201
|
Vandebergh M, Degryse N, Dubois B, Goris A. Environmental risk factors in multiple sclerosis: bridging Mendelian randomization and observational studies. J Neurol 2022; 269:4565-4574. [PMID: 35366084 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease with both genetic variants and environmental factors involved in disease susceptibility. The main environmental risk factors associated with MS in observational studies include obesity, vitamin D deficiency, Epstein-Barr virus infection and smoking. As modifying these environmental and lifestyle factors may enable prevention, it is important to pinpoint causal links between these factors and MS. Leveraging genetics through the Mendelian randomization (MR) paradigm is an elegant way to inform prevention strategies in MS. In this review, we summarize MR studies regarding the impact of environmental factors on MS susceptibility, thereby paying attention to quality criteria which will aid readers in interpreting any MR studies. We draw parallels and differences with observational studies and randomized controlled trials and look forward to the challenges that such work presents going forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marijne Vandebergh
- Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 1022, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Degryse
- Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 1022, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Dubois
- Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 1022, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Goris
- Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 1022, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
Smoking, alcohol consumption, and age at onset of Huntington's disease: a Mendelian randomization study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2022; 97:34-38. [PMID: 35299068 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking and alcohol consumption have been associated with earlier age at onset (AAO) of Huntington's disease (HD) in observational studies. We conducted this Mendelian randomization (MR) study to evaluate whether these associations are causal. METHODS We selected genetic instruments for lifetime smoking (n = 462,690) and alcohol consumption (n = 941,280) based on two large genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The summary-level data for residual AAO of HD were derived from a GWAS meta-analysis carried out by the Genetic Modifiers of Huntington's disease Consortium (n = 9,064 HD patients). We conducted univariable and multivariable MR analyses to evaluate the independent impact of smoking and alcohol consumption on AAO of HD. RESULTS Genetically predicted lifetime smoking was causally related to an earlier AAO of HD in the univariable MR analyses (β = -2.16 years per standard deviation (SD) increase in lifetime smoking index, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -3.70 to -0.63, P = 0.006). This association persisted significant in the multivariable MR analyses after adjusting for alcohol consumption (β = -2.04 years per SD increase in lifetime smoking index, 95% CI = -3.85 to -0.22, P = 0.028). However, no significant association was found between alcohol consumption and AAO of HD. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that genetically predicted smoking is causally related to an earlier AAO of HD.
Collapse
|
203
|
Jang SK, Saunders G, Liu M, Jiang Y, Liu DJ, Vrieze S. Genetic correlation, pleiotropy, and causal associations between substance use and psychiatric disorder. Psychol Med 2022; 52:968-978. [PMID: 32762793 PMCID: PMC8759148 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172000272x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use occurs at a high rate in persons with a psychiatric disorder. Genetically informative studies have the potential to elucidate the etiology of these phenomena. Recent developments in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) allow new avenues of investigation. METHOD Using results of GWAS meta-analyses, we performed a factor analysis of the genetic correlation structure, a genome-wide search of shared loci, and causally informative tests for six substance use phenotypes (four smoking, one alcohol, and one cannabis use) and five psychiatric disorders (ADHD, anorexia, depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia). RESULTS Two correlated externalizing and internalizing/psychosis factor were found, although model fit was beneath conventional standards. Of 458 loci reported in previous univariate GWAS of substance use and psychiatric disorders, about 50% (230 loci) were pleiotropic with additional 111 pleiotropic loci not reported from past GWAS. Of the 341 pleiotropic loci, 152 were associated with both substance use and psychiatric disorders, implicating neurodevelopment, cell morphogenesis, biological adhesion pathways, and enrichment in 13 different brain tissues. Seventy-five and 114 pleiotropic loci were specific to either psychiatric disorders or substance use phenotypes, implicating neuronal signaling pathway and clathrin-binding functions/structures, respectively. No consistent evidence for phenotypic causation was found across different Mendelian randomization methods. CONCLUSIONS Genetic etiology of substance use and psychiatric disorders is highly pleiotropic and involves shared neurodevelopmental path, neurotransmission, and intracellular trafficking. In aggregate, the patterns are not consistent with vertical pleiotropy, more likely reflecting horizontal pleiotropy or more complex forms of phenotypic causation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Kyeong Jang
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Gretchen Saunders
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - MengZhen Liu
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Institute of Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Dajiang J. Liu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Institute of Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Scott Vrieze
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
204
|
Song W, Lin GN, Yu S, Zhao M. Genome-wide identification of the shared genetic basis of cannabis and cigarette smoking and schizophrenia implicates NCAM1 and neuronal abnormality. Psychiatry Res 2022; 310:114453. [PMID: 35235886 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Confirming the existence and composition of the shared genetic basis of Schizophrenia and cannabis and cigarette smoking has critical values for the clinical prevention and intervention of psychosis. METHODS To achieve this goal, we leveraged Genome-Wide summary statistics of Schizophrenia (n = 99,934), cigarette smoking (n = 518,633) and cannabis usage (n = 162,082). We applied Causal Analysis Using Summary Effect Estimates (CAUSE) and genomic structural equation modeling (GenomicSEM) to quantify the contribution of a common genetic factor of cannabis and cigarette smoking and schizophrenia (referred to as SCZ_SMO), then identified genome-wide loci that made up SCZ_SMO. RESULTS We estimated that SCZ_SMO explained 8.6% of Schizophrenia heritability (Z score <-2.5 in CAUSE, p<10-20 in Genomic SEM). There were 20 independent loci showing association with SCZ_SMO at the genome-wide threshold of p<5 × 10-8. At the top locus on chromosome 11, fine-mapping identified rs7945073 (posterior inclusion probability =0.12, p = 2.24 × 10-32) as the top risk variants. Gene-level association and fine-mapping highlighted NCAM1, PHC2, and SEMA6D as risk genes of SCZ_SMO. Other risk genes were enriched in cortex, neuron, and dendritic spines (adjusted p<0.05). SCZ_SMO showed significant positive correlation (p<10-6) with the genetic risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (r = 0.50), lifestyle problems (r = 0.83), social deprivation (r = 0.58) and all-cause pregnant loss (r = 0.60). CONCLUSION Our result provided new evidence on the shared genetic basis model for the association between Schizophrenia and smoking and provided genetic and biological insights into their shared mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weichen Song
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Guan Ning Lin
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunying Yu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Recommendations of the treatment-resistant depression expert center network for promoting tobacco smoking cessation based on the results from the real-world FACE-TRD national cohort. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 114:110479. [PMID: 34826559 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco smoking has been associated with suicide, impulsivity and depression in non-clinical populations with differences across sexes. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of tobacco smoking in Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) according to sex in a precision-medicine approach. METHOD The FACE-TRD cohort is a national cohort of TRD patients recruited in 13 resistant depression expert centers between 2014 and 2021 and followed-up at 6 months. A standardized one-day long comprehensive battery was carried out, including trained-clinician and patient-reported outcomes, and patients were reevaluated at 6 months on their smoking and psychiatric hospitalization outcomes. RESULTS 355 TRD participants were included (222 women). The smoking rate was much higher in TRD women compared to the French general population (34% vs 24%) while it was comparable for men (approximately 29%). In multivariate analyses, compared to non-smoking women, female smokers had significantly increased number of lifetime psychiatric hospitalizations (standardized beta B = 0.232, p = 0.014) and electro-convulsive therapy (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.748, p = 0.005), increased suicidal ideations (aOR = 4.047, p = 0.031), history of suicide attempt (aOR = 1.994, p = 0.033), and increased impulsivity (B = 0.210, p = 0.006) and were more frequently treated by benzodiazepines (aOR = 1.848, p = 0.035) and third- or fourth-line TRD treatments (antipsychotics aOR = 2.270, p = 0.006, mood stabilizers aOR = 2.067 p = 0.044). Tobacco smoking at baseline was predictive of psychiatric hospitalization within 6 months in persistent smoking women (aOR = 2.636, p = 0.031). These results were not replicated in men, for whom tobacco smoking was only associated with increased clinician-rated and self-reported depressive symptoms (respectively B = 0.207, p = 0.022 and B = 0.184, p = 0.048). The smoking cessation rate at 6 months was higher in women than in men (12% vs. 7%). No patient was administered nicotine substitute or varenicline at the two timepoints. INTERPRETATION Combining these results and those of the literature, we recommend that active tobacco cessation should be promoted in TRD to improve depression, suicide and impulsivity especially in women. Female smokers appear as a specific population with heavier mental health outcomes that should be specifically addressed.
Collapse
|
206
|
Magnúsdóttir I, Lovik A, Unnarsdóttir AB, McCartney D, Ask H, Kõiv K, Christoffersen LAN, Johnson SU, Hauksdóttir A, Fawns-Ritchie C, Helenius D, González-Hijón J, Lu L, Ebrahimi OV, Hoffart A, Porteous DJ, Fang F, Jakobsdóttir J, Lehto K, Andreassen OA, Pedersen OBV, Aspelund T, Valdimarsdóttir UA. Acute COVID-19 severity and mental health morbidity trajectories in patient populations of six nations: an observational study. Lancet Public Health 2022; 7:e406-e416. [PMID: 35298894 PMCID: PMC8920517 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(22)00042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Methods Findings Interpretation Funding
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingibjörg Magnúsdóttir
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Anikó Lovik
- Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Bára Unnarsdóttir
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Daniel McCartney
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Helga Ask
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kadri Kõiv
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Sverre Urnes Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Modum Bad Psychiatric Center, Vikersund, Norway
| | - Arna Hauksdóttir
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Chloe Fawns-Ritchie
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dorte Helenius
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juan González-Hijón
- Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Omid V Ebrahimi
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Modum Bad Psychiatric Center, Vikersund, Norway
| | - Asle Hoffart
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Modum Bad Psychiatric Center, Vikersund, Norway
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fang Fang
- Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jóhanna Jakobsdóttir
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kelli Lehto
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole B V Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Zealand University Hospital, Koege, Denmark
| | - Thor Aspelund
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; The Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - Unnur Anna Valdimarsdóttir
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Unit of Integrative Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
207
|
Yuan S, Gill D, Giovannucci EL, Larsson SC. Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, Lifestyle Factors, and Risk of Gallstone Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Investigation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20:e529-e537. [PMID: 33418132 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and lifestyle factors (cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and coffee consumption) have been associated with the risk of developing gallstone disease in observational studies, but whether these associations are causal is undetermined. We conducted a Mendelian randomization study to assess these associations. METHODS Genetic instruments associated with the exposures at the genome-wide significance (p < 5×10-8) level were selected from corresponding genome-wide association studies (n=224 459 to 1 232 091 individuals). Summary-level data for gallstone disease were obtained from the UK Biobank (10 520 cases and 350 674 non-cases) and FinnGen consortium (11 675 cases and 121 348 non-cases). Univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization analyses were conducted. Results from UK Biobank and FinnGen were combined using fixed-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS The odds ratios were 1.63 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.49, 1.79) for one standard deviation (SD) increase in body mass index, 1.81 (95% CI, 1.60, 2.05) for one SD increase in waist circumference, 1.13 (95% CI, 1.09, 1.17) for one unit increase in the log-odds ratio of type 2 diabetes and 1.25 (95% CI, 1.16, 1.34) for one SD increase in prevalence of smoking initiation. The associations for body mass index and type 2 diabetes persisted after mutual adjustment. Genetically predicted coffee consumption was inversely associated with gallstone disease after adjustment for body mass index and smoking (odds ratio per 50% increase 0.44, 95% CI, 0.21, 0.91). There was no association with alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS This study supports independent causal roles of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and smoking in gallstone disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dipender Gill
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Section, Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education and Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology Group, Pharmacy and Medicines Directorate, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Susanna C Larsson
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Unit of Medical Epidemiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
208
|
Bellomo TR, Bone WP, Chen BY, Gawronski KAB, Zhang D, Park J, Levin M, Tsao N, Klarin D, Lynch J, Assimes TL, Gaziano JM, Wilson PW, Cho K, Vujkovic M, O'Donnell CJ, Chang KM, Tsao PS, Rader DJ, Ritchie MD, Damrauer SM, Voight BF. Multi-Trait Genome-Wide Association Study of Atherosclerosis Detects Novel Pleiotropic Loci. Front Genet 2022; 12:787545. [PMID: 35186008 PMCID: PMC8847690 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.787545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although affecting different arterial territories, the related atherosclerotic vascular diseases coronary artery disease (CAD) and peripheral artery disease (PAD) share similar risk factors and have shared pathobiology. To identify novel pleiotropic loci associated with atherosclerosis, we performed a joint analysis of their shared genetic architecture, along with that of common risk factors. Using summary statistics from genome-wide association studies of nine known atherosclerotic (CAD, PAD) and atherosclerosis risk factors (body mass index, smoking initiation, type 2 diabetes, low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and triglycerides), we perform 15 separate multi-trait genetic association scans which resulted in 25 novel pleiotropic loci not yet reported as genome-wide significant for their respective traits. Colocalization with single-tissue eQTLs identified candidate causal genes at 14 of the detected signals. Notably, the signal between PAD and LDL-C at the PCSK6 locus affects PCSK6 splicing in human liver tissue and induced pluripotent derived hepatocyte-like cells. These results show that joint analysis of related atherosclerotic disease traits and their risk factors allowed identification of unified biology that may offer the opportunity for therapeutic manipulation. The signal at PCSK6 represent possible shared causal biology where existing inhibitors may be able to be leveraged for novel therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany R Bellomo
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - William P Bone
- Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brian Y Chen
- School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - David Zhang
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Joseph Park
- Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael Levin
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Noah Tsao
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Derek Klarin
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Julie Lynch
- VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,University of Massachusetts College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Themistocles L Assimes
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - J Michael Gaziano
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States.,Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Peter W Wilson
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States.,Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kelly Cho
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marijana Vujkovic
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kyong-Mi Chang
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Philip S Tsao
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Marylyn D Ritchie
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Precision Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Scott M Damrauer
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Benjamin F Voight
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Balbuena LD, Baetz M, Sexton JA, Harder D, Feng CX, Boctor K, LaPointe C, Letwiniuk E, Shamloo A, Ishwaran H, John A, Brantsæter AL. Identifying long-term and imminent suicide predictors in a general population and a clinical sample with machine learning. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:120. [PMID: 35168594 PMCID: PMC8848909 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Machine learning (ML) is increasingly used to predict suicide deaths but their value for suicide prevention has not been established. Our first objective was to identify risk and protective factors in a general population. Our second objective was to identify factors indicating imminent suicide risk. METHODS We used survival and ML models to identify lifetime predictors using the Cohort of Norway (n=173,275) and hospital diagnoses in a Saskatoon clinical sample (n=12,614). The mean follow-up times were 17 years and 3 years for the Cohort of Norway and Saskatoon respectively. People in the clinical sample had a longitudinal record of hospital visits grouped in six-month intervals. We developed models in a training set and these models predicted survival probabilities in held-out test data. RESULTS In the general population, we found that a higher proportion of low-income residents in a county, mood symptoms, and daily smoking increased the risk of dying from suicide in both genders. In the clinical sample, the only predictors identified were male gender and older age. CONCLUSION Suicide prevention probably requires individual actions with governmental incentives. The prediction of imminent suicide remains highly challenging, but machine learning can identify early prevention targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd D. Balbuena
- grid.25152.310000 0001 2154 235XDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Marilyn Baetz
- grid.25152.310000 0001 2154 235XCollege of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | - Douglas Harder
- grid.412733.00000 0004 0480 4970Mental Health & Addictions Services, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Cindy Xin Feng
- grid.55602.340000 0004 1936 8200Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Kerstina Boctor
- grid.25152.310000 0001 2154 235XDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Candace LaPointe
- grid.412733.00000 0004 0480 4970Mental Health & Addictions Services, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Letwiniuk
- grid.412733.00000 0004 0480 4970Mental Health & Addictions Services, Saskatchewan Health Authority, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Arash Shamloo
- grid.25152.310000 0001 2154 235XDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Hemant Ishwaran
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Division of Biostatistics, University of Miami, Miami, USA
| | - Ann John
- grid.4827.90000 0001 0658 8800Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Lise Brantsæter
- grid.418193.60000 0001 1541 4204Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Carter AR, Harrison S, Gill D, Davey Smith G, Taylor AE, Howe LD, Davies NM. Educational attainment as a modifier for the effect of polygenic scores for cardiovascular risk factors: cross-sectional and prospective analysis of UK Biobank. Int J Epidemiol 2022; 51:885-897. [PMID: 35134953 PMCID: PMC9189971 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the interplay between educational attainment and genetic predictors of cardiovascular risk may improve our understanding of the aetiology of educational inequalities in cardiovascular disease. Methods In up to 320 120 UK Biobank participants of White British ancestry (mean age = 57 years, female 54%), we created polygenic scores for nine cardiovascular risk factors or diseases: alcohol consumption, body mass index, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lifetime smoking behaviour, systolic blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes and stroke. We estimated whether educational attainment modified genetic susceptibility to these risk factors and diseases. Results On the additive scale, higher educational attainment reduced genetic susceptibility to higher body mass index, smoking, atrial fibrillation and type 2 diabetes, but increased genetic susceptibility to higher LDL-C and higher systolic blood pressure. On the multiplicative scale, there was evidence that higher educational attainment increased genetic susceptibility to atrial fibrillation and coronary heart disease, but little evidence of effect modification was found for all other traits considered. Conclusions Educational attainment modifies the genetic susceptibility to some cardiovascular risk factors and diseases. The direction of this effect was mixed across traits considered and differences in associations between the effect of the polygenic score across strata of educational attainment was uniformly small. Therefore, any effect modification by education of genetic susceptibility to cardiovascular risk factors or diseases is unlikely to substantially explain the development of inequalities in cardiovascular risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice R Carter
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sean Harrison
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Dipender Gill
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Section, Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education and Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
- Clinical Pharmacology Group, Pharmacy and Medicines Directorate, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Amy E Taylor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Laura D Howe
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Neil M Davies
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
211
|
Mahmoud O, Dudbridge F, Davey Smith G, Munafo M, Tilling K. A robust method for collider bias correction in conditional genome-wide association studies. Nat Commun 2022; 13:619. [PMID: 35110547 PMCID: PMC8810923 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimated genetic associations with prognosis, or conditional on a phenotype (e.g. disease incidence), may be affected by collider bias, whereby conditioning on the phenotype induces associations between causes of the phenotype and prognosis. We propose a method, ‘Slope-Hunter’, that uses model-based clustering to identify and utilise the class of variants only affecting the phenotype to estimate the adjustment factor, assuming this class explains more variation in the phenotype than any other variant classes. Simulation studies show that our approach eliminates the bias and outperforms alternatives even in the presence of genetic correlation. In a study of fasting blood insulin levels (FI) conditional on body mass index, we eliminate paradoxical associations of the underweight loci: COBLLI; PPARG with increased FI, and reveal an association for the locus rs1421085 (FTO). In an analysis of a case-only study for breast cancer mortality, a single region remains associated with more pronounced results. Genetic associations can be biased by conditioning on a phenotype. This study presents ‘Slope-Hunter’, a method which uses model-based clustering to correct this bias, even in the presence of genetic correlation, assuming the class of SNPs affecting only the collider explains more variation in the collider than any other class of SNPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osama Mahmoud
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK. .,Department of Applied Statistics, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt.
| | - Frank Dudbridge
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marcus Munafo
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kate Tilling
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
212
|
Smoking, Health Risks, Coping Mechanisms and Depression in the age of COVID-19: a cross-sectional study of the Lebanese Population. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2022; 8:100323. [PMID: 35156073 PMCID: PMC8824168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction We compared depression of people who smoke and those who do not, depending on whether they have an underlying disease making them at risk for COVID-19. Moreover, we analyzed the factors associated with their depression. Methods We recruited 948 Lebanese residents, ages 18 and above. Our survey included the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) to assess depression. We divided participants, based on smoking and having a disease making one at risk for a COVID19 infection into four groups: non-smokers not at risk (NSNR), non-smokers at risk (NSR), smokers not at risk (SNR), and smokers at risk (SR). Results SR had PHQ-9 scores higher than other groups. The diet was not changed during the pandemic, whereas weight increased in all groups but SR. Those not at risk slept longer, while sports were decreased in NSR and SNR. Hobbies were decreased in all groups except SNR. Depending on the group, factors such as age, sex, residency, diet, exercise, sleep duration, and hobbies were associated with PHQ-9 scores. Limitations we cannot draw causal relationships. Participation required internet access, and participants might not represent the actual population due to the snowball effect. Also, recall bias might skew results. We did not inquire about sexual activity, which could be an essential coping mechanism. Conclusion Factors associated with depression for one group did not necessarily do so for another. Controlling the underlying risk or smoking cessation could move a patient to a group with more options associated with depression, thereby additional methods to decrease depression.
Collapse
|
213
|
Mullins N, Kang J, Campos AI, Coleman JRI, Edwards AC, Galfalvy H, Levey DF, Lori A, Shabalin A, Starnawska A, Su MH, Watson HJ, Adams M, Awasthi S, Gandal M, Hafferty JD, Hishimoto A, Kim M, Okazaki S, Otsuka I, Ripke S, Ware EB, Bergen AW, Berrettini WH, Bohus M, Brandt H, Chang X, Chen WJ, Chen HC, Crawford S, Crow S, DiBlasi E, Duriez P, Fernández-Aranda F, Fichter MM, Gallinger S, Glatt SJ, Gorwood P, Guo Y, Hakonarson H, Halmi KA, Hwu HG, Jain S, Jamain S, Jiménez-Murcia S, Johnson C, Kaplan AS, Kaye WH, Keel PK, Kennedy JL, Klump KL, Li D, Liao SC, Lieb K, Lilenfeld L, Liu CM, Magistretti PJ, Marshall CR, Mitchell JE, Monson ET, Myers RM, Pinto D, Powers A, Ramoz N, Roepke S, Rozanov V, Scherer SW, Schmahl C, Sokolowski M, Strober M, Thornton LM, Treasure J, Tsuang MT, Witt SH, Woodside DB, Yilmaz Z, Zillich L, Adolfsson R, Agartz I, Air TM, Alda M, Alfredsson L, Andreassen OA, Anjorin A, Appadurai V, Soler Artigas M, Van der Auwera S, Azevedo MH, Bass N, Bau CHD, Baune BT, Bellivier F, Berger K, Biernacka JM, Bigdeli TB, Binder EB, Boehnke M, Boks MP, Bosch R, Braff DL, Bryant R, Budde M, Byrne EM, Cahn W, Casas M, Castelao E, Cervilla JA, Chaumette B, Cichon S, Corvin A, Craddock N, Craig D, Degenhardt F, Djurovic S, Edenberg HJ, Fanous AH, Foo JC, Forstner AJ, Frye M, Fullerton JM, Gatt JM, Gejman PV, Giegling I, Grabe HJ, Green MJ, Grevet EH, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Gutierrez B, Guzman-Parra J, Hamilton SP, Hamshere ML, Hartmann A, Hauser J, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Hoffmann P, Ising M, Jones I, Jones LA, Jonsson L, Kahn RS, Kelsoe JR, Kendler KS, Kloiber S, Koenen KC, Kogevinas M, Konte B, Krebs MO, Landén M, Lawrence J, Leboyer M, Lee PH, Levinson DF, Liao C, Lissowska J, Lucae S, Mayoral F, McElroy SL, McGrath P, McGuffin P, McQuillin A, Medland SE, Mehta D, Melle I, Milaneschi Y, Mitchell PB, Molina E, Morken G, Mortensen PB, Müller-Myhsok B, Nievergelt C, Nimgaonkar V, Nöthen MM, O'Donovan MC, Ophoff RA, Owen MJ, Pato C, Pato MT, Penninx BWJH, Pimm J, Pistis G, Potash JB, Power RA, Preisig M, Quested D, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Reif A, Ribasés M, Richarte V, Rietschel M, Rivera M, Roberts A, Roberts G, Rouleau GA, Rovaris DL, Rujescu D, Sánchez-Mora C, Sanders AR, Schofield PR, Schulze TG, Scott LJ, Serretti A, Shi J, Shyn SI, Sirignano L, Sklar P, Smeland OB, Smoller JW, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Spalletta G, Strauss JS, Świątkowska B, Trzaskowski M, Turecki G, Vilar-Ribó L, Vincent JB, Völzke H, Walters JTR, Shannon Weickert C, Weickert TW, Weissman MM, Williams LM, Wray NR, Zai CC, Ashley-Koch AE, Beckham JC, Hauser ER, Hauser MA, Kimbrel NA, Lindquist JH, McMahon B, Oslin DW, Qin X, Agerbo E, Børglum AD, Breen G, Erlangsen A, Esko T, Gelernter J, Hougaard DM, Kessler RC, Kranzler HR, Li QS, Martin NG, McIntosh AM, Mors O, Nordentoft M, Olsen CM, Porteous D, Ursano RJ, Wasserman D, Werge T, Whiteman DC, Bulik CM, Coon H, Demontis D, Docherty AR, Kuo PH, Lewis CM, Mann JJ, Rentería ME, Smith DJ, Stahl EA, Stein MB, Streit F, Willour V, Ruderfer DM. Dissecting the Shared Genetic Architecture of Suicide Attempt, Psychiatric Disorders, and Known Risk Factors. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:313-327. [PMID: 34861974 PMCID: PMC8851871 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is a leading cause of death worldwide, and nonfatal suicide attempts, which occur far more frequently, are a major source of disability and social and economic burden. Both have substantial genetic etiology, which is partially shared and partially distinct from that of related psychiatric disorders. METHODS We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 29,782 suicide attempt (SA) cases and 519,961 controls in the International Suicide Genetics Consortium (ISGC). The GWAS of SA was conditioned on psychiatric disorders using GWAS summary statistics via multitrait-based conditional and joint analysis, to remove genetic effects on SA mediated by psychiatric disorders. We investigated the shared and divergent genetic architectures of SA, psychiatric disorders, and other known risk factors. RESULTS Two loci reached genome-wide significance for SA: the major histocompatibility complex and an intergenic locus on chromosome 7, the latter of which remained associated with SA after conditioning on psychiatric disorders and replicated in an independent cohort from the Million Veteran Program. This locus has been implicated in risk-taking behavior, smoking, and insomnia. SA showed strong genetic correlation with psychiatric disorders, particularly major depression, and also with smoking, pain, risk-taking behavior, sleep disturbances, lower educational attainment, reproductive traits, lower socioeconomic status, and poorer general health. After conditioning on psychiatric disorders, the genetic correlations between SA and psychiatric disorders decreased, whereas those with nonpsychiatric traits remained largely unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Our results identify a risk locus that contributes more strongly to SA than other phenotypes and suggest a shared underlying biology between SA and known risk factors that is not mediated by psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Mullins
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
| | - JooEun Kang
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Adrian I Campos
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jonathan R I Coleman
- National Institute for Health Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexis C Edwards
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Hanga Galfalvy
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Daniel F Levey
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Connecticut; Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Adriana Lori
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Andrey Shabalin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Anna Starnawska
- Centre for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mei-Hsin Su
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hunna J Watson
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Division of Paediatrics, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Mark Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Swapnil Awasthi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Gandal
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Akitoyo Hishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Satoshi Okazaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ikuo Otsuka
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erin B Ware
- Population Studies Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Survery Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andrew W Bergen
- BioRealm, LLC, Walnut, California; Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Wade H Berrettini
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Martin Bohus
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Harry Brandt
- Center for Eating Disorders at Sheppard Pratt, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xiao Chang
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Wei J Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Chung Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Steven Crawford
- Center for Eating Disorders at Sheppard Pratt, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Scott Crow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Emily DiBlasi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Philibert Duriez
- Hôpital Sainte-Anne, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France; Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Manfred M Fichter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Schön Klinik Roseneck affiliated with the Medical Faculty of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Steven Gallinger
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen J Glatt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Philip Gorwood
- Hôpital Sainte-Anne, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France; Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Yiran Guo
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Katherine A Halmi
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Hai-Gwo Hwu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sonia Jain
- Biostatistics Research Center, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, La Jolla, California
| | - Stéphane Jamain
- Inserm U955, Institut Mondor de recherches Biomédicales, Laboratoire, Neuro-Psychiatrie Translationnelle, and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Précision Médecine en Addictologie et Psychiatrie, University Paris-Est-Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Bellvitge-IDIBELL and CIBEROBN, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Allan S Kaplan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Walter H Kaye
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Pamela K Keel
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - James L Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelly L Klump
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan
| | - Dong Li
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shih-Cheng Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Klaus Lieb
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lisa Lilenfeld
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Washington, DC
| | - Chih-Min Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pierre J Magistretti
- BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian R Marshall
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James E Mitchell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Eric T Monson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama
| | - Dalila Pinto
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Abigail Powers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nicolas Ramoz
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stefan Roepke
- Department of Psychiatry, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vsevolod Rozanov
- Department of Psychology, St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation; Department of Borderline Disorders and Psychotherapy, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian Schmahl
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marcus Sokolowski
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health, LIME, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Strober
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Laura M Thornton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Janet Treasure
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London and South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ming T Tsuang
- Center for Behavioral Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - D Blake Woodside
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Program for Eating Disorders, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zeynep Yilmaz
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lea Zillich
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rolf Adolfsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University Medical Faculty, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tracy M Air
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Lars Alfredsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institut of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Adebayo Anjorin
- Psychiatry, Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Bracknell, United Kingdom
| | - Vivek Appadurai
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Copenhagen Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - María Soler Artigas
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics, Microbiology & Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Van der Auwera
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
| | - M Helena Azevedo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nicholas Bass
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claiton H D Bau
- Laboratory of Developmental Psychiatry, Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | - Frank Bellivier
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Paris Bipolar and TRD Expert Centres, FondaMental Foundation, Paris, France; UMR-S1144 Team 1: Biomarkers of relapse and therapeutic response in addiction and mood disorders, INSERM, Paris, France; Psychiatry, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Klaus Berger
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
| | | | - Tim B Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marco P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rosa Bosch
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - David L Braff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Richard Bryant
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Monika Budde
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Enda M Byrne
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Children's Health Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Miguel Casas
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Castelao
- Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jorge A Cervilla
- Mental Health Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Granada University Hospital Complex, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Boris Chaumette
- Institut de Psychiatrie, CNRS GDR 3557, Paris, France; Department of Evaluation, Prevention and Therapeutic innovation, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France; Team Pathophysiology of psychiatric diseases, Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Paris, France
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicholas Craddock
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David Craig
- Department of Translational Genomics, University of Southern California, Pasadena, California
| | - Franziska Degenhardt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jerome C Foo
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas J Forstner
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Centre for Human Genetics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Mark Frye
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Janice M Fullerton
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Justine M Gatt
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pablo V Gejman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eugenio H Grevet
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu
- Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Blanca Gutierrez
- Department of Psychiatry, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose Guzman-Parra
- Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital, Biomedicine Institute, Málaga, Spain
| | - Steven P Hamilton
- Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, San Francisco, California
| | - Marian L Hamshere
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Hartmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Joanna Hauser
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcus Ising
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Ian Jones
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa A Jones
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
| | - Lina Jonsson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Hersencentrum, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - John R Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Stefan Kloiber
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Bettina Konte
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Marie-Odile Krebs
- Institut de Psychiatrie, CNRS GDR 3557, Paris, France; Department of Evaluation, Prevention and Therapeutic innovation, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France; Team Pathophysiology of psychiatric diseases, Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Paris, France
| | - Mikael Landén
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jacob Lawrence
- Psychiatry, North East London NHS Foundation Trust, Ilford, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Faculté de Médecine, University Paris-Est-Créteil, Créteil, France; Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Phil H Lee
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Douglas F Levinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Calwing Liao
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Fermin Mayoral
- Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital, Biomedicine Institute, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Patrick McGrath
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Peter McGuffin
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew McQuillin
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Divya Mehta
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Psychology and Counseling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ingrid Melle
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Philip B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Esther Molina
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Gunnar Morken
- Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway; Psychiatry, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany; University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Vishwajit Nimgaonkar
- Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, California; Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michael J Owen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Pato
- College of Medicine Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York; Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Michele T Pato
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Pimm
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgio Pistis
- Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - James B Potash
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Robert A Power
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Genetics, BioMarin Pharmaceuticals, London, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Preisig
- Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Digby Quested
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marta Ribasés
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics, Microbiology & Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Richarte
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Margarita Rivera
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II and Institute of Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Andrea Roberts
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gloria Roberts
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Diego L Rovaris
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Mora
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics, Microbiology & Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alan R Sanders
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Peter R Schofield
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Laura J Scott
- Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stanley I Shyn
- Behavioral Health Services, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC
| | - Lea Sirignano
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Pamela Sklar
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Olav B Smeland
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke
- Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gianfranco Spalletta
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - John S Strauss
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Beata Świątkowska
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lódz, Poland
| | - Maciej Trzaskowski
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Laura Vilar-Ribó
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John B Vincent
- Molecular Brain Science, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
| | - James T R Walters
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas W Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Myrna M Weissman
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Leanne M Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Clement C Zai
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Molecular Brain Science, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allison E Ashley-Koch
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jean C Beckham
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; VISN 6 Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Elizabeth R Hauser
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Cooperative Studies Program Epidemiology Center, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Michael A Hauser
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Nathan A Kimbrel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; VISN 6 Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jennifer H Lindquist
- VA Health Services Research and Development Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Benjamin McMahon
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - David W Oslin
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xuejun Qin
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Esben Agerbo
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- Centre for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gerome Breen
- National Institute for Health Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Erlangsen
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Danish Research Institute for Suicide Prevention, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center of Mental Health Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Connecticut; Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David M Hougaard
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ronald C Kessler
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Henry R Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Qingqin S Li
- Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ole Mors
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark; Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Catherine M Olsen
- Department of Population Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Porteous
- Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Ursano
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Danuta Wasserman
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health, LIME, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Werge
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark; Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Copenhagen Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David C Whiteman
- Department of Population Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hilary Coon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah; Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ditte Demontis
- Centre for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anna R Docherty
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Po-Hsiu Kuo
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cathryn M Lewis
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - J John Mann
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Miguel E Rentería
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel J Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Eli A Stahl
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Murray B Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and School of Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Douglas M Ruderfer
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
| |
Collapse
|
214
|
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) is a leading cause of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke and a major contributor to dementia. Covert cSVD, which is detectable with brain MRI but does not manifest as clinical stroke, is highly prevalent in the general population, particularly with increasing age. Advances in technologies and collaborative work have led to substantial progress in the identification of common genetic variants that are associated with cSVD-related stroke (ischaemic and haemorrhagic) and MRI-defined covert cSVD. In this Review, we provide an overview of collaborative studies - mostly genome-wide association studies (GWAS) - that have identified >50 independent genetic loci associated with the risk of cSVD. We describe how these associations have provided novel insights into the biological mechanisms involved in cSVD, revealed patterns of shared genetic variation across cSVD traits, and shed new light on the continuum between rare, monogenic and common, multifactorial cSVD. We consider how GWAS summary statistics have been leveraged for Mendelian randomization studies to explore causal pathways in cSVD and provide genetic evidence for drug effects, and how the combination of findings from GWAS with gene expression resources and drug target databases has enabled identification of putative causal genes and provided proof-of-concept for drug repositioning potential. We also discuss opportunities for polygenic risk prediction, multi-ancestry approaches and integration with other omics data.
Collapse
|
215
|
Ardissino M, Slob EA, Millar O, Reddy RK, Lazzari L, Patel KHK, Ryan D, Johnson MR, Gill D, Ng FS. Maternal Hypertension Increases Risk of Preeclampsia and Low Fetal Birthweight: Genetic Evidence From a Mendelian Randomization Study. Hypertension 2022; 79:588-598. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.18617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Maternal cardiovascular risk factors have been associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Given the difficulty in establishing causal relationships using epidemiological data, we applied Mendelian randomization to explore the role of cardiovascular risk factors on risk of developing preeclampsia or eclampsia, and low fetal birthweight.
Methods:
Uncorrelated single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated systolic blood pressure (SBP), body mass index, type 2 diabetes, LDL (low-density lipoprotein) with cholesterol, smoking, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, and estimated glomerular filtration rate at genome-wide significance in studies of 298 957 to 1 201 909 European ancestry participants were selected as instrumental variables. A 2-sample Mendelian randomization study was performed with primary outcome of preeclampsia or eclampsia (PET). Risk factors associated with PET were further investigated for their association with low birthweight.
Results:
Higher genetically predicted SBP was associated increased risk of PET (odds ratio [OR] per 1-SD SBP increase 1.90 [95% CI=1.45–2.49];
P
=3.23×10
−6
) and reduced birthweight (OR=0.83 [95% CI=0.79–0.86];
P
=3.96×10
−18
), and this was not mediated by PET. Body mass index and type 2 diabetes were also associated with PET (respectively, OR per 1-SD body mass index increase =1.67 [95% CI=1.44–1.94];
P
=7.45×10
−12
; and OR per logOR increase type 2 diabetes =1.11 [95% CI=1.04–1.19];
P
=1.19×10
−3
), but not with reduced birthweight.
Conclusions:
Our results provide evidence for causal effects of SBP, body mass index, and type 2 diabetes on PET and identify that SBP is associated with reduced birthweight independently of PET. The results provide insight into the pathophysiological basis of PET and identify hypertension as a potentially modifiable risk factor amenable to therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Ardissino
- National Heart and Lung Institute (M.A., O.M., R.K.R., L.L., K.H.K.P., F.S.N.)
- Imperial College London, United Kingdom. Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (M.A.)
| | - Eric A.W. Slob
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.A.W.S.)
| | - Ophelia Millar
- National Heart and Lung Institute (M.A., O.M., R.K.R., L.L., K.H.K.P., F.S.N.)
| | - Rohin K. Reddy
- National Heart and Lung Institute (M.A., O.M., R.K.R., L.L., K.H.K.P., F.S.N.)
| | - Laura Lazzari
- National Heart and Lung Institute (M.A., O.M., R.K.R., L.L., K.H.K.P., F.S.N.)
| | | | - David Ryan
- St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (D.R., D.G.)
| | - Mark R. Johnson
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction (M.R.J.)
| | - Dipender Gill
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health (D.G.)
- St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (D.R., D.G.)
| | - Fu Siong Ng
- National Heart and Lung Institute (M.A., O.M., R.K.R., L.L., K.H.K.P., F.S.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Zormpas C, Kahl KG, Hohmann S, Oswald H, Stiel C, Veltmann C, Bauersachs J, Duncker D. Depressive Symptoms and Quality of Life in Patients With Heart Failure and an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:827967. [PMID: 35782428 PMCID: PMC9247385 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.827967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure (HF) is associated with development of depressive symptoms and reduced quality of life (QoL). Patients with HF and an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) were evaluated regarding depressive symptoms and QoL. METHODS The present study included 446 patients with HF and an ICD. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9), QoL was evaluated using the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ). Functional ability and exercise tolerance were assessed at inclusion and after 6 months with help of the 6-min walking test (6MWT). RESULTS Patients included in the study had a mean age of 65.8 years and were predominantly male (83.6%), with mostly ischemic (n = 277; 62.1%) or dilated (n = 150; 33.6%) cardiomyopathy. One hundred ninety-three (43.2%) patients had depressive symptoms, of whom 75 patients (16.8%) were classified as moderate to severe depression according to the PHQ-9 at baseline. Depressive symptoms were associated with low QoL independent of NYHA functional class. High NYHA functional class, high PHQ-9 score, age and body mass index (BMI) were associated with a lower 6MWT at enrollment, while depressive symptoms (expressed as higher PHQ-9 score) and age were associated with a lower 6MWT after 6 months. Patients with history of smoking and a higher BMI showed higher PHQ-9 scores after 6 months. Patients under antidepressant medication showed improved PHQ-9 score after 6 months, indicating controlled/treated depression. However, patients with low QoL at inclusion remained with low QoL after 6 months. CONCLUSION Depressive symptoms correlate with low QoL and lower long-term functional status in patients with HF and an ICD. Depressive symptoms are associated with smoking and obesity, which themselves are risk factors for a poor prognosis in HF. Only a small fraction of patients with HF and ICD showing depressive symptoms receives appropriate treatment. Assessing depressive symptoms and lifestyle factors should be part of a multimodal treatment plan in patients with HF and an ICD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christos Zormpas
- Hannover Heart Rhythm Center, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kai G Kahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Hohmann
- Hannover Heart Rhythm Center, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hanno Oswald
- Department of Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Peine, Peine, Germany
| | - Christopher Stiel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Veltmann
- Hannover Heart Rhythm Center, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johann Bauersachs
- Hannover Heart Rhythm Center, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - David Duncker
- Hannover Heart Rhythm Center, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
He L, Yu T, Zhang W, Wang B, Ma Y, Li S. Causal Associations of Obesity With Achilles Tendinopathy: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:902142. [PMID: 35774146 PMCID: PMC9238354 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.902142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Achilles tendinopathy (AT) is associated with severe pain and is the cause of dysfunction and disability that are associated with significant reduction in social and economic benefits. Several potential risk factors have been proposed to be responsible for AT development; however, the results of observational epidemiological studies remain controversial, presumably because the designs of these studies are subject to residual confounding and reverse causality. Mendelian randomization (MR) can infer the causality between exposure and disease outcomes using genetic variants as instrumental variables, and identification of the causal risk factors for AT is beneficial for early intervention. Thus, we employed the MR strategy to evaluate the causal associations between previously reported risk factors (anthropometric parameters, lifestyle factors, blood biomarkers, and systemic diseases) and the risk of AT. METHODS Univariable MR was performed to screen for potential causal associations between the putative risk factors and AT. Bidirectional MR was used to infer reverse causality. Multivariable MR was conducted to investigate the body mass index (BMI)-independent causal effect of other obesity-related traits, such as the waist-hip ratio, on AT. RESULTS Univariable MR analyses with the inverse-variance weighted method indicated that the genetically predicted BMI was significantly associated with the risk of AT (P=2.0×10-3), and the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) is 1.44 (1.14-1.81) per 1-SD increase in BMI. For the other tested risk factors, no causality with AT was identified using any of the MR methods. Bidirectional MR suggested that AT was not causally associated with BMI, and multivariable MR indicated that other anthropometric parameters included in this study were not likely to causally associate with the risk of AT after adjusting for BMI. CONCLUSIONS The causal association between BMI and AT risk suggests that weight control is a promising strategy for preventing AT and alleviating the corresponding disease burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan He
- DongFang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Baojian Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng Ma
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Sen Li, ; Yufeng Ma,
| | - Sen Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Sen Li, ; Yufeng Ma,
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
Al‐Soufi L, Martorell L, Moltó M, González‐Peñas J, García‐Portilla MP, Arrojo M, Rivero O, Gutiérrez‐Zotes A, Nácher J, Muntané G, Paz E, Páramo M, Bobes J, Arango C, Sanjuan J, Vilella E, Costas J. A polygenic approach to the association between smoking and schizophrenia. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13104. [PMID: 34779080 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Smoking prevalence in schizophrenia is considerably larger than in general population, playing an important role in early mortality. We compared the polygenic contribution to smoking in schizophrenic patients and controls to assess if genetic factors may explain the different prevalence. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for smoking initiation and four genetically correlated traits were calculated in 1108 schizophrenic patients (64.4% smokers) and 1584 controls (31.1% smokers). PRSs for smoking initiation, educational attainment, body mass index and age at first birth were associated with smoking in patients and controls, explaining a similar percentage of variance in both groups. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) PRS was associated with smoking only in schizophrenia. This association remained significant after adjustment by psychiatric cross-disorder PRS. A PRS combining all the traits was more explanative than smoking initiation PRS alone, indicating that genetic susceptibility to the other traits plays an additional role in smoking behaviour. Smoking initiation PRS was also associated with schizophrenia in the whole sample, but the significance was lost after adjustment for smoking status. This same pattern was observed in the analysis of specific SNPs at the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 cluster associated with both traits. Overall, the results indicate that the same genetic factors are involved in smoking susceptibility in schizophrenia and in general population and are compatible with smoking acting, directly or indirectly, as a risk factor for schizophrenia that contributes to the high prevalence of smoking in these patients. The contrasting results for ADHD PRS may be related to higher ADHD symptomatology in schizophrenic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laila Al‐Soufi
- Psychiatric Genetics Group Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS) Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC) Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Lourdes Martorell
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata (HUIPM); Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV); Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV) Reus Spain
- Spanish Mental Health Research Network (CIBERSAM) Madrid Spain
| | - M.Dolores Moltó
- Spanish Mental Health Research Network (CIBERSAM) Madrid Spain
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia Valencia Spain
- Department of Genetics Universitat de València Valencia Spain
| | - Javier González‐Peñas
- Spanish Mental Health Research Network (CIBERSAM) Madrid Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM) Madrid Spain
| | - Ma Paz García‐Portilla
- Spanish Mental Health Research Network (CIBERSAM) Madrid Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Oviedo; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA); Instituto Universitario de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA); Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias (SESPA) Oviedo Spain
| | - Manuel Arrojo
- Psychiatric Genetics Group Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS) Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Servizo de Psiquiatría, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS) Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Olga Rivero
- Spanish Mental Health Research Network (CIBERSAM) Madrid Spain
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia Valencia Spain
- Department of Genetics Universitat de València Valencia Spain
| | - Alfonso Gutiérrez‐Zotes
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata (HUIPM); Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV); Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV) Reus Spain
- Spanish Mental Health Research Network (CIBERSAM) Madrid Spain
| | - Juan Nácher
- Spanish Mental Health Research Network (CIBERSAM) Madrid Spain
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia Valencia Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Structure for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED) Universitat de València Valencia Spain
| | - Gerard Muntané
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata (HUIPM); Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV); Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV) Reus Spain
- Spanish Mental Health Research Network (CIBERSAM) Madrid Spain
| | - Eduardo Paz
- Psychiatric Genetics Group Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS) Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Servizo de Psiquiatría, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS) Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Mario Páramo
- Psychiatric Genetics Group Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS) Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Servizo de Psiquiatría, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS) Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Julio Bobes
- Spanish Mental Health Research Network (CIBERSAM) Madrid Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Oviedo; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA); Instituto Universitario de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA); Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias (SESPA) Oviedo Spain
| | - Celso Arango
- Spanish Mental Health Research Network (CIBERSAM) Madrid Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM) Madrid Spain
| | - Julio Sanjuan
- Spanish Mental Health Research Network (CIBERSAM) Madrid Spain
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia Valencia Spain
- Department of Psychiatric, School of Medicine Universitat de València Valencia Spain
| | - Elisabet Vilella
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata (HUIPM); Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV); Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV) Reus Spain
- Spanish Mental Health Research Network (CIBERSAM) Madrid Spain
| | - Javier Costas
- Psychiatric Genetics Group Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS) Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS) Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS) Santiago de Compostela Spain
| |
Collapse
|
219
|
El-Sherbiny NA, Elsary AY. Smoking and nicotine dependence in relation to depression, anxiety, and stress in Egyptian adults: A cross-sectional study. J Family Community Med 2022; 29:8-16. [PMID: 35197723 PMCID: PMC8802724 DOI: 10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_290_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Much research has found that smoking is one of the major risk factors for a variety of physical diseases and mental disorders; however, few studies have been conducted on smoking in Egypt. Furthermore, to the researcher's best knowledge, no study in Egypt has compiled data on smoking prevalence, motives, and levels of nicotine dependency. In order to fill in this gap, the current study has attempted to summarize the situation and construct an accurate picture of smoking in Egypt. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study included 2000 Egyptian adults in Fayoum through a multistage cluster sampling technique. For data collection, the Socioeconomic Status Scale was deployed. In addition, Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS), the Modified Reasons for Smoking Scale (MRSS), and Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) were used. Data analysis performed using SPSS version 22.0. For qualitative data, Chi-square test was used to determine statistical significance. Bivariate Pearson correlation was used to test for the association between quantitative variables. RESULTS Of the total sample of 2000 adults, 40.4% had anxiety and 24.3% had stress, and 19.5% showed severe to extremely severe level of depression. For MRSS, tension reduction or relaxation was found in 46.5% adults while 9.8% had high level of nicotine dependence. There was a statistically significant association between psychometric disorders, on one hand, and both smoking motivation and nicotine dependence, on the other (P < 0.001). The DASS score had a statistically significant correlation with age, smoking duration, nicotine dependence level, and MRSS subscales. CONCLUSION Smoking is linked to psychological symptoms and shows a moderate to high level of nicotine dependence, with a higher level of dependency, smoking pleasure, stress reduction/ relaxation, and hand-mouth movement as motives for smoking. Furthermore, there was a correlation between nicotine dependence, on one hand, and depression and stress on the other.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Asmaa Y. Elsary
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt,Address for correspondence: Prof. Asmaa Y. Elsary, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
Ribeiro TCS, Barros MBDA, Lima MG. Smoking and loneliness in older adults: a population-based study in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2022; 38:e00093621. [DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00093621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the relationship between social isolation and loneliness with smoking in older adults. This is a cross-sectional, population-based study performed with 986 individuals aged 60 years or older. Data were collected from the Health Survey of the Municipality of Campinas (ISACamp 2014/2015), state of São Paulo, Brazil. We estimated the prevalence of smoking and smoking cessation according to independent variables and tested the associations using the chi-square test, considering a 5% significance level. Adjusted prevalence ratios were calculated using simple and multiple Poisson regression. Smoking and smoking cessation were not associated with most variables that indicate objective social isolation. “Often or always” loneliness was related to a higher prevalence of smoking (PR = 2.25; 95%CI: 1.38-3.66) whereas loneliness accompanied of self-reported emotional problems or common mental disorders was strongly associated with smoking and with lower smoking cessation (PR = 6.24; 95%CI: 1.37-28.47 and PR = 0.46; 95%CI: 0.28-0.77, respectively). These findings indicate that loneliness is a psychosocial aspect related to tobacco use which hinders smoking cessation in older adults, emphasizing the importance of emotional problems in this association.
Collapse
|
221
|
Grant AJ, Gill D, Kirk PDW, Burgess S. Noise-augmented directional clustering of genetic association data identifies distinct mechanisms underlying obesity. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1009975. [PMID: 35085229 PMCID: PMC8794082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clustering genetic variants based on their associations with different traits can provide insight into their underlying biological mechanisms. Existing clustering approaches typically group variants based on the similarity of their association estimates for various traits. We present a new procedure for clustering variants based on their proportional associations with different traits, which is more reflective of the underlying mechanisms to which they relate. The method is based on a mixture model approach for directional clustering and includes a noise cluster that provides robustness to outliers. The procedure performs well across a range of simulation scenarios. In an applied setting, clustering genetic variants associated with body mass index generates groups reflective of distinct biological pathways. Mendelian randomization analyses support that the clusters vary in their effect on coronary heart disease, including one cluster that represents elevated body mass index with a favourable metabolic profile and reduced coronary heart disease risk. Analysis of the biological pathways underlying this cluster identifies inflammation as potentially explaining differences in the effects of increased body mass index on coronary heart disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Grant
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Dipender Gill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Section, Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education and Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Clinical Pharmacology Group, Pharmacy and Medicines Directorate, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D. W. Kirk
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Burgess
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
Jones HJ, Hammerton G, McCloud T, Hines LA, Wright C, Gage SH, Holmans P, Jones PB, Smith GD, Linden DEJ, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Walters JT, Munafò MR, Heron J, Zammit S. Examining pathways between genetic liability for schizophrenia and patterns of tobacco and cannabis use in adolescence. Psychol Med 2022; 52:132-139. [PMID: 32515721 PMCID: PMC7614952 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720001798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not clear to what extent associations between schizophrenia, cannabis use and cigarette use are due to a shared genetic etiology. We, therefore, examined whether schizophrenia genetic risk associates with longitudinal patterns of cigarette and cannabis use in adolescence and mediating pathways for any association to inform potential reduction strategies. METHODS Associations between schizophrenia polygenic scores and longitudinal latent classes of cigarette and cannabis use from ages 14 to 19 years were investigated in up to 3925 individuals in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Mediation models were estimated to assess the potential mediating effects of a range of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral phenotypes. RESULTS The schizophrenia polygenic score, based on single nucleotide polymorphisms meeting a training-set p threshold of 0.05, was associated with late-onset cannabis use (OR = 1.23; 95% CI = 1.08,1.41), but not with cigarette or early-onset cannabis use classes. This association was not mediated through lower IQ, victimization, emotional difficulties, antisocial behavior, impulsivity, or poorer social relationships during childhood. Sensitivity analyses adjusting for genetic liability to cannabis or cigarette use, using polygenic scores excluding the CHRNA5-A3-B4 gene cluster, or basing scores on a 0.5 training-set p threshold, provided results consistent with our main analyses. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence that genetic risk for schizophrenia is associated with patterns of cannabis use during adolescence. Investigation of pathways other than the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral phenotypes examined here is required to identify modifiable targets to reduce the public health burden of cannabis use in the population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J. Jones
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
- Medical Research Centre (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gemma Hammerton
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
- Medical Research Centre (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, UK
| | - Tayla McCloud
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lindsey A. Hines
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Caroline Wright
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Suzanne H. Gage
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Peter Holmans
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Peter B Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Centre (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, UK
| | - David E. J. Linden
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael C. O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J. Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - James T. Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marcus R. Munafò
- Medical Research Centre (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Jon Heron
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
- Medical Research Centre (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, UK
| | - Stanley Zammit
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
223
|
Braga LHR, Menezes CS, Martins IV, Silva JDPD, Torres JL. Fatores associados à piora no estilo de vida durante a pandemia de COVID-19 na população brasileira de lésbicas, gays, bissexuais, transexuais, travestis e identidades relacionadas: estudo transversal. EPIDEMIOLOGIA E SERVIÇOS DE SAÚDE 2022; 31:e2021752. [DOI: 10.1590/s1679-49742022000100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo OBJETIVO: Verificar fatores associados à piora do estilo de vida, incluindo atividade física e consumo de cigarros e álcool, durante a pandemia de COVID-19, entre lésbicas, gays, bissexuais, transexuais, travestis e identidades relacionadas, Brasil, 2020. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, com indivíduos ≥18 anos de idade. Odds ratio (OR) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) foram estimados pela regressão logística. RESULTADOS: Dos 975 participantes, 48,9% (IC95% 45,7;52,1) diminuíram sua atividade física; 6,2% (IC95% 4,8;7,9) e 17,3% (IC95% 15,0;19,8) aumentaram o consumo de cigarros e de álcool, respectivamente. Houve piora na realização de atividade física nos que aderiram às máscaras (OR=2,26; IC95% 1,20;4,23), piora no consumo de cigarros naqueles com alguma condição crônica (OR=2,39; IC95% 1,03;5,56) e de álcool nas mulheres cis (OR=1,95; IC95% 1,31;2,92) e indivíduos morando com companheiro(a) (OR=1,89; IC95% 1,23;2,91) CONCLUSÃO: Destacou-se piora do estilo de vida em mulheres cis, indivíduos com uma condição crônica e aqueles que aderiram às máscaras.
Collapse
|
224
|
The Role of Sex in Genetic Association Studies of Depression. JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND BRAIN SCIENCE 2022; 7:e220013. [PMID: 36741030 PMCID: PMC9894025 DOI: 10.20900/jpbs.20220013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Depression is the most common mental illness in the U.S. affecting nearly 40 million adults age 18 years and older. Depression has both genetic and environmental influences. In addition, women are more likely to be affected by depression than men. However, the relationship between genes and depression is complex and may be influenced by sex. Understanding the genetic basis of sex-specific differences for depression has the potential to lead to new biological understanding of the etiology of depression in females compared to males and to promote the development of novel and more effective pharmacotherapies. This review examines the role of sex in genetic associations with depression for both genome-wide association and candidate gene studies. While the genetic association signals of depression differ by sex, the role of sex in the heritability of depression is complex and warrants further investigation.
Collapse
|
225
|
OUP accepted manuscript. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:631-632. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
226
|
Mohammadnezhad M, Kengganpanich M. Factors affecting smoking initiation and cessation among adult smokers in Fiji: A qualitative study. Tob Induc Dis 2021; 19:92. [PMID: 34949974 PMCID: PMC8647017 DOI: 10.18332/tid/143027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoking as a public health challenge is globally considered the main risk factor of many non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Knowing factors contributing to smoking commencement and cessation is the necessary step to develop prevention strategies to combat this issue. To date, no study has been conducted in Fiji, therefore this study aimed to explore the reasons adult smokers initiate smoking and cessation in Fiji. METHODS A qualitative study was conducted among 35 current smokers who were interviewed between 1 May and 31 July 2020 in Suva, Fiji. Three health centers were chosen randomly to collect data and purposive sampling was applied to reach study participants. A semi-structured, open-ended questionnaire was used to guide the interviews. The content of in-depth interviews was transcribed and data were analyzed using content and thematic analysis. RESULTS The results of this study showed that most of the participants were male (57%), I-taukei (77%), single (54%), had attained tertiary education level (69%), were of Christian religion (77%), and unemployed (63%). Two main themes were identified including: ‘factors affecting smoking initiation’ and ‘factors affecting smoking cessation’. ‘Peer pressure’, ‘smoking myth’, ‘smoking as a fun’, ‘unpleasant event in life’ and ‘smoking establishes friendships’ were factors affecting initiation of smoking; while ‘knowledge on smoking harms’, ‘financial constraints’, ‘desire to improve health’, ‘constant request from family members’, ‘desire to save time’, ‘religious factors’ and ‘cultural factors’, were factors affecting smoking cessation among smokers. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the main factors affecting smoking among adult smokers in Fiji. Considering these factors in future health planning will help policy makers and decision makers to develop tailored interventions to combat this health issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mondha Kengganpanich
- Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
227
|
Kuan V, Warwick A, Hingorani A, Tufail A, Cipriani V, Burgess S, Sofat R. Association of Smoking, Alcohol Consumption, Blood Pressure, Body Mass Index, and Glycemic Risk Factors With Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Mendelian Randomization Study. JAMA Ophthalmol 2021; 139:1299-1306. [PMID: 34734970 PMCID: PMC8569599 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.4601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness in Western countries. Causal, modifiable risk factors need to be identified to develop preventive measures for advanced AMD. OBJECTIVE To assess whether smoking, alcohol consumption, blood pressure, body mass index, and glycemic traits are associated with increased risk of advanced AMD. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS This study used 2-sample mendelian randomization. Genetic instruments composed of variants associated with risk factors at genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10-8) were obtained from published genome-wide association studies. Summary-level statistics for these instruments were obtained for advanced AMD from the International AMD Genomics Consortium 2016 data set, which consisted of 16 144 individuals with AMD and 17 832 control individuals. Data were analyzed from July 2020 to September 2021. EXPOSURES Smoking initiation, smoking cessation, lifetime smoking, age at smoking initiation, alcoholic drinks per week, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, glycated hemoglobin, fasting glucose, and fasting insulin. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Advanced AMD and its subtypes, geographic atrophy (GA), and neovascular AMD. RESULTS A 1-SD increase in logodds of genetically predicted smoking initiation was associated with higher risk of advanced AMD (odds ratio [OR], 1.26; 95% CI, 1.13-1.40; P < .001), while a 1-SD increase in logodds of genetically predicted smoking cessation (former vs current smoking) was associated with lower risk of advanced AMD (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.50-0.87; P = .003). Genetically predicted increased lifetime smoking was associated with increased risk of advanced AMD (OR per 1-SD increase in lifetime smoking behavior, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.09-1.59; P = .004). Genetically predicted alcohol consumption was associated with higher risk of GA (OR per 1-SD increase of log-transformed alcoholic drinks per week, 2.70; 95% CI, 1.48-4.94; P = .001). There was insufficient evidence to suggest that genetically predicted blood pressure, body mass index, and glycemic traits were associated with advanced AMD. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study provides genetic evidence that increased alcohol intake may be a causal risk factor for GA. As there are currently no known treatments for GA, this finding has important public health implications. These results also support previous observational studies associating smoking behavior with risk of advanced AMD, thus reinforcing existing public health messages regarding the risk of blindness associated with smoking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Kuan
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Health Data Research UK London, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- University College London British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair Warwick
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aroon Hingorani
- Health Data Research UK London, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- University College London British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adnan Tufail
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Cipriani
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Burgess
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Reecha Sofat
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Health Data Research UK London, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- University College London British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
228
|
Zuber V, Cameron A, Myserlis EP, Bottolo L, Fernandez-Cadenas I, Burgess S, Anderson CD, Dawson J, Gill D. Leveraging Genetic Data to Elucidate the Relationship Between COVID-19 and Ischemic Stroke. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e022433. [PMID: 34755518 PMCID: PMC8751930 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.022433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background The relationship between COVID‐19 and ischemic stroke is poorly understood due to potential unmeasured confounding and reverse causation. We aimed to leverage genetic data to triangulate reported associations. Methods and Results Analyses primarily focused on critical COVID‐19, defined as hospitalization with COVID‐19 requiring respiratory support or resulting in death. Cross‐trait linkage disequilibrium score regression was used to estimate genetic correlations of critical COVID‐19 with ischemic stroke, other related cardiovascular outcomes, and risk factors common to both COVID‐19 and cardiovascular disease (body mass index, smoking and chronic inflammation, estimated using C‐reactive protein). Mendelian randomization analysis was performed to investigate whether liability to critical COVID‐19 was associated with increased risk of any cardiovascular outcome for which genetic correlation was identified. There was evidence of genetic correlation between critical COVID‐19 and ischemic stroke (rg=0.29, false discovery rate [FDR]=0.012), body mass index (rg=0.21, FDR=0.00002), and C‐reactive protein (rg=0.20, FDR=0.00035), but no other trait investigated. In Mendelian randomization, liability to critical COVID‐19 was associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke (odds ratio [OR] per logOR increase in genetically predicted critical COVID‐19 liability 1.03, 95% CI 1.00–1.06, P‐value=0.03). Similar estimates were obtained for ischemic stroke subtypes. Consistent estimates were also obtained when performing statistical sensitivity analyses more robust to the inclusion of pleiotropic variants, including multivariable Mendelian randomization analyses adjusting for potential genetic confounding through body mass index, smoking, and chronic inflammation. There was no evidence to suggest that genetic liability to ischemic stroke increased the risk of critical COVID‐19. Conclusions These data support that liability to critical COVID‐19 is associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke. The host response predisposing to severe COVID‐19 is likely to increase the risk of ischemic stroke, independent of other potentially mitigating risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Zuber
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health Imperial College London London UK.,Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London London UK
| | - Alan Cameron
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical SciencesUniversity of Glasgow UK
| | - Evangelos P Myserlis
- Center for Genomic Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA.,McCance Center for Brain Health Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA
| | - Leonardo Bottolo
- Department of Medical Genetics School of Clinical Medicine University of Cambridge UK.,The Alan Turing Institute London UK.,Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit University of Cambridge UK
| | | | - Stephen Burgess
- Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit University of Cambridge UK.,Department of Public Health and Primary Care Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit University of Cambridge UK
| | - Christopher D Anderson
- McCance Center for Brain Health Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA.,Department of Neurology Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA
| | - Jesse Dawson
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical SciencesUniversity of Glasgow UK
| | - Dipender Gill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health Imperial College London London UK.,Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Section Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education and Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt George'sUniversity of London London UK.,Clinical Pharmacology Group, Pharmacy and Medicines Directorate St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust London UK.,Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford Oxford UK
| |
Collapse
|
229
|
Karhunen V, Bakker MK, Ruigrok YM, Gill D, Larsson SC. Modifiable Risk Factors for Intracranial Aneurysm and Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Mendelian Randomization Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e022277. [PMID: 34729997 PMCID: PMC8751955 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.022277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to assess the associations of modifiable lifestyle factors (smoking, coffee consumption, sleep, and physical activity) and cardiometabolic factors (body mass index, glycemic traits, type 2 diabetes, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, lipids, and inflammation and kidney function markers) with risks of any (ruptured or unruptured) intracranial aneurysm and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage using Mendelian randomization. Methods and Results Summary statistical data for the genetic associations with the modifiable risk factors and the outcomes were obtained from meta‐analyses of genome‐wide association studies. The inverse‐variance weighted method was used as the main Mendelian randomization analysis, with additional sensitivity analyses conducted using methods more robust to horizontal pleiotropy. Genetic predisposition to smoking, insomnia, and higher blood pressure was associated with an increased risk of both intracranial aneurysm and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. For intracranial aneurysm, the odds ratios were 3.20 (95% CI, 1.93–5.29) per SD increase in smoking index, 1.24 (95% CI, 1.10–1.40) per unit increase in log‐odds of insomnia, and 2.92 (95% CI, 2.49–3.43) per 10 mm Hg increase in diastolic blood pressure. In addition, there was weak evidence for associations of genetically predicted decreased physical activity, higher triglyceride levels, higher body mass index, and lower low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels with higher risk of intracranial aneurysm and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, with 95% CI overlapping the null for at least 1 of the outcomes. All results were consistent in sensitivity analyses. Conclusions This Mendelian randomization study suggests that smoking, insomnia, and high blood pressure are major risk factors for intracranial aneurysm and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ville Karhunen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health Imperial College London London United Kingdom.,Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences University of Oulu Finland.,Center for Life Course Health Research University of Oulu Finland
| | - Mark K Bakker
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery University Medical Center Utrecht Brain CenterUtrecht University Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Ynte M Ruigrok
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery University Medical Center Utrecht Brain CenterUtrecht University Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Dipender Gill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health Imperial College London London United Kingdom.,Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Section Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education and Institute for Infection and Immunity St George's, University of London London United Kingdom.,Clinical Pharmacology Group, Pharmacy and Medicines Directorate St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust London United Kingdom.,Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford Oxford United Kingdom
| | - Susanna C Larsson
- Unit of Medical Epidemiology Department of Surgical Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden.,Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
230
|
Veeneman RR, Vermeulen JM, Abdellaoui A, Sanderson E, Wootton RE, Tadros R, Bezzina CR, Denys D, Munafò MR, Verweij KJH, Treur JL. Exploring the Relationship Between Schizophrenia and Cardiovascular Disease: A Genetic Correlation and Multivariable Mendelian Randomization Study. Schizophr Bull 2021; 48:463-473. [PMID: 34730178 PMCID: PMC8886584 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia have a reduced life-expectancy compared to the general population, largely due to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Clinical and epidemiological studies have been unable to unravel the nature of this relationship. We obtained summary-data of genome-wide-association studies of schizophrenia (N = 130 644), heart failure (N = 977 323), coronary artery disease (N = 332 477), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (N = 757 601), heart rate variability (N = 46 952), QT interval (N = 103 331), early repolarization and dilated cardiomyopathy ECG patterns (N = 63 700). We computed genetic correlations and conducted bi-directional Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess causality. With multivariable MR, we investigated whether causal effects were mediated by smoking, body mass index, physical activity, lipid levels, or type 2 diabetes. Genetic correlations between schizophrenia and CVD were close to zero (-0.02-0.04). There was evidence that liability to schizophrenia causally increases heart failure risk. This effect remained consistent with multivariable MR. There was also evidence that liability to schizophrenia increases early repolarization pattern, largely mediated by BMI and lipids. Finally, there was evidence that liability to schizophrenia increases heart rate variability, a direction of effect contrasting clinical studies. There was weak evidence that higher systolic blood pressure increases schizophrenia risk. Our finding that liability to schizophrenia increases heart failure is consistent with the notion that schizophrenia involves a systemic dysregulation of the body with detrimental effects on the heart. To decrease cardiovascular mortality among individuals with schizophrenia, priority should lie with optimal treatment in early stages of psychosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rada R Veeneman
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jentien M Vermeulen
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eleanor Sanderson
- Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK,Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Robyn E Wootton
- Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK,Nic Waals institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rafik Tadros
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada,Department of Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Connie R Bezzina
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Damiaan Denys
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK,Tobacco and Alcohol Research Group, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Karin J H Verweij
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; tel: +31(0)20-8913600, e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
231
|
Yuan S, Bruzelius M, Damrauer SM, Larsson SC. Cardiometabolic, Lifestyle, and Nutritional Factors in Relation to Varicose Veins: A Mendelian Randomization Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e022286. [PMID: 34666504 PMCID: PMC8751841 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.022286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background We conducted a 2-sample Mendelian randomization study to assess the associations of cardiometabolic, lifestyle, and nutritional factors with varicose veins. Methods and Results Independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with height (positive control), body mass index, type 2 diabetes, diastolic and systolic blood pressure, smoking, alcohol and coffee consumption, 7 circulating vitamins (A, B6, B9, B12, C, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and E), and 5 circulating minerals (calcium, iron, magnesium, selenium, and zinc) at the genome-wide significance level were used as instrumental variables. Summary-level data for the genetic associations with varicose veins were obtained from the UK Biobank (8763 cases and 352 431 noncases) and the FinnGen consortium (13 928 cases and 153 951 noncases). Genetically predicted higher height, body mass index, smoking, and circulating iron levels were associated with an increased risk of varicose veins. The odds ratios (ORs) per 1-SD increase in the exposure were 1.34 (95% CI, 1.25-1.43) for height, 1.39 (95% CI, 1.27-1.52) for body mass index, 1.12 (95% CI, 1.04-1.22) for the prevalence of smoking initiation, and 1.24 (95% CI, 1.16-1.33) for iron. Higher genetically predicted systolic blood pressure and circulating calcium and zinc levels were associated with a reduced risk of varicose veins, whereas the association for systolic blood pressure did not persist after adjustment for genetically predicted height. The OR was 0.75 (95% CI, 0.62-0.92) per 1-SD increase in calcium levels and 0.97 (95% CI, 0.95-0.98) for zinc. Conclusions This study identified several modifiable risk factors for varicose veins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Maria Bruzelius
- Coagulation Unit Department of Hematology Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden.,Department of Medicine Solna Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Scott M Damrauer
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center Philadelphia PA.,Department of Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia PA
| | - Susanna C Larsson
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden.,Unit of Medical Epidemiology Department of Surgical Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
232
|
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are conditions in which the use of legal or illegal substances, such as nicotine, alcohol or opioids, results in clinical and functional impairment. SUDs and, more generally, substance use are genetically complex traits that are enormously costly on an individual and societal basis. The past few years have seen remarkable progress in our understanding of the genetics, and therefore the biology, of substance use and abuse. Various studies - including of well-defined phenotypes in deeply phenotyped samples, as well as broadly defined phenotypes in meta-analysis and biobank samples - have revealed multiple risk loci for these common traits. A key emerging insight from this work establishes a biological and genetic distinction between quantity and/or frequency measures of substance use (which may involve low levels of use without dependence), versus symptoms related to physical dependence.
Collapse
|
233
|
Schellhas L, Haan E, Easey KE, Wootton RE, Sallis HM, Sharp GC, Munafò MR, Zuccolo L. Maternal and child genetic liability for smoking and caffeine consumption and child mental health: an intergenerational genetic risk score analysis in the ALSPAC cohort. Addiction 2021; 116:3153-3166. [PMID: 33891774 PMCID: PMC9376939 DOI: 10.1111/add.15521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Previous studies suggest an association between maternal tobacco and caffeine consumption during and outside of pregnancy and offspring mental health. We aimed to separate effects of the maternal environment (intrauterine or postnatal) from pleiotropic genetic effects. DESIGN Secondary analysis of a longitudinal study. We (i) validated smoking and caffeine genetic risk scores (GRS) derived from published genome-wide association study (GWAS) for use during pregnancy, (ii) compared estimated effects of maternal and offspring GRS on childhood mental health outcomes and (iii) tested associations between maternal and offspring GRS on their respective outcomes. SETTING We used data from a longitudinal birth cohort study from England, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). PARTICIPANTS Our sample included 7921 mothers and 7964 offspring. MEASUREMENTS Mental health and non-mental health phenotypes were derived from questionnaires and clinical assessments: 79 maternal phenotypes assessed during and outside of pregnancy and 71 offspring phenotypes assessed in childhood (<10 years) and adolescence (11-18 years). FINDINGS The maternal smoking and caffeine GRS were associated with maternal smoking and caffeine consumption during pregnancy (2nd trimester: Psmoking = 3.0 × 10-7 , Pcaffeine = 3.28 × 10-5 ). Both the maternal and offspring smoking GRS showed evidence of association with reduced childhood anxiety symptoms (βmaternal = -0.033; βoffspring = -0.031) and increased conduct disorder symptoms (βmaternal = 0.024; βoffspring = 0.030), after correcting for multiple testing. Finally, the maternal and offspring smoking GRS were associated with phenotypes related to sensation seeking behaviours in mothers and adolescence (e.g. increased symptoms of externalising disorders, extraversion and monotony avoidance). The caffeine GRS showed weaker evidence for associations with mental health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS We did not find strong evidence that maternal smoking and caffeine genetic risk scores have a causal effect on offspring mental health outcomes. Our results confirm that the smoking genetic risk scores also captures liability for sensation seeking personality traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schellhas
- School of Psychological ScienceUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of BristolBristolUK
| | - Elis Haan
- School of Psychological ScienceUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of BristolBristolUK
| | - Kayleigh E. Easey
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of BristolBristolUK
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Robyn E. Wootton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of BristolBristolUK
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Hannah M. Sallis
- School of Psychological ScienceUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of BristolBristolUK
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Gemma C. Sharp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of BristolBristolUK
- Bristol Dental SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Marcus R. Munafò
- School of Psychological ScienceUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of BristolBristolUK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of BristolBristolUK
| | - Luisa Zuccolo
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of BristolBristolUK
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| |
Collapse
|
234
|
Li Z, Xue M, Zhao L, Zhou Y, Wu X, Xie X, Lang X, Zhang X. Comorbid major depression in first-episode drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia: Analysis of the Depression in Schizophrenia in China (DISC) study. J Affect Disord 2021; 294:33-38. [PMID: 34265669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is very common in patients with schizophrenia, but few studies have investigated the diagnosed major depressive episode (MDE) in first episode and drug naive (FEDN) schizophrenia. To our best knowledge, this is the first large sample study to examine the prevalence, clinical correlates and associated factors of diagnosed MDE in FEDN schizophrenia, as well as the relationship between depressive symptoms and psychopathological symptoms in these schizophrenia patients. METHODS A total of 996 FEDN schizophrenia patients were recruited. The 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD17) and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were used to assess the severity of depression and psychopathology, respectively. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that MDE coexisted in nearly half (49.30%) of FEDN schizophrenia patients. Male gender, smoking, PANSS general psychopathology and early age of onset were associated with MDE in patients with FEDN schizophrenia (all p<0.05). In schizophrenia patients with MDE, oridinal logistic regression showed that men (OR=6.65, 95%CI: 4.12-10.45, p<0.001) and smoking (OR=1.94, 95%CI: 1.25-3.01, p=0.003) were positively associated with severity category of depression (all p<0.05), while multivariate regression showed that HAMD17 total score was significantly associated with the PANSS general psychopathology (B=0.06, t=2.72, p=0.007) and total scores (B=0.04, t=2.57, p=0.01). CONCLUSION Our study shows that the prevalence of comorbid MDE is high in FEDN schizophrenia patients. Some demographic and clinical variables are associated with the severity of depression in these schizophrenia patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zezhi Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Xue
- Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Xi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxian Xie
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoe Lang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
235
|
Rosoff DB, Yoo J, Lohoff FW. Smoking is significantly associated with increased risk of COVID-19 and other respiratory infections. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1230. [PMID: 34711921 PMCID: PMC8553923 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02685-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Observational studies suggest smoking, cannabis use, alcohol consumption, and substance use disorders (SUDs) may impact risk for respiratory infections, including coronavirus 2019 (COVID-2019). However, causal inference is challenging due to comorbid substance use. Using summary-level European ancestry data (>1.7 million participants), we performed single-variable and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) to evaluate relationships between substance use behaviors, COVID-19 and other respiratory infections. Genetic liability for smoking demonstrated the strongest associations with COVID-19 infection risk, including the risk for very severe respiratory confirmed COVID-19 (odds ratio (OR) = 2.69, 95% CI, 1.42, 5.10, P-value = 0.002), and COVID-19 infections requiring hospitalization (OR = 3.49, 95% CI, 2.23, 5.44, P-value = 3.74 × 10-8); these associations generally remained robust in models accounting for other substance use and cardiometabolic risk factors. Smoking was also strongly associated with increased risk of other respiratory infections, including asthma-related pneumonia/sepsis (OR = 3.64, 95% CI, 2.16, 6.11, P-value = 1.07 × 10-6), chronic lower respiratory diseases (OR = 2.29, 95% CI, 1.80, 2.91, P-value = 1.69 × 10-11), and bacterial pneumonia (OR = 2.14, 95% CI, 1.42, 3.24, P-value = 2.84 × 10-4). We provide strong genetic evidence showing smoking increases the risk for COVID-19 and other respiratory infections even after accounting for other substance use behaviors and cardiometabolic diseases, which suggests that prevention programs aimed at reducing smoking may be important for the COVID-19 pandemic and have substantial public health benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Rosoff
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- NIH-Oxford-Cambridge Scholars Program; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joyce Yoo
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Falk W Lohoff
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
236
|
Opie RS, Jacka FN, Marx W, Rocks T, Young C, O’Neil A. Designing Lifestyle Interventions for Common Mental Disorders: What Can We Learn from Diabetes Prevention Programs? Nutrients 2021; 13:3766. [PMID: 34836024 PMCID: PMC8619252 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle factors including diet, sleep, physical activity, and substance use cessation, are recognised as treatment targets for common mental disorders (CMDs). As the field of lifestyle-based mental health care evolves towards effectiveness trials and real-world translation, it is timely to consider how such innovations can be integrated into clinical practice. This paper discusses the utility and scale-up of lifestyle interventions for CMDs and draws on diabetes prevention literature to identify enablers and barriers to translation efforts. We discuss the extent to which lifestyle interventions aimed at managing CMDs and preventing diabetes share commonalities (program content, theoretical underpinnings, program structures, interventionists, frameworks promoting fidelity, quality, sustainability). Specific considerations when utilising these programs for mental health include personalising content with respect to symptoms and trajectories of depression and anxiety, medication regimen and genetic risk profile. As this field moves from efficacy to effectiveness and implementation, it is important to ensure issues in implementation science, including "voltage drop", "program drift", logistics, funding, and resourcing, are in line with evidence-based models that are effective in research settings. Ongoing considerations includes who is best placed to deliver this care and the need for models to support implementation including long-term financing, workforce training, supervision, stakeholder and organisational support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle S Opie
- Food and Mood Centre, IMPACT—The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, Australia; (F.N.J.); (W.M.); (T.R.); (C.Y.); (A.O.)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
237
|
Domenighetti C, Sugier PE, Sreelatha AAK, Schulte C, Grover S, Mohamed O, Portugal B, May P, Bobbili DR, Radivojkov-Blagojevic M, Lichtner P, Singleton AB, Hernandez DG, Edsall C, Mellick GD, Zimprich A, Pirker W, Rogaeva E, Lang AE, Koks S, Taba P, Lesage S, Brice A, Corvol JC, Chartier-Harlin MC, Mutez E, Brockmann K, Deutschländer AB, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Dardiotis E, Stefanis L, Simitsi AM, Valente EM, Petrucci S, Duga S, Straniero L, Zecchinelli A, Pezzoli G, Brighina L, Ferrarese C, Annesi G, Quattrone A, Gagliardi M, Matsuo H, Kawamura Y, Hattori N, Nishioka K, Chung SJ, Kim YJ, Kolber P, van de Warrenburg BP, Bloem BR, Aasly J, Toft M, Pihlstrøm L, Guedes LC, Ferreira JJ, Bardien S, Carr J, Tolosa E, Ezquerra M, Pastor P, Diez-Fairen M, Wirdefeldt K, Pedersen NL, Ran C, Belin AC, Puschmann A, Hellberg C, Clarke CE, Morrison KE, Tan M, Krainc D, Burbulla LF, Farrer MJ, Krüger R, Gasser T, Sharma M, Elbaz A. Mendelian Randomisation Study of Smoking, Alcohol, and Coffee Drinking in Relation to Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 12:267-282. [PMID: 34633332 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies showed that lifestyle behaviors (cigarette smoking, alcohol, coffee) are inversely associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). The prodromal phase of PD raises the possibility that these associations may be explained by reverse causation. OBJECTIVE To examine associations of lifestyle behaviors with PD using two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) and the potential for survival and incidence-prevalence biases. METHODS We used summary statistics from publicly available studies to estimate the association of genetic polymorphisms with lifestyle behaviors, and from Courage-PD (7,369 cases, 7,018 controls; European ancestry) to estimate the association of these variants with PD. We used the inverse-variance weighted method to compute odds ratios (ORIVW) of PD and 95%confidence intervals (CI). Significance was determined using a Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold (p = 0.017). RESULTS We found a significant inverse association between smoking initiation and PD (ORIVW per 1-SD increase in the prevalence of ever smoking = 0.74, 95%CI = 0.60-0.93, p = 0.009) without significant directional pleiotropy. Associations in participants ≤67 years old and cases with disease duration ≤7 years were of a similar size. No significant associations were observed for alcohol and coffee drinking. In reverse MR, genetic liability toward PD was not associated with smoking or coffee drinking but was positively associated with alcohol drinking. CONCLUSION Our findings are in favor of an inverse association between smoking and PD that is not explained by reverse causation, confounding, and survival or incidence-prevalence biases. Genetic liability toward PD was positively associated with alcohol drinking. Conclusions on the association of alcohol and coffee drinking with PD are hampered by insufficient statistical power.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cloé Domenighetti
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Team "Exposome, heredity, cancer and health", CESP, Villejuif, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Sugier
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Team "Exposome, heredity, cancer and health", CESP, Villejuif, France
| | - Ashwin Ashok Kumar Sreelatha
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tubingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Schulte
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany
| | - Sandeep Grover
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tubingen, Germany
| | - Océane Mohamed
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Team "Exposome, heredity, cancer and health", CESP, Villejuif, France
| | - Berta Portugal
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Team "Exposome, heredity, cancer and health", CESP, Villejuif, France
| | - Patrick May
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Dheeraj R Bobbili
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg.,MeGeno S.A, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | | | - Peter Lichtner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Center For Alzheimer's and Related Dementias, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dena G Hernandez
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Connor Edsall
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - George D Mellick
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sulev Koks
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Pille Taba
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Tartu, Estonia.,Neurology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Suzanne Lesage
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Neurologie, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Neurologie, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Neurologie, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Neurology, CIC Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | | | - Eugénie Mutez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog- Centre de Recherche Lille Neurosciences & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Kathrin Brockmann
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany
| | - Angela B Deutschländer
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Georges M Hadjigeorgiou
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece.,Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Efthimos Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athina Maria Simitsi
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Simona Petrucci
- UOC Medical Genetics and Advanced Cell Diagnostics, S. Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Duga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences - Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Straniero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences - Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Zecchinelli
- Parkinson Institute, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Gaetano Pini/CTO, Milano, Italy
| | - Gianni Pezzoli
- Parkinson Institute, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Gaetano Pini/CTO, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Brighina
- Department of Neurology, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Ferrarese
- Department of Neurology, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Grazia Annesi
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Quattrone
- Institute of Neurology, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Monica Gagliardi
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Hirotaka Matsuo
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawamura
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenya Nishioka
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sun Ju Chung
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun Joong Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Pierre Kolber
- Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Bart Pc van de Warrenburg
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan R Bloem
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Aasly
- Department of Neurology, St Olav's Hospital and Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leonor Correia Guedes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Neurology, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitario Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joaquim J Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Soraya Bardien
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Carr
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Eduardo Tolosa
- Parkinson's disease & Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII) Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Ezquerra
- Lab of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia
| | - Pau Pastor
- Fundació per la Recerca Biomèdica i Social Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Diez-Fairen
- Fundació per la Recerca Biomèdica i Social Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.,Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karin Wirdefeldt
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Ran
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea C Belin
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Puschmann
- Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund, Sweden
| | - Clara Hellberg
- Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carl E Clarke
- University of Birmingham and Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | - Karen E Morrison
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Queens University, Belfast, UK
| | - Manuela Tan
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lena F Burbulla
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matt J Farrer
- Department of Neurology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg.,Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Parkinson's Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany
| | - Manu Sharma
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tubingen, Germany.,Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, Germany
| | - Alexis Elbaz
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Team "Exposome, heredity, cancer and health", CESP, Villejuif, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
238
|
Park HA, Neumeyer S, Michailidou K, Bolla MK, Wang Q, Dennis J, Ahearn TU, Andrulis IL, Anton-Culver H, Antonenkova NN, Arndt V, Aronson KJ, Augustinsson A, Baten A, Beane Freeman LE, Becher H, Beckmann MW, Behrens S, Benitez J, Bermisheva M, Bogdanova NV, Bojesen SE, Brauch H, Brenner H, Brucker SY, Burwinkel B, Campa D, Canzian F, Castelao JE, Chanock SJ, Chenevix-Trench G, Clarke CL, Conroy DM, Couch FJ, Cox A, Cross SS, Czene K, Daly MB, Devilee P, Dörk T, Dos-Santos-Silva I, Dwek M, Eccles DM, Eliassen AH, Engel C, Eriksson M, Evans DG, Fasching PA, Flyger H, Fritschi L, García-Closas M, García-Sáenz JA, Gaudet MM, Giles GG, Glendon G, Goldberg MS, Goldgar DE, González-Neira A, Grip M, Guénel P, Hahnen E, Haiman CA, Håkansson N, Hall P, Hamann U, Han S, Harkness EF, Hart SN, He W, Heemskerk-Gerritsen BAM, Hopper JL, Hunter DJ, Jager A, Jakubowska A, John EM, Jung A, Kaaks R, Kapoor PM, Keeman R, Khusnutdinova E, Kitahara CM, Koppert LB, Koutros S, Kristensen VN, Kurian AW, Lacey J, Lambrechts D, Le Marchand L, Lo WY, Lubiński J, Mannermaa A, Manoochehri M, Margolin S, Martinez ME, Mavroudis D, Meindl A, Menon U, Milne RL, Muranen TA, Nevanlinna H, Newman WG, Nordestgaard BG, Offit K, Olshan AF, Olsson H, Park-Simon TW, Peterlongo P, Peto J, Plaseska-Karanfilska D, Presneau N, Radice P, Rennert G, Rennert HS, Romero A, Saloustros E, Sawyer EJ, Schmidt MK, Schmutzler RK, Schoemaker MJ, Schwentner L, Scott C, Shah M, Shu XO, Simard J, Smeets A, Southey MC, Spinelli JJ, Stevens V, Swerdlow AJ, Tamimi RM, Tapper WJ, Taylor JA, Terry MB, Tomlinson I, Troester MA, Truong T, Vachon CM, van Veen EM, Vijai J, Wang S, Wendt C, Winqvist R, Wolk A, Ziogas A, Dunning AM, Pharoah PDP, Easton DF, Zheng W, Kraft P, Chang-Claude J. Mendelian randomisation study of smoking exposure in relation to breast cancer risk. Br J Cancer 2021; 125:1135-1145. [PMID: 34341517 PMCID: PMC8505411 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01432-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite a modest association between tobacco smoking and breast cancer risk reported by recent epidemiological studies, it is still equivocal whether smoking is causally related to breast cancer risk. METHODS We applied Mendelian randomisation (MR) to evaluate a potential causal effect of cigarette smoking on breast cancer risk. Both individual-level data as well as summary statistics for 164 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) reported in genome-wide association studies of lifetime smoking index (LSI) or cigarette per day (CPD) were used to obtain MR effect estimates. Data from 108,420 invasive breast cancer cases and 87,681 controls were used for the LSI analysis and for the CPD analysis conducted among ever-smokers from 26,147 cancer cases and 26,072 controls. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to address pleiotropy. RESULTS Genetically predicted LSI was associated with increased breast cancer risk (OR 1.18 per SD, 95% CI: 1.07-1.30, P = 0.11 × 10-2), but there was no evidence of association for genetically predicted CPD (OR 1.02, 95% CI: 0.78-1.19, P = 0.85). The sensitivity analyses yielded similar results and showed no strong evidence of pleiotropic effect. CONCLUSION Our MR study provides supportive evidence for a potential causal association with breast cancer risk for lifetime smoking exposure but not cigarettes per day among smokers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanla A Park
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sonja Neumeyer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kyriaki Michailidou
- Biostatistics Unit, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Manjeet K Bolla
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Qin Wang
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joe Dennis
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas U Ahearn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Irene L Andrulis
- Fred A. Litwin Center for Cancer Genetics, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hoda Anton-Culver
- Department of Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology Research Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Natalia N Antonenkova
- N.N. Alexandrov Research Institute of Oncology and Medical Radiology, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Volker Arndt
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristan J Aronson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, and Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Annelie Augustinsson
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Adinda Baten
- Leuven Multidisciplinary Breast Center, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura E Beane Freeman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Heiko Becher
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias W Beckmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center ER-EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabine Behrens
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Javier Benitez
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Bermisheva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia
| | - Natalia V Bogdanova
- N.N. Alexandrov Research Institute of Oncology and Medical Radiology, Minsk, Belarus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stig E Bojesen
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hiltrud Brauch
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- iFIT-Cluster of Excellence, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sara Y Brucker
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Burwinkel
- Molecular Epidemiology Group, C080, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Biology of Breast Cancer, University Womens Clinic Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniele Campa
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Canzian
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jose E Castelao
- Oncology and Genetics Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IISGS), Xerencia de Xestion Integrada de Vigo-SERGAS, Vigo, Spain
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Georgia Chenevix-Trench
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Christine L Clarke
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Don M Conroy
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Angela Cox
- Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Simon S Cross
- Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Academic Unit of Pathology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kamila Czene
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mary B Daly
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter Devilee
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thilo Dörk
- Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Isabel Dos-Santos-Silva
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Miriam Dwek
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Diana M Eccles
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - A Heather Eliassen
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christoph Engel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mikael Eriksson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Gareth Evans
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- North West Genomics Laboratory Hub, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Peter A Fasching
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center ER-EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Henrik Flyger
- Department of Breast Surgery, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Lin Fritschi
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Montserrat García-Closas
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - José A García-Sáenz
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mia M Gaudet
- Behavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Gord Glendon
- Fred A. Litwin Center for Cancer Genetics, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark S Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David E Goldgar
- Department of Dermatology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Anna González-Neira
- Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mervi Grip
- Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pascal Guénel
- Cancer & Environment Group, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Eric Hahnen
- Center for Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Niclas Håkansson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ute Hamann
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sileny Han
- Leuven Multidisciplinary Breast Center, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elaine F Harkness
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Nightingale & Genesis Prevention Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Unit, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Steven N Hart
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Wei He
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David J Hunter
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Agnes Jager
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
- Independent Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Diagnostics, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Esther M John
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Audrey Jung
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pooja Middha Kapoor
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Renske Keeman
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elza Khusnutdinova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia
- Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, Russia
| | - Cari M Kitahara
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Linetta B Koppert
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stella Koutros
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Allison W Kurian
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James Lacey
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Wing-Yee Lo
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Lubiński
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Arto Mannermaa
- Translational Cancer Research Area, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Biobank of Eastern Finland, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mehdi Manoochehri
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sara Margolin
- Department of Oncology, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Elena Martinez
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dimitrios Mavroudis
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Alfons Meindl
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Munich, Campus Großhadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Usha Menon
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials & Methodology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Roger L Milne
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Taru A Muranen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - William G Newman
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- North West Genomics Laboratory Hub, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kenneth Offit
- Clinical Genetics Research Lab, Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew F Olshan
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Håkan Olsson
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Paolo Peterlongo
- Genome Diagnostics Program, IFOM - the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Julian Peto
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Dijana Plaseska-Karanfilska
- Research Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 'Georgi D, Efremov', MASA, Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Nadege Presneau
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Paolo Radice
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
| | - Gad Rennert
- Clalit National Cancer Control Center, Carmel Medical Center and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hedy S Rennert
- Clalit National Cancer Control Center, Carmel Medical Center and Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Atocha Romero
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Elinor J Sawyer
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marjanka K Schmidt
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rita K Schmutzler
- Center for Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Minouk J Schoemaker
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Lukas Schwentner
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christopher Scott
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mitul Shah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jacques Simard
- Genomics Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Ann Smeets
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John J Spinelli
- Population Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Victoria Stevens
- Behavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anthony J Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Rulla M Tamimi
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jack A Taylor
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Epigenetic and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Mary Beth Terry
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Melissa A Troester
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Thérèse Truong
- Cancer & Environment Group, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), INSERM, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Celine M Vachon
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Elke M van Veen
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- North West Genomics Laboratory Hub, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Joseph Vijai
- Clinical Genetics Research Lab, Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Clinical Genetics Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sophia Wang
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Camilla Wendt
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Winqvist
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Northern Finland Laboratory Centre Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Argyrios Ziogas
- Department of Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology Research Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul D P Pharoah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Cancer Epidemiology Group, University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
239
|
van der Heijden HS, Schirmbeck F, Kempton MJ, van der Gaag M, Allot K, Nelson B, Ruhrmann S, de Haan L, Vermeulen JM. Impact of smoking Behavior on cognitive functioning in persons at risk for psychosis and healthy controls: A longitudinal study. Eur Psychiatry 2021; 64:e60. [PMID: 34544507 PMCID: PMC8516743 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The high prevalence of smoking in individuals who are at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis is well known and moderate cognitive deficits have also been found in UHR. However, the association between smoking and cognition in UHR is unknown and longitudinal studies are lacking. Method A cohort study with 330 UHR individuals and 66 controls was conducted, as part of the European network of national schizophrenia networks studying gene–environment interactions (EU-GEI). At baseline and after 6, 12, and 24 months, smoking behavior was assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and cognitive functioning with a comprehensive test battery. Linear mixed-effects analyses were used to examine the multicross-sectional and prospective associations between (change in) smoking behavior and cognitive functioning, accounting for confounding variables. Results At baseline, 53% of UHR and 27% of controls smoked tobacco. Smoking UHR and controls did not significantly differ from nonsmoking counterparts on the tested cognitive domains (speed of processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, or reasoning/problem solving) across different assessment times. Neither smoking cessation nor initiation was associated with a significant change in cognitive functioning in UHR. Conclusions No associations were found between smoking and cognitive impairment in UHR nor in controls. However, the fact that one in every two UHR individuals report daily use of tobacco is alarming. Our data suggest that UHR have fewer cognitive impairments and higher smoking cessation rates compared to patients with first-episode psychosis found in literature. Implications to promote smoking cessation in the UHR stage need further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Frederike Schirmbeck
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC (location AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Arkin Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew J Kempton
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark van der Gaag
- Psychosis Research Institute, Parnassia Group, Hague, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kelly Allot
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephan Ruhrmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC (location AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Arkin Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jentien M Vermeulen
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC (location AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
240
|
Baumeister SE, Freuer D, Nolde M, Kocher T, Baurecht H, Khazaei Y, Ehmke B, Holtfreter B. Testing the association between tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, and risk of periodontitis: A Mendelian randomization study. J Clin Periodontol 2021; 48:1414-1420. [PMID: 34472130 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the associations of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption with periodontitis using Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used 17 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as instrumental variables (IVs) for the number of cigarettes per day from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 337,334 individuals, 109 SNPs for a lifetime smoking index from GWAS of 462,690 participants, and 33 SNPs for the number of drinks per week from GWAS of 941,280 individuals. The periodontitis GWAS included 12,289 cases and 22,326 controls. Wald ratios were obtained by dividing the SNP-periodontitis effects by SNP-exposure effects and pooled using an inverse-variance weighted model. RESULTS Genetic liabilities for higher number of cigarettes per day (odds ratio [OR] per one standard deviation (1SD) increment = 1.56; 95% CI: 1.18-2.07, p-value = .0018, Q-value = .0054), lifetime smoking index (OR per 1SD = 1.26; 95% CI: 1.04-1.53, p-value = .0161, Q-value = .0242), and drinks per week (OR per 1SD = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.04-1.90, p-value = .0265, Q-value = .0265) were associated with increased odds of periodontitis. Estimates were consistent across robust and multivariable MR analyses. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this MR analysis suggest an association between tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption with periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis Freuer
- Chair of Epidemiology, University of Augsburg, Germany
| | - Michael Nolde
- Institute of Health Services Research in Dentistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Chair of Epidemiology, University of Augsburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kocher
- Unit of Periodontology, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, Endodontology, and Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Baurecht
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yeganeh Khazaei
- Institute of Health Services Research in Dentistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Benjamin Ehmke
- Clinic for Periodontology and Conservative Dentistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Birte Holtfreter
- Unit of Periodontology, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, Endodontology, and Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
241
|
Thom CS, Ding Z, Levin MG, Damrauer SM, Lee KM, Lynch J, Chang KM, Tsao PS, Cho K, Wilson PWF, Assimes TL, Sun YV, O'Donnell CJ, Vujkovic M, Voight BF. Genetic determinants of increased body mass index mediate the effect of smoking on increased risk for type 2 diabetes but not coronary artery disease. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:3327-3337. [PMID: 32833022 PMCID: PMC7689293 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical observations have linked tobacco smoking with increased type 2 diabetes risk. Mendelian randomization analysis has recently suggested smoking may be a causal risk factor for type 2 diabetes. However, this association could be mediated by additional risk factors correlated with smoking behavior, which have not been investigated. We hypothesized that body mass index (BMI) could help to explain the association between smoking and diabetes risk. First, we confirmed that genetic determinants of smoking initiation increased risk for type 2 diabetes (OR 1.21, 95% CI: 1.15–1.27, P = 1 × 10−12) and coronary artery disease (CAD; OR 1.21, 95% CI: 1.16–1.26, P = 2 × 10−20). Additionally, 2-fold increased smoking risk was positively associated with increased BMI (~0.8 kg/m2, 95% CI: 0.54–0.98 kg/m2, P = 1.8 × 10−11). Multivariable Mendelian randomization analyses showed that BMI accounted for nearly all the risk smoking exerted on type 2 diabetes (OR 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01–1.11, P = 0.03). In contrast, the independent effect of smoking on increased CAD risk persisted (OR 1.12, 95% CI: 1.08–1.17, P = 3 × 10−8). Causal mediation analyses agreed with these estimates. Furthermore, analysis using individual-level data from the Million Veteran Program independently replicated the association of smoking behavior with CAD (OR 1.24, 95% CI: 1.12–1.37, P = 2 × 10−5), but not type 2 diabetes (OR 0.98, 95% CI: 0.89–1.08, P = 0.69), after controlling for BMI. Our findings support a model whereby genetic determinants of smoking increase type 2 diabetes risk indirectly through their relationship with obesity. Smokers should be advised to stop smoking to limit type 2 diabetes and CAD risk. Therapeutic efforts should consider pathophysiology relating smoking and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Thom
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhuoran Ding
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael G Levin
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Scott M Damrauer
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kyung Min Lee
- VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA
| | - Julie Lynch
- VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA.,University of Massachusetts College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Kyong-Mi Chang
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Philip S Tsao
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kelly Cho
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter W F Wilson
- Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA 30033, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Themistocles L Assimes
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yan V Sun
- Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA 30033, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Marijana Vujkovic
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin F Voight
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
242
|
Rogne T, Liyanarachi KV, Rasheed H, Thomas LF, Flatby HM, Stenvik J, Løset M, Gill D, Burgess S, Willer CJ, Hveem K, Åsvold BO, Brumpton BM, DeWan AT, Solligård E, Damås JK. GWAS Identifies LINC01184/SLC12A2 as a Risk Locus for Skin and Soft Tissue Infections. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2083-2086.e8. [PMID: 33662382 PMCID: PMC7612997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tormod Rogne
- Gemini Center for Sepsis Research, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Center for Perinatal, Pediatric and Environmental Epidemiology, Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Kristin V Liyanarachi
- Gemini Center for Sepsis Research, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Humaira Rasheed
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Laurent F Thomas
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; BioCore - Bioinformatics Core Facility, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Helene M Flatby
- Gemini Center for Sepsis Research, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jørgen Stenvik
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mari Løset
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Dermatology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dipender Gill
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Section, Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology Group, Pharmacy and Medicines Directorate, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Burgess
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cristen J Willer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kristian Hveem
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Research, Innovation and Education, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn O Åsvold
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Endocrinology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ben M Brumpton
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Clinic of Thoracic and Occupational Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Andrew T DeWan
- Gemini Center for Sepsis Research, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Center for Perinatal, Pediatric and Environmental Epidemiology, Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Erik Solligård
- Gemini Center for Sepsis Research, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan K Damås
- Gemini Center for Sepsis Research, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
243
|
Piirtola M, Kaprio J, Baker TB, Piasecki TM, Piper ME, Korhonen T. The associations of smoking dependence motives with depression among daily smokers. Addiction 2021; 116:2162-2174. [PMID: 33629475 PMCID: PMC8274496 DOI: 10.1111/add.15390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate how strongly smoking dependence and smoking dependence motives are associated with depressive symptoms among daily smokers and if these associations are independent of measured confounders and shared familial factors. DESIGN Cross-sectional individual-based and within-pair analyses. SETTING Fourth wave of the population-based Finnish Twin Cohort conducted in 2011. PARTICIPANTS 918 daily smokers born 1945-1957 (48% men), mean age 59.5 years including 38 twin pairs discordant for depression. MEASUREMENTS Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale with a cut off value ≥20 for depression. Smoking dependence was assessed using the Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD) and smoking dependence motives with three subscales from the multi-dimensional Brief Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM): primary dependence motives (PDM), affective enhancement (AE), and Taste. Logistic regressions, using standardized scores of independent variables and adjusted for multiple confounders with correction for sampling as twin pairs, were used in the individual-based analyses. Conditional logistic regression was used to control for shared familial factors in discordant twin pairs. FINDINGS Prevalence of depression was 18% (n = 163: 61 [14%] in men, n = 102 [22%] in women). Higher smoking dependence measured by the FTCD (OR 1.45; 95% CI 1.20, 1.75), and dependence motives measured by the PDM (1.56; 1.30, 1.87) and the AE (1.54; 1.28, 1.85) were associated with higher odds of depression. The associations remained after adjusting for individual confounders, except for neuroticism, which attenuated all associations. FTCD, PDM, and AE showed associations with depression within depression-discordant monozygotic pairs, suggesting an association independent of familial factors. CONCLUSIONS Depression appears to be associated with smoking dependence and smoking dependence motives related to heavy, automatic use and use to regulate affective states. The associations appear to be confounded or mediated by neuroticism but are independent of shared familial influences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maarit Piirtola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, PO. Box 20, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, PO. Box 20, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Po. Box 20, 20014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timothy B. Baker
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1930 Monroe Street, Madison, WI 53711 -2059, United States
| | - Thomas M. Piasecki
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, 210 McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Megan E. Piper
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1930 Monroe Street, Madison, WI 53711 -2059, United States
| | - Tellervo Korhonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, PO. Box 20, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
244
|
Xu R, Li S, Li S, Wong EM, Southey MC, Hopper JL, Abramson MJ, Guo Y. Surrounding Greenness and Biological Aging Based on DNA Methylation: A Twin and Family Study in Australia. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:87007. [PMID: 34460342 PMCID: PMC8404778 DOI: 10.1289/ehp8793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High surrounding greenness has many health benefits and might contribute to slower biological aging. However, very few studies have evaluated this from the perspective of epigenetics. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the association between surrounding greenness and biological aging based on DNA methylation. METHODS We derived Horvath's DNA methylation age (DNAmAge), Hannum's DNAmAge, PhenoAge, and GrimAge based on DNA methylation measured in peripheral blood samples from 479 Australian women in 130 families. Measures of DNAmAge acceleration (DNAmAgeAC) were derived from the residuals after regressing each DNAmAge metric on chronological age. Greenness was represented by satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) metrics within 300-, 500-, 1,000-, and 2,000-m buffers surrounding participant addresses. Greenness-DNAmAgeAC associations were estimated using a within-sibship design fitted by linear mixed effect models, adjusting for familial clustering and important covariates. RESULTS Greenness metrics were associated with significantly lower DNAmAgeAC based on GrimAge acceleration, suggesting slower biological aging with higher greenness based on both NDVI and EVI in 300-2,000m buffer areas. For example, each interquartile range increase in NDVI within 1,000m was associated with a 0.59 (95% CI: 0.18, 1.01)-year decrease in GrimAge acceleration. Greenness was also inversely associated with three of the eight components of GrimAge, specifically, DNA methylation-based surrogates of serum cystatin-C, serum growth differentiation factor 15, and smoking pack years. Associations between greenness and biological aging measured by Horvath's and Hannum's DNAmAgeAC were less consistent, and depended on neighborhood socioeconomic status. No significant associations were estimated for PhenoAge acceleration. DISCUSSION Higher surrounding greenness was associated with slower biological aging, as indicated by GrimAge age acceleration, in Australian women. Associations were also evident for three individual components of GrimAge, but were inconsistent for other measures of biological aging. Additional studies are needed to confirm our results. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8793.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongbin Xu
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shuai Li
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shanshan Li
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ee Ming Wong
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melissa C. Southey
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Victoria, Australia
| | - John L. Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael J. Abramson
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yuming Guo
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
245
|
Genetic overlap and causal associations between smoking behaviours and mental health. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14871. [PMID: 34290290 PMCID: PMC8295327 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93962-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a modifiable behaviour associated with mental health. We investigated the degree of genetic overlap between smoking behaviours and psychiatric traits and disorders, and whether genetic associations exist beyond genetic influences shared with confounding variables (cannabis and alcohol use, risk-taking and insomnia). Second, we investigated the presence of causal associations between smoking initiation and psychiatric traits and disorders. We found significant genetic correlations between smoking and psychiatric disorders and adult psychotic experiences. When genetic influences on known covariates were controlled for, genetic associations between most smoking behaviours and schizophrenia and depression endured (but not with bipolar disorder or most psychotic experiences). Mendelian randomization results supported a causal role of smoking initiation on psychiatric disorders and adolescent cognitive and negative psychotic experiences, although not consistently across all sensitivity analyses. In conclusion, smoking and psychiatric disorders share genetic influences that cannot be attributed to covariates such as risk-taking, insomnia or other substance use. As such, there may be some common genetic pathways underlying smoking and psychiatric disorders. In addition, smoking may play a causal role in vulnerability for mental illness.
Collapse
|
246
|
Smoking and Neuropsychiatric Disease-Associations and Underlying Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147272. [PMID: 34298890 PMCID: PMC8304236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive efforts to combat cigarette smoking/tobacco use, it still remains a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, killing more than eight million people each year. While tobacco smoking is a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases related to the four main groups—cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, and diabetes—its impact on neuropsychiatric risk is rather elusive. The aim of this review article is to emphasize the importance of smoking as a potential risk factor for neuropsychiatric disease and to identify central pathophysiological mechanisms that may contribute to this relationship. There is strong evidence from epidemiological and experimental studies indicating that smoking may increase the risk of various neuropsychiatric diseases, such as dementia/cognitive decline, schizophrenia/psychosis, depression, anxiety disorder, and suicidal behavior induced by structural and functional alterations of the central nervous system, mainly centered on inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways. From a public health perspective, preventive measures and policies designed to counteract the global epidemic of smoking should necessarily include warnings and actions that address the risk of neuropsychiatric disease.
Collapse
|
247
|
Gill D, Zuber V, Dawson J, Pearson-Stuttard J, Carter AR, Sanderson E, Karhunen V, Levin MG, Wootton RE, Klarin D, Tsao PS, Tsilidis KK, Damrauer SM, Burgess S, Elliott P. Risk factors mediating the effect of body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio on cardiovascular outcomes: Mendelian randomization analysis. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:1428-1438. [PMID: 34002035 PMCID: PMC8236409 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, but the extent to which this is mediated by blood pressure, diabetes, lipid traits, and smoking is not fully understood. METHODS Using consortia and UK Biobank genetic association summary data from 140,595 to 898,130 participants predominantly of European ancestry, Mendelian randomization mediation analysis was performed to investigate the degree to which systolic blood pressure (SBP), diabetes, lipid traits, and smoking mediated an effect of BMI and WHR on the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), peripheral artery disease (PAD) and stroke. RESULTS The odds ratio of CAD per 1-standard deviation increase in genetically predicted BMI was 1.49 (95% CI 1.39 to 1.60). This attenuated to 1.34 (95% CI 1.24 to 1.45) after adjusting for genetically predicted SBP (proportion mediated 27%, 95% CI 3% to 50%), to 1.27 (95% CI 1.17 to 1.37) after adjusting for genetically predicted diabetes (41% mediated, 95% CI 18% to 63%), to 1.47 (95% CI 1.36 to 1.59) after adjusting for genetically predicted lipids (3% mediated, 95% -23% to 29%), and to 1.46 (95% CI 1.34 to 1.58) after adjusting for genetically predicted smoking (6% mediated, 95% CI -20% to 32%). Adjusting for all the mediators together, the estimate attenuated to 1.14 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.26; 66% mediated, 95% CI 42% to 91%). A similar pattern was observed when considering genetically predicted WHR as the exposure, and PAD or stroke as the outcome. CONCLUSIONS Measures to reduce obesity will lower the risk of cardiovascular disease primarily by impacting downstream metabolic risk factors, particularly diabetes and hypertension. Reduction of obesity prevalence alongside control and management of its mediators is likely to be most effective for minimizing the burden of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dipender Gill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Section, Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education and Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK.
- Clinical Pharmacology Group, Pharmacy and Medicines Directorate, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Verena Zuber
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jesse Dawson
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jonathan Pearson-Stuttard
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alice R Carter
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Eleanor Sanderson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ville Karhunen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael G Levin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robyn E Wootton
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Derek Klarin
- Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville, Fl, USA
| | - Philip S Tsao
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Livermore, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Konstantinos K Tsilidis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Scott M Damrauer
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen Burgess
- Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College London and Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust, London, UK
- Health Data Research UK-London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
248
|
Harrison S, Davies NM, Howe LD, Hughes A. Testosterone and socioeconomic position: Mendelian randomization in 306,248 men and women in UK Biobank. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/31/eabf8257. [PMID: 34321204 PMCID: PMC8318368 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf8257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Men with more advantaged socioeconomic position (SEP) have been observed to have higher levels of testosterone. It is unclear whether these associations arise because testosterone has a causal impact on SEP. In 306,248 participants of UK Biobank, we performed sex-stratified genome-wide association analysis to identify genetic variants associated with testosterone. Using the identified variants, we performed Mendelian randomization analysis of the influence of testosterone on socioeconomic position, including income, employment status, neighborhood-level deprivation, and educational qualifications; on health, including self-rated health and body mass index; and on risk-taking behavior. We found little evidence that testosterone affected socioeconomic position, health, or risk-taking. Our results therefore suggest that it is unlikely that testosterone meaningfully affects these outcomes in men or women. Differences between Mendelian randomization and multivariable-adjusted estimates suggest that previously reported associations with socioeconomic position and health may be due to residual confounding or reverse causation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Harrison
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Neil M Davies
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
| | - Laura D Howe
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Amanda Hughes
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
249
|
Treur JL, Munafò MR, Logtenberg E, Wiers RW, Verweij KJH. Using Mendelian randomization analysis to better understand the relationship between mental health and substance use: a systematic review. Psychol Med 2021; 51:1593-1624. [PMID: 34030749 PMCID: PMC8327626 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172100180x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor mental health has consistently been associated with substance use (smoking, alcohol drinking, cannabis use, and consumption of caffeinated drinks). To properly inform public health policy it is crucial to understand the mechanisms underlying these associations, and most importantly, whether or not they are causal. METHODS In this pre-registered systematic review, we assessed the evidence for causal relationships between mental health and substance use from Mendelian randomization (MR) studies, following PRISMA. We rated the quality of included studies using a scoring system that incorporates important indices of quality, such as the quality of phenotype measurement, instrument strength, and use of sensitivity methods. RESULTS Sixty-three studies were included for qualitative synthesis. The final quality rating was '-' for 16 studies, '- +' for 37 studies, and '+'for 10 studies. There was robust evidence that higher educational attainment decreases smoking and that there is a bi-directional, increasing relationship between smoking and (symptoms of) mental disorders. Another robust finding was that higher educational attainment increases alcohol use frequency, but decreases binge-drinking and alcohol use problems, and that mental disorders causally lead to more alcohol drinking without evidence for the reverse. CONCLUSIONS The current MR literature increases our understanding of the relationship between mental health and substance use. Bi-directional causal relationships are indicated, especially for smoking, providing further incentive to strengthen public health efforts to decrease substance use. Future MR studies should make use of large(r) samples in combination with detailed phenotypes, a wide range of sensitivity methods, and triangulate with other research methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorien L. Treur
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcus R. Munafò
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Emma Logtenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Reinout W. Wiers
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karin J. H. Verweij
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
250
|
Robinson N, Bergen SE. Environmental Risk Factors for Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder and Their Relationship to Genetic Risk: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. Front Genet 2021; 12:686666. [PMID: 34262598 PMCID: PMC8273311 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.686666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) are severe psychiatric disorders which result from complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. It is well-established that they are highly heritable disorders, and considerable progress has been made identifying their shared and distinct genetic risk factors. However, the 15-40% of risk that is derived from environmental sources is less definitively known. Environmental factors that have been repeatedly investigated and often associated with SZ include: obstetric complications, infections, winter or spring birth, migration, urban living, childhood adversity, and cannabis use. There is evidence that childhood adversity and some types of infections are also associated with BD. Evidence for other risk factors in BD is weaker due to fewer studies and often smaller sample sizes. Relatively few environmental exposures have ever been examined for SZ or BD, and additional ones likely remain to be discovered. A complete picture of how genetic and environmental risk factors confer risk for these disorders requires an understanding of how they interact. Early gene-by-environment interaction studies for both SZ and BD often involved candidate genes and were underpowered. Larger samples with genome-wide data and polygenic risk scores now offer enhanced prospects to reveal genetic interactions with environmental exposures that contribute to risk for these disorders. Overall, although some environmental risk factors have been identified for SZ, few have been for BD, and the extent to which these account for the total risk from environmental sources remains unknown. For both disorders, interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors are also not well understood and merit further investigation. Questions remain regarding the mechanisms by which risk factors exert their effects, and the ways in which environmental factors differ by sex. Concurrent investigations of environmental and genetic risk factors in SZ and BD are needed as we work toward a more comprehensive understanding of the ways in which these disorders arise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah E. Bergen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|