201
|
Lam M, Trampush JW, Yu J, Knowles E, Davies G, Liewald DC, Starr JM, Djurovic S, Melle I, Sundet K, Christoforou A, Reinvang I, DeRosse P, Lundervold AJ, Steen VM, Espeseth T, Räikkönen K, Widen E, Palotie A, Eriksson JG, Giegling I, Konte B, Roussos P, Giakoumaki S, Burdick KE, Payton A, Ollier W, Chiba-Falek O, Attix DK, Need AC, Cirulli ET, Voineskos AN, Stefanis NC, Avramopoulos D, Hatzimanolis A, Arking DE, Smyrnis N, Bilder RM, Freimer NA, Cannon TD, London E, Poldrack RA, Sabb FW, Congdon E, Conley ED, Scult MA, Dickinson D, Straub RE, Donohoe G, Morris D, Corvin A, Gill M, Hariri AR, Weinberger DR, Pendleton N, Bitsios P, Rujescu D, Lahti J, Le Hellard S, Keller MC, Andreassen OA, Deary IJ, Glahn DC, Malhotra AK, Lencz T. Large-Scale Cognitive GWAS Meta-Analysis Reveals Tissue-Specific Neural Expression and Potential Nootropic Drug Targets. Cell Rep 2017; 21:2597-2613. [PMID: 29186694 PMCID: PMC5789458 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a large (n = 107,207) genome-wide association study (GWAS) of general cognitive ability ("g"), further enhanced by combining results with a large-scale GWAS of educational attainment. We identified 70 independent genomic loci associated with general cognitive ability. Results showed significant enrichment for genes causing Mendelian disorders with an intellectual disability phenotype. Competitive pathway analysis implicated the biological processes of neurogenesis and synaptic regulation, as well as the gene targets of two pharmacologic agents: cinnarizine, a T-type calcium channel blocker, and LY97241, a potassium channel inhibitor. Transcriptome-wide and epigenome-wide analysis revealed that the implicated loci were enriched for genes expressed across all brain regions (most strongly in the cerebellum). Enrichment was exclusive to genes expressed in neurons but not oligodendrocytes or astrocytes. Finally, we report genetic correlations between cognitive ability and disparate phenotypes including psychiatric disorders, several autoimmune disorders, longevity, and maternal age at first birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Lam
- Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jin Yu
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Emma Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David C Liewald
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, University of Bergen, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Sundet
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrea Christoforou
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ivar Reinvang
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pamela DeRosse
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Astri J Lundervold
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Vidar M Steen
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Bettina Konte
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Katherine E Burdick
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antony Payton
- Centre for Epidemiology, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research & Primary Care, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - William Ollier
- Centre for Epidemiology, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research & Primary Care, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ornit Chiba-Falek
- Department of Neurology, Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Deborah K Attix
- Department of Neurology, Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Medical Psychology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anna C Need
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | - Aristotle N Voineskos
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nikos C Stefanis
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece; Neurobiology Research Institute, Theodor-Theohari Cozzika Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Avramopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alex Hatzimanolis
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece; Neurobiology Research Institute, Theodor-Theohari Cozzika Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Dan E Arking
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nikolaos Smyrnis
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Robert M Bilder
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nelson A Freimer
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tyrone D Cannon
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Edythe London
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Fred W Sabb
- Robert and Beverly Lewis Center for Neuroimaging, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Eliza Congdon
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Matthew A Scult
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dwight Dickinson
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard E Straub
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG) Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Derek Morris
- Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG) Centre, School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Gill
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ahmad R Hariri
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Neil Pendleton
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Panos Bitsios
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Matthew C Keller
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anil K Malhotra
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA; Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Todd Lencz
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA; Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
202
|
Bearden CE, Glahn DC. Cognitive genomics: Searching for the genetic roots of neuropsychological functioning. Neuropsychology 2017; 31:1003-1019. [PMID: 29376674 PMCID: PMC5791763 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human cognition has long been known to be under substantial genetic control. With the complete mapping of the human genome, genome-wide association studies for many complex traits have proliferated; however, the highly polygenic nature of intelligence has made the identification of the precise genes that influence both global and specific cognitive abilities more difficult than anticipated. METHOD Here, we review the latest developments in the genomics of cognition, including a discussion of methodological advances in the genetic analysis of complex traits, and shared genetic contributions to cognitive abilities and neuropsychiatric disorders. RESULTS A wealth of twin and family studies have provided compelling evidence for a strong heritable component of both global and specific cognitive abilities, and for the existence of "generalist genes" responsible for a large portion of the variance in diverse cognitive abilities. Increasingly sophisticated analytic tools and ever-larger sample sizes are now facilitating the identification of specific genetic and molecular underpinnings of cognitive abilities, leading to optimism regarding possibilities for novel treatments for illnesses related to cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS We conclude with a set of future directions for the field, which will further accelerate discoveries regarding the biological pathways relevant to cognitive abilities. These, in turn, may be further interrogated in order to link biological mechanisms to behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at Los Angeles
| | | |
Collapse
|
203
|
Genetic and Environmental Basis in Phenotype Correlation Between Physical Function and Cognition in Aging Chinese Twins. Twin Res Hum Genet 2017; 20:60-65. [PMID: 28105965 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2016.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Although the correlation between cognition and physical function has been well studied in the general population, the genetic and environmental nature of the correlation has been rarely investigated. We conducted a classical twin analysis on cognitive and physical function, including forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), handgrip strength, five-times-sit-to-stand test (FTSST), near visual acuity, and number of teeth lost in 379 complete twin pairs. Bivariate twin models were fitted to estimate the genetic and environmental correlation between physical and cognitive function. Bivariate analysis showed mildly positively genetic correlations between cognition and FEV1, r G = 0.23 [95% CI: 0.03, 0.62], as well as FVC, r G = 0.35 [95% CI: 0.06, 1.00]. We found that FTSST and cognition presented very high common environmental correlation, r C = -1.00 [95% CI: -1.00, -0.57], and low but significant unique environmental correlation, r E = -0.11 [95% CI: -0.22, -0.01], all in the negative direction. Meanwhile, near visual acuity and cognition also showed unique environmental correlation, r E = 0.16 [95% CI: 0.03, 0.27]. We found no significantly genetic correlation for cognition with handgrip strength, FTSST, near visual acuity, and number of teeth lost. Cognitive function was genetically related to pulmonary function. The FTSST and cognition shared almost the same common environmental factors but only part of the unique environmental factors, both with negative correlation. In contrast, near visual acuity and cognition may positively share part of the unique environmental factors.
Collapse
|
204
|
Lam M, Wang M, Huang W, Eng GK, Rapisarda A, Kraus M, Kang S, Keefe RSE, Lee J. Establishing the Brief Assessment of Cognition - Short form. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 93:1-11. [PMID: 28549241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The study aims to identify and validate a parsimonious subset of tests in the commonly used Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) that allows the evaluation of global cognitive ability. Several permutations of subtests from the BACS were examined to identify the best subset of tests to compose the short form measure. The Brief Assessment of Cognition-Short Form (BAC-SF) was evaluated for convergent validity in healthy and psychiatric samples (N = 3718). Verbal Memory, Digit Sequencing, and Symbol Coding subtests were found to best summarize the variance of composite scores in both Asian and US Norming samples (r = 0.91) indicating that BAC-SF is an appropriate approximation of cognitive deficits. Test re-test reliability of the BAC-SF was adequate (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) = 0.73) and showed sufficient separation between healthy controls and schizophrenia (Average Predictive Accuracy = 79.9%; replication = 76.5%). Findings indicate that the BAC-SF an could be used as a cognitive screener for large-scale clinical and epidemiological studies. The short form does not replace the need for comprehensive neuropsychological batteries purposed for detailed neuropsychological and clinical investigation of cognitive function. Further replication of the construct might be necessary in other clinical populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Lam
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok Green Medical Park 10 Buangkok View, 539747, Singapore.
| | - Mingyuan Wang
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok Green Medical Park 10 Buangkok View, 539747, Singapore
| | - Wanping Huang
- Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, 308433, Singapore
| | - Goi Khia Eng
- Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Attilio Rapisarda
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok Green Medical Park 10 Buangkok View, 539747, Singapore
| | - Michael Kraus
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 8 Duke University Medical Center Greenspace, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Sim Kang
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok Green Medical Park 10 Buangkok View, 539747, Singapore; General Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok Green Medical Park 10 Buangkok View, 539747, Singapore
| | - R S E Keefe
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 8 Duke University Medical Center Greenspace, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Jimmy Lee
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok Green Medical Park 10 Buangkok View, 539747, Singapore; General Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok Green Medical Park 10 Buangkok View, 539747, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Murray RM, Bhavsar V, Tripoli G, Howes O. 30 Years on: How the Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis of Schizophrenia Morphed Into the Developmental Risk Factor Model of Psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2017; 43:1190-1196. [PMID: 28981842 PMCID: PMC5737804 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
At its re-birth 30 years ago, the neurodevelopment hypothesis of schizophrenia focussed on aberrant genes and early neural hazards, but then it grew to include ideas concerning aberrant synaptic pruning in adolescence. The hypothesis had its own stormy development and it endured some difficult teenage years when a resurgence of interest in neurodegeneration threatened its survival. In early adult life, it over-reached itself with some reductionists claiming that schizophrenia was simply a neurodevelopmental disease. However, by age 30, the hypothesis has matured sufficiently to incorporated childhood and adult adversity, urban living and migration, as well as heavy cannabis use, as important risk factors. Thus, it morphed into the developmental risk factor model of psychosis and integrated new evidence concerning dysregulated striatal dopamine as the final step on the pathway linking risk factors to psychotic symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin M Murray
- Psychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, UK,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College, London, UK,To whom correspondence should be addressed;
| | - Vishal Bhavsar
- Psychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, UK
| | - Giada Tripoli
- Psychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, UK
| | - Oliver Howes
- Psychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, UK,Psychiatric Imaging Group, Clinical Science Centre, Imperial College, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Alzheimer's brains show inter-related changes in RNA and lipid metabolism. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 106:1-13. [PMID: 28630030 PMCID: PMC5560656 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves changes in both lipid and RNA metabolism, but it remained unknown if these differences associate with AD's cognition and/or post-mortem neuropathology indices. Here, we report RNA-sequencing evidence of inter-related associations between lipid processing, cognition level, and AD neuropathology. In two unrelated cohorts, we identified pathway-enriched facilitation of lipid processing and alternative splicing genes, including the neuronal-enriched NOVA1 and hnRNPA1. Specifically, this association emerged in temporal lobe tissue samples from donors where postmortem evidence demonstrated AD neuropathology, but who presented normal cognition proximate to death. The observed changes further associated with modified ATP synthesis and mitochondrial transcripts, indicating metabolic relevance; accordingly, mass-spectrometry-derived lipidomic profiles distinguished between individuals with and without cognitive impairment prior to death. In spite of the limited group sizes, tissues from persons with both cognitive impairment and AD pathology showed elevation in several drug-targeted genes of other brain, vascular and autoimmune disorders, accompanied by pathology-related increases in distinct lipid processing transcripts, and in the RNA metabolism genes hnRNPH2, TARDBP, CLP1 and EWSR1. To further detect 3'-polyadenylation variants, we employed multiple cDNA primer pairs. This identified variants that showed limited differences in scope and length between the tested cohorts, yet enabled superior clustering of demented and non-demented AD brains versus controls compared to total mRNA expression values. Our findings indicate inter-related cognition-associated differences in AD's lipid processing, alternative splicing and 3'-polyadenylation, calling for pursuing the underlying psychological and therapeutics implications.
Collapse
|
207
|
Smeland OB, Frei O, Kauppi K, Hill WD, Li W, Wang Y, Krull F, Bettella F, Eriksen JA, Witoelar A, Davies G, Fan CC, Thompson WK, Lam M, Lencz T, Chen CH, Ueland T, Jönsson EG, Djurovic S, Deary IJ, Dale AM, Andreassen OA. Identification of Genetic Loci Jointly Influencing Schizophrenia Risk and the Cognitive Traits of Verbal-Numerical Reasoning, Reaction Time, and General Cognitive Function. JAMA Psychiatry 2017; 74:1065-1075. [PMID: 28746715 PMCID: PMC5710474 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Schizophrenia is associated with widespread cognitive impairments. Although cognitive deficits are one of the factors most strongly associated with functional outcome in schizophrenia, current treatment strategies largely fail to ameliorate these impairments. To develop more efficient treatment strategies in patients with schizophrenia, a better understanding of the pathogenesis of these cognitive deficits is needed. Accumulating evidence indicates that genetic risk of schizophrenia may contribute to cognitive dysfunction. OBJECTIVE To identify genomic regions jointly influencing schizophrenia and the cognitive domains of reaction time and verbal-numerical reasoning, as well as general cognitive function, a phenotype that captures the shared variation in performance across cognitive domains. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Combining data from genome-wide association studies from multiple phenotypes using conditional false discovery rate analysis provides increased power to discover genetic variants and could elucidate shared molecular genetic mechanisms. Data from the following genome-wide association studies, published from July 24, 2014, to January 17, 2017, were combined: schizophrenia in the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium cohort (n = 79 757 [cases, 34 486; controls, 45 271]); verbal-numerical reasoning (n = 36 035) and reaction time (n = 111 483) in the UK Biobank cohort; and general cognitive function in CHARGE (Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology) (n = 53 949) and COGENT (Cognitive Genomics Consortium) (n = 27 888). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Genetic loci identified by conditional false discovery rate analysis. Brain messenger RNA expression and brain expression quantitative trait locus functionality were determined. RESULTS Among the participants in the genome-wide association studies, 21 loci jointly influencing schizophrenia and cognitive traits were identified: 2 loci shared between schizophrenia and verbal-numerical reasoning, 6 loci shared between schizophrenia and reaction time, and 14 loci shared between schizophrenia and general cognitive function. One locus was shared between schizophrenia and 2 cognitive traits and represented the strongest shared signal detected (nearest gene TCF20; chromosome 22q13.2), and was shared between schizophrenia (z score, 5.01; P = 5.53 × 10-7), general cognitive function (z score, -4.43; P = 9.42 × 10-6), and verbal-numerical reasoning (z score, -5.43; P = 5.64 × 10-8). For 18 loci, schizophrenia risk alleles were associated with poorer cognitive performance. The implicated genes are expressed in the developmental and adult human brain. Replicable expression quantitative trait locus functionality was identified for 4 loci in the adult human brain. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The discovered loci improve the understanding of the common genetic basis underlying schizophrenia and cognitive function, suggesting novel molecular genetic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olav B. Smeland
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karolina Kauppi
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla,Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla,Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - W. David Hill
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Wen Li
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla,Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Florian Krull
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Francesco Bettella
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon A. Eriksen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aree Witoelar
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chun C. Fan
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla,Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Wesley K. Thompson
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla,Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Max Lam
- Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
| | - Todd Lencz
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York,Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York
| | - Chi-Hua Chen
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla,Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Torill Ueland
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Olso, Norway
| | - Erik G. Jönsson
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anders M. Dale
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla,Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla,Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | |
Collapse
|
208
|
Luciano M, Hagenaars SP, Cox SR, Hill WD, Davies G, Harris SE, Deary IJ, Evans DM, Martin NG, Wright MJ, Bates TC. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated with Reading Ability Show Connection to Socio-Economic Outcomes. Behav Genet 2017; 47:469-479. [PMID: 28711986 PMCID: PMC5574963 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-017-9859-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Impairments in reading and in language have negative consequences on life outcomes, but it is not known to what extent genetic effects influence this association. We constructed polygenic scores for difficulties with language and learning to read from genome-wide data in ~6,600 children, adolescents and young adults, and tested their association with health, socioeconomic outcomes and brain structure measures collected in adults (maximal N = 111,749). Polygenic risk of reading difficulties was associated with reduced income, educational attainment, self-rated health and verbal-numerical reasoning (p < 0.00055). Polygenic risk of language difficulties predicted income (p = 0.0005). The small effect sizes ranged 0.01-0.03 of a standard deviation, but these will increase as genetic studies for reading ability get larger. Polygenic scores for childhood cognitive ability and educational attainment were correlated with polygenic scores of reading and language (up to 0.09 and 0.05, respectively). But when they were included in the prediction models, the observed associations between polygenic reading and adult outcomes mostly remained. This suggests that the pathway from reading ability to social outcomes is not only via associated polygenic loads for general cognitive function and educational attainment. The presence of non-overlapping genetic effect is indicated by the genetic correlations of around 0.40 (childhood intelligence) and 0.70 (educational attainment) with reading ability. Mendelian randomization approaches will be important to dissociate any causal and moderating effects of reading and related traits on social outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Luciano
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
| | - Saskia P Hagenaars
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Simon R Cox
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - William David Hill
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Gail Davies
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Timothy C Bates
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Weiner DJ, Wigdor EM, Ripke S, Walters RK, Kosmicki JA, Grove J, Samocha KE, Goldstein J, Okbay A, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Werge T, Hougaard DM, Taylor J, Skuse D, Devlin B, Anney R, Sanders SJ, Bishop S, Mortensen PB, Børglum AD, Smith GD, Daly MJ, Robinson EB. Polygenic transmission disequilibrium confirms that common and rare variation act additively to create risk for autism spectrum disorders. Nat Genet 2017; 49:978-985. [PMID: 28504703 PMCID: PMC5552240 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk is influenced by common polygenic and de novo variation. We aimed to clarify the influence of polygenic risk for ASD and to identify subgroups of ASD cases, including those with strongly acting de novo variants, in which polygenic risk is relevant. Using a novel approach called the polygenic transmission disequilibrium test and data from 6,454 families with a child with ASD, we show that polygenic risk for ASD, schizophrenia, and greater educational attainment is over-transmitted to children with ASD. These findings hold independent of proband IQ. We find that polygenic variation contributes additively to risk in ASD cases who carry a strongly acting de novo variant. Lastly, we show that elements of polygenic risk are independent and differ in their relationship with phenotype. These results confirm that the genetic influences on ASD are additive and suggest that they create risk through at least partially distinct etiologic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Weiner
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emilie M. Wigdor
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raymond K. Walters
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jack A. Kosmicki
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Genetics and Genomics, Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jakob Grove
- Department of Biomedicine (Human Genetics), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kaitlin E. Samocha
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacqueline Goldstein
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aysu Okbay
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David M. Hougaard
- Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Taylor
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - David Skuse
- Behavioural Sciences Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Bernie Devlin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Richard Anney
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Stephan J. Sanders
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - Somer Bishop
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- Department of Biomedicine (Human Genetics), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders D. Børglum
- Department of Biomedicine (Human Genetics), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Mark J. Daly
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elise B. Robinson
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Čukić I, Brett CE, Calvin CM, Batty GD, Deary IJ. Childhood IQ and survival to 79: Follow-up of 94% of the Scottish Mental Survey 1947. INTELLIGENCE 2017; 63:45-50. [PMID: 28713184 PMCID: PMC5491698 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To extend previous literature that suggests higher IQ in youth is associated with living longer. Previous studies have been unable to assess reliably whether the effect differs across sexes and ages of death, and whether the effect is graded across different levels of IQ. METHODS We test IQ-survival associations in 94% of the near-entire population born in Scotland in 1936 who took an IQ test at age 11 (n = 70,805) and were traced in a 68-year follow-up. RESULTS Higher IQ at age 11 years was associated with a lower risk of death (HR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.79, 0.81). The decline in risk across categories of IQ scores was graded across the full range with the effect slightly stronger in women (HR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.77, 0.80) than in men (HR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.81, 0.84). Higher IQ had a significantly stronger association with death before and including age 65 (HR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.74, 0.77) than in those participants who died at an older age (HR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.78, 0.80). CONCLUSIONS Higher childhood IQ is associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality in both men and women. This is the only near-entire population study to date that examines the association between childhood IQ and mortality across most of the human life course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iva Čukić
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Caroline E Brett
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK.,Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moors University, UK
| | - Catherine M Calvin
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - G David Batty
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
211
|
Calvin CM, Batty GD, Der G, Brett CE, Taylor A, Pattie A, Čukić I, Deary IJ. Childhood intelligence in relation to major causes of death in 68 year follow-up: prospective population study. BMJ 2017; 357:j2708. [PMID: 28659274 PMCID: PMC5485432 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.j2708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Objectives To examine the association between intelligence measured in childhood and leading causes of death in men and women over the life course.Design Prospective cohort study based on a whole population of participants born in Scotland in 1936 and linked to mortality data across 68 years of follow-up.Setting Scotland.Participants 33 536 men and 32 229 women who were participants in the Scottish Mental Survey of 1947 (SMS1947) and who could be linked to cause of death data up to December 2015.Main outcome measures Cause specific mortality, including from coronary heart disease, stroke, specific cancer types, respiratory disease, digestive disease, external causes, and dementia.Results Childhood intelligence was inversely associated with all major causes of death. The age and sex adjusted hazard ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) per 1 SD (about 15 points) advantage in intelligence test score were strongest for respiratory disease (0.72, 0.70 to 0.74), coronary heart disease (0.75, 0.73 to 0.77), and stroke (0.76, 0.73 to 0.79). Other notable associations (all P<0.001) were observed for deaths from injury (0.81, 0.75 to 0.86), smoking related cancers (0.82, 0.80 to 0.84), digestive disease (0.82, 0.79 to 0.86), and dementia (0.84, 0.78 to 0.90). Weak associations were apparent for suicide (0.87, 0.74 to 1.02) and deaths from cancer not related to smoking (0.96, 0.93 to 1.00), and their confidence intervals included unity. There was a suggestion that childhood intelligence was somewhat more strongly related to coronary heart disease, smoking related cancers, respiratory disease, and dementia in women than men (P value for interactions <0.001, 0.02, <0.001, and 0.02, respectively).Childhood intelligence was related to selected cancer presentations, including lung (0.75, 0.72 to 0.77), stomach (0.77, 0.69 to 0.85), bladder (0.81, 0.71 to 0.91), oesophageal (0.85, 0.78 to 0.94), liver (0.85, 0.74 to 0.97), colorectal (0.89, 0.83 to 0.95), and haematopoietic (0.91, 0.83 to 0.98). Sensitivity analyses on a representative subsample of the cohort observed only small attenuation of the estimated effect of intelligence (by 10-26%) after adjustment for potential confounders, including three indicators of childhood socioeconomic status. In a replication sample from Scotland, in a similar birth year cohort and follow-up period, smoking and adult socioeconomic status partially attenuated (by 16-58%) the association of intelligence with outcome rates.Conclusions In a whole national population year of birth cohort followed over the life course from age 11 to age 79, higher scores on a well validated childhood intelligence test were associated with lower risk of mortality ascribed to coronary heart disease and stroke, cancers related to smoking (particularly lung and stomach), respiratory diseases, digestive diseases, injury, and dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Calvin
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (CCACE), Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - G David Batty
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (CCACE), Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London
| | - Geoff Der
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (CCACE), Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G2 3QB
| | - Caroline E Brett
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (CCACE), Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Adele Taylor
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Alison Pattie
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Iva Čukić
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (CCACE), Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (CCACE), Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
212
|
Papiol S, Popovic D, Keeser D, Hasan A, Schneider-Axmann T, Degenhardt F, Rossner MJ, Bickeböller H, Schmitt A, Falkai P, Malchow B. Polygenic risk has an impact on the structural plasticity of hippocampal subfields during aerobic exercise combined with cognitive remediation in multi-episode schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1159. [PMID: 28654095 PMCID: PMC5537649 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Preliminary studies suggest that, besides improving cognition, aerobic exercise might increase hippocampal volume in schizophrenia patients; however, results are not consistent. Individual mechanisms of volume changes are unknown but might be connected to the load of risk genes. Genome-wide association studies have uncovered the polygenic architecture of schizophrenia. The secondary analysis presented here aimed to determine the modulatory role of schizophrenia polygenic risk scores (PRSs) on volume changes in the total hippocampus and cornu ammonis (CA) 1, CA2/3, CA4/dentate gyrus (DG) and subiculum over time. We studied 20 multi-episode schizophrenia patients and 23 healthy controls who performed aerobic exercise (endurance training) combined with cognitive remediation for 3 months and 21 multi-episode schizophrenia patients allocated to a control intervention (table soccer) combined with cognitive remediation. Magnetic resonance imaging-based assessments were performed at baseline and after 3 months with FreeSurfer. No effects of PRSs were found on total hippocampal volume change. Subfield analyses showed that the volume changes between baseline and 3 months in the left CA4/DG were significantly influenced by PRSs in schizophrenia patients performing aerobic exercise. A larger genetic risk burden was associated with a less pronounced volume increase or a decrease in volume over the course of the exercise intervention. Results of exploratory enrichment analyses reinforced the notion of genetic risk factors modulating biological processes tightly related to synaptic ion channel activity, calcium signaling, glutamate signaling and regulation of cell morphogenesis. We hypothesize that a high polygenic risk may negatively influence neuroplasticity in CA4/DG during aerobic exercise in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Papiol
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), Medical Center of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - D Popovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - D Keeser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Radiology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - A Hasan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - T Schneider-Axmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - F Degenhardt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M J Rossner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - H Bickeböller
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - A Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - P Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - B Malchow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
Hagenaars SP, Gale CR, Deary IJ, Harris SE. Cognitive ability and physical health: a Mendelian randomization study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2651. [PMID: 28572633 PMCID: PMC5453939 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02837-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Causes of the association between cognitive ability and health remain unknown, but may reflect a shared genetic aetiology. This study examines the causal genetic associations between cognitive ability and physical health. We carried out two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses using the inverse-variance weighted method to test for causality between later life cognitive ability, educational attainment (as a proxy for cognitive ability in youth), BMI, height, systolic blood pressure, coronary artery disease, and type 2 diabetes using data from six independent GWAS consortia and the UK Biobank sample (N = 112 151). BMI, systolic blood pressure, coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes showed negative associations with cognitive ability; height was positively associated with cognitive ability. The analyses provided no evidence for casual associations from health to cognitive ability. In the other direction, higher educational attainment predicted lower BMI, systolic blood pressure, coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes, and taller stature. The analyses indicated no causal association from educational attainment to physical health. The lack of evidence for causal associations between cognitive ability, educational attainment, and physical health could be explained by weak instrumental variables, poorly measured outcomes, or the small number of disease cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saskia P Hagenaars
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK
| | - Catharine R Gale
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
- Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
214
|
Ritchie SJ, Tucker-Drob EM, Cox SR, Dickie DA, Del C Valdés Hernández M, Corley J, Royle NA, Redmond P, Muñoz Maniega S, Pattie A, Aribisala BS, Taylor AM, Clarke TK, Gow AJ, Starr JM, Bastin ME, Wardlaw JM, Deary IJ. Risk and protective factors for structural brain ageing in the eighth decade of life. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:3477-3490. [PMID: 28424895 PMCID: PMC5676817 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Individuals differ markedly in brain structure, and in how this structure degenerates during ageing. In a large sample of human participants (baseline n = 731 at age 73 years; follow-up n = 488 at age 76 years), we estimated the magnitude of mean change and variability in changes in MRI measures of brain macrostructure (grey matter, white matter, and white matter hyperintensity volumes) and microstructure (fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity from diffusion tensor MRI). All indices showed significant average change with age, with considerable heterogeneity in those changes. We then tested eleven socioeconomic, physical, health, cognitive, allostatic (inflammatory and metabolic), and genetic variables for their value in predicting these differences in changes. Many of these variables were significantly correlated with baseline brain structure, but few could account for significant portions of the heterogeneity in subsequent brain change. Physical fitness was an exception, being correlated both with brain level and changes. The results suggest that only a subset of correlates of brain structure are also predictive of differences in brain ageing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Ritchie
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. .,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | | | - Simon R Cox
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David Alexander Dickie
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Maria Del C Valdés Hernández
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Brain Research Imaging Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Janie Corley
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Natalie A Royle
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Brain Research Imaging Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul Redmond
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Susana Muñoz Maniega
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Brain Research Imaging Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alison Pattie
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Benjamin S Aribisala
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Brain Research Imaging Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Computer Science Department, Faculty of Science, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Adele M Taylor
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Toni-Kim Clarke
- Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alan J Gow
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Psychology, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark E Bastin
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Brain Research Imaging Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Brain Research Imaging Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
Short telomere length is associated with impaired cognitive performance in European ancestry cohorts. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1100. [PMID: 28418400 PMCID: PMC5416710 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between telomere length (TL) dynamics on cognitive performance over the life-course is not well understood. This study meta-analyses observational and causal associations between TL and six cognitive traits, with stratifications on APOE genotype, in a Mendelian Randomization (MR) framework. Twelve European cohorts (N=17 052; mean age=59.2±8.8 years) provided results for associations between qPCR-measured TL (T/S-ratio scale) and general cognitive function, mini-mental state exam (MMSE), processing speed by digit symbol substitution test (DSST), visuospatial functioning, memory and executive functioning (STROOP). In addition, a genetic risk score (GRS) for TL including seven known genetic variants for TL was calculated, and used in associations with cognitive traits as outcomes in all cohorts. Observational analyses showed that longer telomeres were associated with better scores on DSST (β=0.051 per s.d.-increase of TL; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.024, 0.077; P=0.0002), and MMSE (β=0.025; 95% CI: 0.002, 0.047; P=0.03), and faster STROOP (β=-0.053; 95% CI: -0.087, -0.018; P=0.003). Effects for DSST were stronger in APOE ɛ4 non-carriers (β=0.081; 95% CI: 0.045, 0.117; P=1.0 × 10-5), whereas carriers performed better in STROOP (β=-0.074; 95% CI: -0.140, -0.009; P=0.03). Causal associations were found for STROOP only (β=-0.598 per s.d.-increase of TL; 95% CI: -1.125, -0.072; P=0.026), with a larger effect in ɛ4-carriers (β=-0.699; 95% CI: -1.330, -0.069; P=0.03). Two-sample replication analyses using CHARGE summary statistics showed causal effects between TL and general cognitive function and DSST, but not with STROOP. In conclusion, we suggest causal effects from longer TL on better cognitive performance, where APOE ɛ4-carriers might be at differential risk.
Collapse
|
216
|
Reward-related ventral striatum activity links polygenic risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder to problematic alcohol use in young adulthood. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2017; 2:180-187. [PMID: 28825048 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Problematic alcohol use in adolescence and adulthood is a common and often debilitating correlate of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Converging evidence suggests that ADHD and problematic alcohol use share a common additive genetic basis, which may be mechanistically related to reward-related brain function. In the current study, we examined whether polygenic risk for childhood ADHD is linked to problematic alcohol use in young adulthood through alterations in reward-related activity of the ventral striatum, a neural hub supporting appetitive behaviors and reinforcement learning. METHODS Genomic, neuroimaging, and self-report data were available for 404 non-Hispanic European-American participants who completed the ongoing Duke Neurogenetics Study. Polygenic risk scores for childhood ADHD were calculated based on a genome-wide association study meta-analysis conducted by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and tested for association with reward-related ventral striatum activity, measured using a number-guessing functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm, and self-reported problematic alcohol use. A mediational model tested whether ventral striatum activity indirectly links polygenic risk for ADHD to problematic alcohol use. RESULTS Despite having no main effect on problematic alcohol use, polygenic risk for childhood ADHD was indirectly associated with problematic alcohol use through increased reward-related ventral striatum activity. CONCLUSIONS Individual differences in reward-related brain function may, at least in part, mechanistically link polygenic risk for childhood ADHD to problematic alcohol use.
Collapse
|
217
|
Trampush JW, Yang MLZ, Yu J, Knowles E, Davies G, Liewald DC, Starr JM, Djurovic S, Melle I, Sundet K, Christoforou A, Reinvang I, DeRosse P, Lundervold AJ, Steen VM, Espeseth T, Räikkönen K, Widen E, Palotie A, Eriksson JG, Giegling I, Konte B, Roussos P, Giakoumaki S, Burdick KE, Payton A, Ollier W, Horan M, Chiba-Falek O, Attix DK, Need AC, Cirulli ET, Voineskos AN, Stefanis NC, Avramopoulos D, Hatzimanolis A, Arking DE, Smyrnis N, Bilder RM, Freimer NA, Cannon TD, London E, Poldrack RA, Sabb FW, Congdon E, Conley ED, Scult MA, Dickinson D, Straub RE, Donohoe G, Morris D, Corvin A, Gill M, Hariri AR, Weinberger DR, Pendleton N, Bitsios P, Rujescu D, Lahti J, Le Hellard S, Keller MC, Andreassen OA, Deary IJ, Glahn DC, Malhotra AK, Lencz T. GWAS meta-analysis reveals novel loci and genetic correlates for general cognitive function: a report from the COGENT consortium. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:336-345. [PMID: 28093568 PMCID: PMC5322272 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The complex nature of human cognition has resulted in cognitive genomics lagging behind many other fields in terms of gene discovery using genome-wide association study (GWAS) methods. In an attempt to overcome these barriers, the current study utilized GWAS meta-analysis to examine the association of common genetic variation (~8M single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) with minor allele frequency ⩾1%) to general cognitive function in a sample of 35 298 healthy individuals of European ancestry across 24 cohorts in the Cognitive Genomics Consortium (COGENT). In addition, we utilized individual SNP lookups and polygenic score analyses to identify genetic overlap with other relevant neurobehavioral phenotypes. Our primary GWAS meta-analysis identified two novel SNP loci (top SNPs: rs76114856 in the CENPO gene on chromosome 2 and rs6669072 near LOC105378853 on chromosome 1) associated with cognitive performance at the genome-wide significance level (P<5 × 10-8). Gene-based analysis identified an additional three Bonferroni-corrected significant loci at chromosomes 17q21.31, 17p13.1 and 1p13.3. Altogether, common variation across the genome resulted in a conservatively estimated SNP heritability of 21.5% (s.e.=0.01%) for general cognitive function. Integration with prior GWAS of cognitive performance and educational attainment yielded several additional significant loci. Finally, we found robust polygenic correlations between cognitive performance and educational attainment, several psychiatric disorders, birth length/weight and smoking behavior, as well as a novel genetic association to the personality trait of openness. These data provide new insight into the genetics of neurocognitive function with relevance to understanding the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W Trampush
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - M L Z Yang
- Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - J Yu
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - E Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - G Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D C Liewald
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, University of Bergen, Oslo, Norway,NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - I Melle
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - K Sundet
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - A Christoforou
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - I Reinvang
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - P DeRosse
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - A J Lundervold
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - V M Steen
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - T Espeseth
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - K Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J G Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland,Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, Helsinki, Finland,Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - I Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - B Konte
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - P Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 3), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - S Giakoumaki
- Department of Psychology, University of Crete, Rethymno, Greece
| | - K E Burdick
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 3), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - A Payton
- Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK,Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - W Ollier
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - M Horan
- Manchester Medical School, Institute of Brain, Behaviour, and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - O Chiba-Falek
- Department of Neurology, Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, and Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - D K Attix
- Department of Neurology, Bryan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, and Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Division of Medical Psychology, Department of Neurology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - A C Need
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - E T Cirulli
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - A N Voineskos
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - N C Stefanis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Athens School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece,University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece,Neurobiology Research Institute, Theodor Theohari Cozzika Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - D Avramopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Psychiatry and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Hatzimanolis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Athens School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece,University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece,Neurobiology Research Institute, Theodor Theohari Cozzika Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - D E Arking
- Department of Psychiatry and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - N Smyrnis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Athens School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece,University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - R M Bilder
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - N A Freimer
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - T D Cannon
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - E London
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - R A Poldrack
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - F W Sabb
- Robert and Beverly Lewis Center for Neuroimaging, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - E Congdon
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - M A Scult
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - D Dickinson
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R E Straub
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - G Donohoe
- Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - D Morris
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Corvin
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Gill
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A R Hariri
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - D R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - N Pendleton
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK,Manchester Medical School, Institute of Brain, Behaviour, and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - P Bitsios
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - D Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - J Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Le Hellard
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Dr Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - M C Keller
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - O A Andreassen
- NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - I J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - A K Malhotra
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - T Lencz
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA,Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, 75-59 263rd Street, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
Lyall DM, Celis-Morales CA, Anderson J, Gill JMR, Mackay DF, McIntosh AM, Smith DJ, Deary IJ, Sattar N, Pell JP. Associations between single and multiple cardiometabolic diseases and cognitive abilities in 474 129 UK Biobank participants. Eur Heart J 2017; 38:577-583. [PMID: 28363219 PMCID: PMC5381595 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Cardiometabolic diseases (hypertension, coronary artery disease [CAD] and diabetes are known to associate with poorer cognitive ability but there are limited data on whether having more than one of these conditions is associated with additive effects. We aimed to quantify the magnitude of their associations with non-demented cognitive abilities and determine the extent to which these associations were additive. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined cognitive test scores in domains of reasoning, information processing speed and memory, included as part of the baseline UK Biobank cohort assessment (N = 474 129 with relevant data), adjusting for a range of potentially confounding variables. The presence of hypertension, CAD and diabetes generally associated with poorer cognitive scores on all tests, compared with a control group that reported none of these diseases. There was evidence of an additive deleterious dose effect of an increasing number of cardiometabolic diseases, for reasoning scores (unstandardized additive dose beta per disease = -0.052 score points out of 13, 95% CI [confidence intervals] -0.063 to - 0.041, P < 0.001), log reaction time scores (exponentiated beta = 1.005, i.e. 0.5% slower, 95% CI 1.004-1.005, P < 0.001) and log memory errors (exponentiated beta = 1.005 i.e. 0.5% more errors; 95% CI 1.003-1.008). CONCLUSION Cardiometabolic diseases are associated with worse cognitive abilities, and the potential effect of an increasing number of cardiometabolic conditions appears additive. These results reinforce the notion that preventing or delaying cardiovascular disease or diabetes may delay cognitive decline and possible dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald M. Lyall
- Public Health, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, 1 Lilybank Gardens,
University of Glasgow, Glasgow G11 5HE, UK
| | - Carlos A. Celis-Morales
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical
Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Jana Anderson
- Public Health, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, 1 Lilybank Gardens,
University of Glasgow, Glasgow G11 5HE, UK
| | - Jason M. R. Gill
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical
Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Daniel F. Mackay
- Public Health, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, 1 Lilybank Gardens,
University of Glasgow, Glasgow G11 5HE, UK
| | - Andrew M. McIntosh
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of
Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Daniel J. Smith
- Public Health, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, 1 Lilybank Gardens,
University of Glasgow, Glasgow G11 5HE, UK
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of
Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical
Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Jill P. Pell
- Public Health, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, 1 Lilybank Gardens,
University of Glasgow, Glasgow G11 5HE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
219
|
Reus LM, Shen X, Gibson J, Wigmore E, Ligthart L, Adams MJ, Davies G, Cox SR, Hagenaars SP, Bastin ME, Deary IJ, Whalley HC, McIntosh AM. Association of polygenic risk for major psychiatric illness with subcortical volumes and white matter integrity in UK Biobank. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42140. [PMID: 28186152 PMCID: PMC5301496 DOI: 10.1038/srep42140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BP) are common, disabling and heritable psychiatric diseases with a complex overlapping polygenic architecture. Individuals with these disorders, as well as their unaffected relatives, show widespread structural differences in corticostriatal and limbic networks. Structural variation in many of these brain regions is also heritable and polygenic but whether their genetic architecture overlaps with that of major psychiatric disorders is unknown. We sought to address this issue by examining the impact of polygenic risk of MDD, SCZ, and BP on subcortical brain volumes and white matter (WM) microstructure in a large single sample of neuroimaging data; the UK Biobank Imaging study. The first release of UK Biobank imaging data comprised participants with overlapping genetic data and subcortical volumes (N = 978) and WM measures (N = 816). The calculation of polygenic risk scores was based on genome-wide association study results generated by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Our findings indicated no statistically significant associations between either subcortical volumes or WM microstructure, and polygenic risk for MDD, SCZ or BP. These findings suggest that subcortical brain volumes and WM microstructure may not be closely linked to the genetic mechanisms of major psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. M. Reus
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, United Kingdom
| | - X. Shen
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, United Kingdom
| | - J. Gibson
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, United Kingdom
| | - E. Wigmore
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, United Kingdom
| | - L. Ligthart
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M. J. Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, United Kingdom
| | - G. Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - S. R. Cox
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - S. P. Hagenaars
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - M. E. Bastin
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - I. J. Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - H. C. Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, United Kingdom
| | - A. M. McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
Benca CE, Derringer JL, Corley RP, Young SE, Keller MC, Hewitt JK, Friedman NP. Predicting Cognitive Executive Functioning with Polygenic Risk Scores for Psychiatric Disorders. Behav Genet 2017; 47:11-24. [PMID: 27743041 PMCID: PMC5225028 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-016-9814-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Executive functions (EFs) have been proposed as an endophenotype for psychopathology because EF deficits are associated with most psychiatric disorders. To examine this hypothesis, we derived polygenic risk scores for autism, attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, major depression (MDD), and schizophrenia, using genome-wide data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium as discovery samples. We then examined the relationships between these polygenic risk scores and three separable EF components measured with a latent variable model. We also examined the relationship between genetic risk for ADHD and MDD and their respective symptom counts and lifetime diagnoses. We found no evidence for larger effect sizes for EFs as endophenotypes for psychiatric disorders. However, larger sample sizes will be important in examining this relationship further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsie E Benca
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Jaime L Derringer
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Robin P Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Susan E Young
- Division of Substance Dependence, Psychiatry Department, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Matthew C Keller
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John K Hewitt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Naomi P Friedman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
221
|
Scult MA, Paulli AR, Mazure ES, Moffitt TE, Hariri AR, Strauman TJ. The association between cognitive function and subsequent depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2017; 47:1-17. [PMID: 27624847 PMCID: PMC5195892 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716002075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Despite a growing interest in understanding the cognitive deficits associated with major depressive disorder (MDD), it is largely unknown whether such deficits exist before disorder onset or how they might influence the severity of subsequent illness. The purpose of the present study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal datasets to determine whether cognitive function acts as a predictor of later MDD diagnosis or change in depression symptoms. Eligible studies included longitudinal designs with baseline measures of cognitive functioning, and later unipolar MDD diagnosis or symptom assessment. The systematic review identified 29 publications, representing 34 unique samples, and 121 749 participants, that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Quantitative meta-analysis demonstrated that higher cognitive function was associated with decreased levels of subsequent depression (r = -0.088, 95% confidence interval. -0.121 to -0.054, p < 0.001). However, sensitivity analyses revealed that this association is likely driven by concurrent depression symptoms at the time of cognitive assessment. Our review and meta-analysis indicate that the association between lower cognitive function and later depression is confounded by the presence of contemporaneous depression symptoms at the time of cognitive assessment. Thus, cognitive deficits predicting MDD likely represent deleterious effects of subclinical depression symptoms on performance rather than premorbid risk factors for disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Scult
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience,Duke University,Durham, NC,USA
| | - A R Paulli
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience,Duke University,Durham, NC,USA
| | - E S Mazure
- Duke University Medical Center Library & Archives, Duke University Medical Center,Durham, NC,USA
| | - T E Moffitt
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience,Duke University,Durham, NC,USA
| | - A R Hariri
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience,Duke University,Durham, NC,USA
| | - T J Strauman
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience,Duke University,Durham, NC,USA
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
|
223
|
Molecular genetic aetiology of general cognitive function is enriched in evolutionarily conserved regions. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e980. [PMID: 27959336 PMCID: PMC5290340 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in general cognitive function have been shown to be partly heritable and to show genetic correlations with several psychiatric and physical disease states. However, to date, few single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have demonstrated genome-wide significance, hampering efforts aimed at determining which genetic variants are most important for cognitive function and which regions drive the genetic associations between cognitive function and disease states. Here, we combine multiple large genome-wide association study (GWAS) data sets, from the CHARGE cognitive consortium (n=53 949) and UK Biobank (n=36 035), to partition the genome into 52 functional annotations and an additional 10 annotations describing tissue-specific histone marks. Using stratified linkage disequilibrium score regression we show that, in two measures of cognitive function, SNPs associated with cognitive function cluster in regions of the genome that are under evolutionary negative selective pressure. These conserved regions contained ~2.6% of the SNPs from each GWAS but accounted for ~40% of the SNP-based heritability. The results suggest that the search for causal variants associated with cognitive function, and those variants that exert a pleiotropic effect between cognitive function and health, will be facilitated by examining these enriched regions.
Collapse
|
224
|
Nevado-Holgado AJ, Kim CH, Winchester L, Gallacher J, Lovestone S. Commonly prescribed drugs associate with cognitive function: a cross-sectional study in UK Biobank. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e012177. [PMID: 27903560 PMCID: PMC5168501 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate medications associated with cognitive function. DESIGN Population-based cross-sectional cohort study. SETTING UK Biobank. PARTICIPANTS UK Biobank participants aged 37-73 years who completed cognitive tests at the baseline visit in 2006-2010. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cognitive test outcomes on verbal-numerical reasoning test (n=165 493), memory test (n=482 766) and reaction time test (n=496 813). RESULTS Most drugs (262 of 368) were not associated with any cognitive tests after adjusting for age, gender, education, household income, smoking, alcohol status, psychostimulant/nootropic medication use, assessment centre, and concurrent diagnoses and medications. Drugs used for nervous system disorders were associated with poorer cognitive performance (antiepileptics, eg, topiramate breasoning(score) -0.65 (95% CI -1.05 to -0.24), bmemory(score) -1.41 (-1.79 to -1.04); antipsychotics, eg, risperidone breaction time(ms) -33 (-46 to -20), negative values indicate poor cognitive performance and vice versa). Drugs used for non-nervous system conditions also showed significant negative association with cognitive score, including those where such an association might have been predicted (antihypertensives, eg, amlodipine breasoning -0.1 (-0.15 to -0.06), bmemory -0.08 (-0.13 to -0.03), breaction time -3 (-5 to -2); antidiabetics, eg, insulin breaction time -13 (-17 to -10)) and others where such an association was a surprising observation (proton pump inhibitors, eg, omeprazole breasoning -0.11 (-0.15 to -0.06), bmemory -0.08 (-0.12 to -0.04), breaction time -5 (-6 to -3); laxatives, eg, contact laxatives breaction time -13 (-19 to -8)). Finally, only a few medications and health supplements showed association towards a positive effect on cognitive function (anti-inflammatory agents, eg, ibuprofen breasoning 0.05 (0.02 to 0.08), breaction time 4 (3, 5); glucosamine breasoning 0.09 (0.03 to 0.14), breaction time 5 (3 to 6)). CONCLUSIONS In this large volunteer study, some commonly prescribed medications were associated with poor cognitive performance. Some associations may reflect underlying diseases for which the medications were prescribed, although the analysis controlled for the possible effect of diagnosis. Other drugs, whose association cannot be linked to the effect of any disease, may need vigilance for their implications in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chi-Hun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Laura Winchester
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - John Gallacher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon Lovestone
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
225
|
A method to customize population-specific arrays for genome-wide association testing. Eur J Hum Genet 2016; 25:267-270. [PMID: 27876820 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2016.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As an example of optimizing population-specific genotyping assays using a whole-genome sequence reference set, we detail the approach that followed to design the Axiom-NL array which is characterized by an improved imputation backbone based on the Genome of the Netherlands (GoNL) reference sequence and, compared with earlier arrays, a more comprehensive inclusion of SNPs on chromosomes X, Y, and the mitochondria. Common variants on the array were selected to be compatible with the Illumina Psych Array and the Affymetrix UK Biobank Axiom array. About 3.5% of the array (23 977 markers) represents SNPs from the GWAS catalog, including SNPs at FTO, APOE, Ion-channels, killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors, and HLA. Around 26 000 markers associated with common psychiatric disorders are included, as well as 6705 markers suggested to be associated with fertility and twinning. The platform can thus be used for risk profiling, detection of new variants, as well as ancestry determination. Results of coverage tests in 249 unrelated subjects with GoNL-based sequence data show that after imputation with 1000G as a reference, the median concordance between original and imputed genotypes is above 98%. The median imputation quality R2 for MAF thresholds of 0.001, 0.01, 0.05, and >0.05 are 0.05, 0.28, 0.80, 0.99, respectively, for the 1000G imputed SNPs, with a similar quality for the autosomes and X chromosome, showing a good genome-wide coverage for association studies after imputation.
Collapse
|
226
|
Marioni RE, Ritchie SJ, Joshi PK, Hagenaars SP, Okbay A, Fischer K, Adams MJ, Hill WD, Davies G, Nagy R, Amador C, Läll K, Metspalu A, Liewald DC, Campbell A, Wilson JF, Hayward C, Esko T, Porteous DJ, Gale CR, Deary IJ. Genetic variants linked to education predict longevity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:13366-13371. [PMID: 27799538 PMCID: PMC5127357 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1605334113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Educational attainment is associated with many health outcomes, including longevity. It is also known to be substantially heritable. Here, we used data from three large genetic epidemiology cohort studies (Generation Scotland, n = ∼17,000; UK Biobank, n = ∼115,000; and the Estonian Biobank, n = ∼6,000) to test whether education-linked genetic variants can predict lifespan length. We did so by using cohort members' polygenic profile score for education to predict their parents' longevity. Across the three cohorts, meta-analysis showed that a 1 SD higher polygenic education score was associated with ∼2.7% lower mortality risk for both mothers (total ndeaths = 79,702) and ∼2.4% lower risk for fathers (total ndeaths = 97,630). On average, the parents of offspring in the upper third of the polygenic score distribution lived 0.55 y longer compared with those of offspring in the lower third. Overall, these results indicate that the genetic contributions to educational attainment are useful in the prediction of human longevity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo E Marioni
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom;
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Stuart J Ritchie
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter K Joshi
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, United Kingdom
| | - Saskia P Hagenaars
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, United Kingdom
| | - Aysu Okbay
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University, 3062 PA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam 3062 PA, The Netherlands
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Mark J Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, United Kingdom
| | - W David Hill
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Reka Nagy
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen Amador
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Kristi Läll
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Institute of Mathematical Statistics, University of Tartu, Tartu 50409, Estonia
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - David C Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Archie Campbell
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - James F Wilson
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Institute of Mathematical Statistics, University of Tartu, Tartu 50409, Estonia
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Catharine R Gale
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
227
|
Molecular Genetic Contributions to Social Deprivation and Household Income in UK Biobank. Curr Biol 2016; 26:3083-3089. [PMID: 27818178 PMCID: PMC5130721 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with lower socio-economic status (SES) are at increased risk of physical and mental illnesses and tend to die at an earlier age [1, 2, 3]. Explanations for the association between SES and health typically focus on factors that are environmental in origin [4]. However, common SNPs have been found collectively to explain around 18% of the phenotypic variance of an area-based social deprivation measure of SES [5]. Molecular genetic studies have also shown that common physical and psychiatric diseases are partly heritable [6]. It is possible that phenotypic associations between SES and health arise partly due to a shared genetic etiology. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on social deprivation and on household income using 112,151 participants of UK Biobank. We find that common SNPs explain 21% of the variation in social deprivation and 11% of household income. Two independent loci attained genome-wide significance for household income, with the most significant SNP in each of these loci being rs187848990 on chromosome 2 and rs8100891 on chromosome 19. Genes in the regions of these SNPs have been associated with intellectual disabilities, schizophrenia, and synaptic plasticity. Extensive genetic correlations were found between both measures of SES and illnesses, anthropometric variables, psychiatric disorders, and cognitive ability. These findings suggest that some SNPs associated with SES are involved in the brain and central nervous system. The genetic associations with SES obviously do not reflect direct causal effects and are probably mediated via other partly heritable variables, including cognitive ability, personality, and health. Common SNPs explain 21% of social deprivation and 11% of household income Two loci attained genome-wide significance for household income Genes in these loci have been linked to synaptic plasticity Genetic correlations were found between both measures of SES and many other traits
Collapse
|
228
|
Whalley HC, Adams MJ, Hall LS, Clarke TK, Fernandez-Pujals AM, Gibson J, Wigmore E, Hafferty J, Hagenaars SP, Davies G, Campbell A, Hayward C, Lawrie SM, Porteous DJ, Deary IJ, McIntosh AM. Dissection of major depressive disorder using polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia in two independent cohorts. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e938. [PMID: 27801894 PMCID: PMC5314119 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is known for its substantial clinical and suspected causal heterogeneity. It is characterized by low mood, psychomotor slowing and increased levels of the personality trait neuroticism; factors also associated with schizophrenia (SCZ). It is possible that some cases of MDD may have a substantial genetic loading for SCZ. The presence of SCZ-like MDD subgroups would be indicated by an interaction between MDD status and polygenic risk of SCZ on cognitive, personality and mood measures. Here, we hypothesized that higher SCZ polygenic risk would define larger MDD case-control differences in cognitive ability, and smaller differences in distress and neuroticism. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for SCZ and their association with cognitive variables, neuroticism, mood and psychological distress were estimated in a large population-based cohort (Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study, GS:SFHS). The individuals were divided into those with, and without, depression (n=2587 and n=16 764, respectively) to test for the interactions between MDD status and schizophrenia risk. Replication was sought in UK Biobank (UKB; n=6049 and n=27 476 cases and controls, respectively). In both the cohorts, we found significant interactions between SCZ-PRS and MDD status for measures of psychological distress (βGS=-0.04, PGS=0.014 and βUKB=-0.09, PUKB⩽0.001 for GS:SFHS and UKB, respectively) and neuroticism (βGS=-0.04, PGS=0.002 and βUKB=-0.06, PUKB=0.023). In both the cohorts, there was a reduction of case-control differences on a background of higher genetic risk of SCZ. These findings suggest that depression on a background of high genetic risk for SCZ may show attenuated associations with distress and neuroticism. This may represent a causally distinct form of MDD more closely related to SCZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H C Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M J Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - L S Hall
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - T-K Clarke
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A M Fernandez-Pujals
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Gibson
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - E Wigmore
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Hafferty
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S P Hagenaars
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - G Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A Campbell
- Centre for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S M Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D J Porteous
- Centre for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - I J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
229
|
Arden R, Bensky MK, Adams MJ. A Review of Cognitive Abilities in Dogs, 1911 Through 2016. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721416667718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we pose and respond to three questions concerning canine cognition: How has the history of this field influenced what we currently know about dog cognition? How confident should we be about what we know? Finally, what should we find out next? We begin by presenting two perspectives on canine cognition. We then survey the existing literature by conducting a quantitative summary of over 100 years of empirical work, focusing on power and replicability. Last, we lament the dearth of individual-differences studies in dog cognition (only three since 1911). We claim that a test of dog IQ with good psychometric properties will benefit basic science on dog and human health (including aging and dementia research). As a complement to an existing rich program of ethological investigation, we argue that individual-differences work on dogs should be a research priority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Arden
- Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science, London School of Economics and Political Science
| | - Miles K. Bensky
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Mark J. Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh and Royal Edinburgh Hospital
| |
Collapse
|
230
|
Luciano M. Commentary on Latvala et al. (2016): What can genetic cognitive epidemiology tell us about substance misuse and addiction? Addiction 2016; 111:1823-4. [PMID: 27605082 DOI: 10.1111/add.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Luciano
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
231
|
Population-based imaging biobanks as source of big data. Radiol Med 2016; 122:430-436. [PMID: 27613426 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-016-0684-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Advances of computational sciences over the last decades have enabled the introduction of novel methodological approaches in biomedical research. Acquiring extensive and comprehensive data about a research subject and subsequently extracting significant information has opened new possibilities in gaining insight into biological and medical processes. This so-called big data approach has recently found entrance into medical imaging and numerous epidemiological studies have been implementing advanced imaging to identify imaging biomarkers that provide information about physiological processes, including normal development and aging but also on the development of pathological disease states. The purpose of this article is to present existing epidemiological imaging studies and to discuss opportunities, methodological and organizational aspects, and challenges that population imaging poses to the field of big data research.
Collapse
|
232
|
Abstract
Approximately half of the variation in wellbeing measures overlaps with variation in personality traits. Studies of non-human primate pedigrees and human twins suggest that this is due to common genetic influences. We tested whether personality polygenic scores for the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) domains and for item response theory (IRT) derived extraversion and neuroticism scores predict variance in wellbeing measures. Polygenic scores were based on published genome-wide association (GWA) results in over 17,000 individuals for the NEO-FFI and in over 63,000 for the IRT extraversion and neuroticism traits. The NEO-FFI polygenic scores were used to predict life satisfaction in 7 cohorts, positive affect in 12 cohorts, and general wellbeing in 1 cohort (maximal N = 46,508). Meta-analysis of these results showed no significant association between NEO-FFI personality polygenic scores and the wellbeing measures. IRT extraversion and neuroticism polygenic scores were used to predict life satisfaction and positive affect in almost 37,000 individuals from UK Biobank. Significant positive associations (effect sizes <0.05%) were observed between the extraversion polygenic score and wellbeing measures, and a negative association was observed between the polygenic neuroticism score and life satisfaction. Furthermore, using GWA data, genetic correlations of −0.49 and −0.55 were estimated between neuroticism with life satisfaction and positive affect, respectively. The moderate genetic correlation between neuroticism and wellbeing is in line with twin research showing that genetic influences on wellbeing are also shared with other independent personality domains.
Collapse
|
233
|
What Explains the Heritability of Completed Fertility? Evidence from Two Large Twin Studies. Behav Genet 2016; 47:36-51. [PMID: 27522223 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-016-9805-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In modern societies, individual differences in completed fertility are linked with genotypic differences between individuals. Explaining the heritability of completed fertility has been inconclusive, with alternative explanations centering on family formation timing, pursuit of education, or other psychological traits. We use the twin subsample from the Midlife Development in the United States study and the TwinsUK study to examine these issues. In total, 2606 adult twin pairs reported on their completed fertility, age at first birth and marriage, level of education, Big Five personality traits, and cognitive ability. Quantitative genetic Cholesky models were used to partition the variance in completed fertility into genetic and environmental variance that is shared with other phenotypes and residual variance. Genetic influences on completed fertility are strongly related to family formation timing and less strongly, but significantly, with psychological traits. Multivariate models indicate that family formation, demographic, and psychological phenotypes leave no residual genetic variance in completed fertility in either dataset. Results are largely consistent across U.S. and U.K. sociocultural contexts.
Collapse
|
234
|
Abstract
A suite of recent studies has reported positive genetic correlations between autism risk and measures of mental ability. These findings indicate that alleles for autism overlap broadly with alleles for high intelligence, which appears paradoxical given that autism is characterized, overall, by below-average IQ. This paradox can be resolved under the hypothesis that autism etiology commonly involves enhanced, but imbalanced, components of intelligence. This hypothesis is supported by convergent evidence showing that autism and high IQ share a diverse set of convergent correlates, including large brain size, fast brain growth, increased sensory and visual-spatial abilities, enhanced synaptic functions, increased attentional focus, high socioeconomic status, more deliberative decision-making, profession and occupational interests in engineering and physical sciences, and high levels of positive assortative mating. These findings help to provide an evolutionary basis to understanding autism risk as underlain in part by dysregulation of intelligence, a core human-specific adaptation. In turn, integration of studies on intelligence with studies of autism should provide novel insights into the neurological and genetic causes of high mental abilities, with important implications for cognitive enhancement, artificial intelligence, the relationship of autism with schizophrenia, and the treatment of both autism and intellectual disability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J Crespi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Human Evolutionary Studies Program, Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
235
|
Fabbri C, Crisafulli C, Calabrò M, Spina E, Serretti A. Progress and prospects in pharmacogenetics of antidepressant drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:1157-68. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2016.1202237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fabbri
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Concetta Crisafulli
- Department of Biomedical Science, Odontoiatric and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marco Calabrò
- Department of Biomedical Science, Odontoiatric and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Edoardo Spina
- Department of Biomedical Science, Odontoiatric and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
236
|
Genome-wide association study of cognitive functions and educational attainment in UK Biobank (N=112 151). Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:758-67. [PMID: 27046643 PMCID: PMC4879186 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
People's differences in cognitive functions are partly heritable and are associated with important life outcomes. Previous genome-wide association (GWA) studies of cognitive functions have found evidence for polygenic effects yet, to date, there are few replicated genetic associations. Here we use data from the UK Biobank sample to investigate the genetic contributions to variation in tests of three cognitive functions and in educational attainment. GWA analyses were performed for verbal-numerical reasoning (N=36 035), memory (N=112 067), reaction time (N=111 483) and for the attainment of a college or a university degree (N=111 114). We report genome-wide significant single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based associations in 20 genomic regions, and significant gene-based findings in 46 regions. These include findings in the ATXN2, CYP2DG, APBA1 and CADM2 genes. We report replication of these hits in published GWA studies of cognitive function, educational attainment and childhood intelligence. There is also replication, in UK Biobank, of SNP hits reported previously in GWA studies of educational attainment and cognitive function. GCTA-GREML analyses, using common SNPs (minor allele frequency>0.01), indicated significant SNP-based heritabilities of 31% (s.e.m.=1.8%) for verbal-numerical reasoning, 5% (s.e.m.=0.6%) for memory, 11% (s.e.m.=0.6%) for reaction time and 21% (s.e.m.=0.6%) for educational attainment. Polygenic score analyses indicate that up to 5% of the variance in cognitive test scores can be predicted in an independent cohort. The genomic regions identified include several novel loci, some of which have been associated with intracranial volume, neurodegeneration, Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia.
Collapse
|
237
|
Lyall DM, Cullen B, Allerhand M, Smith DJ, Mackay D, Evans J, Anderson J, Fawns-Ritchie C, McIntosh AM, Deary IJ, Pell JP. Cognitive Test Scores in UK Biobank: Data Reduction in 480,416 Participants and Longitudinal Stability in 20,346 Participants. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154222. [PMID: 27110937 PMCID: PMC4844168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
UK Biobank includes 502,649 middle- and older-aged adults from the general population who have undergone detailed phenotypic assessment. The majority of participants completed tests of cognitive functioning, and on average four years later a sub-group of N = 20,346 participants repeated most of the assessment. These measures will be used in a range of future studies of health outcomes in this cohort. The format and content of the cognitive tasks were partly novel. The aim of the present study was to validate and characterize the cognitive data: to describe the inter-correlational structure of the cognitive variables at baseline assessment, and the degree of stability in scores across longitudinal assessment. Baseline cognitive data were used to examine the inter-correlational/factor-structure, using principal components analysis (PCA). We also assessed the degree of stability in cognitive scores in the subsample of participants with repeat data. The different tests of cognitive ability showed significant raw inter-correlations in the expected directions. PCA suggested a one-factor solution (eigenvalue = 1.60), which accounted for around 40% of the variance. Scores showed varying levels of stability across time-points (intraclass correlation range = 0.16 to 0.65). UK Biobank cognitive data has the potential to be a significant resource for researchers looking to investigate predictors and modifiers of cognitive abilities and associated health outcomes in the general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald M. Lyall
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Breda Cullen
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Allerhand
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Smith
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Mackay
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Evans
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jana Anderson
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe Fawns-Ritchie
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M. McIntosh
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jill P. Pell
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
238
|
Arden R, Luciano M, Deary IJ, Reynolds CA, Pedersen NL, Plassman BL, McGue M, Christensen K, Visscher PM. Authors' Response to Kaufman and Muntaner. Int J Epidemiol 2016; 45:578-9. [PMID: 27018017 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Arden
- Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science, London School of Economics, London, UK
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brenda L Plassman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Matt McGue
- DepartmentofPsychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA DanishAging Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kaare Christensen
- DanishAging Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|