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Oppi S, Lüscher TF, Stein S. Mouse Models for Atherosclerosis Research-Which Is My Line? Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:46. [PMID: 31032262 PMCID: PMC6473202 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the primary causes of cardiovascular disease and mortality. This chronic immunometabolic disease evolves during decades in humans and encompasses different organs and immune cell types, as well as local and systemic processes that promote the progression of the disease. The most frequently used animal model to study these atherogenic processes and inter-organ crosstalk in a short time frame are genetically modified mouse models. Some models have been used throughout the last decades, and some others been developed recently. These models have important differences in cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism, reverse cholesterol transport pathway, obesity and diabetes as well as inflammatory processes. Therefore, the disease develops and progresses differently in the various mouse models. Since atherosclerosis is a multifaceted disease and many processes contribute to its progression, the choice of the right mouse model is important to study specific aspects of the disease. We will describe the different mouse models and provide a roadmap to facilitate current and future atherosclerosis researchers to choose the right model depending on their scientific question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Oppi
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F. Lüscher
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Heart Division, Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals and Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sokrates Stein
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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202
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Korbecki J, Bobiński R, Dutka M. Self-regulation of the inflammatory response by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:443-458. [PMID: 30927048 PMCID: PMC6517359 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family includes three transcription factors: PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ. PPAR are nuclear receptors activated by oxidised and nitrated fatty acid derivatives as well as by cyclopentenone prostaglandins (PGA2 and 15d-PGJ2) during the inflammatory response. This results in the modulation of the pro-inflammatory response, preventing it from being excessively activated. Other activators of these receptors are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (arachidonic acid, ALA, EPA, and DHA). The main function of PPAR during the inflammatory reaction is to promote the inactivation of NF-κB. Possible mechanisms of inactivation include direct binding and thus inactivation of p65 NF-κB or ubiquitination leading to proteolytic degradation of p65 NF-κB. PPAR also exert indirect effects on NF-κB. They promote the expression of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, or heme oxygenase-1, resulting in a reduction in the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS), i.e., secondary transmitters in inflammatory reactions. PPAR also cause an increase in the expression of IκBα, SIRT1, and PTEN, which interferes with the activation and function of NF-κB in inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 Str., 40-752, Katowice, Poland. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2 Str., 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland.
| | - Rafał Bobiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2 Str., 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland
| | - Mieczysław Dutka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2 Str., 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland
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203
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Kim S, Oh MW, Bin Park W, Yoo HS. Global Gene Networks in 3D4/31 Porcine Alveolar Macrophages Treated with Antigenic Epitopes of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ApxIA, IIA, and IVA. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5269. [PMID: 30918280 PMCID: PMC6437162 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41748-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) is the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia. Although App produces several virulence factors, Apx toxins, the primary App virulence factors, have been the focus of numerous studies. However, the host response against the Apx toxins has not been elucidated at the transcriptomic level. Therefore, in this study, we examined the response of an immortalized porcine alveolar macrophage cell line (IPAM 3D4/31) to four antigenic epitopes of the App exotoxins, ApxIA, IIA and IVA. The antigenic epitopes of the Apx toxins (ApxIA Ct, ApxIIA Nt, ApxIVA C1 and ApxIV C2) were determined by an in-silico antigenicity prediction analysis. Gene expression in IPAMs was analyzed by RNA-Seq after treatment with the four proteins for 24 h. A total of 15,269 DEGs were observed to be associated with cellular and metabolic processes in the GO category Biological Process and nuclear receptors and apoptosis signaling in IPA analyses. These DEGs were also related to M2 macrophage polarization and apoptosis in IPAMs. These host transcriptional analyses present novel global gene networks of the host response to treatment with Apx toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Whan Oh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Bin Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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204
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Yavvari PS, Verma P, Mustfa SA, Pal S, Kumar S, Awasthi AK, Ahuja V, Srikanth CV, Srivastava A, Bajaj A. A nanogel based oral gene delivery system targeting SUMOylation machinery to combat gut inflammation. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:4970-4986. [PMID: 30839018 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr09599j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Poor success rates and challenges associated with the current therapeutic strategies of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have accelerated the emergence of gene therapy as an alternative treatment option with great promise. However, oral delivery of nucleic acids (NAs) to an inflamed colon is challenged by multiple barriers presented by the gastrointestinal, extracellular and intracellular compartments. Therefore, we screened a series of polyaspartic acid-derived amphiphilic cationic polymers with varied hydrophobicity for their ability to deliver NAs into mammalian cells. Using the most effective TAC6 polymer, we then engineered biocompatible and stable nanogels composed of polyplexes (TAC6, NA) and an anionic polymer, sodium polyaspartate, that were able to deliver the NAs across mammalian cells using caveolae-mediated cellular uptake. We then utilized these nanogels for oral delivery of PIAS1 (protein inhibitor of activated STAT1), a SUMO 3 ligase, encoding plasmid DNA since PIAS1 is a key nodal therapeutic target for IBD due to its ability to control NF-κB-mediated inflammatory signaling. We show that plasmid delivery using TAC6-derived nanogels diminished gut inflammation in a murine colitis model. Therefore, our study presents engineering of orally deliverable nanogels that can target SUMOylation machinery to combat gut inflammation with very high efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhu Srinivas Yavvari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal-462030, India.
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205
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Rosiglitazone blocks first trimester in-vitro placental injury caused by NF-κB-mediated inflammation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2018. [PMID: 30765769 PMCID: PMC6376060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38336-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased inflammation and abnormal placentation are common features of a wide spectrum of pregnancy-related disorders such as intra uterine growth restriction, preeclampsia and preterm birth. The inflammatory response of the human placenta has been mostly investigated in relation to cytokine release, but the direct molecular consequences on trophoblast differentiation have not been investigated. This study measured the general effects of LPS on both extravillous and villous trophoblast physiology, and the involvement of the transcription factors PPARγ and NF-κB, specifically using 1st trimester explants and HTR-8/ SVneo cell line models. While both proteins are known for their roles in inflammatory pathways, PPARγ has been identified as an important molecule in trophoblast differentiation, suggesting its potential role in mediating a crosstalk between inflammation and trophoblast differentiation. Here, LPS (1 µg/ml) exposure of first trimester placental villous explants resulted in secretion of inflammatory cytokines, induction of apoptosis and reduction in trophoblast cell proliferation. Additionally, LPS significantly reduced expression of the trophoblast differentiation proteins GCM1 and β-hCG, and increased invasion of the extravillous trophoblast. Activation of PPARγ by Rosiglitazone (10 µM) reversed the LPS-mediated effects on inflammatory cytokine release, trophoblast apoptosis and proliferation compared to controls. Lastly, markers of trophoblast differentiation and invasion reverted to control levels upon activation of PPARγ and concomitant inhibition of NF-κB (either by Rosiglitazone or NF-κB specific inhibitor), revealing a new role for NF-κB in trophoblast invasion. This study reveals a novel PPARγ - NF-κB axis that coordinates inflammatory and differentiation pathways in the human placenta. The ability to reverse trophoblast-associated inflammation with Rosiglitazone offers promise that the PPARγ - NF-κB pathway could one day provide a therapeutic target for placental dysfunction associated with both inflammation and abnormal trophoblast differentiation.
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206
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Mosure SA, Shang J, Eberhardt J, Brust R, Zheng J, Griffin PR, Forli S, Kojetin DJ. Structural Basis of Altered Potency and Efficacy Displayed by a Major in Vivo Metabolite of the Antidiabetic PPARγ Drug Pioglitazone. J Med Chem 2019; 62:2008-2023. [PMID: 30676741 PMCID: PMC6898968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pioglitazone (Pio) is a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for type-2 diabetes that binds and activates the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), yet it remains unclear how in vivo Pio metabolites affect PPARγ structure and function. Here, we present a structure-function comparison of Pio and its most abundant in vivo metabolite, 1-hydroxypioglitazone (PioOH). PioOH displayed a lower binding affinity and reduced potency in co-regulator recruitment assays. X-ray crystallography and molecular docking analysis of PioOH-bound PPARγ ligand-binding domain revealed an altered hydrogen bonding network, including the formation of water-mediated bonds, which could underlie its altered biochemical phenotype. NMR spectroscopy and hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry analysis coupled to activity assays revealed that PioOH better stabilizes the PPARγ activation function-2 (AF-2) co-activator binding surface and better enhances co-activator binding, affording slightly better transcriptional efficacy. These results indicating that Pio hydroxylation affects its potency and efficacy as a PPARγ agonist contributes to our understanding of PPARγ-drug metabolite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jerome Eberhardt
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | | | | | | | - Stefano Forli
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
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207
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Hilliard KA, Brown CR. Treatment of Borrelia burgdorferi-Infected Mice with Apoptotic Cells Attenuates Lyme Arthritis via PPAR-γ. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1798-1806. [PMID: 30700583 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Infection of mice with Borrelia burgdorferi causes an inflammatory arthritis that peaks 3-4 wk postinfection and then spontaneously resolves. Although the recruitment of neutrophils is known to drive the development of arthritis, mechanisms of disease resolution remain unclear. Efficient clearance of apoptotic cells (AC) is likely an important component of arthritis resolution. In this article, we show the number of AC increases in the joints of B. burgdorferi-infected mice around day 21 postinfection and peaks around day 28. Injection of AC directly into the ankles of B. burgdorferi-infected mice limited ankle swelling but had no effect on spirochete clearance or arthritis severity scores. In vitro, addition of AC to bone marrow macrophage cultures decreased B. burgdorferi-induced TNF-α and KC and increased IL-10. In addition, phagocytosis of B. burgdorferi and neutrophil migration to LTB4 were inhibited by AC. Exogenous AC caused an increase in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) expression both in vitro and in vivo during B. burgdorferi infection. The PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone elicited similar changes in macrophage cytokine production and neutrophil migration as exogenous AC. Addition of the PPAR-γ antagonist GW 9662 abrogated the effects of AC in vitro. Injection of rosiglitazone directly into the tibiotarsal joints of B. burgdorferi-infected mice decreased ankle swelling and immune cell recruitment, similar to the injection of AC. These results suggest that clearance of AC plays a role in the resolution of inflammation during experimental Lyme arthritis through the activation of PPAR-γ. PPAR-γ agonists, such as rosiglitazone, may therefore be effective treatments for inducing arthritis resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinsey A Hilliard
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Charles R Brown
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
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208
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Nuclear Receptors in the Pathogenesis and Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:2624941. [PMID: 30804707 PMCID: PMC6360586 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2624941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-dependent transcription factors that regulate the transcription of target genes. Previous epidemiological and genetic studies have documented the association of NRs with the risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although the mechanisms of action of NRs in IBD have not been fully established, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that NRs play complicated roles in regulating intestinal immunity, mucosal barriers, and intestinal flora. As one of the first-line medications for the treatment of IBD, 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) to attenuate colitis. The protective roles of rifaximin and rifampicin partly depend on promoting pregnane X receptor (PXR) expression. The aims of this review are to discuss the roles of several important NRs, such as PPARγ, PXR, vitamin D receptor (VDR), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and RAR-related orphan receptor gammat (RORγt), in the pathogenesis of IBD and management strategies based on targeting these receptors.
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209
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Macdougall CE, Longhi MP. Adipose tissue dendritic cells in steady-state. Immunology 2019; 156:228-234. [PMID: 30552824 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy white adipose tissue (WAT) participates in regulating systemic metabolism, whereas dysfunctional WAT plays a prominent role in the development of obesity-associated co-morbidities. Tissue-resident immune cells are important for maintaining WAT homeostasis, including conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) which are critical in the initiation and regulation of adaptive immune responses. Due to phenotypic overlap with other myeloid cells, the distinct contribution of WAT cDCs has been poorly understood. This review will discuss the contribution of cDCs in the maintenance of WAT homeostasis. In particular, the review will focus on the metabolic cross-talk between cDCs and adipocytes that regulates local immune responses during physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Macdougall
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - M Paula Longhi
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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210
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Zhang X, Yao J, Shi H, Gao B, Zhang L. LncRNA TINCR/microRNA-107/CD36 regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis in colorectal cancer via PPAR signaling pathway based on bioinformatics analysis. Biol Chem 2019; 400:663-675. [PMID: 30521471 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The present study aims to determine the potential biomarkers and uncover the regulatory mechanisms of the long-noncoding RNA (lncRNA) TINCR/miR-107/CD36 axis in colorectal cancer (CRC). Aberrantly-expressed lncRNAs and differential-expressed genes were identified by analyzing the dataset GSE40967. Gene set enrichment analysis was employed, and Cytoscape software helped in establishing the co-expression network between lncRNAs and genes. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis contributes to examining the expression levels of lncRNA TINCR, miR-107 and CD36. The dual luciferase assay was used to validate the association between miR-107 and lncRNA TINCR or CD36. The EdU incorporation assay was employed, and flow cytometry was employed to detect cell apoptosis with the tumor xenograft model being utilized. Significantly dysregulated lncRNAs and mRNAs were identified. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway in CRC tissues was down-regulated. The loss of TINCR expression was associated with CRC progression. The expression levels of the TINCR and CD36 were down-regulated. We identified miR-107 as an inhibitory target of TINCR and CD36. Overexpression of TINCR could inhibit cell proliferation and promote apoptosis. MiR-107 overexpression in CRC cells induced proliferation and impeded apoptosis. A regulatory function of the lncRNA TINCR/miR-107/CD36 axis in CRC was revealed. LncRNA TINCR overexpression exerted suppressive influence on CRC progression through modulating the PPAR signaling pathway via the miR-107/CD36 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexiu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , No. 1 Jianshe East Road of Erqi District , Zhengzhou 450052, Henan , China
| | - Jianning Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , No. 1 Jianshe East Road of Erqi District , Zhengzhou 450052, Henan , China
| | - Haoling Shi
- Department of General Surgery , The First People Hospital of Zhengzhou , Zhengzhou 450004, Henan , China
| | - Bing Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , No. 1 Jianshe East Road of Erqi District , Zhengzhou 450052, Henan , China
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , No. 1 Jianshe East Road of Erqi District , Zhengzhou 450052, Henan , China
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211
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Khan MA, Alam Q, Haque A, Ashafaq M, Khan MJ, Ashraf GM, Ahmad M. Current Progress on Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor Gamma Agonist as an Emerging Therapeutic Approach for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: An Update. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:232-246. [PMID: 30152284 PMCID: PMC6425074 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180828100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the deposition of amyloid-β within the brain parenchyma resulting in a significant decline in cognitive functions. The pathophysiological conditions of the disease are recognized by the perturbation of synaptic function, energy and lipid metabolism. In Addition deposition of amyloid plaques also triggers inflammation upon the induction of microglia. Peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors known to play important role in the regulation of glucose absorption, homeostasis of lipid metabolism and are further known to involved in repressing the expression of genes related to inflammation. Therefore, agonists of this receptor represent an attractive therapeutic target for AD. Recently, both clinical and preclinical studies showed that use of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist improves both learning and memory along with other AD related pathology. Thus, PPARγ signifies a significant new therapeutic target in treating AD. In this review, we have shed some light on the recent progress of how, PPARγ agonist selectively modulated different cellular targets in AD and its amazing potential in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Ahmad Khan
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, University of Delhi, Dilshad Garden, Delhi 110095, India; E-mail: , and King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, University of Delhi, Dilshad Garden, Delhi 110095, India; E-mail: , and King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; E-mail:
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212
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Rharass T, Lucas S. High Glucose Level Impairs Human Mature Bone Marrow Adipocyte Function Through Increased ROS Production. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:607. [PMID: 31551934 PMCID: PMC6746912 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow adipocytes (BMAds) accumulate in aging, menopause, and metabolic diseases such as Type 2 diabetes. These osteoporotic conditions are associated with oxidative stress and hyperglycemia which are both considered as critical factors underlying bone fragility. Glucose excess and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to favor adipogenesis over osteoblastogenesis. In this study, we investigated whether high glucose exposure could determine dysfunction of mature BMAds, specifically through ROS production. The effects of low (LG, 5 mM) or high glucose (HG, 25 mM) concentrations were examined using human bone mesenchymal stromal cells (hBMSCs) in the time course of differentiation, and, up to 21 days once adipocytes were mature. HG did not alter the adipocyte differentiation process of hBMSCs. Yet, after 21 days under HG exposure, PPARG, CEBPA, and adiponectin mRNA expressions were decreased. These alterations were also observed following adipogenic inducer withdrawal as well as in adipocytes fully differentiated in LG then cultured in HG for the last 11 days. Without inducers, HG condition also led to decreased leptin mRNA level. Importantly, intracellular and extracellular ROS concentrations measured using Amplex Red were significantly raised by 50% under HG exposure. This rise was observed once adipocytes ended differentiation and was reproduced within the different cell culture settings without any cytotoxicity. Among genes involved in ROS metabolism, the mRNA level of the H2O2 generating enzyme NOX4 was found upregulated in the presence of HG. Following cell separation, mature BMAds were shown to overproduce ROS and to display the gene alterations in contrast to non-lipid-laden cells. Finally, a non-lethal treatment with a pro-oxidant agent under LG condition reduces the mRNA levels of PPARG, adiponectin, and leptin as the HG condition does in the absence of inducers, and amplifies the effect of glucose excess on gene expression. HG concentration drives mature BMAds toward altered expression of the main adipokines and transcriptional factors. These perturbations are associated with a rise in ROS generation likely mediated through enhanced expression of NOX4. Mature BMAds are thus responsive to changes in glucose and ROS concentrations, which is relevant regarding with their phenotype and function in age- or metabolic disease-related osteoporosis.
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213
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Chitosan Oligosaccharides Improve Glucolipid Metabolism Disorder in Liver by Suppression of Obesity-Related Inflammation and Restoration of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ). Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16110455. [PMID: 30463189 PMCID: PMC6265870 DOI: 10.3390/md16110455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) display various biological activities. In this study, we aimed to explore the preventive effects of COS on glucolipid metabolism disorder using palmitic acid (PA)-induced HepG2 cells and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice as experimental models in vitro and in vivo, respectively. The results showed that COS pretreatment for 12 h significantly ameliorated lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells exposed to PA for 24 h, accompanied by a reversing of the upregulated mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, MCP-1, TNF-α) and glucolipid metabolism-related regulators (SCD-1, ACC1, PCK1-α). In addition, COS treatment alleviated glucolipid metabolism disorder in mice fed with HFD for five months, including reduction in body weight and fasting glucose, restoration of intraperitoneal glucose tolerance, and suppression of overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines and glucolipid metabolism-related regulators. Furthermore, our study found that COS pretreatment significantly reversed the downregulation of PPARγ at transcriptional and translational levels in both PA-induced HepG2 cells and liver tissues of HFD-fed mice. In summary, the study suggests that COS can improve glucolipid metabolism disorder by suppressing inflammation and upregulating PPARγ expression. This indicates a novel application of COS in preventing and treating glucolipid metabolism-related diseases.
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214
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Zhang L, Chen Y, Jiang Q, Song W, Zhang L. Therapeutic potential of selective histone deacetylase 3 inhibition. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 162:534-542. [PMID: 30472601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are closely related to the occurrence and development of a variety of diseases, such as tumor, inflammation, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Inhibition of HDACs by developing HDAC inhibitors has achieved significant progress in the treatment of diseases caused by epigenetic abnormalities, and especially in the cancer therapy. Isoform selective HDAC inhibitors are emphasized to be disease specific and have less off-target effects and better safety performances. HDAC3 has been illustrated to play specific role in the development of several diseases, and the discovery of HDAC3 selective inhibitors has exhibited potential in the targeted disease treatment. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge about the prospects of selective inhibition of HDAC3 for the drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yiming Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Qixiao Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Weiguo Song
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.
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215
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Xie B, Liu X, Yang J, Cheng J, Gu J, Xue S. PIAS1 protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by stimulating PPARγ SUMOylation. BMC Cell Biol 2018; 19:24. [PMID: 30419807 PMCID: PMC6233564 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-018-0176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) has become one of the most serious complications after reperfusion therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Small ubiquitin-like modification (SUMOylation) is a reversible process, including SUMO E1-, E2-, and E3-mediated SUMOylation and SUMO-specific protease-mediated deSUMOylation, with the latter having been shown to play a vital role in myocardial IRI previously. However, little is known about the function and regulation of SUMO E3 ligases in myocardial IRI. Results In this study, we found dramatically decreased expression of PIAS1 after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in mouse myocardium and H9C2 cells. PIAS1 deficiency aggravated apoptosis and inflammation of cardiomyocytes via activating the NF-κB pathway after I/R. Mechanistically, we identified PIAS1 as a specific E3 ligase for PPARγ SUMOylation. Moreover, H9C2 cells treated with hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) displayed reduced PPARγ SUMOylation as a result of down-regulated PIAS1, and act an anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory function through repressing NF-κB activity. Finally, overexpression of PIAS1 in H9C2 cells could remarkably ameliorate I/R injury. Conclusions Collectively, our findings demonstrate the crucial role of PIAS1-mediated PPARγ SUMOylation in protecting against myocardial IRI. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12860-018-0176-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xie
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 201700, 1158 East Gongyuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Core Facility of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinke Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory for Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianmin Gu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Song Xue
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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216
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Abstract
The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a master regulator of adipocyte differentiation and is the target for the insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinedione (TZD) drugs used to treat type 2 diabetes. In cell-based in vitro studies, the transcriptional activity of PPARγ is inhibited by covalent attachment of small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMOylation) at K107 in its N terminus. However, whether this posttranslational modification is relevant in vivo remains unclear. Here, using mice homozygous for a mutation (K107R) that prevents SUMOylation at this position, we demonstrate that PPARγ is SUMOylated at K107 in white adipose tissue. We further show that in the context of diet-induced obesity PPARγ-K107R-mutant mice have enhanced insulin sensitivity without the corresponding increase in adiposity that typically accompanies PPARγ activation by TZDs. Accordingly, the PPARγ-K107R mutation was weaker than TZD treatment in stimulating adipocyte differentiation in vitro. Moreover, we found that both the basal and TZD-dependent transcriptomes of inguinal and epididymal white adipose tissue depots were markedly altered in the K107R-mutant mice. We conclude that PPARγ SUMOylation at K107 is physiologically relevant and may serve as a pharmacologic target for uncoupling PPARγ's beneficial insulin-sensitizing effect from its adverse effect of weight gain.
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217
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Mustfa SA, Singh M, Suhail A, Mohapatra G, Verma S, Chakravorty D, Rana S, Rampal R, Dhar A, Saha S, Ahuja V, Srikanth CV. SUMOylation pathway alteration coupled with downregulation of SUMO E2 enzyme at mucosal epithelium modulates inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.170024. [PMID: 28659381 PMCID: PMC5493774 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification pathways such as SUMOylation are integral to all cellular processes and tissue homeostasis. We investigated the possible involvement of SUMOylation in the epithelial signalling in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), the two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Initially in a murine model of IBD, induced by dextran–sulfate–sodium (DSS mice), we observed inflammation accompanied by a lowering of global SUMOylation of colonic epithelium. The observed SUMOylation alteration was due to a decrease in the sole SUMO E2 enzyme (Ubc9). Mass-spectrometric analysis revealed the existence of a distinct SUMOylome (SUMO-conjugated proteome) in DSS mice with alteration of key cellular regulators, including master kinase Akt1. Knocking-down of Ubc9 in epithelial cells resulted in dramatic activation of inflammatory gene expression, a phenomenon that acted via reduction in Akt1 and its SUMOylated form. Importantly, a strong decrease in Ubc9 and Akt1 was also seen in endoscopic biopsy samples (N = 66) of human CD and UC patients. Furthermore, patients with maximum disease indices were always accompanied by severely lowered Ubc9 or SUMOylated-Akt1. Mucosal tissues with severely compromised Ubc9 function displayed higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and compromised wound-healing markers. Thus, our results reveal an important and previously undescribed role for the SUMOylation pathway involving Ubc9 and Akt1 in modulation of epithelial inflammatory signalling in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Ahmad Mustfa
- Laboratory of gut inflammation and infection biology (LGIIB), Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd milestone Gurgaon Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, India.,Department of Gastroenterology, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Mukesh Singh
- Laboratory of gut inflammation and infection biology (LGIIB), Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd milestone Gurgaon Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, India
| | - Aamir Suhail
- Laboratory of gut inflammation and infection biology (LGIIB), Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd milestone Gurgaon Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, India.,Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Gayatree Mohapatra
- Laboratory of gut inflammation and infection biology (LGIIB), Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd milestone Gurgaon Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, India.,Department of Gastroenterology, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Smriti Verma
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Debangana Chakravorty
- Functional interactomics laboratory, Bose Institute Kolkata, P 1/12, C.I.T Road, Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Sarika Rana
- Laboratory of gut inflammation and infection biology (LGIIB), Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd milestone Gurgaon Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, India.,Department of Gastroenterology, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ritika Rampal
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar East, New Delhi, India
| | - Atika Dhar
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudipto Saha
- Functional interactomics laboratory, Bose Institute Kolkata, P 1/12, C.I.T Road, Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Vineet Ahuja
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar East, New Delhi, India
| | - C V Srikanth
- Laboratory of gut inflammation and infection biology (LGIIB), Regional Centre for Biotechnology, 3rd milestone Gurgaon Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, India
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218
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Nor Effa SZ, Yaacob NS, Mohd Nor N. Crosstalk between PPARγ Ligands and Inflammatory-Related Pathways in Natural T-Regulatory Cells from Type 1 Diabetes Mouse Model. Biomolecules 2018; 8:E135. [PMID: 30400642 PMCID: PMC6315476 DOI: 10.3390/biom8040135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulation, as a means of immunotherapy, has been studied in major research and clinical laboratories for many years. T-Regulatory (Treg) cell therapy is one of the modulators used in immunotherapy approaches. Similarly, nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) has extensively been shown to play a role as an immuno-modulator during inflammation. Given their mutual roles in downregulating the immune response, current study examined the influence of PPARγ ligands i.e., thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of drugs on Forkhead Box P3 (Foxp3) expression and possible crosstalk between PPARγ and nTreg cells of Non-Obese Diabetes (NOD) and Non-Obese Diabetes Resistant (NOR) mice. Results showed that TZD drug, ciglitazone and natural ligand of PPARγ 15d-prostaglandin downregulated Foxp3 expression in activated nTreg cells from both NOD and NOR mice. Interestingly, addition of the PPARγ inhibitor, GW9662 further downregulated Foxp3 expression in these cells from both mice. We also found that PPARγ ligands negatively regulate Foxp3 expression in activated nTreg cells via PPARγ-independent mechanism(s). These results demonstrate that both natural and synthetic PPARγ ligands capable of suppressing Foxp3 expression in activated nTreg cells of NOD and NOR mice. This may suggest that the effect of PPARγ ligands in modulating Foxp3 expression in activated nTreg cells is different from their reported effects on effector T cells. Given the capability to suppress Foxp3 gene, it is possible to be tested as immunomodulators in cancer-related studies. The co-lateral use of PPARγ ligands in nTreg cells in inducing tolerance towards pseudo-self antigens as in tumor microenvironment may uphold beneficial outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zulkafli Nor Effa
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia.
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas 13200, Malaysia.
| | - Nik Soriani Yaacob
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia.
| | - Norazmi Mohd Nor
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia.
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219
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Epidermal Fatty Acid-Binding Protein: A Novel Marker in the Diagnosis of Dry Eye Disease in Sjögren Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113463. [PMID: 30400384 PMCID: PMC6274910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Sjögren syndrome (SS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of the lacrimal and salivary glands. This study compared the concentrations of epidermal fatty-acid binding protein (E-FABP) in the saliva, serum, and tears of SS patients with dry eye and dry mouth, with those of healthy adults to investigate the usefulness of E-FABP as a diagnostic marker for SS. Design: Prospective, observational case series. Participants: The subjects were 11 new patients with untreated Sjogren syndrome and 12 healthy control individuals. Methods: The diagnosis of SS was in accordance with the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan) Diagnostic Criteria (1999). Saliva, serum, and tear specimens were collected during internal medicine, dental, and ophthalmological examinations. The ophthalmological tests included the Dry Eye-related Quality of life Score (DEQS), tear break-up time (BUT), vital staining with fluorescein (FS) and lissamine green (LG), and the Schirmer test-1. The E-FABP concentration in the tears, saliva, and serum was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Main outcome measure: The E-FABP concentrations were compared between patients and controls. Results: There were significant differences between the patient and healthy control groups in all ophthalmological test results. There were no significant differences between the groups in the E-FABP concentrations in the saliva (p = 0.1513) or the serum (p = 0.4799), but the E-FABP concentration in the tears significantly differed between groups. The E-FABP concentration in tears tended to be significantly lower in patients with SS (mean, 323.5 ± 325.6 pg/mL) than healthy control subjects (mean, 4076 pg/mL; p = 0.0136). The E-FABP concentration in tears significantly correlated with the results of dry eye parameters. Conclusion: The E-FABP concentration in tears appears to be related to ocular surface epithelial damage and tear stability and may be a promising novel biomarker in the diagnosis of SS.
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220
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Massafra V, Pellicciari R, Gioiello A, van Mil SW. Progress and challenges of selective Farnesoid X Receptor modulation. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 191:162-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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221
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Liu S, Wang Y, Su M, Song SJ, Hong J, Kim S, Im DS, Jung JH. A bile acid derivative with PPARγ-mediated anti-inflammatory activity. Steroids 2018; 137:40-46. [PMID: 30086355 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
During our search for bioactive secondary metabolites in the jellyfish-derived fungus Penicillium chrysogenum J08NF-4, several bile acid derivatives (2-6) were isolated along with a new steroidal artifact (1). An in vitro anti-inflammatory assay showed that pretreatment with 1 suppressed NO production and the gene expressions of the pro-inflammatory mediators iNOS and TNF-α in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Docking analysis of 1 revealed that it might bind to the ligand binding domain (LBD) of PPARγ in a manner similar to that of the synthetic steroid mifepristone (7), which is used clinically to treat hypercortisolism and was recently reported to be a PPARγ agonist. Compound 1 activated PPARγ in murine Ac2F liver cells and suppressed the LPS-induced phosphorylation of the NF-κB p65 subunit leading to downregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators. Our findings suggest that 1 acts as a steroidal PPARγ activator that downregulates the expressions of pro-inflammatory mediators by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingzhi Su
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Shao-Jiang Song
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 10016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jongki Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhkmann Kim
- Center for Proteome Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Soon Im
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee H Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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222
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The potential role of PPARγ in obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation. Int J Cardiol 2018; 266:220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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223
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Weber KJ, Sauer M, He L, Tycksen E, Kalugotla G, Razani B, Schilling JD. PPARγ Deficiency Suppresses the Release of IL-1β and IL-1α in Macrophages via a Type 1 IFN-Dependent Mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2054-2069. [PMID: 30143592 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes modulate macrophage activation, often leading to prolonged inflammation and dysfunctional tissue repair. Increasing evidence suggests that the NLRP3 inflammasome plays an important role in obesity-associated inflammation. We have previously shown that activation of the lipotoxic inflammasome by excess fatty acids in macrophages occurs via a lysosome-dependent pathway. However, the mechanisms that link cellular lipid metabolism to altered inflammation remain poorly understood. PPARγ is a nuclear receptor transcription factor expressed by macrophages that is known to alter lipid handling, mitochondrial function, and inflammatory cytokine expression. To undercover novel links between metabolic signaling and lipotoxic inflammasome activation, we investigated mouse primary macrophages deficient in PPARγ. Contrary to our expectation, PPARγ knockout (KO) macrophages released significantly less IL-1β and IL-1α in response to lipotoxic stimulation. The suppression occurred at the transcriptional level and was apparent for multiple activators of the NLRP3 inflammasome. RNA sequencing revealed upregulation of IFN-β in activated PPARγKO macrophages, and this was confirmed at the protein level. A blocking Ab against the type 1 IFNR restored the release of IL-1β to wild type levels in PPARγKO cells, confirming the mechanistic link between these events. Conversely, PPARγ activation with rosiglitazone selectively suppressed IFN-β expression in activated macrophages. Loss of PPARγ also resulted in diminished expression of genes involved in sterol biosynthesis, a pathway known to influence IFN production. Together, these findings demonstrate a cross-talk pathway that influences the interplay between metabolism and inflammation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassandra J Weber
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.,Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Madeline Sauer
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.,Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Li He
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.,Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Eric Tycksen
- Genome Technology Access Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Gowri Kalugotla
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.,Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Babak Razani
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.,Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Joel D Schilling
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; .,Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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224
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Hu S, He W, Du X, Huang Y, Fu Y, Yang Y, Hu C, Li S, Wang Q, Wen Q, Zhou X, Zhou C, Zhong XP, Ma L. Vitamin B1 Helps to Limit Mycobacterium tuberculosis Growth via Regulating Innate Immunity in a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ-Dependent Manner. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1778. [PMID: 30166982 PMCID: PMC6106772 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that vitamin B1 (VB1) has a protective effect against oxidative retinal damage induced by anti-tuberculosis drugs. However, it remains unclear whether VB1 regulates immune responses during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. We report here that VB1 promotes the protective immune response to limit the survival of MTB within macrophages and in vivo through regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ). VB1 promotes macrophage polarization into classically activated phenotypes with strong microbicidal activity and enhanced tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 expression at least in part by promoting nuclear factor-κB signaling. In addition, VB1 increases mitochondrial respiration and lipid metabolism and PPAR-γ integrates the metabolic and inflammatory signals regulated by VB1. Using both PPAR-γ agonists and deficient mice, we demonstrate that VB1 enhances anti-MTB activities in macrophages and in vivo by down-regulating PPAR-γ activity. Our data demonstrate important functions of VB1 in regulating innate immune responses against MTB and reveal novel mechanisms by which VB1 exerts its function in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengfeng Hu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenting He
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xialin Du
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulan Huang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuling Fu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yalong Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuxuan Hu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Silin Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinshu Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wen
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinying Zhou
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaoying Zhou
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Li Ma
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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225
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Silva AKS, Peixoto CA. Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease inflammation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2951-2961. [PMID: 29789866 PMCID: PMC11105365 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2838-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity have been identified as the most important risk factors for many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and lipid disorders, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The metabolic changes associated with obesity are grouped to define metabolic syndrome, which is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries. NAFLD is considered to be the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and is one of the most prevalent liver diseases worldwide. Inflammation plays an important role in the development of numerous liver diseases, contributing to the progression to more severe stages, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are binder-activated nuclear receptors that are involved in the transcriptional regulation of lipid metabolism, energy balance, inflammation and atherosclerosis. Three isotypes are known: PPAR-α, PPARδ/β and PPAR-γ. These isotypes play different roles in diverse tissues and cells, including the inflammatory process. In this review, we discuss current knowledge on the role PPARs in the hepatic inflammatory process involved in NAFLD as well as new pharmacological strategies that target PPARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Karolina Soares Silva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brazil
- Biological Sciences of the Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Christina Alves Peixoto
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brazil.
- Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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226
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Feller D, Kun J, Ruzsics I, Rapp J, Sarosi V, Kvell K, Helyes Z, Pongracz JE. Cigarette Smoke-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation Becomes Systemic by Circulating Extracellular Vesicles Containing Wnt5a and Inflammatory Cytokines. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1724. [PMID: 30090106 PMCID: PMC6068321 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a devastating, irreversible pathology affecting millions of people worldwide. Clinical studies show that currently available therapies are insufficient, have no or little effect on elevated comorbidities and on systemic inflammation. To develop alternative therapeutic options, a better understanding of the molecular background of COPD is essential. In the present study, we show that non-canonical and pro-inflammatory Wnt5a is up-regulated by cigarette smoking with parallel up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in both mouse and human model systems. Wnt5a is not only a pro-inflammatory Wnt ligand but can also inhibit the anti-inflammatory peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma transcription and affect M1/M2 macrophage polarization. Both Wnt5a and pro-inflammatory cytokines can be transported in lipid bilayer sealed extracellular vesicles that reach and deliver their contents to every organ measured in the blood of COPD patients, therefore, demonstrating a potential mechanism for the systemic nature of this crippling disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Feller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Jozsef Kun
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Istvan Ruzsics
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Centre and Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Judit Rapp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Veronika Sarosi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Centre and Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Krisztian Kvell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Judit E Pongracz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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227
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Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a member of the nuclear receptor family and plays an important role in adipocyte differentiation, glucose homeostasis, and insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), synthetic ligands of PPARγ, have been used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus for two decades. TZDs were expected to be amazing drugs not only for type 2 diabetes but also for metabolic syndrome and atherosclerotic vascular disease because they can reduce both insulin resistance and inflammation in experimental studies. However, serious unwanted effects pushed TZDs back to an optional second-tier drug for type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, PPARγ is still one of the most important targets for the treatment of insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, and novel strategies to modulate PPARγ activity to enhance its beneficial effects and reduce unwanted adverse effects are anticipated. Recent studies showed that post-translational modification (PTM) of PPARγ regulates PPARγ activity or stability and may be a novel way to optimize PPARγ activity with reduced adverse effects. In this review, we will focus on recent advances in PTM of PPARγ and the mechanisms regulating PPARγ function as well as in the development of PPARγ modulators or agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hee Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Sung Soo Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyong Soo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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228
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Trzepizur W, Cortese R, Gozal D. Murine models of sleep apnea: functional implications of altered macrophage polarity and epigenetic modifications in adipose and vascular tissues. Metabolism 2018; 84:44-55. [PMID: 29154950 PMCID: PMC5955762 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent disease across the lifespan, is characterized by chronic intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation, and has been independently associated with substantial cardiometabolic morbidity. However, the reversibility of end-organ morbidity with treatment is not always apparent, suggesting that both tissue remodeling and epigenetic mechanisms may be operationally involved. Here, we review the cumulative evidence focused around murine models of OSA to illustrate the temporal dependencies of cardiometabolic dysfunction and its reversibility, and more particularly to discuss the critical contributions of tissue macrophages to adipose tissue insulin resistance and vascular atherogenesis. In addition, we describe initial findings potentially implicating epigenetic alterations in both the emergence of the cardiometabolic morbidity of OSA, and in its reversibility with treatment. We anticipate that improved understanding of macrophage biology and epigenetics in the context of intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation will lead to discovery of novel therapeutic targets and improved cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes in OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Trzepizur
- Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Département de Pneumologie, Centre de Recherche Clinique, CHU d'Angers, Université Bretagne Loire, UNIV Angers, INSERM UMR 1063, Angers, France
| | - Rene Cortese
- Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - David Gozal
- Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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229
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Jung HY, Kim B, Ryu HG, Ji Y, Park S, Choi SH, Lee D, Lee IK, Kim M, Lee YJ, Song W, Lee YH, Choi HJ, Hyun CK, Holzapfel WH, Kim KT. Amodiaquine improves insulin resistance and lipid metabolism in diabetic model mice. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018. [PMID: 29516607 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Although peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs)α/γ dual agonists can be beneficial for treatment of dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes, their use is limited owing to various side effects, including body weight gain, edema, and heart failure. We aimed to demonstrate that amodiaquine, an antimalarial agent, has potential as a PPARα/γ dual agonist with low risk of adverse effects. METHODS We screened a Prestwick library (Prestwick Chemical; Illkirch, France) to identify novel PPARα/γ dual agonists and selected amodiaquine (4-[(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino]-2-[(diethylamino)methyl]phenol), which activated both PPAR-α & -γ, for further investigation. We performed both in vitro, including glucose uptake assay and fatty acid oxidation assay, and in vivo studies to elucidate the anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects of amodiaquine. RESULTS Amodiaquine selectively activated the transcriptional activities of PPARα/γ and enhanced both fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake without altering insulin secretion in vitro. In high-fat diet-induced obese and genetically modified obese/diabetic mice, amodiaquine not only remarkably ameliorated insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and fatty liver but also decreased body weight gain. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that amodiaquine exerts beneficial effects on glucose and lipid metabolism by concurrent activation of PPARα/γ. Furthermore, amodiaquine acts as an alternative insulin-sensitizing agent with a positive influence on lipid metabolism and has potential to prevent and treat type 2 diabetes while reducing the risk of lipid abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoe-Yune Jung
- Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- R&D Center, NovMetaPharma Co., Ltd., Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Bobae Kim
- Department of Advanced Green Energy and Environment, Handong Global University, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Guk Ryu
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yosep Ji
- Department of Advanced Green Energy and Environment, Handong Global University, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Park
- Department of Advanced Green Energy and Environment, Handong Global University, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hee Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyun Lee
- R&D Center, NovMetaPharma Co., Ltd., Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Munki Kim
- Bio Convergence Team, Advanced Bio Convergence Center, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - You Jeong Lee
- Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojin Song
- Functional Neuroanatomy of Metabolism Regulation Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Division of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Functional Neuroanatomy of Metabolism Regulation Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Division of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Choi
- Functional Neuroanatomy of Metabolism Regulation Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Division of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Kee Hyun
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Wilhelm H Holzapfel
- Department of Advanced Green Energy and Environment, Handong Global University, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong-Tai Kim
- Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
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230
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Abdel-Moneim A, El-Twab SMA, Yousef AI, Reheim ESA, Ashour MB. Modulation of hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in experimental type 2 diabetes by gallic acid and p-coumaric acid: The role of adipocytokines and PPARγ. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:1091-1097. [PMID: 30021345 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There are many indications that confirm the vital role of adipocytokines and PPARγ in diabetics. Hence, the current investigation aimed to study the modulatory effects of gallic acid and p-coumaric acid on adipocytokines secretion and PPARγ mRNA expression in type 2 diabetic rats. After induction of type 2 diabetes, diabetic rats were orally treated with 20 mg/kg body mass gallic acid and 40 mg/kg body mass p-coumaric acid for six weeks. Among treatment diabetic rats, glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels significantly declined in diabetic rats, while insulin level and body weight significantly increased as compared to control group. Gallic acid and p-coumaric acid markedly decreased the level of TNF-α and increased the levels of PPARγ mRNA and adiponectin. In addition, the tested agents improved markedly lipid profile parameters, cardiovascular indices 1 and 2 and anti-atherogenic index. In conclusion, gallic acid and p-coumaric acid exhibited marked antidiabetic action that could be mediated via modulation of TNF-α and adipocytokines secretions as well as upregulation of PPARγ mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Abdel-Moneim
- Molecular Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | - Sanaa M Abd El-Twab
- Molecular Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I Yousef
- Molecular Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Eman S Abdel Reheim
- Molecular Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed B Ashour
- Molecular Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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231
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Functional Regulation of PPARs through Post-Translational Modifications. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061738. [PMID: 29895749 PMCID: PMC6032173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily and they are essential regulators of cell differentiation, tissue development, and energy metabolism. Given their central roles in sensing the cellular metabolic state and controlling metabolic homeostasis, PPARs became important targets of drug development for the management of metabolic disorders. The function of PPARs is mainly regulated through ligand binding, which induces structural changes, further affecting the interactions with co-activators or co-repressors to stimulate or inhibit their functions. In addition, PPAR functions are also regulated by various Post-translational modifications (PTMs). These PTMs include phosphorylation, SUMOylation, ubiquitination, acetylation, and O-GlcNAcylation, which are found at numerous modification sites. The addition of these PTMs has a wide spectrum of consequences on protein stability, transactivation function, and co-factor interaction. Moreover, certain PTMs in PPAR proteins have been associated with the status of metabolic diseases. In this review, we summarize the PTMs found on the three PPAR isoforms PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ, and their corresponding modifying enzymes. We also discuss the functional roles of these PTMs in regulating metabolic homeostasis and provide a perspective for future research in this intriguing field.
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232
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Chedrawe MAJ, Holman SP, Lamport AC, Akay T, Robertson GS. Pioglitazone is superior to quetiapine, clozapine and tamoxifen at alleviating experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 321:72-82. [PMID: 29957391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that clozapine and quetiapine (atypical antipsychotics), tamoxifen (selective-estrogen receptor modulator) and pioglitazone (PPARγ agonist) may improve functional recovery in multiple sclerosis (MS). We have compared the effectiveness of oral administration of these drugs, beginning at peak disease, at reducing ascending paralysis, motor deficits and demyelination in mice subjected to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Mice were immunized with an immunogenic peptide corresponding to amino acids 35-55 of the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55) in complete Freund's adjuvant and injected with pertussis toxin to induce EAE. Unlike clozapine, quetiapine and tamoxifen, administration of pioglitazone beginning at peak disease decreased both clinical scores and lumbar white matter loss in EAE mice. Using kinematic gait analysis, we found that pioglitazone also maintained normal movement of the hip, knee and ankle joints for at least 44 days after MOG35-55 immunization. This long-lasting preservation of hindleg joint movements was accompanied by reduced white matter loss, microglial and macrophage activation and the expression of pro-inflammatory genes in the lumbar spinal cords of EAE mice. These results support clinical findings that suggest pioglitazone may reduce the progressive loss of motor function in MS by decreasing inflammation and myelin damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A J Chedrawe
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, 2nd floor, Life Sciences Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, P.O. Box 15000, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Scott P Holman
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, 2nd floor, Life Sciences Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, P.O. Box 15000, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Anna-Claire Lamport
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, 2nd floor, Life Sciences Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, P.O. Box 15000, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Turgay Akay
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, 3rd floor, Life Sciences Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, P.O. Box 15000, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - George S Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, 2nd floor, Life Sciences Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, P.O. Box 15000, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, 5909 Veterans' Memorial Lane, 8th floor, Abbie J. Lane Memorial Building, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 2E2, Canada.
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233
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Ubc9 overexpression and SUMO1 deficiency blunt inflammation after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion. J Transl Med 2018; 98:799-813. [PMID: 29472640 PMCID: PMC6397426 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium constitutes a crucial defense to the potentially life-threatening effects of gut microbiota. However, due to a complex underlying vasculature, hypoperfusion and resultant tissue ischemia pose a particular risk to function and integrity of the epithelium. The small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) conjugation pathway critically regulates adaptive responses to metabolic stress and is of particular significance in the gut, as inducible knockout of the SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 results in rapid intestinal epithelial disintegration. Here we analyzed the pattern of individual SUMO isoforms in intestinal epithelium and investigated their roles in intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) damage. Immunostaining revealed that epithelial SUMO2/3 expression was almost exclusively limited to crypt epithelial nuclei in unchallenged mice. However, intestinal I/R or overexpression of Ubc9 caused a remarkable enhancement of epithelial SUMO2/3 staining along the crypt-villus axis. Unexpectedly, a similar pattern was found in SUMO1 knockout mice. Ubc9 transgenic mice, but also SUMO1 knockout mice were protected from I/R injury as evidenced by better preserved barrier function and blunted inflammatory responses. PCR array analysis of microdissected villus-tip epithelia revealed a specific epithelial contribution to reduced inflammatory responses in Ubc9 transgenic mice, as key chemotactic signaling molecules such as IL17A were significantly downregulated. Together, our data indicate a critical role particularly of the SUMO2/3 isoforms in modulating responses to I/R and provide the first evidence that SUMO1 deletion activates a compensatory process that protects from ischemic damage.
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234
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The CD36-PPARγ Pathway in Metabolic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051529. [PMID: 29883404 PMCID: PMC5983591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncovering the biological role of nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) has greatly advanced our knowledge of the transcriptional control of glucose and energy metabolism. As such, pharmacological activation of PPARγ has emerged as an efficient approach for treating metabolic disorders with the current use of thiazolidinediones to improve insulin resistance in diabetic patients. The recent identification of growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRP) as potent inducers of PPARγ through activation of the scavenger receptor CD36 has defined a novel alternative to regulate essential aspects of lipid and energy metabolism. Recent advances on the emerging role of CD36 and GHRP hexarelin in regulating PPARγ downstream actions with benefits on atherosclerosis, hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis and fat mitochondrial biogenesis are summarized here. The response of PPARγ coactivator PGC-1 is also discussed in these effects. The identification of the GHRP-CD36-PPARγ pathway in controlling various tissue metabolic functions provides an interesting option for metabolic disorders.
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235
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Kraakman MJ, Liu Q, Postigo-Fernandez J, Ji R, Kon N, Larrea D, Namwanje M, Fan L, Chan M, Area-Gomez E, Fu W, Creusot RJ, Qiang L. PPARγ deacetylation dissociates thiazolidinedione's metabolic benefits from its adverse effects. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2600-2612. [PMID: 29589839 DOI: 10.1172/jci98709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are PPARγ agonists with potent insulin-sensitizing effects. However, their use has been curtailed by substantial adverse effects on weight, bone, heart, and hemodynamic balance. TZDs induce the deacetylation of PPARγ on K268 and K293 to cause the browning of white adipocytes. Here, we show that targeted PPARγ mutations resulting in constitutive deacetylation (K268R/K293R, 2KR) increased energy expenditure and protected from visceral adiposity and diet-induced obesity by augmenting brown remodeling of white adipose tissues. Strikingly, when 2KR mice were treated with rosiglitazone, they maintained the insulin-sensitizing, glucose-lowering response to TZDs, while displaying little, if any, adverse effects on fat deposition, bone density, fluid retention, and cardiac hypertrophy. Thus, deacetylation appears to fulfill the goal of dissociating the metabolic benefits of PPARγ activation from its adverse effects. Strategies to leverage PPARγ deacetylation may lead to the design of safer, more effective agonists of this nuclear receptor in the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiongming Liu
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology
| | - Jorge Postigo-Fernandez
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center.,Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology
| | - Ruiping Ji
- Center for Advanced Cardiac Care, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology
| | - Ning Kon
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Department of Pathology, and
| | - Delfina Larrea
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University New York, New York, USA
| | - Maria Namwanje
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology
| | - Lihong Fan
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology.,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Michelle Chan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Estela Area-Gomez
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University New York, New York, USA
| | - Wenxian Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Remi J Creusot
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center.,Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology
| | - Li Qiang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology
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236
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Goyal G, Wong K, Nirschl CJ, Souders N, Neuberg D, Anandasabapathy N, Dranoff G. PPARγ Contributes to Immunity Induced by Cancer Cell Vaccines That Secrete GM-CSF. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:723-732. [PMID: 29669721 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is a lipid-activated nuclear receptor that promotes immune tolerance through effects on macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) induces PPARγ expression in multiple myeloid cell types. GM-CSF contributes to both immune tolerance and protection, but the role of PPARγ in these pathways is poorly understood. Here, we reveal an unexpected stimulatory role for PPARγ in the generation of antitumor immunity with irradiated, GM-CSF-secreting tumor-cell vaccines (GVAX). Mice harboring a deletion of pparg in lysozyme M (LysM)-expressing myeloid cells (KO) showed a decreased ratio of CD8+ T effectors to Tregs and impaired tumor rejection with GVAX. Diminished tumor protection was associated with altered DC responses and increased production of the Treg attracting chemokines CCL17 and CLL22. Correspondingly, the systemic administration of PPARγ agonists to vaccinated mice elevated the CD8+ T effector to Treg ratio through effects on myeloid cells and intensified the antitumor activity of GVAX combined with cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 antibody blockade. PPARγ agonists similarly attenuated Treg induction and decreased CCL17 and CCL22 levels in cultures of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with GM-CSF-secreting tumor cells. Together, these results highlight a key role for myeloid cell PPARγ in GM-CSF-stimulated antitumor immunity and suggest that PPARγ agonists might be useful in cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(6); 723-32. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girija Goyal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karrie Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher J Nirschl
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicholas Souders
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Donna Neuberg
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Niroshana Anandasabapathy
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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237
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Okamoto T, Takagi Y, Kawamoto E, Park EJ, Usuda H, Wada K, Shimaoka M. Reduced substrate stiffness promotes M2-like macrophage activation and enhances peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ expression. Exp Cell Res 2018; 367:264-273. [PMID: 29627321 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The increased stiffness of the extracellular microenvironment observed in cancer and atherosclerosis is thought to regulate the activation of tissue-resident immune cells. However, it remains to be determined whether such substrate stiffness affects macrophage activation phenotypes. Here, we have studied the impact of substrate stiffness on in vitro activation phenotypes of the human monocyte cell line THP-1. THP-1 cells were activated while being cultured on 1%, 4%, 10% agarose gel (soft substrate) or on a plastic plate (stiff substrate). We have shown that a soft, versus a stiff, substrate attenuates the pro-inflammatory activity of M1 promoting-activated THP-1 cells. In addition, we have found that M1-related marker expression and phagocytic activity was lower in THP-1 cells activated on a soft substrate compared to cells on stiff substrates. THP-1 cells alternatively activated on soft substrates showed enhanced M2-like phenotypes. We have found that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression was up-regulated in THP-1 cells activated on a soft substrate. We have shown that the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 partially suppresses M2-like activation of THP-1 cells activated on a soft substrate. Substrate stiffness is, therefore, an important factor in regulating the balance of the pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 activation phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Okamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo-city, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-city, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Yoshimi Takagi
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-city, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Eiji Kawamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-city, Mie 514-8507, Japan; Emergency and Critical Care Center, Mie University Hospital, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-city, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Eun Jeong Park
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-city, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Haruki Usuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo-city, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Koichiro Wada
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo-city, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Motomu Shimaoka
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-city, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
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238
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Pauls SD, Rodway LA, Winter T, Taylor CG, Zahradka P, Aukema HM. Anti-inflammatory effects of α-linolenic acid in M1-like macrophages are associated with enhanced production of oxylipins from α-linolenic and linoleic acid. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 57:121-129. [PMID: 29698923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation, mediated in large part by proinflammatory macrophage populations, contributes directly to the induction and perpetuation of metabolic diseases, including obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can have profound effects on inflammation through the formation of bioactive oxygenated metabolites called oxylipins. The objective of this study was to determine if exposure to the dietary omega-3 PUFA α-linolenic acid (ALA) can dampen the inflammatory properties of classically activated (M1-like) macrophages derived from the human THP-1 cell line and to examine the accompanying alterations in oxylipin secretion. We find that ALA treatment leads to a reduction in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α production. Although ALA is known to be converted to longer-chain PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), DHA oxylipins were reduced overall by ALA treatment, as was LPS-induced secretion of EPA oxylipins. In contrast, we observed profound increases in oxylipins directly derived from ALA. Lipoxygenase products of linoleic acid were also dramatically increased, and LPS-induced production of AA oxylipins, particularly prostaglandin D2, was reduced. These results suggest that ALA may act to dampen the inflammatory phenotype of M1-like macrophages by a unique set of mechanisms distinct from those used by the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA. Thus, there is strong rationale for investigating the functions of ALA oxylipins and lesser-known LA oxylipins since they hold promise as anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha D Pauls
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Lisa A Rodway
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Tanja Winter
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Carla G Taylor
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Peter Zahradka
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Harold M Aukema
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, Canada.
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239
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Hampel H, Vergallo A, Aguilar LF, Benda N, Broich K, Cuello AC, Cummings J, Dubois B, Federoff HJ, Fiandaca M, Genthon R, Haberkamp M, Karran E, Mapstone M, Perry G, Schneider LS, Welikovitch LA, Woodcock J, Baldacci F, Lista S. Precision pharmacology for Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacol Res 2018; 130:331-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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240
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Vallée A, Lecarpentier Y, Guillevin R, Vallée JN. Thermodynamics in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Interplay Between Canonical WNT/Beta-Catenin Pathway-PPAR Gamma, Energy Metabolism and Circadian Rhythms. Neuromolecular Med 2018; 20:174-204. [PMID: 29572723 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-018-8486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Entropy production rate is increased by several metabolic and thermodynamics abnormalities in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Irreversible processes are quantified by changes in the entropy production rate. This review is focused on the opposing interactions observed in NDs between the canonical WNT/beta-catenin pathway and PPAR gamma and their metabolic and thermodynamic implications. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington's disease, WNT/beta-catenin pathway is upregulated, whereas PPAR gamma is downregulated. In Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, WNT/beta-catenin pathway is downregulated while PPAR gamma is upregulated. The dysregulation of the canonical WNT/beta-catenin pathway is responsible for the modification of thermodynamics behaviors of metabolic enzymes. Upregulation of WNT/beta-catenin pathway leads to aerobic glycolysis, named Warburg effect, through activated enzymes, such as glucose transporter (Glut), pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1(PDK1), monocarboxylate lactate transporter 1 (MCT-1), lactic dehydrogenase kinase-A (LDH-A) and inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH). Downregulation of WNT/beta-catenin pathway leads to oxidative stress and cell death through inactivation of Glut, PKM2, PDK1, MCT-1, LDH-A but activation of PDH. In addition, in NDs, PPAR gamma is dysregulated, whereas it contributes to the regulation of several key circadian genes. NDs show many dysregulation in the mediation of circadian clock genes and so of circadian rhythms. Thermodynamics rhythms operate far-from-equilibrium and partly regulate interactions between WNT/beta-catenin pathway and PPAR gamma. In NDs, metabolism, thermodynamics and circadian rhythms are tightly interrelated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- DRCI, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France.
- LMA (Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Applications) CNRS 7348, University of Poitiers, 11 Boulevard Marie et Pierre Curie, Poitiers, France.
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien, Meaux, France
| | - Rémy Guillevin
- DACTIM, UMR CNRS 7348, Université de Poitiers et CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Noël Vallée
- DRCI, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
- CHU Amiens Picardie, Université Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), Amiens, France
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241
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Rom O, Khoo NKH, Chen YE, Villacorta L. Inflammatory signaling and metabolic regulation by nitro-fatty acids. Nitric Oxide 2018; 78:S1089-8603(17)30329-4. [PMID: 29578057 PMCID: PMC6151155 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The addition of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) to the double bond of unsaturated fatty acids yields an array of electrophilic nitro-fatty acids (NO2-FA) with unique biochemical and signaling properties. During the last decade, NO2-FA have been shown to exert a protective role in various inflammatory and metabolic disorders. NO2-FA exert their biological effects primarily by regulating two central physiological adaptive responses: the canonical inflammatory signaling and metabolic pathways. In this mini-review, we summarize current knowledge on the regulatory role of NO2-FA in the inflammatory and metabolic response via regulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), master regulators of inflammation and metabolism. Moreover, the engagement of novel signaling and metabolic pathways influenced by NO2-FA, beyond NF-κB and PPAR signaling, is discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Rom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, USA
| | - Nicholas K H Khoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, USA
| | - Luis Villacorta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, USA.
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242
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Macdougall CE, Wood EG, Loschko J, Scagliotti V, Cassidy FC, Robinson ME, Feldhahn N, Castellano L, Voisin MB, Marelli-Berg F, Gaston-Massuet C, Charalambous M, Longhi MP. Visceral Adipose Tissue Immune Homeostasis Is Regulated by the Crosstalk between Adipocytes and Dendritic Cell Subsets. Cell Metab 2018; 27. [PMID: 29514067 PMCID: PMC5846800 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) has multiple roles in orchestrating whole-body energy homeostasis. In addition, VAT is now considered an immune site harboring an array of innate and adaptive immune cells with a direct role in immune surveillance and host defense. We report that conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) in VAT acquire a tolerogenic phenotype through upregulation of pathways involved in adipocyte differentiation. While activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in cDC1 DCs induces IL-10 production, upregulation of the PPARγ pathway in cDC2 DCs directly suppresses their activation. Combined, they promote an anti-inflammatory milieu in vivo delaying the onset of obesity-induced chronic inflammation and insulin resistance. Under long-term over-nutrition, changes in adipocyte biology curtail β-catenin and PPARγ activation, contributing to VAT inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Macdougall
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Elizabeth G Wood
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jakob Loschko
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Valeria Scagliotti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Féaron C Cassidy
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Mark E Robinson
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, UK; Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine (ICTEM), Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Niklas Feldhahn
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, UK
| | - Leandro Castellano
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine (ICTEM), Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Mathieu-Benoit Voisin
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Federica Marelli-Berg
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Carles Gaston-Massuet
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Marika Charalambous
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - M Paula Longhi
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts, and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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243
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Baik H, Boulanger M, Hosseini M, Kowalczyk J, Zaghdoudi S, Salem T, Sarry JE, Hicheri Y, Cartron G, Piechaczyk M, Bossis G. Targeting the SUMO Pathway Primes All- trans Retinoic Acid-Induced Differentiation of Nonpromyelocytic Acute Myeloid Leukemias. Cancer Res 2018; 78:2601-2613. [PMID: 29487199 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation therapies using all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) are highly efficient at treating acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, their efficacy, if any, is limited in the case of non-APL AML. We report here that inhibition of SUMOylation, a posttranslational modification related to ubiquitination, restores the prodifferentiation and antiproliferative activities of retinoids in non-APL AML. Controlled inhibition of SUMOylation with the pharmacologic inhibitors 2-D08 or anacardic acid, or via overexpression of SENP deSUMOylases, enhanced the ATRA-induced expression of key genes involved in differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis in non-APL AML cells. This activated ATRA-induced terminal myeloid differentiation and reduced cell proliferation and viability, including in AML cells resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs. Conversely, enhancement of SUMOylation via overexpression of the SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 dampened expression of ATRA-responsive genes and prevented differentiation. Thus, inhibition of the SUMO pathway is a promising strategy to sensitize patients with non-APL AML to retinoids and improve the treatment of this poor-prognosis cancer.Significance: SUMOylation silences key ATRA-responsive genes in nonpromyelocytic acute myeloid leukemias. Cancer Res; 78(10); 2601-13. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayeon Baik
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Mathias Boulanger
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Mohsen Hosseini
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Julie Kowalczyk
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Département d'Hématologie Clinique, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sonia Zaghdoudi
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Tamara Salem
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Emmanuel Sarry
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Yosr Hicheri
- Département d'Hématologie Clinique, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Cartron
- Département d'Hématologie Clinique, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Piechaczyk
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
| | - Guillaume Bossis
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
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244
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Knock E, Matsuzaki S, Takamura H, Satoh K, Rooke G, Han K, Zhang H, Staniszewski A, Katayama T, Arancio O, Fraser PE. SUMO1 impact on Alzheimer disease pathology in an amyloid-depositing mouse model. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 110:154-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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245
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Rodriguez-Echevarria R, Macias-Barragan J, Parra-Vargas M, Davila-Rodriguez JR, Amezcua-Galvez E, Armendariz-Borunda J. Diet switch and omega-3 hydroxy-fatty acids display differential hepatoprotective effects in an obesity/nonalcoholic fatty liver disease model in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:461-474. [PMID: 29398867 PMCID: PMC5787781 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i4.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the effect of 18-hydroxy-eicosapentaenoic acid (18-HEPE) and 17-hydroxy-docosahexaenoic acid (17-HDHA) in a murine model of obesity/nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
METHODS C57BL/6 mice were fed with standard chow diet (CD) or high-fat, fructose-enriched diet (HFD) for 16 wk. Then, three groups were treated for 14 d with either, diet switch (HFD for CD), 18-HEPE, or 17-HDHA. Weight and fasting glucose were recorded on a weekly basis. Insulin tolerance test was performed at the end of treatment. Histological analysis (HE and Masson’s trichrome stain) and determination of serum insulin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, adiponectin and resistin were carried out as well as liver proteins by western blot.
RESULTS Mice treated with hydroxy-fatty acids 18-HEPE and 17-HDHA displayed no weight loss or improved insulin sensitivity. However, these mice groups showed a significant amelioration on serum GLP-1, adiponectin and resistin levels. Also, a significant reduction on inflammatory infiltrate was observed at both portal and lobular zones. Furthermore, up-regulation of PPARα/γ protein levels was observed in liver tissue and it was associated with decreased levels of NF-κB also determined by western blot analysis. On the other hand, diet switch regimen resulted in a marked improvement in most parameters including: weight loss, increased insulin sensitivity, decreased steatosis, restored levels of insulin, glucagon, leptin, adiponectin and resistin. However, no significant changes were observed regarding inflammatory infiltrate in this last group.
CONCLUSION 18-HEPE and 17-HDHA differentially exert hepatoprotective effects through up-regulation of nuclear receptors PPARα/γ and amelioration of serum adipokines profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rodriguez-Echevarria
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy-CUCS, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Jose Macias-Barragan
- Department of Health Sciences-CUValles, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 46600, Mexico
| | - Marcela Parra-Vargas
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy-CUCS, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | | | | | - Juan Armendariz-Borunda
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy-CUCS, Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
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246
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Lao Y, Yang K, Wang Z, Sun X, Zou Q, Yu X, Cheng J, Tong X, Yeh ETH, Yang J, Yi J. DeSUMOylation of MKK7 kinase by the SUMO2/3 protease SENP3 potentiates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory signaling in macrophages. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:3965-3980. [PMID: 29352108 PMCID: PMC5857993 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.816769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein SUMOylation has been reported to play a role in innate immune response, but the enzymes, substrates, and consequences of the specific inflammatory signaling events are largely unknown. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are abundantly produced during macrophage activation and required for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated inflammatory signaling. Previously, we demonstrated that SENP3 is a redox-sensitive SUMO2/3 protease. To explore any links between reversible SUMOylation and ROS-related inflammatory signaling in macrophage activation, we generated mice with Senp3 conditional knock-out in myeloid cells. In bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced in vitro and in vivo inflammation models, we found that SENP3 deficiency markedly compromises the activation of TLR4 inflammatory signaling and the production of proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages exposed to LPS. Moreover, Senp3 conditional knock-out mice were significantly less susceptible to septic shock. Of note, SENP3 deficiency was associated with impairment in JNK phosphorylation. We found that MKK7, which selectively phosphorylates JNK, is a SENP3 substrate and that SENP3-mediated deSUMOylation of MKK7 may favor its binding to JNK. Importantly, ROS-dependent SENP3 accumulation and MKK7 deSUMOylation rapidly occurred after LPS stimulation. In conclusion, our findings indicate that SENP3 potentiates LPS-induced TLR4 signaling via deSUMOylation of MKK7 leading to enhancement in JNK phosphorylation and the downstream events. Therefore this work provides novel mechanistic insights into redox regulation of innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Lao
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Kai Yang
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhaojun Wang
- the Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai 200025, China, and
| | - Xueqing Sun
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qiang Zou
- the Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai 200025, China, and
| | - Xiaoyan Yu
- the Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai 200025, China, and
| | - Jinke Cheng
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xuemei Tong
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Edward T H Yeh
- the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Jie Yang
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China,
| | - Jing Yi
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China,
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247
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Jennelle LT, Dandekar AP, Magoro T, Hahn YS. Immunometabolic Signaling Pathways Contribute to Macrophage and Dendritic Cell Function. Crit Rev Immunol 2018; 36:379-394. [PMID: 28605345 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2017018803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding of antigen-presenting cell (APC) participation in tissue inflammation and metabolism has advanced through numerous studies using systems biology approaches. Previously unrecognized connections between these research areas have been elucidated in the context of inflammatory disease involving innate and adaptive immune responses. A new conceptual framework bridges APC biology, metabolism, and cytokines in the generation of effective T-cell responses. Exploring these connections is paramount to addressing the rising tide of multi-organ system diseases, particularly chronic diseases associated with metabolic syndrome, infection, and cancer. Focused research in these areas will aid the development of strategies to harness and manipulate innate immunology to improve vaccine development, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor therapies. This review highlights recent advances in APC "immunometabolism" specifically related to chronic viral and metabolic disease in humans. The goal of this review is to develop an abridged and consolidated outlook on recent thematic updates to APC immunometabolism in the areas of regulation and crosstalk between metabolic and inflammatory signaling and the integrated stress response and how these signals dictate APC function in providing T-cell activation Signal 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas T Jennelle
- Department of Microbiology, Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Aditya P Dandekar
- Department of Microbiology, Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Tshifhiwa Magoro
- Department of Microbiology, Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Young S Hahn
- Department of Microbiology, Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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248
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Ryu S, Kim DS, Lee MW, Lee JW, Sung KW, Koo HH, Yoo KH. Anti-leukemic effects of PPARγ ligands. Cancer Lett 2018; 418:10-19. [PMID: 29331412 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ, a subtype of PPARs, is a member of the nuclear receptor family. PPARγ and its ligands contribute to various types of diseases including cancer. Given that currently developed therapies against leukemia are not very effective or safe, PPARγ ligands have been shown to be a new class of compounds with the potential to treat hematologic malignancies, particularly leukemia. The capability of PPARγ ligands to induce apoptosis, inhibit proliferation, and promote differentiation of leukemia cells suggests it has significant potential as a drug against leukemia. However, the specific mechanisms and molecules involved are not well-understood, although a number of PPARγ ligands with anti-leukemic effects have been identified. This may explain why PPARγ ligands have not been widely evaluated in clinical trials. To fill the gaps in the lack of understanding of specific anti-leukemic processes of PPARγ ligands and further adapt these molecules as anti-leukemic agents, this review describes previous studies of the anti-leukemic effects of PPARγ ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somi Ryu
- Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea.
| | - Dae Seong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Myoung Woo Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Ji Won Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Ki Woong Sung
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Hong Hoe Koo
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Keon Hee Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Medical Device Management and Research, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.
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249
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Savarese AM, Lasek AW. Transcriptional Regulators as Targets for Alcohol Pharmacotherapies. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 248:505-533. [PMID: 29594350 PMCID: PMC6242703 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic relapsing brain disease that currently afflicts over 15 million adults in the United States. Despite its prevalence, there are only three FDA-approved medications for AUD treatment, all of which show limited efficacy. Because of their ability to alter expression of a large number of genes, often with great cell-type and brain-region specificity, transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers serve as promising new targets for the development of AUD treatments aimed at the neural circuitry that underlies chronic alcohol abuse. In this chapter, we will discuss transcriptional regulators that can be targeted pharmacologically and have shown some efficacy in attenuating alcohol consumption when targeted. Specifically, the transcription factors cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), and glucocorticoid receptor (GR), as well as the epigenetic enzymes, the DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs), will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy W. Lasek
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago,Corresponding author: 1601 West Taylor Street, MC 912, Chicago, IL 60612, Tel: (312) 355-1593,
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Li C, Xu MM, Wang K, Adler AJ, Vella AT, Zhou B. Macrophage polarization and meta-inflammation. Transl Res 2018; 191:29-44. [PMID: 29154757 PMCID: PMC5776711 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic overnutrition and obesity induces low-grade inflammation throughout the body. Termed "meta-inflammation," this chronic state of inflammation is mediated by macrophages located within the colon, liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. A sentinel orchestrator of immune activity and homeostasis, macrophages adopt variable states of activation as a function of time and environmental cues. Meta-inflammation phenotypically skews these polarization states and has been linked to numerous metabolic disorders. The past decade has revealed several key regulators of macrophage polarization, including the signal transducer and activator of transcription family, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, the CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBP) family, and the interferon regulatory factors. Recent studies have also suggested that microRNAs and long noncoding RNA influence macrophage polarization. The pathogenic alteration of macrophage polarization in meta-inflammation is regulated by both extracellular and intracellular cues, resulting in distinct secretome profiles. Meta-inflammation-altered macrophage polarization has been linked to insulin insensitivity, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, and autoimmunity. Thus, further mechanistic exploration into the skewing of macrophage polarization promises to have profound impacts on improving global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut, School of Medicine, Farmington, Conn
| | - Maria M Xu
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut, School of Medicine, Farmington, Conn
| | - Kepeng Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut, School of Medicine, Farmington, Conn
| | - Adam J Adler
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut, School of Medicine, Farmington, Conn
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut, School of Medicine, Farmington, Conn.
| | - Beiyan Zhou
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut, School of Medicine, Farmington, Conn.
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