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Yu YH, Vasselli JR, Zhang Y, Mechanick JI, Korner J, Peterli R. Metabolic vs. hedonic obesity: a conceptual distinction and its clinical implications. Obes Rev 2015; 16:234-47. [PMID: 25588316 PMCID: PMC5053237 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Body weight is determined via both metabolic and hedonic mechanisms. Metabolic regulation of body weight centres around the 'body weight set point', which is programmed by energy balance circuitry in the hypothalamus and other specific brain regions. The metabolic body weight set point has a genetic basis, but exposure to an obesogenic environment may elicit allostatic responses and upward drift of the set point, leading to a higher maintained body weight. However, an elevated steady-state body weight may also be achieved without an alteration of the metabolic set point, via sustained hedonic over-eating, which is governed by the reward system of the brain and can override homeostatic metabolic signals. While hedonic signals are potent influences in determining food intake, metabolic regulation involves the active control of both food intake and energy expenditure. When overweight is due to elevation of the metabolic set point ('metabolic obesity'), energy expenditure theoretically falls onto the standard energy-mass regression line. In contrast, when a steady-state weight is above the metabolic set point due to hedonic over-eating ('hedonic obesity'), a persistent compensatory increase in energy expenditure per unit metabolic mass may be demonstrable. Recognition of the two types of obesity may lead to more effective treatment and prevention of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-H Yu
- Weight Loss and Diabetes Center, Greenwich Hospital, Greenwich, CT, USA; Endocrinology Associates of Greenwich, Northeast Medical Group, Yale New-Haven Health System, Greenwich, CT, USA
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203
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Model-based and model-free Pavlovian reward learning: revaluation, revision, and revelation. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2015; 14:473-92. [PMID: 24647659 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-014-0277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Evidence supports at least two methods for learning about reward and punishment and making predictions for guiding actions. One method, called model-free, progressively acquires cached estimates of the long-run values of circumstances and actions from retrospective experience. The other method, called model-based, uses representations of the environment, expectations, and prospective calculations to make cognitive predictions of future value. Extensive attention has been paid to both methods in computational analyses of instrumental learning. By contrast, although a full computational analysis has been lacking, Pavlovian learning and prediction has typically been presumed to be solely model-free. Here, we revise that presumption and review compelling evidence from Pavlovian revaluation experiments showing that Pavlovian predictions can involve their own form of model-based evaluation. In model-based Pavlovian evaluation, prevailing states of the body and brain influence value computations, and thereby produce powerful incentive motivations that can sometimes be quite new. We consider the consequences of this revised Pavlovian view for the computational landscape of prediction, response, and choice. We also revisit differences between Pavlovian and instrumental learning in the control of incentive motivation.
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204
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Adult adiposity susceptibility loci, early growth and general and abdominal fatness in childhood: the Generation R Study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 39:1001-9. [PMID: 25640768 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies in adults have identified genetic loci associated with adiposity measures. Little is known about the effects of these loci on growth and body fat distribution from early childhood onwards. METHODS In a population-based prospective cohort study among 4144 children, we examined the associations of weighted risk scores combining 29 known genetic markers of adult body mass index (BMI) and 14 known genetic markers of adult waist-hip ratio (WHR) with peak weight velocity, peak height velocity, age at adiposity peak and BMI at adiposity peak in early infancy and additionally with BMI, total fat mass, android/gynoid fat ratio and preperitoneal fat area at the median age of 6.0 years (95% range 5.7, 7.8). RESULTS A higher adult BMI genetic risk score was associated with a higher age at adiposity peak in infancy and a higher BMI, total fat mass, android/gynoid fat ratio and preperitoneal fat area in childhood (P=0.05, 1.5 × 10(-24), 3.6 × 10(-18), 4.0 × 10(-11) and 1.3 × 10(-5), respectively), with the strongest association for childhood BMI with a 0.04 higher s.d. score BMI (95% confidence interval 0.03, 0.05) per additional risk allele. A higher adult WHR genetic risk score was not associated with infant growth measures or childhood BMI and total fat mass, but was associated with childhood android/gynoid fat ratio and preperitoneal fat area (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Genetic variants associated with BMI and WHR in adults influence growth patterns and general and abdominal fat development from early childhood onwards.
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205
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Librán-Pérez M, Geurden I, Dias K, Corraze G, Panserat S, Soengas JL. Feeding rainbow trout with a lipid-enriched diet: effects on fatty acid sensing, regulation of food intake, and cellular signaling pathways. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:2610-9. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.123802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Using rainbow trout fed with low fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) diets we aimed to determine if the response of food intake, mRNA abundance of hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in the metabolic regulation of food intake, and fatty acid (FA) sensing systems in hypothalamus and liver is similar to that previously observed when levels of specific FA were raised by injection. Moreover, we also aimed to determine if the phosphorylation state of intracellular energy sensor 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and proteins involved in cellular signalling such as protein kinase B (Akt) and target of rapamycin (mTOR) display changes that could be related to FA-sensing and the control of food intake. The increased levels of FA in hypothalamus and liver of rainbow trout fed the HF diet only partially activated FA-sensing systems and did not elicit changes in food intake suggesting that FA-sensing response in fish to increased levels of FA is more dependent on the presence of specific FA such as oleate or octanoate rather than to the global increase in FA. We also obtained, for the first time in fish, evidence for the presence and function of energy sensors like AMPK and proteins involved in cellular signaling like mTOR and Akt in hypothalamus. These proteins in hypothalamus and liver were generally activated in fish fed the HF vs LF diet suggesting the activation of the cellular signaling pathways in response to the increased availability of FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Librán-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Inge Geurden
- INRA, UR 1067 Nutrition Metabolism Aquaculture, Aquapôle, CD918, F-64310 St-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Karine Dias
- INRA, UR 1067 Nutrition Metabolism Aquaculture, Aquapôle, CD918, F-64310 St-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Genevieve Corraze
- INRA, UR 1067 Nutrition Metabolism Aquaculture, Aquapôle, CD918, F-64310 St-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Stephane Panserat
- INRA, UR 1067 Nutrition Metabolism Aquaculture, Aquapôle, CD918, F-64310 St-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - José L. Soengas
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
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206
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Bhagat R, Fortna SR, Browning KN. Exposure to a high fat diet during the perinatal period alters vagal motoneurone excitability, even in the absence of obesity. J Physiol 2014; 593:285-303. [PMID: 25556801 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.282806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Obesity is recognized as being multifactorial in origin, involving both genetic and environmental factors. The perinatal period is known to be critically important in the development of neural circuits responsible for energy homeostasis and the integration of autonomic reflexes. Diet-induced obesity alters the biophysical, pharmacological and morphological properties of vagal neurocircuits regulating upper gastrointestinal tract functions, including satiety. Less information is available, however, regarding the effects of a high fat diet (HFD) itself on the properties of vagal neurocircuits. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that exposure to a HFD during the perinatal period alters the electrophysiological, pharmacological and morphological properties of vagal efferent motoneurones innervating the stomach. Our data indicate that perinatal HFD decreases the excitability of gastric-projecting dorsal motor nucleus neurones and dysregulates neurotransmitter release from synaptic inputs and that these alterations occur prior to the development of obesity. These findings represent the first direct evidence that exposure to a HFD modulates the processing of central vagal neurocircuits even in the absence of obesity. The perinatal period is critically important to the development of autonomic neural circuits responsible for energy homeostasis. Vagal neurocircuits are vital to the regulation of upper gastrointestinal functions, including satiety. Diet-induced obesity modulates the excitability and responsiveness of both peripheral vagal afferents and central vagal efferents but less information is available regarding the effects of diet per se on vagal neurocircuit functions. The aims of this study were to investigate whether perinatal exposure to a high fat diet (HFD) dysregulated dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) neurones, prior to the development of obesity. Whole cell patch clamp recordings were made from gastric-projecting DMV neurones in thin brainstem slices from rats that were exposed to either a control diet or HFD from pregnancy day 13. Our data demonstrate that following perinatal HFD: (i) DMV neurones had decreased excitability and input resistance with a reduced ability to fire action potentials; (ii) the proportion of DMV neurones excited by cholecystokinin (CCK) was unaltered but the proportion of neurones in which CCK increased excitatory glutamatergic synaptic inputs was reduced; (iii) the tonic activation of presynaptic group II metabotropic glutamate receptors on inhibitory nerve terminals was attenuated, allowing modulation of GABAergic synaptic transmission; and (iv) the size and dendritic arborization of gastric-projecting DMV neurones was increased. These results suggest that perinatal HFD exposure compromises the excitability and responsiveness of gastric-projecting DMV neurones, even in the absence of obesity, suggesting that attenuation of vago-vagal reflex signalling may precede the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Bhagat
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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207
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Abstract
Heritability of obesity and body weight variation is high. Molecular genetic studies have led to the identification of mutations in a few genes, with a major effect on obesity (major genes and monogenic forms). Analyses of these genes have helped to unravel important pathways and have created a more profound understanding of body weight regulation. For most individuals, a polygenic basis is relevant for the genetic predisposition to obesity. Small effect sizes are conveyed by the polygenic variants. Hence, only if a number of these variants is harboured, a sizeable phenotypic effect is detectable. Most, if not all, of the genes relevant to weight regulation are expressed in the hypothalamus. This underscores the major role of this region of the brain in body weight regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hinney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Anna-Lena Volckmar
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Jochen Antel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Low YQ, Lacy K, Keast R. The role of sweet taste in satiation and satiety. Nutrients 2014; 6:3431-50. [PMID: 25184369 PMCID: PMC4179169 DOI: 10.3390/nu6093431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased energy consumption, especially increased consumption of sweet energy-dense food, is thought to be one of the main contributors to the escalating rates in overweight individuals and obesity globally. The individual’s ability to detect or sense sweetness in the oral cavity is thought to be one of many factors influencing food acceptance, and therefore, taste may play an essential role in modulating food acceptance and/or energy intake. Emerging evidence now suggests that the sweet taste signaling mechanisms identified in the oral cavity also operate in the gastrointestinal system and may influence the development of satiety. Understanding the individual differences in detecting sweetness in both the oral and gastrointestinal system towards both caloric sugar and high intensity sweetener and the functional role of the sweet taste system may be important in understanding the reasons for excess energy intake. This review will summarize evidence of possible associations between the sweet taste mechanisms within the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract and the brain systems towards both caloric sugar and high intensity sweetener and sweet taste function, which may influence satiation, satiety and, perhaps, predisposition to being overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qing Low
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
| | - Kathleen Lacy
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
| | - Russell Keast
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
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209
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Soengas JL. Contribution of glucose- and fatty acid sensing systems to the regulation of food intake in fish. A review. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 205:36-48. [PMID: 24530522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Food intake in fish is a complex process regulated through many different factors including abundance of energy and nutrients. In recent years, evidence have been obtained in several fishes, mainly in rainbow trout, regarding the presence and functioning in brain areas of metabolic sensors informing about changes in the levels of nutrients like glucose and fatty acids. The activity of these sensors relate to the control of food intake through changes in the expression of anorexigenic and orexigenic neuropeptides. The present review will provide a picture of the main results obtained to date in these studies, as well as perspectives for future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Soengas
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Spain.
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210
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Meng XR, Song JY, Ma J, Liu FH, Shang XR, Guo XJ, Wang HJ. Association study of childhood obesity with eight genetic variants recently identified by genome-wide association studies. Pediatr Res 2014; 76:310-5. [PMID: 24956226 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2014.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Being overweight or obese is becoming increasingly common in low- and middle-income countries. The present study aimed to examine association of eight genetic variants with obesity and to estimate the cumulative effects of these variants in Chinese children. METHODS We conducted the case-control study in a total of 2,030 subjects. Genotyping of seven novel variants was performed with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry, while rs9939609 was genotyped with tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system analysis. RESULTS The association of two fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs9939609 and rs62048402) with body mass index (BMI) or obesity reached nominal significance at P < 0.05. We found a cumulative effect of five SNPs on the risk of overweight and obesity (odds ratio (OR) = 1.197, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.068-1.342, P = 0.002). Subjects carrying 9 or more effect alleles had a 127% increased risk of overweight and obesity (OR = 2.270, 95% CI = 1.403-3.671, P = 0.001) compared with subjects who carry 6 or fewer effect alleles. CONCLUSION We confirmed two FTO SNPs (rs62048402 and rs9939609) had nominal significant effects on BMI or obesity. We identified the cumulative effect of five SNPs on risk of overweight and obesity. The results provided evidence for identifying genetic factors related to childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Rui Meng
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie-Yun Song
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang-Hong Liu
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Rui Shang
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu-Jun Guo
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Jun Wang
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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211
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Cheah YS, Lee S, Ashoor G, Nathan Y, Reed LJ, Zelaya FO, Brammer MJ, Amiel SA. Ageing diminishes the modulation of human brain responses to visual food cues by meal ingestion. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 38:1186-92. [PMID: 24335762 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Rates of obesity are greatest in middle age. Obesity is associated with altered activity of brain networks sensing food-related stimuli and internal signals of energy balance, which modulate eating behaviour. The impact of healthy mid-life ageing on these processes has not been characterised. We therefore aimed to investigate changes in brain responses to food cues, and the modulatory effect of meal ingestion on such evoked neural activity, from young adulthood to middle age. SUBJECTS/METHODS Twenty-four healthy, right-handed subjects, aged 19.5-52.6 years, were studied on separate days after an overnight fast, randomly receiving 50 ml water or 554 kcal mixed meal before functional brain magnetic resonance imaging while viewing visual food cues. RESULTS Across the group, meal ingestion reduced food cue-evoked activity of amygdala, putamen, insula and thalamus, and increased activity in precuneus and bilateral parietal cortex. Corrected for body mass index, ageing was associated with decreasing food cue-evoked activation of right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and precuneus, and increasing activation of left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), bilateral temporal lobe and posterior cingulate in the fasted state. Ageing was also positively associated with the difference in food cue-evoked activation between fed and fasted states in the right DLPFC, bilateral amygdala and striatum, and negatively associated with that of the left orbitofrontal cortex and VLPFC, superior frontal gyrus, left middle and temporal gyri, posterior cingulate and precuneus. There was an overall tendency towards decreasing modulatory effects of prior meal ingestion on food cue-evoked regional brain activity with increasing age. CONCLUSIONS Healthy ageing to middle age is associated with diminishing sensitivity to meal ingestion of visual food cue-evoked activity in brain regions that represent the salience of food and direct food-associated behaviour. Reduced satiety sensing may have a role in the greater risk of obesity in middle age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Cheah
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S Lee
- 1] Diabetes Research Group, School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK [2] Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - G Ashoor
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Y Nathan
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - L J Reed
- 1] Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK [2] Division of Brain Sciences, Centre for Mental Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - F O Zelaya
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M J Brammer
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S A Amiel
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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212
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Dalton M, Finlayson G. Psychobiological examination of liking and wanting for fat and sweet taste in trait binge eating females. Physiol Behav 2014; 136:128-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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213
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Deshcherevskaya NP, Deshcherevskaya NO. A new hypothesis about the role of water in the mechanisms of morbid obesity formation. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s000635091403004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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214
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Jung K, Jang H, Kralik JD, Jeong J. Bursts and heavy tails in temporal and sequential dynamics of foraging decisions. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003759. [PMID: 25122498 PMCID: PMC4133158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental understanding of behavior requires predicting when and what an individual will choose. However, the actual temporal and sequential dynamics of successive choices made among multiple alternatives remain unclear. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that there is a general bursting property in both the timing and sequential patterns of foraging decisions. We conducted a foraging experiment in which rats chose among four different foods over a continuous two-week time period. Regarding when choices were made, we found bursts of rapidly occurring actions, separated by time-varying inactive periods, partially based on a circadian rhythm. Regarding what was chosen, we found sequential dynamics in affective choices characterized by two key features: (a) a highly biased choice distribution; and (b) preferential attachment, in which the animals were more likely to choose what they had previously chosen. To capture the temporal dynamics, we propose a dual-state model consisting of active and inactive states. We also introduce a satiation-attainment process for bursty activity, and a non-homogeneous Poisson process for longer inactivity between bursts. For the sequential dynamics, we propose a dual-control model consisting of goal-directed and habit systems, based on outcome valuation and choice history, respectively. This study provides insights into how the bursty nature of behavior emerges from the interaction of different underlying systems, leading to heavy tails in the distribution of behavior over time and choices. To understand spontaneous animal behavior, two key elements must be explained: when an action is made and what is chosen. Here, we conducted a foraging experiment in which rats chose among four different foods over a continuous two-week time period. With respect to when, we found bursts of rapidly occurring responses separated by long inactive periods. With respect to what, we found biased choice behavior toward the favorite items as well as repetitive behavior, reflecting goal-directed and habitual responding, respectively. We account for the when and what components with two distinct computational mechanisms, each composed of two processes: (a) active and inactive states for the temporal dynamics, and (b) goal-directed and habitual control for the sequential dynamics. This study provides behavioral and computational insights into the dynamical properties of decision-making that determine both when an animal will act and what the animal will choose. Our findings provide an integrated framework for describing the temporal and sequential structure of everyday choices among, for example, food, music, books, brands, web-browsing and social interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanghoon Jung
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Hyeran Jang
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jerald D. Kralik
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Jaeseung Jeong
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
- * E-mail:
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215
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Qi Q, Kilpeläinen TO, Downer MK, Tanaka T, Smith CE, Sluijs I, Sonestedt E, Chu AY, Renström F, Lin X, Ängquist LH, Huang J, Liu Z, Li Y, Asif Ali M, Xu M, Ahluwalia TS, Boer JMA, Chen P, Daimon M, Eriksson J, Perola M, Friedlander Y, Gao YT, Heppe DHM, Holloway JW, Houston DK, Kanoni S, Kim YM, Laaksonen MA, Jääskeläinen T, Lee NR, Lehtimäki T, Lemaitre RN, Lu W, Luben RN, Manichaikul A, Männistö S, Marques-Vidal P, Monda KL, Ngwa JS, Perusse L, van Rooij FJA, Xiang YB, Wen W, Wojczynski MK, Zhu J, Borecki IB, Bouchard C, Cai Q, Cooper C, Dedoussis GV, Deloukas P, Ferrucci L, Forouhi NG, Hansen T, Christiansen L, Hofman A, Johansson I, Jørgensen T, Karasawa S, Khaw KT, Kim MK, Kristiansson K, Li H, Lin X, Liu Y, Lohman KK, Long J, Mikkilä V, Mozaffarian D, North K, Pedersen O, Raitakari O, Rissanen H, Tuomilehto J, van der Schouw YT, Uitterlinden AG, Zillikens MC, Franco OH, Shyong Tai E, Ou Shu X, Siscovick DS, Toft U, Verschuren WMM, Vollenweider P, Wareham NJ, Witteman JCM, Zheng W, Ridker PM, Kang JH, Liang L, Jensen MK, Curhan GC, Pasquale LR, Hunter DJ, Mohlke KL, Uusitupa M, Cupples LA, Rankinen T, Orho-Melander M, Wang T, Chasman DI, Franks PW, Sørensen TIA, Hu FB, Loos RJF, Nettleton JA, Qi L. FTO genetic variants, dietary intake and body mass index: insights from 177,330 individuals. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6961-72. [PMID: 25104851 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
FTO is the strongest known genetic susceptibility locus for obesity. Experimental studies in animals suggest the potential roles of FTO in regulating food intake. The interactive relation among FTO variants, dietary intake and body mass index (BMI) is complex and results from previous often small-scale studies in humans are highly inconsistent. We performed large-scale analyses based on data from 177,330 adults (154 439 Whites, 5776 African Americans and 17 115 Asians) from 40 studies to examine: (i) the association between the FTO-rs9939609 variant (or a proxy single-nucleotide polymorphism) and total energy and macronutrient intake and (ii) the interaction between the FTO variant and dietary intake on BMI. The minor allele (A-allele) of the FTO-rs9939609 variant was associated with higher BMI in Whites (effect per allele = 0.34 [0.31, 0.37] kg/m(2), P = 1.9 × 10(-105)), and all participants (0.30 [0.30, 0.35] kg/m(2), P = 3.6 × 10(-107)). The BMI-increasing allele of the FTO variant showed a significant association with higher dietary protein intake (effect per allele = 0.08 [0.06, 0.10] %, P = 2.4 × 10(-16)), and relative weak associations with lower total energy intake (-6.4 [-10.1, -2.6] kcal/day, P = 0.001) and lower dietary carbohydrate intake (-0.07 [-0.11, -0.02] %, P = 0.004). The associations with protein (P = 7.5 × 10(-9)) and total energy (P = 0.002) were attenuated but remained significant after adjustment for BMI. We did not find significant interactions between the FTO variant and dietary intake of total energy, protein, carbohydrate or fat on BMI. Our findings suggest a positive association between the BMI-increasing allele of FTO variant and higher dietary protein intake and offer insight into potential link between FTO, dietary protein intake and adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qibin Qi
- Department of Epidemiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA Department of Nutrition and
| | - Tuomas O Kilpeläinen
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences and
| | | | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Caren E Smith
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA HNRCA at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ivonne Sluijs
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Emily Sonestedt
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Frida Renström
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Xiaochen Lin
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lars H Ängquist
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jinyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Min Xu
- Department of Nutrition and
| | - Tarunveer Singh Ahluwalia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences and Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Gentofte Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jolanda M A Boer
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peng Chen
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health and
| | - Makoto Daimon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan Department of Neurology, Hematology, Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Johan Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Institute for Molecular Medicine National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yechiel Friedlander
- School of Public Health, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Denise H M Heppe
- The Generation R Study Group Department of Epidemiology Department of Pediatrics
| | - John W Holloway
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Denise K Houston
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ London, UK
| | - Yu-Mi Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | | | - Tiina Jääskeläinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nanette R Lee
- USC Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc., University of San Carlos, Cebu, Philippines
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Wei Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Robert N Luben
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Satu Männistö
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Bâtiment Biopôle 2, Route de la Corniche 10, CH-1010 Lausanne, Switzerland Department of Medicine, CHUV, Rue du Bugnon 21, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Keri L Monda
- Department of Epidemiology Center for Observational Research, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Julius S Ngwa
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Louis Perusse
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Ste-Foy, QC, Canada
| | - Frank J A van Rooij
- Department of Epidemiology The Netherlands Genomics Initiative sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NGI-NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yong-Bing Xiang
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanqing Wen
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mary K Wojczynski
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jingwen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK National Institute for Health Research Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - George V Dedoussis
- Department of Dietetics-Nutrition, Harokopio University, 70 El. Venizelou Str, Athens, Greece
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQ London, UK Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD) and
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences and
| | - Lene Christiansen
- The Danish Twin Registry, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology The Netherlands Genomics Initiative sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NGI-NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Torben Jørgensen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Shigeru Karasawa
- Department of Neurology, Hematology, Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mi-Kyung Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, HanYang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Huaixing Li
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences
| | - Kurt K Lohman
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jirong Long
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Vera Mikkilä
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Dariush Mozaffarian
- Department of Nutrition and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kari North
- Department of Epidemiology Carolina Center for Genome Sciences
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences and
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Harri Rissanen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Hospital Universario LaPaz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Yvonne T van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology The Netherlands Genomics Initiative sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NGI-NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Carola Zillikens
- The Netherlands Genomics Initiative sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NGI-NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology The Netherlands Genomics Initiative sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NGI-NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health and Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiao Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David S Siscovick
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ulla Toft
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - W M Monique Verschuren
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Medicine, CHUV, Rue du Bugnon 21, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jacqueline C M Witteman
- Department of Epidemiology The Netherlands Genomics Initiative sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NGI-NCHA), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
| | - Jae H Kang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Liming Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Majken K Jensen
- Department of Nutrition and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gary C Curhan
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Louis R Pasquale
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine Department of Ophthalmology, Mass Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David J Hunter
- Department of Nutrition and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Research Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Marju Orho-Melander
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Nutrition and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Genetic Epidemiology and Clinical Research Group, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences and Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA and
| | - Jennifer A Nettleton
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine
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216
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Guigas B, de Leeuw van Weenen JE, van Leeuwen N, Simonis-Bik AM, van Haeften TW, Nijpels G, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Beekman M, Deelen J, Havekes LM, Penninx BWJH, Vogelzangs N, van 't Riet E, Dehghan A, Hofman A, Witteman JC, Uitterlinden AG, Grarup N, Jørgensen T, Witte DR, Lauritzen T, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Hottenga J, Romijn JA, Diamant M, Kramer MHH, Heine RJ, Willemsen G, Dekker JM, Eekhoff EM, Pijl H, de Geus EJ, Slagboom PE, 't Hart LM. Sex-specific effects of naturally occurring variants in the dopamine receptor D2 locus on insulin secretion and type 2 diabetes susceptibility. Diabet Med 2014; 31:1001-8. [PMID: 24724616 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Modulation of dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) activity affects insulin secretion in both rodents and isolated pancreatic β-cells. We hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms in the DRD2/ANKK1 locus may affect susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in humans. METHODS Four potentially functional variants in the coding region of the DRD2/ANKK1 locus (rs1079597, rs6275, rs6277, rs1800497) were genotyped and analysed for type 2 diabetes susceptibility in up to 25 000 people (8148 with type 2 diabetes and 17687 control subjects) from two large independent Dutch cohorts and one Danish cohort. In addition, 340 Dutch subjects underwent a 2-h hyperglycaemic clamp to investigate insulin secretion. Since sexual dimorphic associations related to DRD2 polymorphisms have been previously reported, we also performed a gender-stratified analysis. RESULTS rs1800497 at the DRD2/ANKK1 locus was associated with a significantly increased risk for type 2 diabetes in women (odds ratio 1.14 (1.06-1.23); P = 4.1*10⁴) but not in men (odds ratio 1.00 (95% CI 0.93-1.07); P = 0.92) or the combined group. Although rs1800497 was not associated with insulin secretion, we did find another single nucleotide polymorphism in this locus, rs6275, to be associated with increased first-phase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in women (P = 5.5*10⁴) but again not in men (P = 0.34). CONCLUSION The present data identify DRD2/ANKK1 as a potential sex-specific type 2 diabetes susceptibility gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Guigas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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217
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Wei R, Zhou C, Yuan D, Wang T, Lin F, Chen H, Wu H, Xin Z, Yang S, Wang Y, Chen D, Liu J, Gao Y, Li Z. Characterization, tissue distribution and regulation of neuropeptideY in Schizothorax prenanti. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2014; 85:278-291. [PMID: 24931118 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the full-length neuropeptide Y (npy) complementary (c)DNA was cloned in ya fish Schizothorax prenanti. npy cDNA was composed of 789 nucleotides with a 288 nucleotide open reading frame encoding a protein of 96 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequences contained a 28 amino acids signal peptide followed by a 36 amino acids mature neuropeptide Y (NPY). The npy mRNA was expressed mainly in the brain and eye as detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction RT-PCR (rt-qPCR). The S. prenanti NPY was detectable from blastulation to hatch, suggesting that npy might be involved in the late embryonic development of S. prenanti. An experiment was conducted to determine the expression profile of npy during feeding of a single meal and during long-term fasting. The expression level of npy in fed fish was significantly decreased at 0.5, 1.5, 3 and 9 h post-feeding (hpf) than in fasting fish. Fasting for 14 days induced an increase in npy messenger (m)RNA expression in the brain. Overall, the results suggest that NPY is a conserved peptide that might be involved in the regulation of feeding and other physiological function in S. prenanti.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wei
- Department of Aquaculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yaan, China
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218
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Eerola K, Rinne P, Penttinen AM, Vähätalo L, Savontaus M, Savontaus E. α-MSH overexpression in the nucleus tractus solitarius decreases fat mass and elevates heart rate. J Endocrinol 2014; 222:123-36. [PMID: 24829220 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The POMC pathway is involved in the regulation of energy and cardiovascular homeostasis in the hypothalamus and the brain stem. Although the acute effects of POMC-derived peptides in different brain locations have been elucidated, the chronic site-specific effects of distinct peptides remain to be studied. To this end, we used a lentiviral gene delivery vector to study the long-term effects of α-MSH in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of the brain stem. The α-MSH vector (LVi-α-MSH-EGFP) based on the N-terminal POMC sequence and a control vector (LVi-EGFP) were delivered into the NTS of C57BL/6N male mice fed on a western diet. Effects on body weight and composition, feeding, glucose metabolism, and hemodynamics by telemetric analyses were studied during the 12-week follow-up. The LVi-α-MSH-EGFP-treated mice had a significantly smaller gain in the fat mass compared with LVi-EGFP-injected mice. There was a small initial decrease in food intake and no differences in the physical activity. Glucose metabolism was not changed compared with the control. LVi-α-MSH-EGFP increased the heart rate (HR), which was attenuated by adrenergic blockade suggesting an increased sympathetic activity. Reduced response to muscarinic blockade suggested a decreased parasympathetic activity. Fitting with sympathetic activation, LVi-α-MSH-EGFP treatment reduced urine secretion. Thus, the results demonstrate that long-term α-MSH overexpression in the NTS attenuates diet-induced obesity. Modulation of autonomic nervous system tone increased the HR and most probably contributed to an anti-obesity effect. The results underline the key role of NTS in the α-MSH-induced long-term effects on adiposity and in regulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Eerola
- Department of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - P Rinne
- Department of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - A M Penttinen
- Department of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - L Vähätalo
- Department of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - M Savontaus
- Department of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - E Savontaus
- Department of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, FinlandDepartment of PharmacologyDrug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, FinlandTurku Centre for BiotechnologyUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandDrug Research Doctoral ProgramUniversity of Turku, Turku, FinlandHeart CenterTurku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, FinlandUnit of Clinical PharmacologyTurku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Huerta CI, Sarkar PR, Duong TQ, Laird AR, Fox PT. Neural bases of food perception: coordinate-based meta-analyses of neuroimaging studies in multiple modalities. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:1439-46. [PMID: 24174404 PMCID: PMC4007379 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the results of the three food-cue paradigms most commonly used for functional neuroimaging studies to determine: i) commonalities and differences in the neural response patterns by paradigm and ii) the relative robustness and reliability of responses to each paradigm. METHODS Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies using standardized stereotactic coordinates to report brain responses to food cues were identified using online databases. Studies were grouped by food-cue modality as: i) tastes (8 studies); ii) odors (8 studies); and, iii) images (11 studies). Activation likelihood estimation was used to identify statistically reliable regional responses within each stimulation paradigm. RESULTS Brain response distributions were distinctly different for the three stimulation modalities, corresponding to known differences in location of the respective primary and associative cortices. Visual stimulation induced the most robust and extensive responses. The left anterior insula was the only brain region reliably responding to all three stimulus categories. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest visual food-cue paradigm as promising candidate for imaging studies addressing the neural substrate of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia I Huerta
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA; Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Sexually dimorphic functional connectivity in response to high vs. low energy-dense food cues in obese humans: an fMRI study. Neuroimage 2014; 100:405-13. [PMID: 24862077 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually-dimorphic behavioral and biological aspects of human eating have been described. Using psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis, we investigated sex-based differences in functional connectivity with a key emotion-processing region (amygdala, AMG) and a key reward-processing area (ventral striatum, VS) in response to high vs. low energy-dense (ED) food images using blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in obese persons in fasted and fed states. When fed, in response to high vs. low-ED food cues, obese men (vs. women) had greater functional connectivity with AMG in right subgenual anterior cingulate, whereas obese women had greater functional connectivity with AMG in left angular gyrus and right primary motor areas. In addition, when fed, AMG functional connectivity with pre/post-central gyrus was more associated with BMI in women (vs. men). When fasted, obese men (vs. women) had greater functional connectivity with AMG in bilateral supplementary frontal and primary motor areas, left precuneus, and right cuneus, whereas obese women had greater functional connectivity with AMG in left inferior frontal gyrus, right thalamus, and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. When fed, greater functional connectivity with VS was observed in men in bilateral supplementary and primary motor areas, left postcentral gyrus, and left precuneus. These sex-based differences in functional connectivity in response to visual food cues may help partly explain differential eating behavior, pathology prevalence, and outcomes in men and women.
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Spence C, Piqueras-Fiszman B, Michel C, Deroy O. Plating manifesto (II): the art and science of plating. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/2044-7248-3-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hall KD, Hammond RA, Rahmandad H. Dynamic interplay among homeostatic, hedonic, and cognitive feedback circuits regulating body weight. Am J Public Health 2014; 104:1169-75. [PMID: 24832422 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2014.301931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a prolonged imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, both of which are regulated by multiple feedback processes within and across individuals. These processes constitute 3 hierarchical control systems-homeostatic, hedonic, and cognitive-with extensive interaction among them. Understanding complex eating behavior requires consideration of all 3 systems and their interactions. Existing models of these processes are widely scattered, with relatively few attempts to integrate across mechanisms. We briefly review available empirical evidence and dynamic models, discussing challenges and potential for better integration. We conclude that developing richer models of dynamic interplay among systems should be a priority in the future study of obesity and that systems science modeling offers the potential to aid in this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Hall
- Kevin D. Hall is with the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD. Ross A. Hammond is with the Brookings Institution, Washington, DC. Hazhir Rahmandad is with the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering at Virginia Tech, Falls Church, VA
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Ortolani D, Garcia MC, Melo-Thomas L, Spadari-Bratfisch RC. Stress-induced endocrine response and anxiety: the effects of comfort food in rats. Stress 2014; 17:211-8. [PMID: 24579938 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2014.898059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term effects of comfort food in an anxiogenic model of stress have yet to be analyzed. Here, we evaluated behavioral, endocrine and metabolic parameters in rats submitted or not to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), with access to commercial chow alone or to commercial chow and comfort food. Stress did not alter the preference for comfort food but decreased food intake. In the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test, stressed rats were less likely to enter/remain in the open arms, as well as being more likely to enter/remain in the closed arms, than were control rats, both conditions being more pronounced in the rats given access to comfort food. In the open field test, stress decreased the time spent in the centre, independent of diet; neither stress nor diet affected the number of crossing, rearing or grooming episodes. The stress-induced increase in serum corticosterone was attenuated in rats given access to comfort food. Serum concentration of triglycerides were unaffected by stress or diet, although access to comfort food increased total cholesterol and glucose. It is concluded that CUMS has an anorexigenic effect. Chronic stress and comfort food ingestion induced an anxiogenic profile although comfort food attenuated the endocrine stress response. The present data indicate that the combination of stress and access to comfort food, common aspects of modern life, may constitute a link among stress, feeding behavior and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ortolani
- Department of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , Santos, SP , Brazil
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225
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Cornelis MC, Rimm EB, Curhan GC, Kraft P, Hunter DJ, Hu FB, van Dam RM. Obesity susceptibility loci and uncontrolled eating, emotional eating and cognitive restraint behaviors in men and women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:E135-41. [PMID: 23929626 PMCID: PMC3858422 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many confirmed genetic loci for obesity are expressed in regions of the brain that regulate energy intake and reward-seeking behavior. Whether these loci contribute to the development of specific eating behaviors has not been investigated. The relationship between a genetic susceptibility to obesity and cognitive restraint, uncontrolled and emotional eating was examined. METHODS Eating behavior and body mass index (BMI) were determined by questionnaires for 1471 men and 2381 women from two US cohorts. Genotypes were extracted from genome-wide scans and a genetic-risk score (GRS) derived from 32 obesity-loci was calculated. RESULTS The GRS was positively associated with emotional and uncontrolled eating (P<0.002). In exploratory analysis, BMI-increasing variants of MTCH2, TNNI3K, and ZC3H4 were positively associated with emotional eating and those of TNNI3K and ZC3H4 were positively associated with uncontrolled eating. The BMI-increasing variant of FTO was positively and those of LRP1B and TFAP2B were inversely associated with cognitive restraint. These associations for single SNPs were independent of BMI but were not significant after multiple-testing correction. CONCLUSIONS An overall genetic susceptibility to obesity may also extend to eating behaviors. The link between specific loci and obesity may be mediated by eating behavior but larger studies are warranted to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn C. Cornelis
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S
| | - Eric B. Rimm
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S
| | - Gary C. Curhan
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S
- Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S
| | - David J. Hunter
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S
- Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S
| | - Rob M. van Dam
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health and Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
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226
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Weltens N, Zhao D, Van Oudenhove L. Where is the comfort in comfort foods? Mechanisms linking fat signaling, reward, and emotion. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:303-15. [PMID: 24548257 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food in general, and fatty foods in particular, have obtained intrinsic reward value throughout evolution. This reward value results from an interaction between exteroceptive signals from different sensory modalities, interoceptive hunger/satiety signals from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain, as well as ongoing affective and cognitive processes. Further evidence linking food to emotions stems from folk psychology ('comfort foods') and epidemiological studies demonstrating high comorbidity rates between disorders of food intake, including obesity, and mood disorders such as depression. PURPOSE This review paper aims to give an overview of current knowledge on the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the link between (fatty) foods, their reward value, and emotional responses to (anticipation of) their intake in humans. Firstly, the influence of exteroceptive sensory signals, including visual, olfactory ('anticipatory food reward'), and gustatory ('consummatory food reward'), on the encoding of reward value in the (ventral) striatum and of subjective pleasantness in the cingulate and orbitofrontal cortex will be discussed. Differences in these pathways and mechanisms between lean and obese subjects will be highlighted. Secondly, recent studies elucidating the mechanisms of purely interoceptive fatty acid-induced signaling from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain, including the role of gut peptides, will be presented. These studies have demonstrated that such subliminal interoceptive stimuli may impact on hedonic circuits in the brain, and thereby influence the subjective and neural responses to negative emotion induction. This suggests that the effect of foods on mood may even occur independently from their exteroceptive sensory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Weltens
- Translational Research Centre for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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227
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Weise CM, Hohenadel MG, Krakoff J, Votruba SB. Body composition and energy expenditure predict ad-libitum food and macronutrient intake in humans. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 38:243-51. [PMID: 23736368 PMCID: PMC3909024 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is the result of chronic positive energy balance. The mechanisms underlying the regulation of energy homeostasis and food intake are not understood. Despite large increases in fat mass (FM), recent evidence indicates that fat-free mass (FFM) rather than FM is positively associated with intake in humans. METHODS In 184 humans (73 females/111 males; age 34.5±8.8 years; percentage body fat: 31.6±8.1%), we investigated the relationship of FFM index (FFMI, kg m(-2)), FM index (FMI, kg m(-2)); and 24-h energy expenditure (EE, n=127) with ad-libitum food intake using a 3-day vending machine paradigm. Mean daily calories (CAL) and macronutrient intake (PRO, CHO, FAT) were determined and used to calculate the relative caloric contribution of each (%PRO, %CHO, %FAT) and percent of caloric intake over weight maintaining energy needs (%WMENs). RESULTS FFMI was positively associated with CAL (P<0.0001), PRO (P=0.0001), CHO (P=0.0075) and FAT (P<0.0001). This remained significant after adjusting for FMI. Total EE predicted CAL and macronutrient intake (all P<0.0001). FMI was positively associated with CAL (P=0.019), PRO (P=0.025) and FAT (P=0.0008). In models with both FFMI and FMI, FMI was negatively associated with CAL (P=0.019) and PRO (P=0.033). Both FFMI and FMI were negatively associated with %CHO and positively associated with %FAT (all P<0.001). EE and FFMI (adjusted for FMI) were positively (EE P=0.0085; FFMI P=0.0018) and FMI negatively (P=0.0018; adjusted for FFMI) associated with %WMEN. CONCLUSION Food and macronutrient intake are predicted by FFMI and to a lesser degree by FMI. FFM and FM may have opposing effects on energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Weise
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, NIDDK-NIH, DHHS, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, NIDDK-NIH, DHHS, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Susanne B Votruba
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, NIDDK-NIH, DHHS, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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228
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Li JY, Chai B, Zhang W, Fritze DM, Zhang C, Mulholland MW. LGR4 and its ligands, R-spondin 1 and R-spondin 3, regulate food intake in the hypothalamus of male rats. Endocrinology 2014; 155:429-40. [PMID: 24280058 PMCID: PMC3891940 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus plays a key role in the regulation of feeding behavior. Several hypothalamic nuclei, including the arcuate nucleus (ARC), paraventricular nucleus, and ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH), are involved in energy homeostasis. Analysis of microarray data derived from ARC revealed that leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 4 (LGR4) is highly expressed. LGR4, LGR5, and LGR6 form a subfamily of closely related receptors. Recently, R-spondin (Rspo) family proteins were identified as ligands of the LGR4 subfamily. In the present study, we investigated the distribution and function of LGR4-LGR6 and Rspos (1-4) in the brain of male rat. In situ hybridization showed that LGR4 is expressed in the ARC, VMH, and median eminence of the hypothalamus. LGR4 colocalizes with neuropeptide Y, proopiomelanocortin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor neurons. LGR5 is not detectable with in situ hybridization; LGR6 is only expressed in the epithelial lining of the lower portion of the third ventricle and median eminence. Rspo1 is expressed in the VMH and down-regulated with fasting. Rspo3 is expressed in the paraventricular nucleus and also down-regulated with fasting. Rspos 1 and 3 colocalize with the neuronal marker HuD, indicating that they are expressed by neurons. Injection of Rspo1 or Rspo3 into the third brain ventricle inhibited food intake. Rspo1 decreased neuropeptide Y and increased proopiomelanocortin expression in the ARC. Rspo1 and Rspo3 mRNA is up-regulated by insulin. These data indicate that Rspo1 and Rspo3 and their receptor LGR4 form novel circuits in the brain to regulate energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yao Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0346
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Barros AGDA, Bridi JC, de Souza BR, de Castro Júnior C, de Lima Torres KC, Malard L, Jorio A, de Miranda DM, Ashrafi K, Romano-Silva MA. Dopamine signaling regulates fat content through β-oxidation in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85874. [PMID: 24465759 PMCID: PMC3899111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of energy balance involves an intricate interplay between neural mechanisms that respond to internal and external cues of energy demand and food availability. Compelling data have implicated the neurotransmitter dopamine as an important part of body weight regulation. However, the precise mechanisms through which dopamine regulates energy homeostasis remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate mechanisms through which dopamine modulates energy storage. We showed that dopamine signaling regulates fat reservoirs in Caenorhabditis elegans. We found that the fat reducing effects of dopamine were dependent on dopaminergic receptors and a set of fat oxidation enzymes. Our findings reveal an ancient role for dopaminergic regulation of fat and suggest that dopamine signaling elicits this outcome through cascades that ultimately mobilize peripheral fat depots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Guimarães de Almeida Barros
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jessika Cristina Bridi
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno Rezende de Souza
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Célio de Castro Júnior
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Karen Cecília de Lima Torres
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leandro Malard
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Ciências Exatas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ado Jorio
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Ciências Exatas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Débora Marques de Miranda
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kaveh Ashrafi
- Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Marco Aurélio Romano-Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Blechert J, Naumann E, Schmitz J, Herbert BM, Tuschen-Caffier B. Startling sweet temptations: hedonic chocolate deprivation modulates experience, eating behavior, and eyeblink startle. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85679. [PMID: 24416437 PMCID: PMC3887070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many individuals restrict their food intake to prevent weight gain. This restriction has both homeostatic and hedonic effects but their relative contribution is currently unclear. To isolate hedonic effects of food restriction, we exposed regular chocolate eaters to one week of chocolate deprivation but otherwise regular eating. Before and after this hedonic deprivation, participants viewed images of chocolate and images of high-calorie but non-chocolate containing foods, while experiential, behavioral and eyeblink startle responses were measured. Compared to satiety, hedonic deprivation triggered increased chocolate wanting, liking, and chocolate consumption but also feelings of frustration and startle potentiation during the intertrial intervals. Deprivation was further characterized by startle inhibition during both chocolate and food images relative to the intertrial intervals. Individuals who responded with frustration to the manipulation and those who scored high on a questionnaire of impulsivity showed more relative startle inhibition. The results reveal the profound effects of hedonic deprivation on experiential, behavioral and attentional/appetitive response systems and underscore the role of individual differences and state variables for startle modulation. Implications for dieting research and practice as well as for eating and weight disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Blechert
- Department for Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Heath Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eva Naumann
- Department for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Julian Schmitz
- Department for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Beate M. Herbert
- Department of Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Brunna Tuschen-Caffier
- Department for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Obesity--a neuropsychological disease? Systematic review and neuropsychological model. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 114:84-101. [PMID: 24394671 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic associated with a series of secondary complications and comorbid diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, sleep-breathing disorders, and certain forms of cancer. On the surface, it seems that obesity is simply the phenotypic manifestation of deliberately flawed food intake behavior with the consequence of dysbalanced energy uptake and expenditure and can easily be reversed by caloric restriction and exercise. Notwithstanding this assumption, the disappointing outcomes of long-term clinical studies based on this assumption show that the problem is much more complex. Obviously, recent studies render that specific neurocircuits involved in appetite regulation are etiologically integrated in the pathomechanism, suggesting obesity should be regarded as a neurobiological disease rather than the consequence of detrimental food intake habits. Moreover, apart from the physical manifestation of overeating, a growing body of evidence suggests a close relationship with psychological components comprising mood disturbances, altered reward perception and motivation, or addictive behavior. Given that current dietary and pharmacological strategies to overcome the burgeoning threat of the obesity problem are of limited efficacy, bear the risk of adverse side-effects, and in most cases are not curative, new concepts integratively focusing on the fundamental neurobiological and psychological mechanisms underlying overeating are urgently required. This new approach to develop preventive and therapeutic strategies would justify assigning obesity to the spectrum of neuropsychological diseases. Our objective is to give an overview on the current literature that argues for this view and, on the basis of this knowledge, to deduce an integrative model for the development of obesity originating from disturbed neuropsychological functioning.
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Neural regulatory mechanism of desire for food: Revealed by magnetoencephalography. Brain Res 2014; 1543:120-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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233
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Khan AM. Controlling feeding behavior by chemical or gene-directed targeting in the brain: what's so spatial about our methods? Front Neurosci 2013; 7:182. [PMID: 24385950 PMCID: PMC3866545 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial chemical injection (ICI) methods have been used to identify the locations in the brain where feeding behavior can be controlled acutely. Scientists conducting ICI studies often document their injection site locations, thereby leaving kernels of valuable location data for others to use to further characterize feeding control circuits. Unfortunately, this rich dataset has not yet been formally contextualized with other published neuroanatomical data. In particular, axonal tracing studies have delineated several neural circuits originating in the same areas where ICI injection feeding-control sites have been documented, but it remains unclear whether these circuits participate in feeding control. Comparing injection sites with other types of location data would require careful anatomical registration between the datasets. Here, a conceptual framework is presented for how such anatomical registration efforts can be performed. For example, by using a simple atlas alignment tool, a hypothalamic locus sensitive to the orexigenic effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) can be aligned accurately with the locations of neurons labeled by anterograde tracers or those known to express NPY receptors or feeding-related peptides. This approach can also be applied to those intracranial "gene-directed" injection (IGI) methods (e.g., site-specific recombinase methods, RNA expression or interference, optogenetics, and pharmacosynthetics) that involve viral injections to targeted neuronal populations. Spatial alignment efforts can be accelerated if location data from ICI/IGI methods are mapped to stereotaxic brain atlases to allow powerful neuroinformatics tools to overlay different types of data in the same reference space. Atlas-based mapping will be critical for community-based sharing of location data for feeding control circuits, and will accelerate our understanding of structure-function relationships in the brain for mammalian models of obesity and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad M. Khan
- UTEP Systems Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El PasoEl Paso, TX, USA
- Neurobiology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA
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Eerola K, Nordlund W, Virtanen S, Dickens AM, Mattila M, Ruohonen ST, Chua SC, Wardlaw SL, Savontaus M, Savontaus E. Lentivirus-mediated α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone overexpression in the hypothalamus decreases diet induced obesity in mice. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:1298-1307. [PMID: 24118213 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) derived from the pro-hormone pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) has potent effects on metabolism and feeding that lead to reduced body weight in the long-term. To determine the individual roles of POMC derived peptides and their sites of action, we created a method for the delivery of single MSH peptides using lentiviral vectors and studied the long-term anti-obesity effects of hypothalamic α-MSH overexpression in mice. An α-MSH lentivirus (LVi-α-MSH-EGFP) vector carrying the N'-terminal part of POMC and the α-MSH sequence was generated and shown to produce bioactive peptide in an in vitro melanin synthesis assay. Stereotaxis was used to deliver the LVi-α-MSH-EGFP or control LVi-EGFP vector to the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus of male C57Bl/6N mice fed on a high-fat diet. The effects of 6-week-treatment on body weight, food intake, glucose tolerance and organ weights were determined. Additionally, a 14-day pairfeeding study was conducted to assess whether the weight decreasing effect of the LVi-α-MSH-EGFP treatment is dependent on decreased food intake. The 6-week LVi-α-MSH-EGFP treatment reduced weight gain (8.4 ± 0.4 g versus 12.3 ± 0.6 g; P < 0.05), which was statistically significant starting from 1 week after the injections. The weight of mesenteric fat was decreased and glucose tolerance was improved compared to LVi-EGFP treated mice. Food intake was decreased during the first week in the LVi-α-MSH-EGFP treated mice but subsequently increased to the level of LVi-EGFP treated mice. The LVi-EGFP injected control mice gained more weight even when pairfed to the level of food intake by LVi-α-MSH-EGFP treated mice. We demonstrate that gene transfer of α-MSH, a single peptide product of POMC, into the ARC of the hypothalamus, reduces obesity and improves glucose tolerance, and that factors other than decreased food intake also influence the weight decreasing effects of α-MSH overexpression in the ARC. Furthermore, viral MSH vectors delivered stereotaxically provide a novel tool for further exploration of chronic site-specific effects of POMC peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Eerola
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- FinPharma Doctoral Program, Drug Discovery Section, Turku, Finland
| | - W Nordlund
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - S Virtanen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - A M Dickens
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Medicity/PET Preclinical Imaging, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - M Mattila
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - S T Ruohonen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - S C Chua
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - S L Wardlaw
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Savontaus
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Heart Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - E Savontaus
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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235
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Malbert CH. L’axe tube digestif-cerveau : avancées récentes obtenues sur un modèle d’obésité chez le porc. BULLETIN DE L ACADEMIE NATIONALE DE MEDECINE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0001-4079(19)31389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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236
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Raspopow K, Abizaid A, Matheson K, Anisman H. Anticipation of a psychosocial stressor differentially influences ghrelin, cortisol and food intake among emotional and non-emotional eaters. Appetite 2013; 74:35-43. [PMID: 24295926 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Negative emotions trigger eating in some individuals (emotional eaters) possibly by influencing stress hormones that contribute to eating regulation (e.g., cortisol), or eating-related peptides (e.g., ghrelin) signaling food initiation. The present study assessed whether stressor-elicited cortisol and ghrelin changes would differ between emotional and non-emotional eaters, and whether eating would influence these neuroendocrine responses. Undergraduate women (N=103) who completed measures of emotional eating, were assigned to anticipate either a stressful (public speaking) or non-stressful event. During this period, participants were or were not offered food. Blood samples were taken continuously over a 40-min period to assess changes of cortisol and ghrelin levels, and mood was assessed after the anticipation period. Baseline ghrelin levels were lower in emotional than non-emotional eaters, and this relation was mediated by percent body fat. Ghrelin levels were elevated among women anticipating a stressor, compared to those in the control condition. Additionally, the normal decline of ghrelin following food consumption was not apparent among emotional eaters. Although food intake was not tied to hormone responses, reported hunger was associated with greater food intake for women in the stressor condition. It was suggested that emotional eating coupled with subjective feelings of hunger, might contribute to eating in response to an acute stressor. Additionally, feedback mechanisms controlling the normalization of ghrelin levels might be disturbed in emotional eaters. The similarity of the ghrelin profile of emotional eaters to that of binge eaters and obese individuals, raises the possibility that disturbed ghrelin response might be a risk factor for such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Raspopow
- Department of Neuroscience, LSRB 333, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Alfonso Abizaid
- Department of Neuroscience, LSRB 333, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Kimberly Matheson
- Department of Neuroscience, LSRB 333, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; Department of Psychology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Hymie Anisman
- Department of Neuroscience, LSRB 333, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
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237
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Wu H, Wylie-Rosett J, Qi Q. Dietary Interventions for Weight Loss and Maintenance: Preference or Genetic Personalization? Curr Nutr Rep 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13668-013-0061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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238
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Frontal cortical thinning and subcortical volume reductions in early adulthood obesity. Psychiatry Res 2013; 214:109-15. [PMID: 24041490 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity depends on homeostatic and hedonic food intake behavior, mediated by brain plasticity changes in cortical and subcortical structures. The aim of this study was to investigate cortical thickness and subcortical volumes of regions related to food intake behavior in a healthy young adult sample with obesity. Thirty-seven volunteers, 19 with obesity (age=33.7±5.7 (20-39) years body-mass index (BMI)=36.08±5.92 (30.10-49.69)kg/m(2)) and 18 controls (age=32.3±5.9 (21-40) years; BMI=22.54±1.94 (19.53-24.97)kg/m(2)) participated in the study. Patients with neuropsychiatric or biomedical disorders were excluded. We used FreeSurfer software to analyze structural magnetic resonance images (MRI) and obtain global brain measures, cortical thickness and subcortical volume estimations. Finally, correlation analyses were performed for brain structure data and obesity measures. There were no between-group differences in age, gender, intelligence or education. Results showed cortical thickness reductions in obesity in the left superior frontal and right medial orbitofrontal cortex. In addition, the obesity group had lower ventral diencephalon and brainstem volumes than controls, while there were no differences in any other subcortical structure. There were no statistically significant correlations between brain structure and obesity measures. Overall, our work provides evidence of the structural brain characteristics associated with metabolically normal obesity. We found reductions in cortical thickness, ventral diencephalon and brainstem volumes in areas that have been implicated in food intake behavior.
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239
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Martínez-García F, Mansego ML, Rojo-Martínez G, De Marco-Solar G, Morcillo S, Soriguer F, Redón J, Pineda Alonso M, Martín-Escudero JC, Cooper RS, Chaves FJ. Impact of obesity-related genes in Spanish population. BMC Genet 2013; 14:111. [PMID: 24267414 PMCID: PMC4222487 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-14-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective was to investigate the association between BMI and single nucleotide polymorphisms previously identified of obesity-related genes in two Spanish populations. Forty SNPs in 23 obesity-related genes were evaluated in a rural population characterized by a high prevalence of obesity (869 subjects, mean age 46 yr, 62% women, 36% obese) and in an urban population (1425 subjects, mean age 54 yr, 50% women, 19% obese). Genotyping was assessed by using SNPlex and PLINK for the association analysis. Results Polymorphisms of the FTO were significantly associated with BMI, in the rural population (beta 0.87, p-value <0.001). None of the other SNPs showed significant association after Bonferroni correction in the two populations or in the pooled analysis. A weighted genetic risk score (wGRS) was constructed using the risk alleles of the Tag-SNPs with a positive Beta parameter in both populations. From the first to the fifth quintile of the score, the BMI increased 0.45 kg/m2 in Hortega and 2.0 kg/m2 in Pizarra. Overall, the obesity predictive value was low (less than 1%). Conclusion The risk associated with polymorphisms is low and the overall effect on BMI or obesity prediction is minimal. A weighted genetic risk score based on genes mainly acting through central nervous system mechanisms was associated with BMI but it yields minimal clinical prediction for the obesity risk in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Josep Redón
- Hypertension Clinic, Hospital Clínico Universitario and INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain.
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240
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Duca FA, Zhong L, Covasa M. Reduced CCK signaling in obese-prone rats fed a high fat diet. Horm Behav 2013; 64:812-7. [PMID: 24100196 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in satiation signaling during obesogenic feeding have been proposed to play a role in hyperphagia and weight gain in animals prone to become obese. However, whether this impaired signaling is due to high fat (HF) feeding or to their obese phenotype is still unknown. Therefore, in the current study, we examined the effects of CCK-8 (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 μg/kg) on suppression of food intake of HF-fed obese prone (OP) and resistant (OR) rats. Additionally, we determined the role of endogenous CCK in lipid-induced satiation by measuring plasma CCK levels following a lipid gavage, and tested the effect of pretreatment with devazepide, a CCK-1R antagonist on intragastric lipid-induced satiation. Finally, we examined CCK-1R mRNA levels in the nodose ganglia. We show that OP rats have reduced feeding responses to the low doses of exogenous CCK-8 compared to OR rats. Furthermore, OP rats exhibit deficits in endogenous CCK signaling, as pretreatment with devazepide failed to abolish the reduction in food intake following lipid gavage. These effects were associated with reduced plasma CCK after intragastric lipid in OP but not OR rats. Furthermore, HF feeding resulted in downregulation of CCK-1Rs in the nodose ganglia of OP rats. Collectively, these results demonstrate that HF feeding leads to impairments in lipid-induced CCK satiation signaling in obese-prone rats, potentially contributing to hyperphagia and weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Duca
- UMR1913-MICALIS, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas 78352, France; UMR1913-MICALIS, AgroParisTech, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, 78352, France; Doctoral School of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Pierre and Marie Currie, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, Paris 75006, France
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241
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Moving beyond energy homeostasis: new roles for glucagon-like peptide-1 in food and drug reward. Neurochem Int 2013; 73:49-55. [PMID: 24140429 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a hormone and neuropeptide, is known to regulate energy homeostasis in part through an established central role in controlling food intake. Historically this central role has largely been attributed to GLP-1 receptor signaling in the brainstem and hypothalamus. However, emerging data indicate that GLP-1 also contributes to non-homeostatic regulation of food reward and motivated behaviors in brain reward centers, including the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens. The hypothesis that GLP-1 signaling modulates reward circuitry has provided the impetus for studies demonstrating that GLP-1 attenuates reward for psychostimulants and alcohol. Here, we examine current evidence for GLP-1-mediated regulation of food and drug reward and use these findings to hypothesize mechanisms of action within brain reward centers.
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242
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De Vadder F, Gautier-Stein A, Mithieux G. Satiety and the role of μ-opioid receptors in the portal vein. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13:959-63. [PMID: 24095601 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mu-opioid receptors (MORs) are known to influence food intake at the brain level, through their involvement in the food reward system. MOR agonists stimulate food intake. On the other hand, MOR antagonists suppress food intake. MORs are also active in peripheral organs, especially in the small intestine where they control the gut motility. Recently, an indirect role in the control of food intake was ascribed to MORs in the extrinsic gastrointestinal neural system. MORs present in the neurons of the portal vein walls sense blood peptides released from the digestion of dietary protein. These peptides behave as MOR antagonists. Their MOR antagonist action initiates a gut-brain circuitry resulting in the induction of intestinal gluconeogenesis, a function controlling food intake. Thus, periportal MORs are a key mechanistic link in the satiety effect of protein-enriched diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe De Vadder
- Inserm U855, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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243
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Ahmad S, Varga TV, Franks PW. Gene × environment interactions in obesity: the state of the evidence. Hum Hered 2013; 75:106-15. [PMID: 24081226 DOI: 10.1159/000351070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Obesity is a pervasive and highly prevalent disease that poses substantial health risks to those it affects. The rapid emergence of obesity as a global epidemic and the patterns and distributions of the condition within and between populations suggest that interactions between inherited biological factors (e.g. genes) and relevant environmental factors (e.g. diet and physical activity) may underlie the current obesity epidemic. METHODS We discuss the rationale for the assertion that gene × lifestyle interactions cause obesity, systematically appraise relevant literature, and consider knowledge gaps future studies might seek to bridge. RESULTS We identified >200 relevant studies, of which most are relatively small scale and few provide replication data. CONCLUSION Although studies on gene × lifestyle interactions in obesity point toward the presence of such interactions, improved data standardization, appropriate pooling of data and resources, innovative study designs, and the application of powerful statistical methods will be required if translatable examples of gene × lifestyle interactions in obesity are to be identified. Future studies, of which most will be observational, should ideally be accompanied by appropriate replication data and, where possible, by analogous findings from experimental settings where clinically relevant traits (e.g. weight regain and weight cycling) are outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafqat Ahmad
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Science, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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244
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Kim HJ, Park EY, Oh MJ, Park SS, Shin KH, Choi SH, Chun BG, Kim DH. Central administration of metformin into the third ventricle of C57BL/6 mice decreases meal size and number and activates hypothalamic S6 kinase. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R499-505. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00099.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Administration of metformin is known to reduce both body weight and food intake. Although the hypothalamus is recognized as a critical regulator of energy balance and body weight, there is currently no evidence for an effect of metformin in the hypothalamus. Therefore, we sought to determine the central action of metformin on energy balance and body weight, as well as its potential involvement with key hypothalamic energy sensors, including adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and S6 kinase (S6K). We used meal pattern analysis and a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) test and measured energy expenditure in C56BL/6 mice administered metformin (0, 7.5, 15, or 30 μg) into the third ventricle (I3V). Furthermore, we I3V-administered either control or metformin (30 μg) and compared the phosphorylation of AMPK and S6K in the mouse mediobasal hypothalamus. Compared with the control, I3V administration of metformin decreased body weight and food intake in a dose-dependent manner and did not result in CTA. Furthermore, the reduction in food intake induced by I3V administration of metformin was accomplished by decreases in both nocturnal meal size and number. Compared with the control, I3V administration of metformin significantly increased phosphorylation of S6K at Thr389 and AMPK at Ser485/491 in the mediobasal hypothalamus, while AMPK phosphorylation at Thr172 was not significantly altered. Moreover, I3V rapamycin pretreatment restored the metformin-induced anorexia and weight loss. These results suggest that the reduction in food intake induced by the central administration of metformin in the mice may be mediated by activation of S6K pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Eun-Young Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Mi-Jeong Oh
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Sung-Soo Park
- Department of Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ho Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Sang-Hyun Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Boe-Gwun Chun
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Dong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
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245
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Müller HP, Niessen HG, Kaulisch T, Ludolph AC, Kassubek J, Stiller D. MRI allows for longitudinal quantitative analysis of body fat composition in rats: An analysis of sibutramine-associated changes at the group level. Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 31:1150-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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246
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Park SL, Cheng I, Pendergrass SA, Kucharska-Newton AM, Lim U, Ambite JL, Caberto CP, Monroe KR, Schumacher F, Hindorff LA, Oetjens MT, Wilson S, Goodloe RJ, Love SA, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN, Haiman CA, Crawford DC, North KE, Heiss G, Ritchie MD, Wilkens LR, Le Marchand L. Association of the FTO obesity risk variant rs8050136 with percentage of energy intake from fat in multiple racial/ethnic populations: the PAGE study. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 178:780-90. [PMID: 23820787 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwt028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Common obesity risk variants have been associated with macronutrient intake; however, these associations' generalizability across populations has not been demonstrated. We investigated the associations between 6 obesity risk variants in (or near) the NEGR1, TMEM18, BDNF, FTO, MC4R, and KCTD15 genes and macronutrient intake (carbohydrate, protein, ethanol, and fat) in 3 Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) studies: the Multiethnic Cohort Study (1993-2006) (n = 19,529), the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (1987-1989) (n = 11,114), and the Epidemiologic Architecture for Genes Linked to Environment (EAGLE) Study, which accesses data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1991-1994) (n = 6,347). We used linear regression, with adjustment for age, sex, and ethnicity, to estimate the associations between obesity risk genotypes and macronutrient intake. A fixed-effects meta-analysis model showed that the FTO rs8050136 A allele (n = 36,973) was positively associated with percentage of calories derived from fat (βmeta = 0.2244 (standard error, 0.0548); P = 4 × 10(-5)) and inversely associated with percentage of calories derived from carbohydrate (βmeta = -0.2796 (standard error, 0.0709); P = 8 × 10(-5)). In the Multiethnic Cohort Study, percentage of calories from fat assessed at baseline was a partial mediator of the rs8050136 effect on body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) obtained at 10 years of follow-up (mediation of effect = 0.0823 kg/m(2), 95% confidence interval: 0.0559, 0.1128). Our data provide additional evidence that the association of FTO with obesity is partially mediated by dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungshim Lani Park
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
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Solari P, Stoffolano JG, Fitzpatrick J, Gelperin A, Thomson A, Talani G, Sanna E, Liscia A. Regulatory mechanisms and the role of calcium and potassium channels controlling supercontractile crop muscles in adult Phormia regina. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 59:942-952. [PMID: 23834826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Bioassays and electrophysiological recordings were conducted in the adult blowfly Phormia regina to provide new insights into the regulatory mechanisms governing the crop filling and emptying processes of the supercontractile crop muscles. The cibarial pump drives ingestion. Simultaneous multisite extracellular recordings show that crop lobe (P5) distension during ingestion of a 4.7 μl sugar meal does not require muscle activity by any of the other pumps of the system. Conversely, pumping of fluids toward the anterior of the crop system during crop emptying is brought about by active muscle contraction, in the form of a highly coordinated peristaltic wave starting from P5 and progressively propagating to P6, P4 and P3 pumps, with P5 contracting with a frequency about 3.4 times higher than the other pumps. The crop contraction rate is also modulated by hemolymph-borne factors such as sugars, through ligand recognition at a presumptive receptor site rather than by an osmotic effect, as assessed by both behavioural and electrophysiological experiments. In this respect, sugars of equal osmolarity produce different effects, glucose being inhibitory and mannose ineffective for crop muscles, while trehalose enhances crop activity. Finally, voltage and current clamp experiments show that the muscle action potentials (mAPs) at the P4 pump are sustained by a serotonin-sensitive calcium conductance. Serotonin enhances calcium entry into the muscle cells and this could lead, as an indirect modulatory effect, to activation of a Ca(2+)-activated K(+) conductance (IK(Ca)), which sustains the following mAP repolarization phase in such a way that further mAPs can be generated early and the frequency consequently increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Solari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, University Campus, S.P. 8, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
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Domínguez L, Morona R, González A, Moreno N. Characterization of the hypothalamus of Xenopus laevis during development. I. The alar regions. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:725-59. [PMID: 22965483 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The patterns of expression of a set of conserved developmental regulatory transcription factors and neuronal markers were analyzed in the alar hypothalamus of Xenopus laevis throughout development. Combined immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization techniques were used for the identification of subdivisions and their boundaries. The alar hypothalamus was located rostral to the diencephalon in the secondary prosencephalon and represents the rostral continuation of the alar territories of the diencephalon and brainstem, according to the prosomeric model. It is composed of the supraoptoparaventricular (dorsal) and the suprachiasmatic (ventral) regions, and limits dorsally with the preoptic region, caudally with the prethalamic eminence and the prethalamus, and ventrally with the basal hypothalamus. The supraoptoparaventricular area is defined by the orthopedia (Otp) expression and is subdivided into rostral and caudal portions, on the basis of the Nkx2.2 expression only in the rostral portion. This region is the source of many neuroendocrine cells, primarily located in the rostral subdivision. The suprachiasmatic region is characterized by Dll4/Isl1 expression, and was also subdivided into rostral and caudal portions, based on the expression of Nkx2.1/Nkx2.2 and Lhx1/7 exclusively in the rostral portion. Both alar regions are mainly connected with subpallial areas strongly implicated in the limbic system and show robust intrahypothalamic connections. Caudally, both regions project to brainstem centers and spinal cord. All these data support that in terms of topology, molecular specification, and connectivity the subdivisions of the anuran alar hypothalamus possess many features shared with their counterparts in amniotes, likely controlling similar reflexes, responses, and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Domínguez
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Dalton M, Blundell J, Finlayson G. Effect of BMI and binge eating on food reward and energy intake: further evidence for a binge eating subtype of obesity. Obes Facts 2013; 6:348-59. [PMID: 23970144 PMCID: PMC5644679 DOI: 10.1159/000354599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The psychological characteristics of binge eating have been proposed as a phenotype to further understanding of overconsumption and susceptibility to obesity. This study examined the influence of trait binge eating in lean and overweight or obese women on appetite, food reward and energy intake. METHODS 25 lean and 25 overweight or obese women were categorised as either 'binge type' or 'non-binge type' based on their scores on the Binge Eating Scale. Food reward and food intake were assessed in fasted and fed conditions. RESULTS Overweight or obese binge types (O-B) consumed more energy than overweight or obese non-binge types (O-NB) and lean binge (L-B) and non-binge types (L-NB). Both L-B and O-B exhibited greater preference for sweet foods. In O-NB, L-B and L-NB, lower liking and wanting for sweet foods was exhibited in the fed condition compared to the fasted condition. However, in O-B wanting for sweet foods was greater when they were fed compared to when they were in a fasted state. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide further support for trait binge eating as a hedonic subtype of obesity. Binge types were characterised by greater intake of high-fat sweet foods and increased wanting for these foods when satiated. Additionally, these findings highlight the potential for separation in liking and wanting for food as a marker of susceptibility to overeat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Dalton
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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An orexin hotspot in ventral pallidum amplifies hedonic 'liking' for sweetness. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:1655-64. [PMID: 23463152 PMCID: PMC3717533 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Orexin (hypocretin) is implicated in stimulating appetite as well as arousal, and in both food reward and drug reward. The ventral pallidum (VP) receives orexin projections from lateral hypothalamus neurons (LH), and orexin terminals are especially dense in the posterior half of VP, which is also the location of an opioid hedonic hotspot. The VP hotspot is a roughly cubic-millimeter site where mu opioid stimulation can amplify the hedonic impact of sweetness, expressed as an increase in 'liking' reactions to sucrose taste. The anatomical overlap in posterior VP between opioid hotspot and orexin inputs raises the possibility that the hedonic hotspot might allow orexin to amplify 'liking' too. We examined whether microinjections of orexin-A into the VP hotspot enhance the hedonic impact of sucrose, as assessed via affective taste reactivity measures of 'liking' reactions, and additionally compared effects at nearby sites in adjacent LH and extended amygdala. Taste reactivity results indicated that orexin stimulation specifically in the VP hotspot nearly doubled the magnitude of positive 'liking' reactions elicited by the taste of sucrose. Mapping results for localization of function, aided by Fos plume measures of the local spread of orexin impact, suggested that hedonic enhancement was generated by essentially the same cubic-millimeter of posterior VP previously identified as the opioid hotspot. By contrast, microinjection sites in the anterior half of VP, or in LH or extended amygdala, generally failed to produce any hedonic enhancement. We conclude that an orexin hedonic hotspot exists in posterior VP, with similar boundaries to the opioid hotspot. An orexin hedonic hotspot may permit regulatory hypothalamic circuitry to make foods more 'liked' during hunger by acting through VP. Dysfunction in a VP orexin hotspot in addiction or mood disorders might also contribute to some types of affective psychopathology.
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