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Chen Y, Han Y, Zhang M, Zhou S, Kong X, Wang W. Overexpression of the Wheat Expansin Gene TaEXPA2 Improved Seed Production and Drought Tolerance in Transgenic Tobacco Plants. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153494. [PMID: 27073898 PMCID: PMC4830583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansins are cell wall proteins that are grouped into two main families, α-expansins and β-expansins, and they are implicated in the control of cell extension via the disruption of hydrogen bonds between cellulose and matrix glucans. TaEXPA2 is an α-expansin gene identified in wheat. Based on putative cis-regulatory elements in the TaEXPA2 promoter sequence and the expression pattern induced when polyethylene glycol (PEG) is used to mimic water stress, we hypothesized that TaEXPA2 is involved in plant drought tolerance and plant development. Through transient expression of 35S::TaEXPA2-GFP in onion epidermal cells, TaEXPA2 was localized to the cell wall. Constitutive expression of TaEXPA2 in tobacco improved seed production by increasing capsule number, not seed size, without having any effect on plant growth patterns. The transgenic tobacco exhibited a significantly greater tolerance to water-deficiency stress than did wild-type (WT) plants. We found that under drought stress, the transgenic plants maintained a better water status. The accumulated content of osmotic adjustment substances, such as proline, in TaEXPA2 transgenic plants was greater than that in WT plants. Transgenic plants also displayed greater antioxidative competence as indicated by their lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content, relative electrical conductivity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation than did WT plants. This result suggests that the transgenic plants suffer less damage from ROS under drought conditions. The activities of some antioxidant enzymes as well as expression levels of several genes encoding key antioxidant enzymes were higher in the transgenic plants than in the WT plants under drought stress. Collectively, our results suggest that ectopic expression of the wheat expansin gene TaEXPA2 improves seed production and drought tolerance in transgenic tobacco plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, 271018, P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, 271018, P. R. China
- Plastic Surgery Institute of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261041, P. R. China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, 271018, P. R. China
| | - Shan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, 271018, P. R. China
| | - Xiangzhu Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, 271018, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, 271018, P. R. China
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202
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Artzi L, Morag E, Shamshoum M, Bayer EA. Cellulosomal expansin: functionality and incorporation into the complex. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:61. [PMID: 26973715 PMCID: PMC4788839 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0474-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expansins are relatively small proteins that lack enzymatic activity and are found in plants and microorganisms. The function of these proteins is to disrupt the plant cell walls by interfering with the non-covalent interchain bonding of the polysaccharides. Expansins were found to be important for plant growth, but they are also expressed by various bacteria known to have interactions with plants. Clostridium clariflavum is a plant cell wall-degrading bacterium with a highly elaborate cellulosomal system. Among its numerous dockerin-containing genes, two expansin-like proteins, Clocl_1862 and Clocl_1298 (termed herein CclEXL1 and CclEXL2) were identified, and CclEXL1 was found to be expressed as part of the cellulosome system. This is the first time that an expansin-like protein is identified in a cellulosome complex, which implicates its possible role in biomass deconstruction. RESULTS In the present article, we analyzed the functionality of CclEXL1. Its dockerin was characterized and shown to bind selectively to type-I cohesins of C. clariflavum, with preferential binding to the cohesin of ScaG, and additionally to a type-I cohesin of C. cellulolyticum. We demonstrated experimentally that the expansin-like protein binds preferentially to microcrystalline cellulose, but it also binds to acid-swollen cellulose, xylan, and wheat straw. CclEXL1 exhibited a pronounced loosening effect on filter paper, which resulted in substantial decrease in tensile stress. The C. clariflavum expansin-like protein thus enhances significantly enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose, both by C. clariflavum cellulosomes and two major cellulosomal cellulases from this bacterium: GH48 (exoglucanase) and GH9 (endoglucanase). Finally, we demonstrated CclEXL1-mediated enhancement of microcrystalline cellulose degradation by different cellulosome fractions and the two enzymes. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study confirm that the C. clariflavum expansin-like protein is part of the elaborate cellulosome system of this bacterium with capabilities of cellulose creeping. The data suggest that pretreatment of cellulosic materials with CclEXL1 can bring about substantial improvement of hydrolysis by cellulases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Artzi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ely Morag
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Melina Shamshoum
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Edward A. Bayer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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203
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Li Y, Tu L, Pettolino FA, Ji S, Hao J, Yuan D, Deng F, Tan J, Hu H, Wang Q, Llewellyn DJ, Zhang X. GbEXPATR, a species-specific expansin, enhances cotton fibre elongation through cell wall restructuring. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:951-63. [PMID: 26269378 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cotton provides us the most important natural fibre. High fibre quality is the major goal of cotton breeding, and introducing genes conferring longer, finer and stronger fibre from Gossypium barbadense to Gossypium hirsutum is an important breeding strategy. We previously analysed the G. barbadense fibre development mechanism by gene expression profiling and found two homoeologous fibre-specific α-expansins from G. barbadense, GbEXPA2 and GbEXPATR. GbEXPA2 (from the DT genome) is a classical α-expansin, while its homoeolog, GbEXPATR (AT genome), encodes a truncated protein lacking the normal C-terminal polysaccharide-binding domain of other α-expansins and is specifically expressed in G. barbadense. Silencing EXPA in G. hirsutum induced shorter fibres with thicker cell walls. GbEXPA2 overexpression in G. hirsutum had no effect on mature fibre length, but produced fibres with a slightly thicker wall and increased crystalline cellulose content. Interestingly, GbEXPATR overexpression resulted in longer, finer and stronger fibres coupled with significantly thinner cell walls. The longer and thinner fibre was associated with lower expression of a number of secondary wall-associated genes, especially chitinase-like genes, and walls with lower cellulose levels but higher noncellulosic polysaccharides which advocated that a delay in the transition to secondary wall synthesis might be responsible for better fibre. In conclusion, we propose that α-expansins play a critical role in fibre development by loosening the cell wall; furthermore, a truncated form, GbEXPATR, has a more dramatic effect through reorganizing secondary wall synthesis and metabolism and should be a candidate gene for developing G. hirsutum cultivars with superior fibre quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lili Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Filomena A Pettolino
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Shengmei Ji
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Juan Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Daojun Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fenglin Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiafu Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Danny J Llewellyn
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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204
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Seader VH, Thornsberry JM, Carey RE. Utility of the Amborella trichopoda expansin superfamily in elucidating the history of angiosperm expansins. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:199-207. [PMID: 26646380 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-015-0772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Expansins form a superfamily of plant proteins that assist in cell wall loosening during growth and development. The superfamily is divided into four families: EXPA, EXPB, EXLA, and EXLB (Sampedro and Cosgrove in Genome Biol 6:242, 2005. doi: 10.1186/gb-2005-6-12-242 ). Previous studies on Arabidopsis, rice, and Populus trichocarpa have clarified the evolutionary history of expansins in angiosperms (Sampedro et al. in Plant J 44:409-419, 2005. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02540.x ). Amborella trichopoda is a flowering plant that diverged very early. Thus, it is a sister lineage to all other extant angiosperms (Amborella Genome Project in 342:1241089, 2013. doi: 10.1126/science.1241089 ). Because of this relationship, comparing the A. trichopoda expansin superfamily with those of other flowering plants may indicate which expansin genes were present in the last common ancestor of all angiosperms. The A. trichopoda expansin superfamily was assembled using BLAST searches with angiosperm expansin queries. The search results were analyzed and annotated to isolate the complete A. trichopoda expansin superfamily. This superfamily is similar to other angiosperm expansin superfamilies, but is somewhat smaller. This is likely because of a lack of genome duplication events (Amborella Genome Project 2013). Phylogenetic and syntenic analyses of A. trichopoda expansins have improved our understanding of the evolutionary history of expansins in angiosperms. Nearly all of the A. trichopoda expansins were placed into an existing Arabidopsis-rice expansin clade. Based on the results of phylogenetic and syntenic analyses, we estimate there were 12-13 EXPA genes, 2 EXPB genes, 1 EXLA gene, and 2 EXLB genes in the last common ancestor of all angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria H Seader
- Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA, 17003-1400, USA
| | - Jennifer M Thornsberry
- Department of Biology, Lebanon Valley College, 101 N. College Ave, Annville, PA, 17003-1400, USA
| | - Robert E Carey
- Department of Biology, Lebanon Valley College, 101 N. College Ave, Annville, PA, 17003-1400, USA.
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205
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Nguyen-Kim H, San Clemente H, Balliau T, Zivy M, Dunand C, Albenne C, Jamet E. Arabidopsis thaliana
root cell wall proteomics: Increasing the proteome coverage using a combinatorial peptide ligand library and description of unexpected Hyp in peroxidase amino acid sequences. Proteomics 2016; 16:491-503. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Nguyen-Kim
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, UPS, Université de Toulouse; BP 42617 Castanet-Tolosan France
- UMR 5546; CNRS; BP 42617 Castanet-Tolosan France
| | - Hélène San Clemente
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, UPS, Université de Toulouse; BP 42617 Castanet-Tolosan France
- UMR 5546; CNRS; BP 42617 Castanet-Tolosan France
| | - Thierry Balliau
- CNRS; PAPPSO; UMR 0320/UMR 8120 Génétique Végétale Quantitative et Evolution; Le Moulon Gif sur Yvette France
- INRA; PAPPSO; UMR 0320/UMR 8120 Génétique Végétale Quantitative et Evolution; Le Moulon Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Michel Zivy
- CNRS; PAPPSO; UMR 0320/UMR 8120 Génétique Végétale Quantitative et Evolution; Le Moulon Gif sur Yvette France
- INRA; PAPPSO; UMR 0320/UMR 8120 Génétique Végétale Quantitative et Evolution; Le Moulon Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Christophe Dunand
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, UPS, Université de Toulouse; BP 42617 Castanet-Tolosan France
- UMR 5546; CNRS; BP 42617 Castanet-Tolosan France
| | - Cécile Albenne
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, UPS, Université de Toulouse; BP 42617 Castanet-Tolosan France
- UMR 5546; CNRS; BP 42617 Castanet-Tolosan France
| | - Elisabeth Jamet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, UPS, Université de Toulouse; BP 42617 Castanet-Tolosan France
- UMR 5546; CNRS; BP 42617 Castanet-Tolosan France
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206
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Mujahid H, Pendarvis K, Reddy JS, Nallamilli BRR, Reddy KR, Nanduri B, Peng Z. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Cotton Fiber Development and Protein Extraction Method Comparison in Late Stage Fibers. Proteomes 2016; 4:proteomes4010007. [PMID: 28248216 PMCID: PMC5217364 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes4010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The distinct stages of cotton fiber development and maturation serve as a single-celled model for studying the molecular mechanisms of plant cell elongation, cell wall development and cellulose biosynthesis. However, this model system of plant cell development is compromised for proteomic studies due to a lack of an efficient protein extraction method during the later stages of fiber development, because of a recalcitrant cell wall and the presence of abundant phenolic compounds. Here, we compared the quality and quantities of proteins extracted from 25 dpa (days post anthesis) fiber with multiple protein extraction methods and present a comprehensive quantitative proteomic study of fiber development from 10 dpa to 25 dpa. Comparative analysis using a label-free quantification method revealed 287 differentially-expressed proteins in the 10 dpa to 25 dpa fiber developmental period. Proteins involved in cell wall metabolism and regulation, cytoskeleton development and carbohydrate metabolism among other functional categories in four fiber developmental stages were identified. Our studies provide protocols for protein extraction from maturing fiber tissues for mass spectrometry analysis and expand knowledge of the proteomic profile of cotton fiber development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Mujahid
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Ken Pendarvis
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Joseph S Reddy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Babi Ramesh Reddy Nallamilli
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - K R Reddy
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Bindu Nanduri
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Zhaohua Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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207
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Abstract
The growing cell wall in plants has conflicting requirements to be strong enough to withstand the high tensile forces generated by cell turgor pressure while selectively yielding to those forces to induce wall stress relaxation, leading to water uptake and polymer movements underlying cell wall expansion. In this article, I review emerging concepts of plant primary cell wall structure, the nature of wall extensibility and the action of expansins, family-9 and -12 endoglucanases, family-16 xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH), and pectin methylesterases, and offer a critical assessment of their wall-loosening activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, 208 Mueller Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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208
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Silveira RL, Skaf MS. Molecular dynamics of the Bacillus subtilis expansin EXLX1: interaction with substrates and structural basis of the lack of activity of mutants. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:3510-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06674c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Expansins are disruptive proteins that loosen growing plant cell walls and can enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Munir S. Skaf
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas
- Campinas
- Brazil
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209
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Qu CP, Xu ZR, Hu YB, Lu Y, Yang CJ, Sun GY, Liu GJ. RNA-SEQ Reveals Transcriptional Level Changes of Poplar Roots in Different Forms of Nitrogen Treatments. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:51. [PMID: 26870068 PMCID: PMC4735414 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Poplar has emerged as a model plant for better understanding cellular and molecular changes accompanying tree growth, development, and response to environment. Long-term application of different forms of nitrogen (such as [Formula: see text]-N and [Formula: see text]-N) may cause morphological changes of poplar roots; however, the molecular level changes are still not well-known. In this study, we analyzed the expression profiling of poplar roots treated by three forms of nitrogen: S1 ([Formula: see text]), S2 (NH4NO3), and S3 ([Formula: see text]) by using RNA-SEQ technique. We found 463 genes significantly differentially expressed in roots by different N treatments, of which a total of 112 genes were found to differentially express between S1 and S2, 171 genes between S2 and S3, and 319 genes between S1 and S3. A cluster analysis shows significant difference in many transcription factor families and functional genes family under different N forms. Through an analysis of Mapman metabolic pathway, we found that the significantly differentially expressed genes are associated with fermentation, glycolysis, and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), secondary metabolism, hormone metabolism, and transport processing. Interestingly, we did not find significantly differentially expressed genes in N metabolism pathway, mitochondrial electron transport/ATP synthesis and mineral nutrition. We also found abundant candidate genes (20 transcription factors and 30 functional genes) regulating morphology changes of poplar roots under the three N forms. The results obtained are beneficial to a better understanding of the potential molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating root morphology changes under different N treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Pu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Zhi-Ru Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Yan-Bo Hu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Yao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Cheng-Jun Yang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Guang-Yu Sun
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Guan-Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
- *Correspondence: Guan-Jun Liu
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210
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de Vries J, Fischer AM, Roettger M, Rommel S, Schluepmann H, Bräutigam A, Carlsbecker A, Gould SB. Cytokinin-induced promotion of root meristem size in the fern Azolla supports a shoot-like origin of euphyllophyte roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:705-20. [PMID: 26358624 PMCID: PMC5049668 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormones cytokinin and auxin orchestrate the root meristem development in angiosperms by determining embryonic bipolarity. Ferns, having the most basal euphyllophyte root, form neither bipolar embryos nor permanent embryonic primary roots but rather an adventitious root system. This raises the questions of how auxin and cytokinin govern fern root system architecture and whether this can tell us something about the origin of that root. Using Azolla filiculoides, we characterized the influence of IAA and zeatin on adventitious fern root meristems and vasculature by Nomarski microscopy. Simultaneously, RNAseq analyses, yielding 36,091 contigs, were used to uncover how the phytohormones affect root tip gene expression. We show that auxin restricts Azolla root meristem development, while cytokinin promotes it; it is the opposite effect of what is observed in Arabidopsis. Global gene expression profiling uncovered 145 genes significantly regulated by cytokinin or auxin, including cell wall modulators, cell division regulators and lateral root formation coordinators. Our data illuminate both evolution and development of fern roots. Promotion of meristem size through cytokinin supports the idea that root meristems of euphyllophytes evolved from shoot meristems. The foundation of these roots was laid in a postembryonically branching shoot system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan de Vries
- Molecular EvolutionHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfUniversitätsstr. 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Angela Melanie Fischer
- Molecular EvolutionHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfUniversitätsstr. 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Mayo Roettger
- Molecular EvolutionHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfUniversitätsstr. 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Sophie Rommel
- Population GeneticsHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfUniversitätsstr. 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Henriette Schluepmann
- Molecular Plant PhysiologyUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 83584CH Utrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Andrea Bräutigam
- Plant BiochemistryHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfUniversitätsstr. 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Annelie Carlsbecker
- Department of Organismal Biology, Physiological BotanyUppsala BioCenterLinnean Centre for Plant BiologyUppsala UniversityUlls väg 24ESE‐756 51UppsalaSweden
| | - Sven Bernhard Gould
- Molecular EvolutionHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfUniversitätsstr. 140225DüsseldorfGermany
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211
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Characterization and expression analysis of the expansin gene NnEXPA1 in lotus Nelumbo nucifera. Biologia (Bratisl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2016-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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212
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Breiteneder H. Grundlagen natürlicher Allergene. ALLERGOLOGIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37203-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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213
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Minoia S, Boualem A, Marcel F, Troadec C, Quemener B, Cellini F, Petrozza A, Vigouroux J, Lahaye M, Carriero F, Bendahmane A. Induced mutations in tomato SlExp1 alter cell wall metabolism and delay fruit softening. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 242:195-202. [PMID: 26566837 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening and softening are key traits for many fleshy fruit. Since cell walls play a key role in the softening process, expansins have been investigated to control fruit over ripening and deterioration. In tomato, expression of Expansin 1 gene, SlExp1, during fruit ripening was associated with fruit softening. To engineer tomato plants with long shelf life, we screened for mutant plants impaired in SlExp1 function. Characterization of two induced mutations, Slexp1-6_W211S, and Slexp1-7_Q213Stop, showed that SlExp1 loss of function leads to enhanced fruit firmness and delayed fruit ripening. Analysis of cell wall polysaccharide composition of Slexp1-7_Q213Stop mutant pointed out significant differences for uronic acid, neutral sugar and total sugar contents. Hemicelluloses chemistry analysis by endo-β-1,4-d-glucanase hydrolysis and MALDI-TOF spectrometry revealed that xyloglucan structures were affected in the fruit pericarp of Slexp1-7_Q213Stop mutant. Altogether, these results demonstrated that SlExp1 loss of function mutants yield firmer and late ripening fruits through modification of hemicellulose structure. These SlExp1 mutants represent good tools for breeding long shelf life tomato lines with contrasted fruit texture as well as for the understanding of the cell wall polysaccharide assembly dynamics in fleshy fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Minoia
- INRA, UMR1403, IPS2, CNRS-UMR 9213, Université Paris-Sud, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France; ALSIA, Centro Ricerche Metapontum Agrobios, SS Jonica 106 Km 448.2, 75012 Metaponto (MT), Italy.
| | - Adnane Boualem
- INRA, UMR1403, IPS2, CNRS-UMR 9213, Université Paris-Sud, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France.
| | - Fabien Marcel
- INRA, UMR1403, IPS2, CNRS-UMR 9213, Université Paris-Sud, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France.
| | - Christelle Troadec
- INRA, UMR1403, IPS2, CNRS-UMR 9213, Université Paris-Sud, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France.
| | - Bernard Quemener
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers, Interactions and Assemblies, rue de la Géraudière, F-44316 Nantes, France.
| | - Francesco Cellini
- ALSIA, Centro Ricerche Metapontum Agrobios, SS Jonica 106 Km 448.2, 75012 Metaponto (MT), Italy.
| | - Angelo Petrozza
- ALSIA, Centro Ricerche Metapontum Agrobios, SS Jonica 106 Km 448.2, 75012 Metaponto (MT), Italy.
| | - Jacqueline Vigouroux
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers, Interactions and Assemblies, rue de la Géraudière, F-44316 Nantes, France.
| | - Marc Lahaye
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers, Interactions and Assemblies, rue de la Géraudière, F-44316 Nantes, France.
| | - Filomena Carriero
- ALSIA, Centro Ricerche Metapontum Agrobios, SS Jonica 106 Km 448.2, 75012 Metaponto (MT), Italy.
| | - Abdelhafid Bendahmane
- INRA, UMR1403, IPS2, CNRS-UMR 9213, Université Paris-Sud, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France.
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214
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Sharma P, Das De T, Sharma S, Kumar Mishra A, Thomas T, Verma S, Kumari V, Lata S, Singh N, Valecha N, Chand Pandey K, Dixit R. Deep sequencing revealed molecular signature of horizontal gene transfer of plant like transcripts in the mosquito Anopheles culicifacies: an evolutionary puzzle. F1000Res 2015; 4:1523. [PMID: 26998230 PMCID: PMC4786938 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7534.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In prokaryotes, horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has been regarded as an important evolutionary drive to acquire and retain beneficial genes for their survival in diverse ecologies. However, in eukaryotes, the functional role of HGTs remains questionable, although current genomic tools are providing increased evidence of acquisition of novel traits within non-mating metazoan species. Here, we provide another transcriptomic evidence for the acquisition of massive plant genes in the mosquito, Anopheles culicifacies. Our multiple experimental validations including genomic PCR, RT-PCR, real-time PCR, immuno-blotting and immuno-florescence microscopy, confirmed that plant like transcripts (PLTs) are of mosquito origin and may encode functional proteins. A comprehensive molecular analysis of the PLTs and ongoing metagenomic analysis of salivary microbiome provide initial clues that mosquitoes may have survival benefits through the acquisition of nuclear as well as chloroplast encoded plant genes. Our findings of PLTs further support the similar questionable observation of HGTs in other higher organisms, which is still a controversial and debatable issue in the community of evolutionists. We believe future understanding of the underlying mechanism of the feeding associated molecular responses may shed new insights in the functional role of PLTs in the mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punita Sharma
- Host-Parasite Interaction Biology Group, National Institute of Malaria Research, Delhi, India; Nano and Biotechnology Department, Guru Jambheshwar University, Haryana, India
| | - Tanwee Das De
- Host-Parasite Interaction Biology Group, National Institute of Malaria Research, Delhi, India
| | - Swati Sharma
- Host-Parasite Interaction Biology Group, National Institute of Malaria Research, Delhi, India
| | | | - Tina Thomas
- Host-Parasite Interaction Biology Group, National Institute of Malaria Research, Delhi, India
| | - Sonia Verma
- Host-Parasite Interaction Biology Group, National Institute of Malaria Research, Delhi, India
| | - Vandana Kumari
- Host-Parasite Interaction Biology Group, National Institute of Malaria Research, Delhi, India
| | - Suman Lata
- Host-Parasite Interaction Biology Group, National Institute of Malaria Research, Delhi, India
| | - Namita Singh
- Nano and Biotechnology Department, Guru Jambheshwar University, Haryana, India
| | - Neena Valecha
- Host-Parasite Interaction Biology Group, National Institute of Malaria Research, Delhi, India
| | - Kailash Chand Pandey
- Host-Parasite Interaction Biology Group, National Institute of Malaria Research, Delhi, India
| | - Rajnikant Dixit
- Host-Parasite Interaction Biology Group, National Institute of Malaria Research, Delhi, India
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215
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Yoon S, Devaiah SP, Choi SE, Bray J, Love R, Lane J, Drees C, Howard JH, Hood EE. Over-expression of the cucumber expansin gene (Cs-EXPA1) in transgenic maize seed for cellulose deconstruction. Transgenic Res 2015; 25:173-86. [PMID: 26712321 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-015-9925-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell wall degradation into fermentable sugars by cellulases is one of the greatest barriers to biofuel production. Expansin protein loosens the plant cell wall by opening up the complex of cellulose microfibrils and polysaccharide matrix components thereby increasing its accessibility to cellulases. We over-expressed cucumber expansin in maize kernels to produce enough protein to assess its potential to serve as an industrial enzyme for applications particularly in biomass conversion. We used the globulin-1 embryo-preferred promoter to express the cucumber expansin gene in maize seed. Expansin protein was targeted to one of three sub-cellular locations: the cell wall, the vacuole, or the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). To assess the level of expansin accumulation in seeds of transgenic kernels, a high throughput expansin assay was developed. The highest expressing plants were chosen and enriched crude expansin extract from those plants was tested for synergistic effects with cellulase on several lignocellulosic substrates. Activity of recombinant cucumber expansin from transgenic kernels was confirmed on these pretreated substrates. The best transgenic lines (ER-targeted) can now be used for breeding to increase expansin expression for use in the biomass conversion industry. Results of these experiments show the success of expansin over-expression and accumulation in transgenic maize seed without negative impact on growth and development and confirm its synergistic effect with cellulase on deconstruction of complex cell wall substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoong Yoon
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, State University, AR, 72467, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Shivakumar P Devaiah
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Seo-eun Choi
- Department of Mathematics, Arkansas State University, State University, AR, 72467, USA
| | - Jeff Bray
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Lane
- Hannah Engineering, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Carol Drees
- , 712 Encinas Place, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - John H Howard
- Applied Biotechnology Institute, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Hood
- College of Agriculture and Technology and Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, PO Box 639, State University, AR, 72467, USA.
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216
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Vieira P, Eves-van den Akker S, Verma R, Wantoch S, Eisenback JD, Kamo K. The Pratylenchus penetrans Transcriptome as a Source for the Development of Alternative Control Strategies: Mining for Putative Genes Involved in Parasitism and Evaluation of in planta RNAi. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144674. [PMID: 26658731 PMCID: PMC4684371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The root lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans is considered one of the most economically important species within the genus. Host range studies have shown that nearly 400 plant species can be parasitized by this species. To obtain insight into the transcriptome of this migratory plant-parasitic nematode, we used Illumina mRNA sequencing analysis of a mixed population, as well as nematode reads detected in infected soybean roots 3 and 7 days after nematode infection. Over 140 million paired end reads were obtained for this species, and de novo assembly resulted in a total of 23,715 transcripts. Homology searches showed significant hit matches to 58% of the total number of transcripts using different protein and EST databases. In general, the transcriptome of P. penetrans follows common features reported for other root lesion nematode species. We also explored the efficacy of RNAi, delivered from the host, as a strategy to control P. penetrans, by targeted knock-down of selected nematode genes. Different comparisons were performed to identify putative nematode genes with a role in parasitism, resulting in the identification of transcripts with similarities to other nematode parasitism genes. Focusing on the predicted nematode secreted proteins found in this transcriptome, we observed specific members to be up-regulated at the early time points of infection. In the present study, we observed an enrichment of predicted secreted proteins along the early time points of parasitism by this species, with a significant number being pioneer candidate genes. A representative set of genes examined using RT-PCR confirms their expression during the host infection. The expression patterns of the different candidate genes raise the possibility that they might be involved in critical steps of P. penetrans parasitism. This analysis sheds light on the transcriptional changes that accompany plant infection by P. penetrans, and will aid in identifying potential gene targets for selection and use to design effective control strategies against root lesion nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Vieira
- Dept. of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States of America
- Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, U.S. National Arboretum, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705–2350, United States of America
| | | | - Ruchi Verma
- Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, U.S. National Arboretum, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705–2350, United States of America
| | - Sarah Wantoch
- Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, U.S. National Arboretum, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705–2350, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D. Eisenback
- Dept. of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Kamo
- Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, U.S. National Arboretum, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705–2350, United States of America
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217
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Centomani I, Sgobba A, D'Addabbo P, Dipierro N, Paradiso A, De Gara L, Dipierro S, Viggiano L, de Pinto MC. Involvement of DNA methylation in the control of cell growth during heat stress in tobacco BY-2 cells. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:1451-9. [PMID: 25712591 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0772-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The alteration of growth patterns, through the adjustment of cell division and expansion, is a characteristic response of plants to environmental stress. In order to study this response in more depth, the effect of heat stress on growth was investigated in tobacco BY-2 cells. The results indicate that heat stress inhibited cell division, by slowing cell cycle progression. Cells were stopped in the pre-mitotic phases, as shown by the increased expression of CycD3-1 and by the decrease in the NtCycA13, NtCyc29 and CDKB1-1 transcripts. The decrease in cell length and the reduced expression of Nt-EXPA5 indicated that cell expansion was also inhibited. Since DNA methylation plays a key role in controlling gene expression, the possibility that the altered expression of genes involved in the control of cell growth, observed during heat stress, could be due to changes in the methylation state of their promoters was investigated. The results show that the altered expression of CycD3-1 and Nt-EXPA5 was consistent with changes in the methylation state of the upstream region of these genes. These results suggest that DNA methylation, controlling the expression of genes involved in plant development, contributes to growth alteration occurring in response to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Centomani
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Sgobba
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro D'Addabbo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Nunzio Dipierro
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Paradiso
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Laura De Gara
- Centro Integrato di Ricerca, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via A. del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvio Dipierro
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Viggiano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta de Pinto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, CNR, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy.
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218
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Lu Y, Liu L, Wang X, Han Z, Ouyang B, Zhang J, Li H. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the expansin gene family in tomato. Mol Genet Genomics 2015; 291:597-608. [PMID: 26499956 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-015-1133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant expansins are capable of inducing pH-dependent cell wall extension and stress relaxation. They may be useful as targets for crop improvement to enhance fruit development and stress resistance. Tomato is a major agricultural crop and a model plant for studying fruit development. Because only some tomato expansins have been studied, a genome-wide analysis of the tomato expansin family is necessary. In this study, we identified 25 SlEXPAs, eight SlEXPBs, one SlEXLA, four SlEXLBs, and five short homologs in the tomato genome. 25 of these genes were identified as being expressed. Bioinformatic analysis showed that although tomato expansins share similarities with those from other plants, they also exhibit specific features regarding genetic structure and amino acid sequences, which indicates a unique evolutionary process. Segmental and tandem duplication events have played important roles in expanding the tomato expansin family. Additionally, the 3-exon/2-intron structure may form the basic organization of expansin genes. We identified new expansin genes preferentially expressed in fruits (SlEXPA8, SlEXPB8, and SlEXLB1), roots (SlEXPA9, SlEXLB2, and SlEXLB4), and floral organs. Among the analyzed genes those that were inducible by hormone or stress treatments, including SlEXPA3, SlEXPA7, SlEXPB1-B2, SlEXPB8, SlEXLB1-LB2, and SlEXLB4. Our findings may further clarify the biological activities of tomato expansins, especially those related to fruit development and stress resistance, and contribute to the genetic modification of tomato plants to improve crop quality and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongen Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Han
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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219
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Liu Y, Zhang J, Li W, Guo C, Shu Y. In silicoidentification, phylogeny and expression analysis of expansin superfamily in Medicago truncatula. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2015.1093919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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220
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Mustafa G, Sakata K, Komatsu S. Proteomic analysis of flooded soybean root exposed to aluminum oxide nanoparticles. J Proteomics 2015; 128:280-97. [PMID: 26306862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles are used in agricultural products and cause various adverse growth effects on different plant species. To study the effects of Al2O3 nanoparticles on soybean under flooding stress, a gel-free proteomic technique was used. Morphological analysis revealed that treatment with 50 ppm Al2O3 nanoparticles under flooding stress enhanced soybean growth compared to ZnO and Ag nanoparticles. A total of 172 common proteins that significantly changed in abundance among control, flooding-stressed, and flooding-stressed soybean treated with Al2O3 nanoparticles were mainly related to energy metabolism. Under Al2O3 nanoparticles the energy metabolism was decreased compared to flooding stress. Hierarchical clustering divided identified proteins into four clusters, with proteins related to glycolysis exhibiting the greatest changes in abundance. Al2O3 nanoparticle-responsive proteins were predominantly related to protein synthesis/degradation, glycolysis, and lipid metabolism. mRNA expression analysis of Al2O3 nanoparticle-responsive proteins that displayed a 5-fold change in abundance revealed that NmrA-like negative transcriptional regulator was up-regulated, and flavodoxin-like quinone reductase was down-regulated. Moreover, cell death in root including hypocotyl was less evident in flooding-stressed with Al2O3 nanoparticles compared to flooding-treated soybean. These results suggest that Al2O3 nanoparticles might promote the growth of soybean under flooding stress by regulating energy metabolism and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazala Mustafa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; National Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-8518, Japan
| | - Katsumi Sakata
- Department of Life Science and Informatics, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi 371-0816, Japan
| | - Setsuko Komatsu
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; National Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-8518, Japan.
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221
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Chen J, Dai L, Wang B, Liu L, Peng D. Cloning of expansin genes in ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.) based on universal fast walking. Gene 2015; 569:27-33. [PMID: 25481635 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Gene cloning is the first step to study the expression profiles and functions of a particular gene; considerable cloning methods have been developed. Expansin, thought to involve in the cell-wall modification events, was not cloned in ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.), which is one of the most important bast fiber crops with little conducted molecular research, especially on its fiber development. Studying the expansin gene family will uncover its possible relationship with ramie fiber development and other growth events. As a result, five expansin genes were cloned with full-length and their sequence information was investigated. Additionally, the phylogenetic analysis was conducted, which suggested that the cloned genes belong to the α-subfamily, and these genes expressed differently during ramie fiber developmental process. In this study, we aimed to apply a strategy for cloning novel full-length genes from genomic DNA of ramie, based on using degenerate primers, touchdown polymerase chain reaction and universal fast walking protocols. By cloning five full-length expansin genes, we believe the polymerase chain reaction-based gene cloning strategy could be applied to general gene studies in ramie and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, #1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Lunjin Dai
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, #1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Bo Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, #1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Lijun Liu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, #1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Dingxiang Peng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, #1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China.
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222
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Dametto A, Sperotto RA, Adamski JM, Blasi ÉAR, Cargnelutti D, de Oliveira LFV, Ricachenevsky FK, Fregonezi JN, Mariath JEA, da Cruz RP, Margis R, Fett JP. Cold tolerance in rice germinating seeds revealed by deep RNAseq analysis of contrasting indica genotypes. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 238:1-12. [PMID: 26259169 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Rice productivity is largely affected by low temperature, which can be harmful throughout plant development, from germination to grain filling. Germination of indica rice cultivars under cold is slow and not uniform, resulting in irregular emergence and small plant population. To identify and characterize novel genes involved in cold tolerance during the germination stage, two indica rice genotypes (sister lines previously identified as cold-tolerant and cold-sensitive) were used in parallel transcriptomic analysis (RNAseq) under cold treatment (seeds germinating at 13 °C for 7 days). We detected 1,361 differentially expressed transcripts. Differences in gene expression found by RNAseq were confirmed for 11 selected genes using RT-qPCR. Biological processes enhanced in the cold-tolerant seedlings include: cell division and expansion (confirmed by anatomical sections of germinating seeds), cell wall integrity and extensibility, water uptake and membrane transport capacity, sucrose synthesis, generation of simple sugars, unsaturation of membrane fatty acids, wax biosynthesis, antioxidant capacity (confirmed by histochemical staining of H2O2), and hormone and Ca(2+)-signaling. The cold-sensitive seedlings respond to low temperature stress increasing synthesis of HSPs and dehydrins, along with enhanced ubiquitin/proteasome protein degradation pathway and polyamine biosynthesis. Our findings can be useful in future biotechnological approaches aiming to cold tolerance in indica rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Dametto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBiotec), Centro Universitário UNIVATES, Lajeado, RS, Brazil
| | - Raul A Sperotto
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (CCBS), Centro Universitário UNIVATES, Lajeado, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGBiotec), Centro Universitário UNIVATES, Lajeado, RS, Brazil.
| | - Janete M Adamski
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Édina A R Blasi
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (CCBS), Centro Universitário UNIVATES, Lajeado, RS, Brazil
| | - Denise Cargnelutti
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Erechim, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiz F V de Oliveira
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe K Ricachenevsky
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jeferson N Fregonezi
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jorge E A Mariath
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Renata P da Cruz
- Departamento de Plantas de Lavoura, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rogério Margis
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Janette P Fett
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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223
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Li Y, Tu L, Ye Z, Wang M, Gao W, Zhang X. A cotton fiber-preferential promoter, PGbEXPA2, is regulated by GA and ABA in Arabidopsis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:1539-49. [PMID: 26001998 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1805-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
PGbEXPA2 (Promoter of GbEXPA2 ) was preferentially and strongly expressed during cotton fiber development, and the 461-bp PGbEXPA2 fragment was essential for responding to exogenous GA and ABA in Arabidopsis. Cotton fibers are highly elongated single-cell, unbranched and non-glandular seed trichomes. Previous studies have reported that the transcript level of GbEXPA2 is significantly up-regulated during fiber cell elongation, suggesting that GbEXPA2 has an important function in fiber development. In this study, the promoter of GbEXPA2 (839 bp) from the D(T) sub-genome was isolated from Gossypium barbadense 3-79. Consistent with the expression pattern of GbEXPA2, the promoter PGbEXPA2 was able to express GUS to high levels in elongating fibers, but not in the root, stem, or leaf. In Arabidopsis, GUS activity was only found in the rosette leaf trichomes and rosette leaf vascular tissue, indicating that the transcription factors which bind to PGbEXPA2 in the leaf trichomes of transgenic Arabidopsis were similar to those found in cotton fiber. A deletion analysis of PGbEXPA2 revealed that a 461-bp fragment was sufficient to drive GUS expression in cotton fibers and Arabidopsis rosette leaf trichomes. Exogenous phytohormonal treatments on transgenic Arabidopsis with different promoter lengths (P-839, P-705, P-588 and P-461) showed that GUS activity in Arabidopsis trichomes could be strongly up-regulated by GA and, in contrast, down-regulated by ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
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224
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Tavares EQP, De Souza AP, Buckeridge MS. How endogenous plant cell-wall degradation mechanisms can help achieve higher efficiency in saccharification of biomass. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4133-43. [PMID: 25922489 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell-wall recalcitrance to hydrolysis still represents one of the major bottlenecks for second-generation bioethanol production. This occurs despite the development of pre-treatments, the prospect of new enzymes, and the production of transgenic plants with less-recalcitrant cell walls. Recalcitrance, which is the intrinsic resistance to breakdown imposed by polymer assembly, is the result of inherent limitations in its three domains. These consist of: (i) porosity, associated with a pectin matrix impairing trafficking through the wall; (ii) the glycomic code, which refers to the fine-structural emergent complexity of cell-wall polymers that are unique to cells, tissues, and species; and (iii) cellulose crystallinity, which refers to the organization in micro- and/or macrofibrils. One way to circumvent recalcitrance could be by following cell-wall hydrolysis strategies underlying plant endogenous mechanisms that are optimized to precisely modify cell walls in planta. Thus, the cell-wall degradation that occurs during fruit ripening, abscission, storage cell-wall mobilization, and aerenchyma formation are reviewed in order to highlight how plants deal with recalcitrance and which are the routes to couple prospective enzymes and cocktail designs with cell-wall features. The manipulation of key enzyme levels in planta can help achieving biologically pre-treated walls (i.e. less recalcitrant) before plants are harvested for bioethanol production. This may be helpful in decreasing the costs associated with producing bioethanol from biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Q P Tavares
- Laboratory of Plant Physiological Ecology (LAFIECO), Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda P De Souza
- Laboratory of Plant Physiological Ecology (LAFIECO), Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos S Buckeridge
- Laboratory of Plant Physiological Ecology (LAFIECO), Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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225
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Cosgrove DJ. Plant expansins: diversity and interactions with plant cell walls. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 25:162-72. [PMID: 26057089 PMCID: PMC4532548 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Expansins were discovered two decades ago as cell wall proteins that mediate acid-induced growth by catalyzing loosening of plant cell walls without lysis of wall polymers. In the interim our understanding of expansins has gotten more complex through bioinformatic analysis of expansin distribution and evolution, as well as through expression analysis, dissection of the upstream transcription factors regulating expression, and identification of additional classes of expansin by sequence and structural similarities. Molecular analyses of expansins from bacteria have identified residues essential for wall loosening activity and clarified the bifunctional nature of expansin binding to complex cell walls. Transgenic modulation of expansin expression modifies growth and stress physiology of plants, but not always in predictable or even understandable ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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226
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Baccelli I, Gonthier P, Bernardi R. Gene expression analyses reveal a relationship between conidiation and cerato-platanin in homokaryotic and heterokaryotic strains of the fungal plant pathogen Heterobasidion irregulare. Mycol Prog 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-015-1063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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227
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Research advances in expansins and expansion-like proteins involved in lignocellulose degradation. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 37:1541-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-1842-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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228
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Legay S, Guerriero G, Deleruelle A, Lateur M, Evers D, André CM, Hausman JF. Apple russeting as seen through the RNA-seq lens: strong alterations in the exocarp cell wall. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 88:21-40. [PMID: 25786603 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0303-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Russeting, a commercially important defect in the exocarp of apple (Malus × domestica), is mainly characterized by the accumulation of suberin on the inner part of the cell wall of the outer epidermal cell layers. However, knowledge on the underlying genetic components triggering this trait remains sketchy. Bulk transcriptomic profiling was performed on the exocarps of three russeted and three waxy apple varieties. This experimental design was chosen to lower the impact of genotype on the obtained results. Validation by qPCR was carried out on representative genes and additional varieties. Gene ontology enrichment revealed a repression of lignin and cuticle biosynthesis genes in russeted exocarps, concomitantly with an enhanced expression of suberin deposition, stress responsive, primary sensing, NAC and MYB-family transcription factors, and specific triterpene biosynthetic genes. Notably, a strong correlation (R(2) = 0.976) between the expression of a MYB93-like transcription factor and key suberin biosynthetic genes was found. Our results suggest that russeting is induced by a decreased expression of cuticle biosynthetic genes, leading to a stress response which not only affects suberin deposition, but also the entire structure of the cell wall. The large number of candidate genes identified in this study provides a solid foundation for further functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Legay
- Plant Cell Wall Integrative Biology, Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann, 41, rue du Brill, Belvaux, L-4422, Luxembourg,
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229
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Georgelis N, Nikolaidis N, Cosgrove DJ. Bacterial expansins and related proteins from the world of microbes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:3807-23. [PMID: 25833181 PMCID: PMC4427351 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6534-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of microbial expansins emerged from studies of the mechanism of plant cell growth and the molecular basis of plant cell wall extensibility. Expansins are wall-loosening proteins that are universal in the plant kingdom and are also found in a small set of phylogenetically diverse bacteria, fungi, and other organisms, most of which colonize plant surfaces. They loosen plant cell walls without detectable lytic activity. Bacterial expansins have attracted considerable attention recently for their potential use in cellulosic biomass conversion for biofuel production, as a means to disaggregate cellulosic structures by nonlytic means ("amorphogenesis"). Evolutionary analysis indicates that microbial expansins originated by multiple horizontal gene transfers from plants. Crystallographic analysis of BsEXLX1, the expansin from Bacillus subtilis, shows that microbial expansins consist of two tightly packed domains: the N-terminal domain D1 has a double-ψ β-barrel fold similar to glycosyl hydrolase family-45 enzymes but lacks catalytic residues usually required for hydrolysis; the C-terminal domain D2 has a unique β-sandwich fold with three co-linear aromatic residues that bind β-1,4-glucans by hydrophobic interactions. Genetic deletion of expansin in Bacillus and Clavibacter cripples their ability to colonize plant tissues. We assess reports that expansin addition enhances cellulose breakdown by cellulase and compare expansins with distantly related proteins named swollenin, cerato-platanin, and loosenin. We end in a speculative vein about the biological roles of microbial expansins and their potential applications. Advances in this field will be aided by a deeper understanding of how these proteins modify cellulosic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikolas Nikolaidis
- Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Daniel J. Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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230
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Francin-Allami M, Merah K, Albenne C, Rogniaux H, Pavlovic M, Lollier V, Sibout R, Guillon F, Jamet E, Larré C. Cell wall proteomic of Brachypodium distachyon grains: A focus on cell wall remodeling proteins. Proteomics 2015; 15:2296-306. [PMID: 25787258 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls play key roles during plant development. Following their deposition into the cell wall, polysaccharides are continually remodeled according to the growth stage and stress environment to accommodate cell growth and differentiation. To date, little is known concerning the enzymes involved in cell wall remodeling, especially in gramineous and particularly in the grain during development. Here, we investigated the cell wall proteome of the grain of Brachypodium distachyon. This plant is a suitable model for temperate cereal crops. Among the 601 proteins identified, 299 were predicted to be secreted. These proteins were distributed into eight functional classes; the class of proteins that act on carbohydrates was the most highly represented. Among these proteins, numerous glycoside hydrolases were found. Expansins and peroxidases, which are assumed to be involved in cell wall polysaccharide remodeling, were also identified. Approximately half of the proteins identified in this study were newly discovered in grain and were not identified in the previous proteome analysis conducted using the culms and leaves of B. distachyon. Therefore, the data obtained from all organs of B. distachyon infer a global cell wall proteome consisting of 460 proteins. At present, this is the most extensive cell wall proteome of a monocot species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kahina Merah
- INRA, Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, Nantes, France.,Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France.,CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Cécile Albenne
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France.,CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | | | | | - Richard Sibout
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Saclay Plant Science, Versailles, France
| | | | - Elisabeth Jamet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France.,CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Colette Larré
- INRA, Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, Nantes, France
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231
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Fernandes JC, Cobb F, Tracana S, Costa GJ, Valente I, Goulao LF, Amâncio S. Relating Water Deficiency to Berry Texture, Skin Cell Wall Composition, and Expression of Remodeling Genes in Two Vitis vinifera L. Varieties. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:3951-3961. [PMID: 25828510 DOI: 10.1021/jf505169z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall (CW) is a dynamic structure that responds to stress. Water shortage (WS) impacts grapevine berry composition and its sensorial quality. In the present work, berry texture, skin CW composition, and expression of remodeling genes were investigated in two V. vinifera varieties, Touriga Nacional (TN) and Trincadeira (TR), under two water regimes, Full Irrigation (FI) and No Irrigation (NI). The global results allowed an evident separation between both varieties and the water treatments. WS resulted in increased anthocyanin contents in both varieties, reduced amounts in cellulose and lignin at maturation, but an increase in arabinose-containing polysaccharides more tightly bound to the CW in TR. In response to WS, the majority of the CW related genes were down-regulated in a variety dependent pattern. The results support the assumption that WS affects grape berries by stiffening the CW through alteration in pectin structure, supporting its involvement in responses to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Fernandes
- †DRAT/LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - F Cobb
- †DRAT/LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S Tracana
- †DRAT/LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - G J Costa
- †DRAT/LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - I Valente
- †DRAT/LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - L F Goulao
- ‡BioTrop, Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical (IICT, IP), Pólo Mendes Ferrão - Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S Amâncio
- †DRAT/LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
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232
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Kawata T, Nakamura Y, Saga Y, Iwade Y, Ishikawa M, Sakurai A, Shimada N. Implications of expansin-like 3 gene in Dictyostelium morphogenesis. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:190. [PMID: 25932374 PMCID: PMC4408306 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-0964-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Dictyostelium harbors multiple expansin-like genes with generally unknown functions. Thus, we analyzed the expansin-like 3 (expL3) gene and found that its expression was reduced in a null mutant for a STATa gene encoding a transcription factor. The expression of expL3 was developmentally regulated and its transcript was spliced only in the multicellular stages. The expL3 promoter was activated in the anterior prestalk region of the parental strain and downregulated in the STATa null slug, although the expL3 promoter was still expressed in the prestalk region. The expL3 overexpressing strain exhibited delayed development and occasionally formed an aberrant structure, i.e., a fruiting body-like structure with a short stalk. The ExpL3-myc protein bound cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takefumi Kawata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Yuri Nakamura
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Yukika Saga
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Yumi Iwade
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Megumi Ishikawa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Aya Sakurai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Nao Shimada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510 Japan ; Present Address: Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902 Japan
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233
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Gaete-Eastman C, Morales-Quintana L, Herrera R, Moya-León MA. In-silico analysis of the structure and binding site features of an α-expansin protein from mountain papaya fruit (VpEXPA2), through molecular modeling, docking, and dynamics simulation studies. J Mol Model 2015; 21:115. [PMID: 25863690 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2656-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fruit softening is associated to cell wall modifications produced by a set of hydrolytic enzymes and proteins. Expansins are proteins with no catalytic activity, which have been associated with several processes during plant growth and development. A role for expansins has been proposed during softening of fruits, and many fruit-specific expansins have been identified in a variety of species. A 3D model for VpEXPA2, an α-expansin involved in softening of Vasconcellea pubescens fruit, was built for the first time by comparative modeling strategy. The model was validated and refined by molecular dynamics simulation. The VpEXPA2 model shows a cellulose binding domain with a β-sandwich structure, and a catalytic domain with a similar structure to the catalytic core of endoglucanase V (EGV) from Humicola insolens, formed by six β-strands with interconnected loops. VpEXPA2 protein contains essential structural moieties related to the catalytic mechanism of EGV, such as the conserved HFD motif. Nevertheless, changes in the catalytic environment are observed in the protein model, influencing its mode of action. The lack of catalytic activity of this expansin and its preference for cellulose are discussed in light of the structural information obtained from the VpEXPA2 protein model, regarding the distance between critical amino acid residues. Finally, the VpEXPA2 model improves our understanding on the mechanism of action of α-expansins on plant cell walls during softening of V. pubescens fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gaete-Eastman
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal y Genética Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca, Chile,
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234
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Andberg M, Penttilä M, Saloheimo M. Swollenin from Trichoderma reesei exhibits hydrolytic activity against cellulosic substrates with features of both endoglucanases and cellobiohydrolases. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 181:105-13. [PMID: 25643956 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes of Trichoderma reesei comprise one of the best characterised enzyme systems involved in lignocellulose degradation. In this paper, swollenin (SWOI), a protein recognised based on its sequence similarity with plant expansins, has been characterised. SWOI and its catalytic domain were subjected to analysis of their hydrolytic activity on different soluble carbohydrate polymers. By measuring the production of reducing ends, zymogram-, and viscosity analysis, SWOI was shown to have activity on substrates containing β-1,4 glucosidic bonds, i.e. carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose and β-glucan. The formation of oligosaccharides from β-glucan was analysed by HPLC and showed cellobiose as the main reaction product. SWOI was also able to hydrolyse soluble cello-oligosaccharides and the products formed were all consistent with SWOI cleaving a cellobiose unit off the substrate. In conclusion, the T. reesei swollenin showed a unique mode of action with similarities with action of both endoglucanases and cellobiohydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Andberg
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland.
| | - Merja Penttilä
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Markku Saloheimo
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
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235
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Coudert Y, Le VAT, Adam H, Bès M, Vignols F, Jouannic S, Guiderdoni E, Gantet P. Identification of CROWN ROOTLESS1-regulated genes in rice reveals specific and conserved elements of postembryonic root formation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:243-254. [PMID: 25442012 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In monocotyledons, the root system is mostly composed of postembryonic shoot-borne roots called crown roots. In rice (Oryza sativa), auxin promotes crown root initiation via the LOB-domain transcription factor (LBD) transcription factor CROWN ROOTLESS1 (CRL1); however, the gene regulatory network downstream of CRL1 remains largely unknown. We tested CRL1 transcriptional activity in yeast and in planta, identified CRL1-regulated genes using an inducible gene expression system and a transcriptome analysis, and used in situ hybridization to demonstrate coexpression of a sample of CRL1-regulated genes with CRL1 in crown root primordia. We show that CRL1 positively regulates 277 genes, including key genes involved in meristem patterning (such as QUIESCENT-CENTER SPECIFIC HOMEOBOX; QHB), cell proliferation and hormone homeostasis. Many genes are homologous to Arabidopsis genes involved in lateral root formation, but about a quarter are rice-specific. Our study reveals that several genes acting downstream of LBD transcription factors controlling postembryonic root formation are conserved between monocots and dicots. It also provides evidence that specific genes are involved in the formation of shoot-derived roots in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Van Anh Thi Le
- Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
- IRD, UMR DIADE, Montpellier, France
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, LMI RICE, Agricultural Genetics Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pascal Gantet
- Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
- IRD, UMR DIADE, Montpellier, France
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, LMI RICE, Agricultural Genetics Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
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236
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Tovar-Herrera OE, Batista-García RA, Sánchez-Carbente MDR, Iracheta-Cárdenas MM, Arévalo-Niño K, Folch-Mallol JL. A novel expansin protein from the white-rot fungus Schizophyllum commune. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122296. [PMID: 25803865 PMCID: PMC4372547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel expansin protein (ScExlx1) was found, cloned and expressed from the Basidiomycete fungus Schizophylum commune. This protein showed the canonical features of plant expansins. ScExlx1 showed the ability to form “bubbles” in cotton fibers, reduce the size of avicel particles and enhance reducing sugar liberation from cotton fibers pretreated with the protein and then treated with cellulases. ScExlx1 was able to bind cellulose, birchwood xylan and chitin and this property was not affected by different sodium chloride concentrations. A novel property of ScExlx1 is its capacity to enhance reducing sugars (N-acetyl glucosamine) liberation from pretreated chitin and further added with chitinase, which has not been reported for any expansin or expansin-like protein. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a bona fide fungal expansin found in a basidiomycete and we could express the bioactive protein in Pichia pastoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Eduardo Tovar-Herrera
- Instituto de Biotecnología. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Ramón Alberto Batista-García
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | | | - María Magdalena Iracheta-Cárdenas
- Instituto de Biotecnología. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Katiushka Arévalo-Niño
- Instituto de Biotecnología. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
- * E-mail: (JLFM); (KAN)
| | - Jorge Luis Folch-Mallol
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
- * E-mail: (JLFM); (KAN)
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237
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Bonazza K, Gaderer R, Neudl S, Przylucka A, Allmaier G, Druzhinina IS, Grothe H, Friedbacher G, Seidl-Seiboth V. The fungal cerato-platanin protein EPL1 forms highly ordered layers at hydrophobic/hydrophilic interfaces. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:1723-32. [PMID: 25599344 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm02389g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Cerato-platanin proteins (CPPs) and hydrophobins are two classes of small, secreted proteins that are exclusively found in fungi. CPPs are known as chitin-binding proteins, and were recently also shown to form protein layers at air/water interfaces, but the features of these layers were not investigated on the molecular level yet. In this study, by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM), EPL1, a member of the CPP family was shown to form highly ordered monolayers at a hydrophobic surface/liquid-interface. Furthermore, two new hydrophobins were analysed, and the influence of EPL1 on hydrophobin layers was studied in situ. Hydrophobins are amphiphilic proteins that are able to self-assemble at hydrophobic/hydrophilic interfaces, thereby inverting the polarity of the surface. This renders fungal growth structures such as spores water repellent. The combination of AFM data and wettability experiments led to the conclusion that in presence of both, hydrophobins and EPL1, a previously unknown hybrid layer is formed. This mixed protein layer is on one hand not inverting but enhancing the hydrophobicity of HOPG (highly oriented pyrolytic graphite), typical for EPL1, and on the other hand, it is stable and water insoluble, which is reminiscent of hydrophobin layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bonazza
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164-IAC, 1060 Wien, Austria
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238
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Geilfus CM, Ober D, Eichacker LA, Mühling KH, Zörb C. Down-regulation of ZmEXPB6 (Zea mays β-expansin 6) protein is correlated with salt-mediated growth reduction in the leaves of Z. mays L. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:11235-45. [PMID: 25750129 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.619718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The salt-sensitive crop Zea mays L. shows a rapid leaf growth reduction upon NaCl stress. There is increasing evidence that salinity impairs the ability of the cell walls to expand, ultimately inhibiting growth. Wall-loosening is a prerequisite for cell wall expansion, a process that is under the control of cell wall-located expansin proteins. In this study the abundance of those proteins was analyzed against salt stress using gel-based two-dimensional proteomics and two-dimensional Western blotting. Results show that ZmEXPB6 (Z. mays β-expansin 6) protein is lacking in growth-inhibited leaves of salt-stressed maize. Of note, the exogenous application of heterologously expressed and metal-chelate-affinity chromatography-purified ZmEXPB6 on growth-reduced leaves that lack native ZmEXPB6 under NaCl stress partially restored leaf growth. In vitro assays on frozen-thawed leaf sections revealed that recombinant ZmEXPB6 acts on the capacity of the walls to extend. Our results identify expansins as a factor that partially restores leaf growth of maize in saline environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph-Martin Geilfus
- From the Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Christian-Albrechts-University, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany,
| | - Dietrich Ober
- Botanical Institute and Botanical Gardens, Biochemical Ecology and Molecular Evolution, Christian-Albrechts-University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lutz A Eichacker
- Universitetet i Stavanger, Center for Organelle Research (CORE), Richard Johnsensgt. 4, N-4021, Norway, and
| | - Karl Hermann Mühling
- From the Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Christian-Albrechts-University, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Zörb
- From the Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Christian-Albrechts-University, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany, Institute of Crop Science, Quality of Plant Products, University Hohenheim, Schloss, Westhof West, 118, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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239
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Ichihashi Y, Mutuku JM, Yoshida S, Shirasu K. Transcriptomics exposes the uniqueness of parasitic plants. Brief Funct Genomics 2015; 14:275-82. [PMID: 25700082 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elv001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic plants have the ability to obtain nutrients directly from other plants, and several species are serious biological threats to agriculture by parasitizing crops of high economic importance. The uniqueness of parasitic plants is characterized by the presence of a multicellular organ called a haustorium, which facilitates plant-plant interactions, and shutting down or reducing their own photosynthesis. Current technical advances in next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics have allowed us to dissect the molecular mechanisms behind the uniqueness of parasitic plants at the genome-wide level. In this review, we summarize recent key findings mainly in transcriptomics that will give us insights into the future direction of parasitic plant research.
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240
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Le Gall H, Philippe F, Domon JM, Gillet F, Pelloux J, Rayon C. Cell Wall Metabolism in Response to Abiotic Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 4:112-66. [PMID: 27135320 PMCID: PMC4844334 DOI: 10.3390/plants4010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 585] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the responses of the plant cell wall to several abiotic stresses including drought, flooding, heat, cold, salt, heavy metals, light, and air pollutants. The effects of stress on cell wall metabolism are discussed at the physiological (morphogenic), transcriptomic, proteomic and biochemical levels. The analysis of a large set of data shows that the plant response is highly complex. The overall effects of most abiotic stress are often dependent on the plant species, the genotype, the age of the plant, the timing of the stress application, and the intensity of this stress. This shows the difficulty of identifying a common pattern of stress response in cell wall architecture that could enable adaptation and/or resistance to abiotic stress. However, in most cases, two main mechanisms can be highlighted: (i) an increased level in xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) and expansin proteins, associated with an increase in the degree of rhamnogalacturonan I branching that maintains cell wall plasticity and (ii) an increased cell wall thickening by reinforcement of the secondary wall with hemicellulose and lignin deposition. Taken together, these results show the need to undertake large-scale analyses, using multidisciplinary approaches, to unravel the consequences of stress on the cell wall. This will help identify the key components that could be targeted to improve biomass production under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyacinthe Le Gall
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France.
| | - Florian Philippe
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Domon
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France.
| | - Françoise Gillet
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France.
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France.
| | - Catherine Rayon
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France.
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241
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Carretero-Paulet L, Librado P, Chang TH, Ibarra-Laclette E, Herrera-Estrella L, Rozas J, Albert VA. High Gene Family Turnover Rates and Gene Space Adaptation in the Compact Genome of the Carnivorous Plant Utricularia gibba. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 32:1284-95. [PMID: 25637935 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Utricularia gibba is an aquatic carnivorous plant with highly specialized morphology, featuring fibrous floating networks of branches and leaf-like organs, no recognizable roots, and bladder traps that capture and digest prey. We recently described the compressed genome of U. gibba as sufficient to control the development and reproduction of a complex organism. We hypothesized intense deletion pressure as a mechanism whereby most noncoding DNA was deleted, despite evidence for three independent whole-genome duplications (WGDs). Here, we explore the impact of intense genome fractionation in the evolutionary dynamics of U. gibba's functional gene space. We analyze U. gibba gene family turnover by modeling gene gain/death rates under a maximum-likelihood statistical framework. In accord with our deletion pressure hypothesis, we show that the U. gibba gene death rate is significantly higher than those of four other eudicot species. Interestingly, the gene gain rate is also significantly higher, likely reflecting the occurrence of multiple WGDs and possibly also small-scale genome duplications. Gene ontology enrichment analyses of U. gibba-specific two-gene orthogroups, multigene orthogroups, and singletons highlight functions that may represent adaptations in an aquatic carnivorous plant. We further discuss two homeodomain transcription factor gene families (WOX and HDG/HDZIP-IV) showing conspicuous differential expansions and contractions in U. gibba. Our results 1) reconcile the compactness of the U. gibba genome with its accommodation of a typical number of genes for a plant genome, and 2) highlight the role of high gene family turnover in the evolutionary diversification of U. gibba's functional gene space and adaptations to its unique lifestyle and highly specialized body plan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo Librado
- Departament de Genètica and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tien-Hao Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Enrique Ibarra-Laclette
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica Para la Biodiversidad-Langebio/Unidad de Genómica Avanzada UGA, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Luis Herrera-Estrella
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica Para la Biodiversidad-Langebio/Unidad de Genómica Avanzada UGA, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Julio Rozas
- Departament de Genètica and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor A Albert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
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242
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Payne CM, Knott BC, Mayes HB, Hansson H, Himmel ME, Sandgren M, Ståhlberg J, Beckham GT. Fungal Cellulases. Chem Rev 2015; 115:1308-448. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500351c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Payne
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering and Center for Computational
Sciences, University of Kentucky, 177 F. Paul Anderson Tower, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Brandon C. Knott
- National
Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver
West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Heather B. Mayes
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Henrik Hansson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Almas allé 5, SE-75651 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael E. Himmel
- Biosciences
Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Mats Sandgren
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Almas allé 5, SE-75651 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jerry Ståhlberg
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Almas allé 5, SE-75651 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gregg T. Beckham
- National
Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver
West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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243
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Analysis of putative apoplastic effectors from the nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, and identification of an expansin-like protein that can induce and suppress host defenses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115042. [PMID: 25606855 PMCID: PMC4301866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, is an important pest of potato. Like other pathogens, plant parasitic nematodes are presumed to employ effector proteins, secreted into the apoplast as well as the host cytoplasm, to alter plant cellular functions and successfully infect their hosts. We have generated a library of ORFs encoding putative G. rostochiensis putative apoplastic effectors in vectors for expression in planta. These clones were assessed for morphological and developmental effects on plants as well as their ability to induce or suppress plant defenses. Several CLAVATA3/ESR-like proteins induced developmental phenotypes, whereas predicted cell wall-modifying proteins induced necrosis and chlorosis, consistent with roles in cell fate alteration and tissue invasion, respectively. When directed to the apoplast with a signal peptide, two effectors, an ubiquitin extension protein (GrUBCEP12) and an expansin-like protein (GrEXPB2), suppressed defense responses including NB-LRR signaling induced in the cytoplasm. GrEXPB2 also elicited defense response in species- and sequence-specific manner. Our results are consistent with the scenario whereby potato cyst nematodes secrete effectors that modulate host cell fate and metabolism as well as modifying host cell walls. Furthermore, we show a novel role for an apoplastic expansin-like protein in suppressing intra-cellular defense responses.
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244
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Han Y, Chen Y, Yin S, Zhang M, Wang W. Over-expression of TaEXPB23, a wheat expansin gene, improves oxidative stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 173:62-71. [PMID: 25462079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Expansins are cell wall proteins inducing cell wall loosening and participate in all plant growth and development processes which are associated with cell wall modifications. Here, TaEXPB23, a wheat expansin gene, was investigated and the tolerance to oxidative stress was strongly enhanced in over-expression tobacco plants. Our results revealed that over-expressing TaEXPB23 influenced the activity of antioxidant enzymes: in particular, the activity of the cell wall-bound peroxidase. The enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress and increased cell wall-bound peroxidase activity were partly inhibited by an anti-expansin antibody. The Arabidopsis expansin mutant atexpb2 showed reduced cell wall-bound peroxidase activity and decreased oxidative stress tolerance. In addition, atexpb2 exhibited lower chlorophyll contents and the germination rate compared to wild type (WT). Taken together, these results provided a new insight on the role of expansin proteins in plant stress tolerance by cell wall bound peroxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China; Plastic Surgery Institute of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261041, PR China.
| | - Yanhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
| | - Suhong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China.
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245
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Baccelli I. Cerato-platanin family proteins: one function for multiple biological roles? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 5:769. [PMID: 25610450 PMCID: PMC4284994 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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246
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Sampedro J, Guttman M, Li LC, Cosgrove DJ. Evolutionary divergence of β-expansin structure and function in grasses parallels emergence of distinctive primary cell wall traits. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 81:108-20. [PMID: 25353668 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Expansins are wall-loosening proteins that promote the extension of primary cell walls without the hydrolysis of major structural components. Previously, proteins from the EXPA (α-expansin) family were found to loosen eudicot cell walls but to be less effective on grass cell walls, whereas the reverse pattern was found for EXPB (β-expansin) proteins obtained from grass pollen. To understand the evolutionary and structural bases for the selectivity of EXPB action, we assessed the extension (creep) response of cell walls from diverse monocot families to EXPA and EXPB treatments. Cell walls from Cyperaceae and Juncaceae (families closely related to grasses) displayed a typical grass response ('β-response'). Walls from more distant monocots, including some species that share with grasses high levels of arabinoxylan, responded preferentially to α-expansins ('α-response'), behaving in this regard like eudicots. An expansin with selective activity for grass cell walls was detected in Cyperaceae pollen, coinciding with the expression of genes from the divergent EXPB-I branch that includes grass pollen β-expansins. The evolutionary origin of this branch was located within Poales on the basis of phylogenetic analyses and its association with the 'sigma' whole-genome duplication. Accelerated evolution in this branch has remodeled the protein surface in contact with the substrate, potentially for binding highly substituted arabinoxylan. We propose that the evolution of the divergent EXPB-I group made a fundamental change in the target and mechanism of wall loosening in the grass lineage possible, involving a new structural role for xylans and the expansins that target them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sampedro
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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247
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Boron AK, Van Loock B, Suslov D, Markakis MN, Verbelen JP, Vissenberg K. Over-expression of AtEXLA2 alters etiolated arabidopsis hypocotyl growth. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:67-80. [PMID: 25492062 PMCID: PMC4284114 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant stature and shape are largely determined by cell elongation, a process that is strongly controlled at the level of the cell wall. This is associated with the presence of many cell wall proteins implicated in the elongation process. Several proteins and enzyme families have been suggested to be involved in the controlled weakening of the cell wall, and these include xyloglucan endotransglucosylases/hydrolases (XTHs), yieldins, lipid transfer proteins and expansins. Although expansins have been the subject of much research, the role and involvement of expansin-like genes/proteins remain mostly unclear. This study investigates the expression and function of AtEXLA2 (At4g38400), a member of the expansin-like A (EXLA) family in arabidposis, and considers its possible role in cell wall metabolism and growth. METHODS Transgenic plants of Arabidopsis thaliana were grown, and lines over-expressing AtEXLA2 were identified. Plants were grown in the dark, on media containing growth hormones or precursors, or were gravistimulated. Hypocotyls were studied using transmission electron microscopy and extensiometry. Histochemical GUS (β-glucuronidase) stainings were performed. KEY RESULTS AtEXLA2 is one of the three EXLA members in arabidopsis. The protein lacks the typical domain responsible for expansin activity, but contains a presumed cellulose-interacting domain. Using promoter::GUS lines, the expression of AtEXLA2 was seen in germinating seedlings, hypocotyls, lateral root cap cells, columella cells and the central cylinder basally to the elongation zone of the root, and during different stages of lateral root development. Furthermore, promoter activity was detected in petioles, veins of leaves and filaments, and also in the peduncle of the flowers and in a zone just beneath the papillae. Over-expression of AtEXLA2 resulted in an increase of >10 % in the length of dark-grown hypocotyls and in slightly thicker walls in non-rapidly elongating etiolated hypocotyl cells. Biomechanical analysis by creep tests showed that AtEXLA2 over-expression may decrease the wall strength in arabidopsis hypocotyls. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that AtEXLA2 may function as a positive regulator of cell elongation in the dark-grown hypocotyl of arabidopsis by possible interference with cellulose metabolism, deposition or its organization.
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MESH Headings
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/growth & development
- Arabidopsis/metabolism
- Arabidopsis/ultrastructure
- Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics
- Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Cell Wall/metabolism
- Cell Wall/ultrastructure
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/growth & development
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Karolina Boron
- Biology Department, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium and Saint-Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Bram Van Loock
- Biology Department, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium and Saint-Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry Suslov
- Biology Department, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium and Saint-Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia Biology Department, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium and Saint-Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marios Nektarios Markakis
- Biology Department, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium and Saint-Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jean-Pierre Verbelen
- Biology Department, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium and Saint-Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Biology Department, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium and Saint-Petersburg State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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248
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Seki Y, Kikuchi Y, Yoshimoto R, Aburai K, Kanai Y, Ruike T, Iwabata K, Goitsuka R, Sugawara F, Abe M, Sakaguchi K. Promotion of crystalline cellulose degradation by expansins from Oryza sativa. PLANTA 2015; 241:83-93. [PMID: 25218793 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic activities of Oryza sativa expansins, which were heterologously overexpressed in Escherichia coli , were analyzed. Results suggested that expansins promote degradation of cellulose by cellulase in a synergistic manner. Sustainable production of future biofuels is dependent on efficient saccharification of lignocelluloses. Expansins have received a lot of attention as proteins promoting biological degradation of cellulose using cellulase. The expansins are a class of plant cell wall proteins that induce cell wall loosening without hydrolysis. In this study, the expansins from Oryza sativa were classified using phylogenetic analysis and five proteins were selected for functional evaluation. At low cellulose loading, the cellulase in expansin mixtures was up to 2.4 times more active than in mixtures containing only cellulase, but at high cellulose loading the activity of cellulase in expansin mixtures and cellulase only mixtures did not differ. Furthermore, expansin activity was greater in cellulase mixtures compared with cellulase-deficient mixtures. Therefore, the expansins showed significant synergistic activity with cellulase. Expansin may play an important role in efficient saccharification of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Seki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba-Ken, 278-8510, Japan,
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249
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Yang Z, Wafula EK, Honaas LA, Zhang H, Das M, Fernandez-Aparicio M, Huang K, Bandaranayake PCG, Wu B, Der JP, Clarke CR, Ralph PE, Landherr L, Altman NS, Timko MP, Yoder JI, Westwood JH, dePamphilis CW. Comparative transcriptome analyses reveal core parasitism genes and suggest gene duplication and repurposing as sources of structural novelty. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 32:767-90. [PMID: 25534030 PMCID: PMC4327159 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin of novel traits is recognized as an important process underlying many major evolutionary radiations. We studied the genetic basis for the evolution of haustoria, the novel feeding organs of parasitic flowering plants, using comparative transcriptome sequencing in three species of Orobanchaceae. Around 180 genes are upregulated during haustorial development following host attachment in at least two species, and these are enriched in proteases, cell wall modifying enzymes, and extracellular secretion proteins. Additionally, about 100 shared genes are upregulated in response to haustorium inducing factors prior to host attachment. Collectively, we refer to these newly identified genes as putative “parasitism genes.” Most of these parasitism genes are derived from gene duplications in a common ancestor of Orobanchaceae and Mimulus guttatus, a related nonparasitic plant. Additionally, the signature of relaxed purifying selection and/or adaptive evolution at specific sites was detected in many haustorial genes, and may play an important role in parasite evolution. Comparative analysis of gene expression patterns in parasitic and nonparasitic angiosperms suggests that parasitism genes are derived primarily from root and floral tissues, but with some genes co-opted from other tissues. Gene duplication, often taking place in a nonparasitic ancestor of Orobanchaceae, followed by regulatory neofunctionalization, was an important process in the origin of parasitic haustoria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Yang
- Intercollege Graduate Program in Plant Biology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Eric K Wafula
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Loren A Honaas
- Intercollege Graduate Program in Plant Biology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Huiting Zhang
- Intercollege Graduate Program in Plant Biology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Malay Das
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
| | - Monica Fernandez-Aparicio
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Department of Biology, University of Virginia
| | - Kan Huang
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia
| | | | - Biao Wu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis
| | - Joshua P Der
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Christopher R Clarke
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
| | - Paula E Ralph
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Lena Landherr
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Naomi S Altman
- Department of Statistics and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University
| | | | - John I Yoder
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis
| | - James H Westwood
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
| | - Claude W dePamphilis
- Intercollege Graduate Program in Plant Biology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University
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250
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Cosgrove DJ. Re-constructing our models of cellulose and primary cell wall assembly. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 22:122-131. [PMID: 25460077 PMCID: PMC4293254 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The cellulose microfibril has more subtlety than is commonly recognized. Details of its structure may influence how matrix polysaccharides interact with its distinctive hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces to form a strong yet extensible structure. Recent advances in this field include the first structures of bacterial and plant cellulose synthases and revised estimates of microfibril structure, reduced from 36 to 18 chains. New results also indicate that cellulose interactions with xyloglucan are more limited than commonly believed, whereas pectin–cellulose interactions are more prevalent. Computational results indicate that xyloglucan binds tightest to the hydrophobic surface of cellulose microfibrils. Wall extensibility may be controlled at limited regions (‘biomechanical hotspots’) where cellulose–cellulose contacts are made, potentially mediated by trace amounts of xyloglucan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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