortical thickness compared to ANTs versus FreeSurfer (r = .608). Experiments suggest that both DiReCT-based methods had higher sensitivity to changes in cortical thickness than Freesurfer. However, while ANTs showed low scan-rescan robustness, DL+DiReCT showed similar robustness to Freesurfer. Effect-sizes for group-wise differences of healthy controls compared to individuals with dementia were highest with the deep learning-based segmentation. DL+DiReCT is a promising combination of a deep learning-based method with a traditional registration technique to detect subtle changes in cortical thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rebsamen
- Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional NeuroradiologyUniversity of Bern, Inselspital, Bern University HospitalBernSwitzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Christian Rummel
- Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional NeuroradiologyUniversity of Bern, Inselspital, Bern University HospitalBernSwitzerland
| | - Mauricio Reyes
- Insel Data Science Center, InselspitalBern University HospitalBernSwitzerland
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Roland Wiest
- Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional NeuroradiologyUniversity of Bern, Inselspital, Bern University HospitalBernSwitzerland
| | - Richard McKinley
- Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional NeuroradiologyUniversity of Bern, Inselspital, Bern University HospitalBernSwitzerland
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217
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Longitudinal study in patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1: correlation of brain MRI abnormalities with cognitive performances. Neuroradiology 2020; 63:1019-1029. [PMID: 33237431 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-020-02611-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a muscular dystrophy with neurological, cognitive, and radiological abnormalities. The developmental or degenerative nature of these abnormalities, and their progression over time, remains unclear. The aim of this study is to perform a longitudinal assessment of imaging and cognitive performances in a group of patients with DM1. METHODS A longitudinal observational study was conducted in a group of 33 DM1 patients. All patients underwent cognitive and MRI evaluation, including the use of structural and diffusion tensor imaging techniques, at baseline and follow-up evaluation (4 years). Longitudinal changes in white matter lesion (WML), volumetric analysis, and diffusivity values were assessed and correlated with neuropsychological test findings. RESULTS An increase in WML was observed in 16 patients (48.5%). An increase in ventricular system volume and a decrease in volume of the left thalamus, caudates, putamen, and hippocampus were observed (p < 0.001). Global cortical volume showed a significant decrease (p < 0.001), although no changes were observed in white matter volume. A significant increase in mean diffusivity and decrease in fractional anisotropy for the white matter were found (p < 0.001). Neuropsychological evaluation showed a significant deterioration in test performance that measures working memory (Letter-Number Sequencing, p = 0.049) and visuospatial skills (Benton Visual Retention Test, p = 0.001). These findings were significantly associated with WML load (working memory p = 0.002 and visuospatial skills p = 0.021) and mean diffusivity increase (visuospatial skills p = 0.003 in the corpus callosum and working memory p = 0.043 in the right cerebral white matter). CONCLUSION White matter and grey matter involvement in DM1 patients is progressive. Patients experience a worsening in cognitive impairment that correlates with white matter involvement. These findings support the neurodegenerative nature of this disease.
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218
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White matter pathways underlying Chinese semantic and phonological fluency in mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychologia 2020; 149:107671. [PMID: 33189733 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging evidence has suggested that Chinese-language processing differs from that of its alphabetic-language counterparts. However, the underlying white matter pathway correlations between semantic and phonological fluency in Chinese-language processing remain unknown. Thus, we investigated the differences between two verbal fluency tests on 50 participants with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and 36 healthy controls (HC) with respect to five groups (ventral and dorsal stream fibers, frontal-striatal fibers, hippocampal-related fibers, and the corpus callosum) of white matter microstructural integrity. Diffusion spectrum imaging was used. The results revealed a progressive reduction in advantage in semantic fluency relative to phonological fluency from HC to single-domain aMCI to multidomain aMCI. Common and dissociative white matter correlations between tests of the two types of fluency were identified. Both types of fluency relied on the corpus callosum and ventral stream fibers, semantic fluency relied on the hippocampal-related fibers, and phonological fluency relied on the dorsal stream and frontal-striatal fibers. The involvement of bilateral tracts of interest as well as the association with the corpus callosum indicate the uniqueness of Chinese-language fluency processing. Dynamic associations were noted between white matter tract involvement and performance on the two fluency tests in four time blocks. Overall, our findings suggest the clinical utility of verbal fluency tests in geriatric populations, and they elucidate both task-specific and language-specific brain-behavior associations.
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219
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Alterations of Brain Networks in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Resting State fMRI Study Based on a Population-specific Brain Template. Neuroscience 2020; 452:192-207. [PMID: 33197505 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the alterations in brain networks in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) based on a population-specific brain template. Previous studies on AD brain networks using graph theory rarely adopted brain templates specific for certain ethnicities. In this study, patients were divided into 3 groups: AD (n = 24), MCI (n = 27), and healthy controls (HCs, n = 33), and all of the subjects are Chinese. Functional brain networks were constructed for each group based on a Chinese brain template using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data; several graph metrics were calculated. Graph metrics with significant differences after false discovery rate (FDR) correction were analyzed with respect to correlations with four neuropsychological test scores: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Activities of Daily Living (ADL), and Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), which assessed the subjects' cognitive functions and ability to engage in ADL. Graph metrics including assortativity coefficient, nodal degree centrality, nodal clustering coefficient, nodal efficiency, and nodal local efficiency of the frontal gyrus and cerebellum were significantly altered in AD and MCI compared with HC. Several graph metrics were significantly correlated with cognitive function and the ability to engage in daily activities. The findings suggest that altered graph metrics in the frontal gyrus may reflect brain plasticity, and that patients with MCI may have unique graph metric alterations in the cerebellum. Future graph analysis studies on functional brain networks in AD and MCI based on population-specific brain atlases for particular ethnicities may prove valuable.
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220
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Fraser MA, Walsh EI, Shaw ME, Abhayaratna WP, Anstey KJ, Sachdev PS, Cherbuin N. Longitudinal trajectories of hippocampal volume in middle to older age community dwelling individuals. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 97:97-105. [PMID: 33190123 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding heterogeneity in brain aging trajectories is important to estimate the extent to which aging outcomes can be optimized. Although brain changes in late life are well-characterized, brain changes in middle age are not well understood. In this study, we investigated hippocampal change in a generally healthy community-living population of middle (n = 421, mean age 47.2 years) and older age (n = 411, mean age 63.0 years) individuals, over a follow-up of up to 12 years. Manually traced hippocampal volumes were analyzed using multilevel models and latent class analysis to investigate longitudinal aging trajectories and laterality and sex effects, and to identify subgroups that follow different aging trajectories. Hippocampal volumes decreased on average by 0.18%/year in middle age and 0.3%/year in older age. Men tended to experience steeper declines than women in middle age only. Three subgroups of individuals following different trajectories were identified in middle age and 2 in older age. Contrary to expectations, the subgroup containing two-thirds of older age participants maintained stable hippocampal volumes across the follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Fraser
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
| | - Erin I Walsh
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia; Population Health Exchange, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Marnie E Shaw
- ANU College of Engineering & Computer Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Walter P Abhayaratna
- College of Health & Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Kaarin J Anstey
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia; Ageing Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicolas Cherbuin
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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221
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Busatto Filho G, Duran FLDS, Squarzoni P, Coutinho AMN, Rosa PGP, Torralbo L, Pachi CGDF, da Costa NA, Porto FHDG, Carvalho CL, Brucki SMD, Nitrini R, Forlenza OV, Leite CDC, Buchpiguel CA, de Paula Faria D. Hippocampal subregional volume changes in elders classified using positron emission tomography-based Alzheimer's biomarkers of β-amyloid deposition and neurodegeneration. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:481-501. [PMID: 33073383 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Changes in hippocampal subfield volumes (HSV) along the Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum have been scarcely investigated to date in elderly subjects classified based on the presence of β-amyloid aggregation and signs of neurodegeneration. We classified patients (either sex) with mild dementia compatible with AD (n = 35) or amnestic mild cognitive impairment (n = 39), and cognitively unimpaired subjects (either sex; n = 26) using [11 C]PIB-PET to assess β-amyloid aggregation (A+) and [18 F]FDG-PET to account for neurodegeneration ((N)+). Magnetic resonance imaging-based automated methods were used for HSV and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) measurements. Significant HSV reductions were found in A+(N)+ subjects in the presubiculum/subiculum complex and molecular layer, related to worse memory performance. In both the A+(N)+ and A+(N)- categories, subicular volumes were inversely correlated with the degree of Aβ deposition. The A-(N)+ subgroup showed reduced HSV relative to the A-(N)- subgroup also in the subiculum/presubiculum. Combining all (N)- subjects, HSV were lower in subjects presenting significant cognitive decline irrespective of A+/A- classification (controlling for WMH load); these between-group differences were detected again in the presubiculum, but also involved the CA4 and granular layer. These findings demonstrate that differential HSV reductions are detectable both in (N)+ and (N)- categories along the AD continuum, and are directly related to the severity of cognitive deficits. HSV reductions are larger both in A+(N)+ and A+(N)- subjects in direct proportion to the degree of Aβ deposition. The meaningful HSV reductions detected in the A-(N)+ subgroup highlights the strength of biomarker-based classifications outside of the classical AD continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldo Busatto Filho
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM 21), Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Luiz de Souza Duran
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM 21), Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Squarzoni
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM 21), Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Artur Martins Novaes Coutinho
- Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine (LIM43), Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Gomes Penteado Rosa
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM 21), Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leticia Torralbo
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM 21), Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarice Gameiro da Fonseca Pachi
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM 21), Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Naomi Antunes da Costa
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM 21), Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Henrique de Gobbi Porto
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM 21), Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleudiana Lima Carvalho
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging (LIM 21), Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sonia Maria Dozzi Brucki
- Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Orestes Vicente Forlenza
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM 27), Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia da Costa Leite
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Neuroradiology (LIM44), Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Buchpiguel
- Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine (LIM43), Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele de Paula Faria
- Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine (LIM43), Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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222
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Fritze S, Thieme CE, Kubera KM, Northoff G, Schmitgen MM, Wolf RC, Hirjak D. Brainstem alterations contribute to catatonia in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophr Res 2020; 224:82-87. [PMID: 33046340 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Catatonia is a severe psychomotor syndrome that frequently occurs in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). Accumulating neuroimaging evidence suggests orbitofrontal, frontoparietal and cerebellar network dysfunction in catatonia. Very little is known about contributions of brainstem regions (as part of the dopaminergic-based subcortical-cortical motor circuit) to catatonia in SSD patients. Here, we used structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 3 T to examine volumes of brainstem regions in catatonic SSD patients compared to non-catatonic SSD patients. Catatonia severity was measured with the Northoff Catatonia Rating Scale (NCRS). The segmentation of the brainstem in order to investigate the volumes of medulla oblongata, pons, superior cerebellar pedunculus, and midbrain was carried out using FreeSurfer vers. 6.0. Catatonic patients (NCRS total score ≥ 3; at least 1 point in the three different symptom categories; i.e., motor, behavioral, and affective; n = 30) had significantly smaller midbrain volumes (p = 0.004, Bonferroni corr.) when compared to non-catatonic patients (NCRS total score = 0; n = 29). In catatonic patients, significant correlations were detected between NCRS motor scores and whole brainstem (p = 0.015, Bonferroni corr.) volumes. These results support a neuromechanistically important role of brainstem structures in catatonia in SSD, particularly in motor symptom expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Fritze
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Cristina E Thieme
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katharina M Kubera
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg Northoff
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Research Unit, The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mike M Schmitgen
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert C Wolf
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Department of General Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dusan Hirjak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
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223
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Henschel L, Conjeti S, Estrada S, Diers K, Fischl B, Reuter M. FastSurfer - A fast and accurate deep learning based neuroimaging pipeline. Neuroimage 2020; 219:117012. [PMID: 32526386 PMCID: PMC7898243 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional neuroimage analysis pipelines involve computationally intensive, time-consuming optimization steps, and thus, do not scale well to large cohort studies with thousands or tens of thousands of individuals. In this work we propose a fast and accurate deep learning based neuroimaging pipeline for the automated processing of structural human brain MRI scans, replicating FreeSurfer's anatomical segmentation including surface reconstruction and cortical parcellation. To this end, we introduce an advanced deep learning architecture capable of whole-brain segmentation into 95 classes. The network architecture incorporates local and global competition via competitive dense blocks and competitive skip pathways, as well as multi-slice information aggregation that specifically tailor network performance towards accurate segmentation of both cortical and subcortical structures. Further, we perform fast cortical surface reconstruction and thickness analysis by introducing a spectral spherical embedding and by directly mapping the cortical labels from the image to the surface. This approach provides a full FreeSurfer alternative for volumetric analysis (in under 1 min) and surface-based thickness analysis (within only around 1 h runtime). For sustainability of this approach we perform extensive validation: we assert high segmentation accuracy on several unseen datasets, measure generalizability and demonstrate increased test-retest reliability, and high sensitivity to group differences in dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Henschel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Sailesh Conjeti
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Santiago Estrada
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Kersten Diers
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Bruce Fischl
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Martin Reuter
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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224
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Rozenkrantz L, Weissgross R, Weiss T, Ravreby I, Frumin I, Shushan S, Gorodisky L, Reshef N, Holzman Y, Pinchover L, Endevelt-Shapira Y, Mishor E, Soroka T, Finkel M, Tagania L, Ravia A, Perl O, Furman-Haran E, Carp H, Sobel N. Unexplained repeated pregnancy loss is associated with altered perceptual and brain responses to men's body-odor. eLife 2020; 9:e55305. [PMID: 32988456 PMCID: PMC7524551 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian olfaction and reproduction are tightly linked, a link less explored in humans. Here, we asked whether human unexplained repeated pregnancy loss (uRPL) is associated with altered olfaction, and particularly altered olfactory responses to body-odor. We found that whereas most women with uRPL could identify the body-odor of their spouse, most control women could not. Moreover, women with uRPL rated the perceptual attributes of men's body-odor differently from controls. These pronounced differences were accompanied by an only modest albeit significant advantage in ordinary, non-body-odor-related olfaction in uRPL. Next, using structural and functional brain imaging, we found that in comparison to controls, most women with uRPL had smaller olfactory bulbs, yet increased hypothalamic response in association with men's body-odor. These findings combine to suggest altered olfactory perceptual and brain responses in women experiencing uRPL, particularly in relation to men's body-odor. Whether this link has any causal aspects to it remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liron Rozenkrantz
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Reut Weissgross
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tali Weiss
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Inbal Ravreby
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Idan Frumin
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sagit Shushan
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Lior Gorodisky
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Netta Reshef
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yael Holzman
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Liron Pinchover
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yaara Endevelt-Shapira
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eva Mishor
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Timna Soroka
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maya Finkel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Liav Tagania
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aharon Ravia
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ofer Perl
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Edna Furman-Haran
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Rehovot, Israel
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Howard Carp
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Noam Sobel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- The Azrieli National Institute for Human Brain Imaging and Research, Rehovot, Israel
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225
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Zachariou V, Bauer CE, Seago ER, Raslau FD, Powell DK, Gold BT. Cortical iron disrupts functional connectivity networks supporting working memory performance in older adults. Neuroimage 2020; 223:117309. [PMID: 32861788 PMCID: PMC7821351 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive brain iron negatively affects working memory and related processes but the impact of cortical iron on task-relevant, cortical brain networks is unknown. We hypothesized that high cortical iron concentration may disrupt functional circuitry within cortical networks supporting working memory performance. Fifty-five healthy older adults completed an N-Back working memory paradigm while functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed. Participants also underwent quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) imaging for assessment of non-heme brain iron concentration. Additionally, pseudo continuous arterial spin labeling scans were obtained to control for potential contributions of cerebral blood volume and structural brain images were used to control for contributions of brain volume. Task performance was positively correlated with strength of task-based functional connectivity (tFC) between brain regions of the frontoparietal working memory network. However, higher cortical iron concentration was associated with lower tFC within this frontoparietal network and with poorer working memory performance after controlling for both cerebral blood flow and brain volume. Our results suggest that high cortical iron concentration disrupts communication within frontoparietal networks supporting working memory and is associated with reduced working memory performance in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentinos Zachariou
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298 USA.
| | - Christopher E Bauer
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298 USA
| | - Elayna R Seago
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298 USA
| | - Flavius D Raslau
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298 USA
| | - David K Powell
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298 USA; Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298 USA
| | - Brian T Gold
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298 USA; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298 USA; Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298 USA.
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226
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Millar PR, Ances BM, Gordon BA, Benzinger TLS, Fagan AM, Morris JC, Balota DA. Evaluating resting-state BOLD variability in relation to biomarkers of preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 96:233-245. [PMID: 33039901 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have demonstrated that moment-to-moment variability in the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal is related to age differences, cognition, and symptomatic Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, no studies have examined BOLD variability in the context of preclinical AD. We tested relationships between resting-state BOLD variability and biomarkers of amyloidosis, tauopathy, and neurodegeneration in a large (N = 321), well-characterized sample of cognitively normal adults (age = 39-93), using multivariate machine learning techniques. Furthermore, we controlled for cardiovascular health factors, which may contaminate resting-state BOLD variability estimates. BOLD variability, particularly in the default mode network, was related to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid-β42 but was not related to CSF phosphorylated tau-181. Furthermore, BOLD variability estimates were also related to markers of neurodegeneration, including CSF neurofilament light protein, hippocampal volume, and a cortical thickness composite. Notably, relationships with hippocampal volume and cortical thickness survived correction for cardiovascular health and also contributed to age-related differences in BOLD variability. Thus, BOLD variability may be sensitive to preclinical pathology, including amyloidosis and neurodegeneration in AD-sensitive areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Millar
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Beau M Ances
- Department of Neurology, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian A Gordon
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | - David A Balota
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, St. Louis, MO, USA
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227
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Guo T, Korman D, La Joie R, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ, Jagust WJ, Landau SM. Normalization of CSF pTau measurement by Aβ 40 improves its performance as a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2020; 12:97. [PMID: 32799929 PMCID: PMC7429887 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00665-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related tauopathy can be measured with CSF phosphorylated tau (pTau) and tau PET. We aim to investigate the associations between these measurements and their relative ability to predict subsequent disease progression. METHODS In 219 cognitively unimpaired and 122 impaired Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative participants with concurrent amyloid-β (Aβ) PET (18F-florbetapir or 18F-florbetaben), 18F-flortaucipir (FTP) PET, CSF measurements, structural MRI, and cognition, we examined inter-relationships between these biomarkers and their predictions of subsequent FTP and cognition changes. RESULTS The use of a CSF pTau/Aβ40 ratio eliminated positive associations we observed between CSF pTau alone and CSF Aβ42 in the normal Aβ range likely reflecting individual differences in CSF production rather than pathology. Use of the CSF pTau/Aβ40 ratio also increased expected associations with Aβ PET, FTP PET, hippocampal volume, and cognitive decline compared to pTau alone. In Aβ+ individuals, abnormal CSF pTau/Aβ40 only individuals (26.7%) were 4 times more prevalent (p < 0.001) than abnormal FTP only individuals (6.8%). Furthermore, among individuals on the AD pathway, CSF pTau/Aβ40 mediates the association between Aβ PET and FTP PET accumulation, but FTP PET is more closely linked to subsequent cognitive decline than CSF pTau/Aβ40. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings suggest that CSF pTau/Aβ40 may be a superior measure of tauopathy compared to CSF pTau alone, and CSF pTau/Aβ40 enables detection of tau accumulation at an earlier stage than FTP among Aβ+ individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Guo
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, 132 Barker Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Deniz Korman
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, 132 Barker Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Renaud La Joie
- Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - William J Jagust
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, 132 Barker Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Susan M Landau
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, 132 Barker Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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228
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Soccer heading and concussion are not associated with reduced brain volume or cortical thickness. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235609. [PMID: 32776940 PMCID: PMC7416951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Soccer is the most popular sport in the world and, since it is a contact sport, players are at risk for head injury, including concussion. Here, we proposed to investigate the association of heading and concussion with macroscopic brain structure among adult amateur soccer players. For this study, 375 amateur soccer players (median age 23 years) completed HeadCount-12m to estimate heading over the 12 months prior to MRI and lifetime concussion. T1-weighted 3D magnetization prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo (MP-RAGE) MRI was performed at 3 Tesla. Parcellation was performed using Freesurfer to extract regional gray and white matter volumes as well as regional cortical thickness and total intracranial volume. Regional cortical brain volumes were normalized by total intracranial volume. We categorized heading into quartiles and concussion as 0, 1 or 2 or more. Generalized linear regressions were used to test the association of heading or concussion with each brain morphometry metric, including age and sex, as covariates. Neither heading nor concussion were associated with reduced brain volume or cortical thickness. We observed that greater heading was associated with greater gray matter volume in the left inferior parietal area, which may reflect effects related to training.
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229
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Sawyer KS, Adra N, Salz DM, Kemppainen MI, Ruiz SM, Harris GJ, Oscar-Berman M. Hippocampal subfield volumes in abstinent men and women with a history of alcohol use disorder. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236641. [PMID: 32776986 PMCID: PMC7416961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) has been associated with abnormalities in hippocampal volumes, but these relationships have not been fully explored with respect to sub-regional volumes, nor in association with individual characteristics such as age, gender differences, drinking history, and memory. The present study examined the impact of those variables in relation to hippocampal subfield volumes in abstinent men and women with a history of AUD. Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 3 Tesla, we obtained brain images from 67 participants with AUD (31 women) and 64 nonalcoholic control (NC) participants (31 women). The average duration of the most recent period of sobriety for AUD participants was 7.1 years. We used Freesurfer 6.0 to segment the hippocampus into 12 regions. These were imputed into statistical models to examine the relationships of brain volume with AUD group, age, gender, memory, and drinking history. Interactions with gender and age were of particular interest. Compared to the NC group, the AUD group had approximately 5% smaller subiculum, CA1, molecular layer, and hippocampal tail regions. Age was negatively associated with volumes for the AUD group in the subiculum and the hippocampal tail, but no significant interactions with gender were identified. The relationships for delayed and immediate memory with hippocampal tail volume differed for AUD and NC groups: Higher scores on tests of immediate and delayed memory were associated with smaller volumes in the AUD group, but larger volumes in the NC group. Length of sobriety was associated with decreasing CA1 volume in women (0.19% per year) and increasing volume size in men (0.38% per year). The course of abstinence on CA1 volume differed for men and women, and the differential relationships of subfield volumes to age and memory could indicate a distinction in the impact of AUD on functions of the hippocampal tail. These findings confirm and extend evidence that AUD, age, gender, memory, and abstinence differentially impact volumes of component parts of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayle S. Sawyer
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Sawyer Scientific, LLC, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Noor Adra
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Daniel M. Salz
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Maaria I. Kemppainen
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Susan M. Ruiz
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Gordon J. Harris
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Marlene Oscar-Berman
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
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Foldes ST, Munter BT, Appavu BL, Kerrigan JF, Adelson PD. Shift in electrocorticography electrode locations after surgical implantation in children. Epilepsy Res 2020; 167:106410. [PMID: 32758670 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Interpreting electrocorticography (ECoG) in the context of neuroimaging requires that multimodal information be integrated accurately. However, the implantation of ECoG electrodes can shift the brain impacting the spatial interpretation of electrode locations in the context of pre-implant imaging. We characterized the amount of shift in ECoG electrode locations immediately after implant in a pediatric population. Electrode-shift was quantified as the difference in the electrode locations immediately after surgery (via post-operation CT) compared to the brain surface before the operation (pre-implant T1 MRI). A total of 1140 ECoG contracts were assessed across 18 patients ranging from 3 to 19 (12.1 ± 4.8) years of age who underwent intracranial monitoring in preparation for epilepsy resection surgery. Patients had an average of 63 channels assessed with an average of 5.64 ± 3.27 mm shift from the pre-implant brain surface within 24 h of implant. This shift significantly increased with estimated intracranial volume, but not age. Shift also varied significantly depending of the lobe the contact was over; where contacts on the temporal and frontal lobe had less shift than the parietal. Furthermore, contacts on strips had significantly less shift than those on grids. The shift in the brain surface due to ECoG implantation could lead to a misinterpretation of contact location particularly in patients with larger intracranial volume and for grid contacts over the parietal lobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Foldes
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States; Department of Child Health, University of Arizona - College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States; School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.
| | - Bryce T Munter
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona - College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Brian L Appavu
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States; Department of Child Health, University of Arizona - College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States; School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - John F Kerrigan
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States; Department of Child Health, University of Arizona - College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - P David Adelson
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States; Department of Child Health, University of Arizona - College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States; School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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231
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Weintraub S, Rader B, Coventry C, Sridhar J, Wood J, Guillaume KA, Coppola G, Ramos EM, Bonakdarpour B, Rogalski EJ, Mesulam MM. Familial language network vulnerability in primary progressive aphasia. Neurology 2020; 95:e847-e855. [PMID: 32699140 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000009842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate evidence of the potential role of early cortical vulnerability in the development of primary progressive aphasia (PPA). METHOD A woman with a diagnosis of PPA and her 9 adult siblings, 7 with developmental language disabilities, underwent neuropsychological testing, structural MRI, and resting-state fMRI. Whole-exome sequencing was conducted for genes associated with dyslexia or with neurodegenerative dementia. RESULTS The siblings demonstrated lower verbal than nonverbal cognitive test scores in a developmental dyslexia pattern. On structural MRI, although the siblings did not differ from controls in total brain volume, the left hemisphere language area volume was significantly smaller than the right. Furthermore, cortical connectivity between the left superior temporal area, previously identified as the region of peak atrophy in the proband early in the course of illness, and adjacent language network components, including the planum temporale, was decreased in the siblings. No distinctive genetic signatures were identified. CONCLUSION This report further supports the hypothesis that at least some cases of PPA may be based on a familial language network vulnerability that interferes with the acquisition of language in some members and that makes the language network a locus of least resistance to the effects of an independently late-arising neurodegenerative disease in others. This association offers a conceptual model to explain why identical neurodegenerative diseases may selectively target the language network in some individuals while targeting networks that regulate memory or behavior in others. The genetic basis for this vulnerability remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Weintraub
- From the Mesulam Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center (S.W., B.M.R., C.C., J.S., J.W., B.B., E.J.R., M.M.M.), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (S.W., E.J.R.), and Department of Neurology (B.B., M.M.M.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Epidemiology (B.M.R.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Northwestern University Weinberg School of Arts and Sciences (K.A.G.), Evanston, IL; and Department of Psychiatry (G.C., E.M.R.), Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles.
| | - Benjamin Rader
- From the Mesulam Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center (S.W., B.M.R., C.C., J.S., J.W., B.B., E.J.R., M.M.M.), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (S.W., E.J.R.), and Department of Neurology (B.B., M.M.M.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Epidemiology (B.M.R.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Northwestern University Weinberg School of Arts and Sciences (K.A.G.), Evanston, IL; and Department of Psychiatry (G.C., E.M.R.), Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Christina Coventry
- From the Mesulam Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center (S.W., B.M.R., C.C., J.S., J.W., B.B., E.J.R., M.M.M.), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (S.W., E.J.R.), and Department of Neurology (B.B., M.M.M.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Epidemiology (B.M.R.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Northwestern University Weinberg School of Arts and Sciences (K.A.G.), Evanston, IL; and Department of Psychiatry (G.C., E.M.R.), Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jaiashre Sridhar
- From the Mesulam Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center (S.W., B.M.R., C.C., J.S., J.W., B.B., E.J.R., M.M.M.), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (S.W., E.J.R.), and Department of Neurology (B.B., M.M.M.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Epidemiology (B.M.R.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Northwestern University Weinberg School of Arts and Sciences (K.A.G.), Evanston, IL; and Department of Psychiatry (G.C., E.M.R.), Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jessica Wood
- From the Mesulam Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center (S.W., B.M.R., C.C., J.S., J.W., B.B., E.J.R., M.M.M.), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (S.W., E.J.R.), and Department of Neurology (B.B., M.M.M.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Epidemiology (B.M.R.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Northwestern University Weinberg School of Arts and Sciences (K.A.G.), Evanston, IL; and Department of Psychiatry (G.C., E.M.R.), Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Kyla A Guillaume
- From the Mesulam Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center (S.W., B.M.R., C.C., J.S., J.W., B.B., E.J.R., M.M.M.), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (S.W., E.J.R.), and Department of Neurology (B.B., M.M.M.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Epidemiology (B.M.R.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Northwestern University Weinberg School of Arts and Sciences (K.A.G.), Evanston, IL; and Department of Psychiatry (G.C., E.M.R.), Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- From the Mesulam Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center (S.W., B.M.R., C.C., J.S., J.W., B.B., E.J.R., M.M.M.), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (S.W., E.J.R.), and Department of Neurology (B.B., M.M.M.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Epidemiology (B.M.R.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Northwestern University Weinberg School of Arts and Sciences (K.A.G.), Evanston, IL; and Department of Psychiatry (G.C., E.M.R.), Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Eliana Marisa Ramos
- From the Mesulam Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center (S.W., B.M.R., C.C., J.S., J.W., B.B., E.J.R., M.M.M.), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (S.W., E.J.R.), and Department of Neurology (B.B., M.M.M.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Epidemiology (B.M.R.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Northwestern University Weinberg School of Arts and Sciences (K.A.G.), Evanston, IL; and Department of Psychiatry (G.C., E.M.R.), Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Borna Bonakdarpour
- From the Mesulam Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center (S.W., B.M.R., C.C., J.S., J.W., B.B., E.J.R., M.M.M.), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (S.W., E.J.R.), and Department of Neurology (B.B., M.M.M.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Epidemiology (B.M.R.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Northwestern University Weinberg School of Arts and Sciences (K.A.G.), Evanston, IL; and Department of Psychiatry (G.C., E.M.R.), Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Emily J Rogalski
- From the Mesulam Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center (S.W., B.M.R., C.C., J.S., J.W., B.B., E.J.R., M.M.M.), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (S.W., E.J.R.), and Department of Neurology (B.B., M.M.M.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Epidemiology (B.M.R.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Northwestern University Weinberg School of Arts and Sciences (K.A.G.), Evanston, IL; and Department of Psychiatry (G.C., E.M.R.), Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - M Marsel Mesulam
- From the Mesulam Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center (S.W., B.M.R., C.C., J.S., J.W., B.B., E.J.R., M.M.M.), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (S.W., E.J.R.), and Department of Neurology (B.B., M.M.M.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Epidemiology (B.M.R.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Northwestern University Weinberg School of Arts and Sciences (K.A.G.), Evanston, IL; and Department of Psychiatry (G.C., E.M.R.), Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles
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232
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McIlvain G, Clements RG, Magoon EM, Spielberg JM, Telzer EH, Johnson CL. Viscoelasticity of reward and control systems in adolescent risk taking. Neuroimage 2020; 215:116850. [PMID: 32298793 PMCID: PMC7292790 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heightened risk-taking tendencies during adolescence have been hypothesized to be attributable to physiological differences of maturation in key brain regions. The socioemotional system (e.g., nucleus accumbens), which is instrumental in reward response, shows a relatively earlier development trajectory than the cognitive control system (e.g., medial prefrontal cortex), which regulates impulse response. This developmental imbalance between heightened reward seeking and immature cognitive control potentially makes adolescents more susceptible to engaging in risky activities. Here, we assess brain structure in the socioemotional and cognitive control systems through viscoelastic stiffness measured with magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) and volumetry, as well as risk-taking tendencies measured using two experimental tasks in 40 adolescents (mean age = 13.4 years old). MRE measures of regional brain stiffness reflect brain health and development via myelin content and glial matrix makeup, and have been shown to be highly sensitive to cognitive processes as compared to measures of regional brain volume and diffusion weighted imaging metrics. We find here that the viscoelastic and volumetric differences between the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex are correlated with increased risk-taking behavior in adolescents. These differences in development between the two brain systems can be used as an indicator of those adolescents who are more prone to real world risky activities and a useful measure for characterizing response to intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace McIlvain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Rebecca G Clements
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Emily M Magoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Spielberg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Eva H Telzer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Curtis L Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
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233
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Vasilevskaya A, Taghdiri F, Multani N, Anor C, Misquitta K, Houle S, Burke C, Tang-Wai D, Lang AE, Fox S, Slow E, Rusjan P, Tartaglia MC. PET Tau Imaging and Motor Impairments Differ Between Corticobasal Syndrome and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy With and Without Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers. Front Neurol 2020; 11:574. [PMID: 32754109 PMCID: PMC7366127 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD)-related syndrome includes progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal syndrome (CBS). PSP is usually caused by a tauopathy but can have associated Alzheimer's disease (AD) while CBS can be caused by tauopathy, transactive response DNA binding protein 43 kDa, or AD pathology. Our aim was to compare the parkinsonian syndromes presenting without AD biomarkers (CBS/PSP-non-AD) to parkinsonian syndromes with AD biomarkers (CBS/PSP-AD). Materials and Methods: Twenty-four patients [11 males, 13 females; age (68.46 ± 7.23)] were recruited for this study. The whole cohort was divided into parkinsonian syndromes without AD biomarkers [N = 17; diagnoses (6 CBS, 11 PSP)] and parkinsonian syndromes with AD biomarkers [N = 7; diagnoses (6 CBS-AD, 1 PSP-AD)]. Anatomical MRI and PET imaging with tau ligand [18F]-AV1451 tracer was completed. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis or [18F]-AV1451 PET imaging was used to assess for the presence of AD biomarkers. Progressive supranuclear palsy rating scale (PSPRS) and unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS) motor exam were implemented to assess for motor disturbances. Language and cognitive testing were completed. Results: The CBS/PSP-non-AD group [age (70.18 ± 6.65)] was significantly older (p = 0.028) than the CBS/PSP-AD group [age (64.29 ± 7.32)]. There were no differences between the groups in terms of gender, education, years of disease duration, and disease severity as measured with the Clinical Dementia Rating scale. The CBS/PSP-non-AD group had significantly lower PET Tau Standard Volume Uptake Ratio (SUVR) values compared to the CBS/PSP-AD group in multiple frontal and temporal areas, and inferior parietal (all p < 0.03). The CBS/PSP-non-AD group had significantly higher scores compared to the CBS/PSP-AD group on PSPRS (p = 0.004) and UPDRS motor exam (p = 0.045). The CBS/PSP-non-AD group had higher volumes of inferior parietal, precuneus, and hippocampus (all p < 0.02), but lower volume of midbrain (p = 0.02), compared to the CBS/PSP-AD group. Discussion: The CBS/PSP-non-AD group had higher motor disturbances compared to the CBS/PSP-AD group; however, both groups performed similarly on neuropsychological measures. The AD biomarker group had increased global uptake of PET Tau SUVR and lower volumes in AD-specific areas. These results show that the presenting phenotype of CBS and PSP syndromes and the distribution of injury are strongly affected by the presence of AD biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vasilevskaya
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Foad Taghdiri
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Namita Multani
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cassandra Anor
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Karen Misquitta
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sylvain Houle
- PET Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Charles Burke
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - David Tang-Wai
- Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Edmond J. Safra Program for Parkinson Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Susan Fox
- Edmond J. Safra Program for Parkinson Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Slow
- Edmond J. Safra Program for Parkinson Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pablo Rusjan
- PET Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maria C Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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234
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Poulakis K, Ferreira D, Pereira JB, Smedby Ö, Vemuri P, Westman E. Fully bayesian longitudinal unsupervised learning for the assessment and visualization of AD heterogeneity and progression. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:12622-12647. [PMID: 32644944 PMCID: PMC7377879 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tau pathology and brain atrophy are the closest correlate of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Understanding heterogeneity and longitudinal progression of atrophy during the disease course will play a key role in understanding AD pathogenesis. We propose a framework for longitudinal clustering that simultaneously: 1) incorporates whole brain data, 2) leverages unequal visits per individual, 3) compares clusters with a control group, 4) allows for study confounding effects, 5) provides cluster visualization, 6) measures clustering uncertainty. We used amyloid-β positive AD and negative healthy subjects, three longitudinal structural magnetic resonance imaging scans (cortical thickness and subcortical volume) over two years. We found three distinct longitudinal AD brain atrophy patterns: one typical diffuse pattern (n=34, 47.2%), and two atypical patterns: minimal atrophy (n=23 31.9%) and hippocampal sparing (n=9, 12.5%). We also identified outliers (n=3, 4.2%) and observations with uncertain classification (n=3, 4.2%). The clusters differed not only in regional distributions of atrophy at baseline, but also longitudinal atrophy progression, age at AD onset, and cognitive decline. A framework for the longitudinal assessment of variability in cohorts with several neuroimaging measures was successfully developed. We believe this framework may aid in disentangling distinct subtypes of AD from disease staging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Poulakis
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Ferreira
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joana B. Pereira
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Örjan Smedby
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems (MTH), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Eric Westman
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
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235
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The Relation Between Personality and Biomarkers in Sensitivity and Conversion to Alzheimer-Type Dementia. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2020; 26:596-606. [PMID: 31822309 PMCID: PMC7286789 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617719001358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study explored relationships among personality, Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers, and dementia by addressing the following questions: (1) Does personality discriminate healthy aging and earliest detectable stage of AD? (2) Does personality predict conversion from healthy aging to early-stage AD? (3) Do AD biomarkers mediate any observed relationships between personality and dementia status/conversion? METHODS Both self- and informant ratings of personality were obtained in a large well-characterized longitudinal sample of cognitively normal older adults (N = 436) and individuals with early-stage dementia (N = 74). Biomarkers included amyloid imaging, hippocampal volume, cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) Aβ42, and CSF tau. RESULTS Higher neuroticism, lower conscientiousness, along with all four biomarkers strongly discriminated cognitively normal controls from early-stage AD individuals. The direct effects of neuroticism and conscientiousness were only mediated by hippocampal volume. Conscientiousness along with all biomarkers predicted conversion from healthy aging to early-stage AD; however, none of the biomarkers mediated the relationship between conscientiousness and conversion. Conscientiousness predicted conversion as strongly as the biomarkers, with the exception of hippocampal volume. CONCLUSIONS Conscientiousness and to a lesser extent neuroticism serve as important independent behavioral markers for AD risk.
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236
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Bennett IJ, Stark SM, Stark CEL. Recognition Memory Dysfunction Relates to Hippocampal Subfield Volume: A Study of Cognitively Normal and Mildly Impaired Older Adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 74:1132-1141. [PMID: 29401233 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbx181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study examined recognition memory dysfunction and its neuroanatomical substrates in cognitively normal older adults and those diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS Participants completed the Mnemonic Similarity Task, which provides simultaneous measures of recognition memory and mnemonic discrimination. They also underwent structural neuroimaging to assess volume of medial temporal cortex and hippocampal subfields. RESULTS As expected, individuals diagnosed with MCI had significantly worse recognition memory performance and reduced volume across medial temporal cortex and hippocampal subfields relative to cognitively normal older adults. After controlling for diagnostic group differences, however, recognition memory was significantly related to whole hippocampus volume, and to volume of the dentate gyrus/CA3 subfield in particular. Recognition memory was also related to mnemonic discrimination, a fundamental component of episodic memory that has previously been linked to dentate gyrus/CA3 structure and function. DISCUSSION Results reveal that hippocampal subfield volume is sensitive to individual differences in recognition memory in older adults independent of clinical diagnosis. This supports the notion that episodic memory declines along a continuum within this age group, not just between diagnostic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana J Bennett
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside
| | - Shauna M Stark
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine
| | - Craig E L Stark
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine.,Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine
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237
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Calvo A, Roddy DW, Coughlan H, Kelleher I, Healy C, Harley M, Clarke M, Leemans A, Frodl T, O’Hanlon E, Cannon M. Reduced hippocampal volume in adolescents with psychotic experiences: A longitudinal population-based study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233670. [PMID: 32492020 PMCID: PMC7269246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Smaller hippocampal volumes are among the most consistently reported neuroimaging findings in schizophrenia. However, little is known about hippocampal volumes in people who report psychotic experiences. This study investigated differences in hippocampal volume between young people without formal diagnoses who report psychotic experiences (PEs) and those who do not report such experiences. This study also investigated if any differences persisted over two years. METHODS A nested case-control study of 25 adolescents (mean age 13.5 years) with reported PEs and 25 matched controls (mean age 13.36 years) without PEs were drawn from a sample of 100 local schoolchildren. High-resolution T1-weighted anatomical imaging and subsequent automated cortical segmentation (Freesurfer 6.0) was undertaken to determine total hippocampal volumes. Comprehensive semi-structured clinical interviews were also performed including information on PEs, mental diagnoses and early life stress (bullying). Participants were invited for a second scan at two years. RESULTS 19 adolescents with PEs and 19 controls completed both scans. Hippocampal volumes were bilaterally lower in the PE group compared to the controls with moderate effects sizes both at baseline [left hippocampus p = 0.024 d = 0.736, right hippocampus p = 0.018, d = 0.738] and at 2 year follow up [left hippocampus p = 0.027 d = 0.702, right = 0.048 d = 0.659] throughout. These differences survived adjustment for co-morbid mental disorders and early life stress. CONCLUSIONS Psychotic experiences are associated with total hippocampal volume loss in young people and this volume loss appears to be independent of possible confounders such as co-morbid disorders and early life stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Calvo
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Internacional de la Rioja (UNIR), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Darren W. Roddy
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Helen Coughlan
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ian Kelleher
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm Healy
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michelle Harley
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Clarke
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alexander Leemans
- Image Sciences Institute University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Frodl
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department and Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Mageburg, Mageburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Erik O’Hanlon
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Cannon
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Nelson EA, Kraguljac NV, White DM, Jindal RD, Shin AL, Lahti AC. A Prospective Longitudinal Investigation of Cortical Thickness and Gyrification in Schizophrenia. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2020; 65:381-391. [PMID: 32022594 PMCID: PMC7265602 DOI: 10.1177/0706743720904598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortical thickness (CT) and gyrification are complementary indices that assess different aspects of gray matter structural integrity. Both neurodevelopment insults and acute tissue response to antipsychotic medication could underlie the known heterogeneity of treatment response and are well-suited for interrogation into the relationship between gray matter morphometry and clinical outcomes in schizophrenia (SZ). METHODS Using a prospective design, we enrolled 34 unmedicated patients with SZ and 23 healthy controls. Patients were scanned at baseline and after a 6-week trial with risperidone. CT and local gyrification index (LGI) values were quantified from structural MRI scans using FreeSurfer 5.3. RESULTS We found reduced CT and LGI in patients compared to controls. Vertex-wise analyses demonstrated that hypogyrification was most prominent in the inferior frontal cortex, temporal cortex, insula, pre/postcentral gyri, temporoparietal junction, and the supramarginal gyrus. Baseline CT was predictive of subsequent response to antipsychotic treatment, and increase in CT after 6 weeks was correlated with greater symptom reductions. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we report evidence of reduced CT and LGI in unmedicated patients compared to controls, suggesting involvement of different aspects of gray matter morphometry in the pathophysiology of SZ. Importantly, we found that lower CT at baseline and greater increase of CT following 6 weeks of treatment with risperidone were associated with better clinical response. Our results suggest that cortical thinning may normalize as a result of a good response to antipsychotic medication, possibly by alleviating potential neurotoxic processes underlying gray matter deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Nelson
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nina V. Kraguljac
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David M. White
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ripu D. Jindal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
- Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center, AL, USA
| | - Ah L. Shin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Adrienne C. Lahti
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
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239
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Majrashi NA, Ahearn TS, Williams JHG, Waiter GD. Sex differences in the association of photoperiod with hippocampal subfield volumes in older adults: A cross-sectional study in the UK Biobank cohort. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01593. [PMID: 32343485 PMCID: PMC7303396 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Even though seasonal and sex-dependent changes in hippocampal and subfield volumes are well known in animals, little is known about changes in humans. We hypothesized that changes in photoperiod would predict changes in hippocampal subfield volumes and that this association would be different between females and males. METHODS A total of 10,033 participants ranging in age from 45 to 79 years were scanned by MRI in a single location as part of the UK Biobank project. Hippocampal subfield volumes were obtained using automated processing and segmentation algorithms using the developmental version of the FreeSurfer v 6.0. Photoperiod was defined as the number of hours between sunrise and sunset on the day of scan. RESULTS Photoperiod correlated positively with total hippocampal volume and all subfield volumes across participants as well as in each sex individually, with females showing greater seasonal variation in a majority of left subfield volumes compared with males. ANCOVAs revealed significant differences in rate of change in only left subiculum, CA-4, and GC-ML-DG between females and males. PLS showed highest loadings of hippocampal subfields in both females and males in GC-ML-DG, CA1, CA4, subiculum, and CA3 for left hemisphere and CA1, GC-ML-DG, CA4; subiculum and CA3 for right hemisphere in females; GC-ML-DG, CA1, subiculum, CA4 and CA3 for left hemisphere; CA1, GC-ML-DG, subiculum, CA4 and CA3 for right hemisphere in males. CONCLUSION The influence of day length on hippocampal volume has implications for modeling age-related decline in memory in older adults, and sex differences suggest an important role for hormones in these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif A. Majrashi
- Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging CentreUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
- Diagnostic Radiology DepartmentCollege of Applied Medical SciencesJazan UniversityJazanSaudi Arabia
| | - Trevor S. Ahearn
- Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging CentreUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Justin H. G. Williams
- Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging CentreUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
- Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Gordon D. Waiter
- Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging CentreUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
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240
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Gregory MD, Mervis CB, Elliott ML, Kippenhan JS, Nash T, B Czarapata J, Prabhakaran R, Roe K, Eisenberg DP, Kohn PD, Berman KF. Williams syndrome hemideletion and LIMK1 variation both affect dorsal stream functional connectivity. Brain 2020; 142:3963-3974. [PMID: 31687737 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Williams syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by hemizygous deletion of ∼1.6 Mb affecting 26 genes on chromosome 7 (7q11.23) and is clinically typified by two cognitive/behavioural hallmarks: marked visuospatial deficits relative to verbal and non-verbal reasoning abilities and hypersocial personality. Clear knowledge of the circumscribed set of genes that are affected in Williams syndrome, along with the well-characterized neurobehavioural phenotype, offers the potential to elucidate neurogenetic principles that may apply in genetically and clinically more complex settings. The intraparietal sulcus, in the dorsal visual processing stream, has been shown to be structurally and functionally altered in Williams syndrome, providing a target for investigating resting-state functional connectivity and effects of specific genes hemideleted in Williams syndrome. Here, we tested for effects of the LIMK1 gene, deleted in Williams syndrome and important for neuronal maturation and migration, on intraparietal sulcus functional connectivity. We first defined a target brain phenotype by comparing intraparietal sulcus resting functional connectivity in individuals with Williams syndrome, in whom LIMK1 is hemideleted, with typically developing children. Then in two separate cohorts from the general population, we asked whether intraparietal sulcus functional connectivity patterns similar to those found in Williams syndrome were associated with sequence variation of the LIMK1 gene. Four independent between-group comparisons of resting-state functional MRI data (total n = 510) were performed: (i) 20 children with Williams syndrome compared to 20 age- and sex-matched typically developing children; (ii) a discovery cohort of 99 healthy adults stratified by LIMK1 haplotype; (iii) a replication cohort of 32 healthy adults also stratified by LIMK1 haplotype; and (iv) 339 healthy adolescent children stratified by LIMK1 haplotype. For between-group analyses, differences in intraparietal sulcus resting-state functional connectivity were calculated comparing children with Williams syndrome to matched typically developing children and comparing LIMK1 haplotype groups in each of the three general population cohorts separately. Consistent with the visuospatial construction impairment and hypersocial personality that typify Williams syndrome, the Williams syndrome cohort exhibited opposite patterns of intraparietal sulcus functional connectivity with visual processing regions and social processing regions: decreased circuit function in the former and increased circuit function in the latter. All three general population groups also showed LIMK1 haplotype-related differences in intraparietal sulcus functional connectivity localized to the fusiform gyrus, a visual processing region also identified in the Williams syndrome-typically developing comparison. These results suggest a neurogenetic mechanism, in part involving LIMK1, that may bias neural circuit function in both the general population and individuals with Williams syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Gregory
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carolyn B Mervis
- Neurodevelopmental Sciences Laboratory, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Maxwell L Elliott
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J Shane Kippenhan
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tiffany Nash
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jasmin B Czarapata
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ranjani Prabhakaran
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katherine Roe
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel P Eisenberg
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Philip D Kohn
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karen F Berman
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Psychosis and Cognitive Studies Section, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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241
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Dinkelbach L, Südmeyer M, Hartmann CJ, Roeber S, Arzberger T, Felsberg J, Ferrea S, Moldovan AS, Amunts K, Schnitzler A, Caspers S. Somatosensory area 3b is selectively unaffected in corticobasal syndrome: combining MRI and histology. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 94:89-100. [PMID: 32593032 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of neuroimaging studies addressing patients with corticobasal syndrome use macroscopic definitions of brain regions. As a closer link to functionally relevant units, we aimed at identifying magnetic resonance-based atrophy patterns in regions defined by probability maps of cortical microstructure. For this purpose, three analyses were conducted: (1) Whole-brain cortical thickness was compared between 36 patients with corticobasal syndrome and 24 controls. A pattern of pericentral atrophy was found, covering primary motor area 4, premotor area 6, and primary somatosensory areas 1, 2, and 3a. Within the central region, only area 3b was without atrophy. (2) In 18 patients, longitudinal measures with follow-ups of up to 59 months (mean 21.3 ± 15.4) were analyzed. Areas 1, 2, and 6 showed significantly faster atrophy rates than primary somatosensory area 3b. (3) In an individual autopsy case, longitudinal in vivo morphometry and postmortem pathohistology were conducted. The rate of magnetic resonance-based atrophy was significantly correlated with tufted-astrocyte load in those cytoarchitectonically defined regions also seen in the group study, with area 3b being selectively unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Dinkelbach
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Südmeyer
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology, Ernst von Bergmann Klinikum, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian Johannes Hartmann
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sigrun Roeber
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Arzberger
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Felsberg
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefano Ferrea
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexia-Sabine Moldovan
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; C. & O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alfons Schnitzler
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Svenja Caspers
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
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242
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Galiè F, Rospleszcz S, Keeser D, Beller E, Illigens B, Lorbeer R, Grosu S, Selder S, Auweter S, Schlett CL, Rathmann W, Schwettmann L, Ladwig KH, Linseisen J, Peters A, Bamberg F, Ertl-Wagner B, Stoecklein S. Machine-learning based exploration of determinants of gray matter volume in the KORA-MRI study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8363. [PMID: 32433583 PMCID: PMC7239887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify the most important factors that impact brain volume, while accounting for potential collinearity, we used a data-driven machine-learning approach. Gray Matter Volume (GMV) was derived from magnetic resonance imaging (3T, FLAIR) and adjusted for intracranial volume (ICV). 93 potential determinants of GMV from the categories sociodemographics, anthropometric measurements, cardio-metabolic variables, lifestyle factors, medication, sleep, and nutrition were obtained from 293 participants from a population-based cohort from Southern Germany. Elastic net regression was used to identify the most important determinants of ICV-adjusted GMV. The four variables age (selected in each of the 1000 splits), glomerular filtration rate (794 splits), diabetes (323 splits) and diabetes duration (122 splits) were identified to be most relevant predictors of GMV adjusted for intracranial volume. The elastic net model showed better performance compared to a constant linear regression (mean squared error = 1.10 vs. 1.59, p < 0.001). These findings are relevant for preventive and therapeutic considerations and for neuroimaging studies, as they suggest to take information on metabolic status and renal function into account as potential confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Galiè
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Dresden International University, Division of Health Care Sciences, Center for Clinical Research and Management Education, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Rospleszcz
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Keeser
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Center for Neurosciences (MCN), LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Ebba Beller
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Ben Illigens
- Dresden International University, Division of Health Care Sciences, Center for Clinical Research and Management Education, Dresden, Germany.,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roberto Lorbeer
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), Munich, Germany
| | - Sergio Grosu
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sonja Selder
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sigrid Auweter
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christopher L Schlett
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, University Heart Center Freiburg - Bad Krozingen, Bad Krozingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rathmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Lars Schwettmann
- Institute of Health Economics and Health Care Management, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Ladwig
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jakob Linseisen
- Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, UNIKA-T Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.,Independent Research Group Clinical Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), Munich, Germany.,Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Bamberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Ertl-Wagner
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Radiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sophia Stoecklein
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
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243
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Hippocampal glutamate and hippocampus subfield volumes in antipsychotic-naive first episode psychosis subjects and relationships to duration of untreated psychosis. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:137. [PMID: 32398671 PMCID: PMC7217844 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0812-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence points toward a relationship between longer duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and worse long-term outcomes in patients with first episode psychosis (FEP), but the underlying neurobiology remains poorly understood. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies have reported altered hippocampus glutamatergic neurotransmission, and structural MRI as reported hippocampal atrophy that may be associated with memory impairment in schizophrenia. Here, we quantify left hippocampus glutamate (Glx) and left hippocampus subfield volumes in 54 antipsychotic-naive FEP and 41 healthy controls (HC), matched on age, sex, and parental occupation. While there were no significant group difference in Glx levels, hippocampal Glx levels were significantly higher in those who underwent a long DUP (>12 months) compared to those with a short DUP, and compared to HC. Compared to HC, FEP had significantly reduced whole hippocampus volume, as well as of CA1, CA4, granule cell layer, subiculum, and presubiculum subfields. Smaller whole hippocampal volume, as well as CA1, molecular layer, subiculum, presubiculum, and hippocampal tail volumes were significantly associated with longer DUP. However, we found no significant association between hippocampal Glx levels and hippocampal volume or subfields, suggesting that these alterations are not related, or their relationship does not follow a linear pattern. However, our results strongly suggest that one or several pathophysiological processes underlie the DUP. Importantly, our data highlight the critical need for reducing the DUP and for early pharmacological intervention with the hope to prevent structural deficits and, hopefully, improve clinical outcomes.
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244
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Belkhiria C, Vergara RC, San Martin S, Leiva A, Martinez M, Marcenaro B, Andrade M, Delano PH, Delgado C. Insula and Amygdala Atrophy Are Associated With Functional Impairment in Subjects With Presbycusis. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:102. [PMID: 32410980 PMCID: PMC7198897 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is an important risk factor for dementia. However, the mechanisms that relate these disorders are still unknown. As a proxy of this relationship, we studied the structural brain changes associated with functional impairment in activities of daily living in subjects with age related hearing loss, or presbycusis. One hundred eleven independent, non-demented subjects older than 65 years recruited in the ANDES cohort were evaluated using a combined approach including (i) audiological tests: hearing thresholds and cochlear function measured by pure tone averages and the distortion product otoacoustic emissions respectively; (ii) behavioral variables: cognitive, neuropsychiatric, and functional impairment in activities of daily living measured by validated questionnaires; and (iii) structural brain imaging—assessed by magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla. The mean age of the recruited subjects (69 females) was 73.95 ± 5.47 years (mean ± SD) with an average educational level of 9.44 ± 4.2 years of schooling. According to the audiometric hearing thresholds and presence of otoacoustic emissions, we studied three groups: controls with normal hearing (n = 36), presbycusis with preserved cochlear function (n = 33), and presbycusis with cochlear dysfunction (n = 38). We found a significant association (R2D = 0.17) between the number of detected otoacoustic emissions and apathy symptoms. The presbycusis with cochlear dysfunction group had worse performance than controls in global cognition, language and executive functions, and severe apathy symptoms than the other groups. The neuropsychiatric symptoms and language deficits were the main determinants of functional impairment in both groups of subjects with presbycusis. Atrophy of insula, amygdala, and other temporal areas were related with functional impairment, apathy, and language deficits in the presbycusis with cochlear dysfunction group. We conclude that (i) the neuropsychiatric symptoms had a major effect on functional loss in subjects with presbycusis, (ii) cochlear dysfunction is relevant for the association between hearing loss and behavioral impairment, and (iii) atrophy of the insula and amygdala among other temporal areas are related with hearing loss and behavioral impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chama Belkhiria
- Neuroscience Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo C Vergara
- Neuroscience Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Kinesiology Department, Facultad de Artes y Educación Física, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile
| | - Simón San Martin
- Neuroscience Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis Leiva
- Neuroscience Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Melissa Martinez
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bruno Marcenaro
- Neuroscience Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maricarmen Andrade
- Internal Medicine Department, Clínica Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paul H Delano
- Neuroscience Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Otolaryngology Department, Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro Avanzado de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica, AC3E, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Delgado
- Neuroscience Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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245
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Evaluating 2-[ 18F]FDG-PET in differential diagnosis of dementia using a data-driven decision model. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2020; 27:102267. [PMID: 32417727 PMCID: PMC7229490 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Addition of 2-[18F]FDG-PET to common diagnostic tests improved the accuracy for DLB and FTD. Two new 2-[18F]FDG-PET biomarkers demonstrated specific disease patterns for DLB and FTD. Different combinations of diagnostic tests were valuable for each subtype of dementia.
2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography (2-[18F]FDG-PET) has an emerging supportive role in dementia diagnostic as distinctive metabolic patterns are specific for Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Previous studies have demonstrated that a data-driven decision model based on the disease state index (DSI) classifier supports clinicians in the differential diagnosis of dementia by using different combinations of diagnostic tests and biomarkers. Until now, this model has not included 2-[18F]FDG-PET data. The objective of the study was to evaluate 2-[18F]FDG-PET biomarkers combined with commonly used diagnostic tests in the differential diagnosis of dementia using the DSI classifier. We included data from 259 subjects diagnosed with AD, DLB, FTD, vascular dementia (VaD), and subjective cognitive decline from two independent study cohorts. We also evaluated three 2-[18F]FDG-PET biomarkers (anterior vs. posterior index (API-PET), occipital vs. temporal index, and cingulate island sign) to improve the classification accuracy for both FTD and DLB. We found that the addition of 2-[18F]FDG-PET biomarkers to cognitive tests, CSF and MRI biomarkers considerably improved the classification accuracy for all pairwise comparisons of DLB (balanced accuracies: DLB vs. AD from 64% to 77%; DLB vs. FTD from 71% to 92%; and DLB vs. VaD from 71% to 84%). The two 2-[18F]FDG-PET biomarkers, API-PET and occipital vs. temporal index, improved the accuracy for FTD and DLB, especially as compared to AD. Moreover, different combinations of diagnostic tests were valuable to differentiate specific subtypes of dementia. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the addition of 2-[18F]FDG-PET to commonly used diagnostic tests provided complementary information that may help clinicians in diagnosing patients, particularly for differentiating between patients with FTD, DLB, and AD.
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246
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Caspi Y, Brouwer RM, Schnack HG, van de Nieuwenhuijzen ME, Cahn W, Kahn RS, Niessen WJ, van der Lugt A, Pol HH. Changes in the intracranial volume from early adulthood to the sixth decade of life: A longitudinal study. Neuroimage 2020; 220:116842. [PMID: 32339774 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal brain-aging occurs at all structural levels. Excessive pathophysiological changes in the brain, beyond the normal one, are implicated in the etiology of brain disorders such as severe forms of the schizophrenia spectrum and dementia. To account for brain-aging in health and disease, it is critical to study the age-dependent trajectories of brain biomarkers at various levels and among different age groups. The intracranial volume (ICV) is a key biological marker, and changes in the ICV during the lifespan can teach us about the biology of development, aging, and gene X environment interactions. However, whether ICV changes with age in adulthood is not resolved. Applying a semi-automatic in-house-built algorithm for ICV extraction on T1w MR brain scans in the Dutch longitudinal cohort (GROUP), we measured ICV changes. Individuals between the ages of 16 and 55 years were scanned up to three consecutive times with 3.32±0.32 years between consecutive scans (N = 482, 359, 302). Using the extracted ICVs, we calculated ICV longitudinal aging-trajectories based on three analysis methods; direct calculation of ICV differences between the first and the last scan, fitting all ICV measurements of individuals to a straight line, and applying a global linear mixed model fitting. We report statistically significant increase in the ICV in adulthood until the fourth decade of life (average change +0.03%/y, or about 0.5 ml/y, at age 20), and decrease in the ICV afterward (-0.09%/y, or about -1.2 ml/y, at age 55). To account for previous cross-sectional reports of ICV changes, we analyzed the same data using a cross-sectional approach. Our cross-sectional analysis detected ICV changes consistent with the previously reported cross-sectional effect. However, the reported amount of cross-sectional changes within this age range was significantly larger than the longitudinal changes. We attribute the cross-sectional results to a generational effect. In conclusion, the human intracranial volume does not stay constant during adulthood but instead shows a small increase during young adulthood and a decrease thereafter from the fourth decade of life. The age-related changes in the longitudinalmeasure are smaller than those reported using cross-sectional approaches and unlikely to affect structural brain imaging studies correcting for intracranial volume considerably. As to the possible mechanisms involved, this awaits further study, although thickening of the meninges and skull bones have been proposed, as well as a smaller amount of brain fluids addition above the overall loss of brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Caspi
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Rachel M Brouwer
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hugo G Schnack
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Wiepke Cahn
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - René S Kahn
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wiro J Niessen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC: University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aad van der Lugt
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC: University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hilleke Hulshoff Pol
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Khan A, Zubair S. Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging as a Potential Correlate in the Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease: Exploratory Data Analysis. JMIR BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.2196/14389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a degenerative progressive brain disorder where symptoms of dementia and cognitive impairment intensify over time. Numerous factors exist that may or may not be related to the lifestyle of a patient that result in a higher risk for AD. Diagnosing the disorder in its beginning period is important, and several techniques are used to diagnose AD. A number of studies have been conducted on the detection and diagnosis of AD. This paper reports the empirical study performed on the longitudinal-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Open Access Series of Brain Imaging dataset. Furthermore, the study highlights several factors that influence the prediction of AD.
Objective
This study aimed to correlate the effect of various factors such as age, gender, education, and socioeconomic background of patients with the development of AD. The effect of patient-related factors on the severity of AD was assessed on the basis of MRI features, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), estimated total intracranial volume (eTIV), normalized whole brain volume (nWBV), and Atlas Scaling Factor (ASF).
Methods
In this study, we attempted to establish the role of longitudinal MRI in an exploratory data analysis (EDA) of AD patients. EDA was performed on the dataset of 150 patients for 343 MRI sessions (mean age 77.01 [SD 7.64] years). The T1-weighted MRI of each subject on a 1.5-Tesla Vision (Siemens) scanner was used for image acquisition. Scores of three features, MMSE, CDR, and ASF, were used to characterize the AD patients included in this study. We assessed the role of various features (ie, age, gender, education, socioeconomic status, MMSE, CDR, eTIV, nWBV, and ASF) on the prognosis of AD.
Results
The analysis further establishes the role of gender in the prevalence and development of AD in older people. Moreover, a considerable relationship has been observed between education and socioeconomic position on the progression of AD. Also, outliers and linearity of each feature were determined to rule out the extreme values in measuring the skewness. The differences in nWBV between CDR=0 (nondemented), CDR=0.5 (very mild dementia), and CDR=1 (mild dementia) are significant (ie, P<.01).
Conclusions
A substantial correlation has been observed between the pattern and other related features of longitudinal MRI data that can significantly assist in the diagnosis and determination of AD in older patients.
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Guo T, Landau SM, Jagust WJ. Detecting earlier stages of amyloid deposition using PET in cognitively normal elderly adults. Neurology 2020; 94:e1512-e1524. [PMID: 32188766 PMCID: PMC7251521 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000009216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the feasibility of using cross-sectional PET to identify cognitive decliners among β-amyloid (Aβ)-negative cognitively normal (CN) elderly adults. METHODS We determined the highest Aβ-affected region by ranking baseline and accumulation rates of florbetapir-PET regions in 355 CN elderly adults using 18F-florbetapir-PET from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). The banks of the superior temporal sulcus (BANKSSTS) were found as the highest Aβ-affected region, and Aβ positivity in this region was defined as above the lowest boundary of BANKSSTS standardized uptake value ratio of Aβ+ (ADNI-defined COMPOSITE region) CN individuals. The entire CN cohort was divided as follows: stage 0, BANKSSTS-COMPOSITE-; stage 1, BANKSSTS+COMPOSITE-; and stage 2, BANKSSTS+COMPOSITE+. Linear mixed-effect (LME) models investigated subsequent longitudinal cognitive change, and 18F-flortaucipir (FTP)-PET was measured 4.8 ± 1.6 years later to track tau deposition. RESULTS LME analysis revealed that individuals in stage 1 (n = 64) and stage 2 (n = 99) showed 2.5 (p < 0.05) and 4.8 (p < 0.001) times faster memory decline, respectively, than those in stage 0 (n = 191) over >4 years of mean follow-up. Compared to stage 0, both stage 1 (p < 0.05) and stage 2 (p < 0.001) predicted higher FTP in entorhinal cortex. CONCLUSIONS Nominally Aβ- CN individuals with high Aβ in BANKSSTS are at increased risk of cognitive decline, probably showing an earlier stage of Aβ deposition. Our findings may help elucidate the association between brain Aβ accumulation and cognition in Aβ- CN cohorts. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class II evidence that in elderly CN individuals those with high PET-identified superior temporal sulcus Aβ burden have an increased risk of cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Guo
- From the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (T.G., S.M.L., W.J.J.), University of California; and Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging (T.G., S.M.L., W.J.J.), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA.
| | - Susan M Landau
- From the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (T.G., S.M.L., W.J.J.), University of California; and Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging (T.G., S.M.L., W.J.J.), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA
| | - William J Jagust
- From the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (T.G., S.M.L., W.J.J.), University of California; and Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging (T.G., S.M.L., W.J.J.), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA
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249
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Alberton BAV, Nichols TE, Gamba HR, Winkler AM. Multiple testing correction over contrasts for brain imaging. Neuroimage 2020; 216:116760. [PMID: 32201328 PMCID: PMC8191638 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The multiple testing problem arises not only when there are many voxels or vertices in an image representation of the brain, but also when multiple contrasts of parameter estimates (that represent hypotheses) are tested in the same general linear model. We argue that a correction for this multiplicity must be performed to avoid excess of false positives. Various methods for correction have been proposed in the literature, but few have been applied to brain imaging. Here we discuss and compare different methods to make such correction in different scenarios, showing that one classical and well known method is invalid, and argue that permutation is the best option to perform such correction due to its exactness and flexibility to handle a variety of common imaging situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca A V Alberton
- Graduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universidade Tecnológica Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | | | - Humberto R Gamba
- Graduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universidade Tecnológica Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Anderson M Winkler
- Graduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universidade Tecnológica Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; National Institute of Mental Health (nimh), National Institutes of Health (nih), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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250
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Koenig LN, Day GS, Salter A, Keefe S, Marple LM, Long J, LaMontagne P, Massoumzadeh P, Snider BJ, Kanthamneni M, Raji CA, Ghoshal N, Gordon BA, Miller-Thomas M, Morris JC, Shimony JS, Benzinger TLS. Select Atrophied Regions in Alzheimer disease (SARA): An improved volumetric model for identifying Alzheimer disease dementia. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 26:102248. [PMID: 32334404 PMCID: PMC7182765 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Volumetric biomarkers for Alzheimer disease (AD) are attractive due to their wide availability and ease of administration, but have traditionally shown lower diagnostic accuracy than measures of neuropathological contributors to AD. Our purpose was to optimize the diagnostic specificity of structural MRIs for AD using quantitative, data-driven techniques. METHODS This retrospective study assembled several non-overlapping cohorts (total n = 1287) with publicly available data and clinical patients from Barnes-Jewish Hospital (data gathered 1990-2018). The Normal Aging Cohort (n = 383) contained amyloid biomarker negative, cognitively normal (CN) participants, and provided a basis for determining age-related atrophy in other cohorts. The Training (n = 216) and Test (n = 109) Cohorts contained participants with symptomatic AD and CN controls. Classification models were developed in the Training Cohort and compared in the Test Cohort using the receiver operating characteristics areas under curve (AUCs). Additional model comparisons were done in the Clinical Cohort (n = 579), which contained patients who were diagnosed with dementia due to various etiologies in a tertiary care outpatient memory clinic. RESULTS While the Normal Aging Cohort showed regional age-related atrophy, classification models were not improved by including age as a predictor or by using volumetrics adjusted for age-related atrophy. The optimal model used multiple regions (hippocampal volume, inferior lateral ventricle volume, amygdala volume, entorhinal thickness, and inferior parietal thickness) and was able to separate AD and CN controls in the Test Cohort with an AUC of 0.961. In the Clinical Cohort, this model separated AD from non-AD diagnoses with an AUC 0.820, an incrementally greater separation of the cohort than by hippocampal volume alone (AUC of 0.801, p = 0.06). Greatest separation was seen for AD vs. frontotemporal dementia and for AD vs. non-neurodegenerative diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS Volumetric biomarkers distinguished individuals with symptomatic AD from CN controls and other dementia types but were not improved by controlling for normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Koenig
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gregory S Day
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, 4488 Forest Park Pkwy, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Amber Salter
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sarah Keefe
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laura M Marple
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Justin Long
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, 4488 Forest Park Pkwy, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Pamela LaMontagne
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Parinaz Massoumzadeh
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, 4488 Forest Park Pkwy, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - B Joy Snider
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, 4488 Forest Park Pkwy, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Manasa Kanthamneni
- St. George's University School of Medicine, University Centre Grenada, West Indies, Grenada
| | - Cyrus A Raji
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, 4488 Forest Park Pkwy, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Nupur Ghoshal
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, 4488 Forest Park Pkwy, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Brian A Gordon
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, 4488 Forest Park Pkwy, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Michelle Miller-Thomas
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, 4488 Forest Park Pkwy, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Joshua S Shimony
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tammie L S Benzinger
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, 4488 Forest Park Pkwy, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
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