201
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Velazquez EM, Nguyen H, Heasley KT, Saechao CH, Gil LM, Rogers AWL, Miller BM, Rolston MR, Lopez CA, Litvak Y, Liou MJ, Faber F, Bronner DN, Tiffany CR, Byndloss MX, Byndloss AJ, Bäumler AJ. Endogenous Enterobacteriaceae underlie variation in susceptibility to Salmonella infection. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:1057-1064. [PMID: 30911125 PMCID: PMC6533147 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0407-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lack of reproducibility is a prominent problem in biomedical research. An important source of variation in animal experiments is the microbiome, but little is known about specific changes in the microbiota composition that cause phenotypic differences. Here we show that genetically similar laboratory mice obtained from four different commercial vendors exhibited marked phenotypic variation in their susceptibility to Salmonella infection. Fecal microbiota transplantation into germ-free mice replicated donor susceptibility, revealing that variability was due to changes in the gut microbiota composition. Co-housing of mice only partially transferred protection against Salmonella infection, suggesting that minority species within the gut microbiota might confer this trait. Consistent with this idea, we identified endogenous Enterobacteriaceae, a low abundance taxon, as keystone species responsible for variation in the susceptibility to Salmonella infection. Protection conferred by endogenous Enterobacteriaceae could be modeled by inoculating mice with probiotic Escherichia coli, which conferred resistance by using its aerobic metabolism to compete with Salmonella for resources. We conclude that a mechanistic understanding of phenotypic variation can accelerate development of strategies for enhancing the reproducibility of animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Velazquez
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Henry Nguyen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Keaton T Heasley
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cheng H Saechao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lindsey M Gil
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andrew W L Rogers
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brittany M Miller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Matthew R Rolston
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christopher A Lopez
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yael Litvak
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Megan J Liou
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Franziska Faber
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Research Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Denise N Bronner
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Connor R Tiffany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mariana X Byndloss
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Austin J Byndloss
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andreas J Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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202
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Kang SK, Hawkins NA, Kearney JA. C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N substrains differentially influence phenotype severity in the Scn1a +/- mouse model of Dravet syndrome. Epilepsia Open 2019; 4:164-169. [PMID: 30868126 PMCID: PMC6398090 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many disease-relevant phenotypes modeled in inbred mice have been shown to be strain-dependent, indicating the important influence of genetic background on disease phenotypes. Although C57BL/6 mice are one of the most commonly used inbred strains in laboratory research, there are multiple substrains (eg, B6J vs B6N) that have been separated for more than 50 years. Thus, understanding the substrain differences is important for scientific rigor and reproducibility. In this study, seizure susceptibility, spontaneous seizures, and survival were compared between Scn1a +/- mice on (C57BL/6J × 129S6/SvEvTac)F1 (F1J) vs (C57BL/6N × 129S6/SvEvTac)F1 (F1N) strain backgrounds. F1N.Scn1a +/- mice were more susceptible to hyperthermia-induced seizures, yet had milder spontaneous seizures and improved survival relative to F1J.Scn1a +/- mice. Our results indicate that choice of C57BL/6 substrain may significantly alter disease phenotypes and should be considered carefully in experimental design using the Scn1a +/- Dravet mouse model, as well as other mouse models of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok K. Kang
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience ProgramFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinois
| | - Nicole A. Hawkins
- Department of PharmacologyFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinois
| | - Jennifer A. Kearney
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience ProgramFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinois
- Department of PharmacologyFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinois
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203
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Garbern JC, Williams J, Kristl AC, Malick A, Rachmin I, Gaeta B, Ahmed N, Vujic A, Libby P, Lee RT. Dysregulation of IL-33/ST2 signaling and myocardial periarteriolar fibrosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 128:179-186. [PMID: 30763587 PMCID: PMC6402609 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microvascular dysfunction in the heart and its association with periarteriolar fibrosis may contribute to the diastolic dysfunction seen in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Interleukin-33 (IL-33) prevents global myocardial fibrosis in a pressure overloaded left ventricle by acting via its receptor, ST2 (encoded by the gene, Il1rl1); however, whether this cytokine can also modulate periarteriolar fibrosis remains unclear. We utilized two approaches to explore the role of IL-33/ST2 in periarteriolar fibrosis. First, we studied young and old wild type mice to test the hypothesis that IL-33 and ST2 expression change with age. Second, we produced pressure overload in mice deficient in IL-33 or ST2 by transverse aortic constriction (TAC). With age, IL-33 expression increased and ST2 expression decreased. These alterations accompanied increased periarteriolar fibrosis in aged mice. Mice deficient in ST2 but not IL-33 had a significant increase in periarteriolar fibrosis following TAC compared to wild type mice. Thus, loss of ST2 signaling rather than changes in IL-33 expression may contribute to periarteriolar fibrosis during aging or pressure overload, but manipulating this pathway alone may not prevent or reverse fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Garbern
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America; Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Jason Williams
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Amy C Kristl
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America
| | - Alyyah Malick
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America
| | - Inbal Rachmin
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Gaeta
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America
| | - Nafis Ahmed
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America
| | - Ana Vujic
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America
| | - Peter Libby
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America.
| | - Richard T Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America.
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204
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Zhao L, Mulligan MK, Nowak TS. Substrain- and sex-dependent differences in stroke vulnerability in C57BL/6 mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:426-438. [PMID: 29260927 PMCID: PMC6421252 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17746174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The C57BL/6 mouse strain is represented by distinct substrains, increasingly recognized to differ genetically and phenotypically. The current study compared stroke vulnerability among C57BL/6 J (J), C57BL/6JEiJ (JEiJ), C57BL/6ByJ (ByJ), C57BL/6NCrl (NCrl), C57BL/6NJ (NJ) and C57BL/6NTac (NTac) substrains, using a model of permanent distal middle cerebral artery and common carotid artery occlusion. Mean infarct volume was nearly two-fold smaller in J, JEiJ and ByJ substrains relative to NCrl, NJ and NTac (N-lineage) mice. This identifies a previously unrecognized confound in stroke studies involving genetically modified strain comparisons if control substrain background were not rigorously matched. Mean infarct size was smaller in females of J and ByJ substrains than in the corresponding males, but there was no sex difference for NCrl and NJ mice. A higher proportion of small infarcts in J and ByJ substrains was largely responsible for both substrain- and sex-dependent differences. These could not be straightforwardly explained by variations in posterior communicating artery patency, MCA anatomy or acute penumbral blood flow deficits. Their larger and more homogeneously distributed infarcts, together with their established use as the common background for many genetically modified strains, may make N-lineage C57BL/6 substrains the preferred choice for future studies in experimental stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Megan K Mulligan
- 2 Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Thaddeus S Nowak
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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205
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Koç MM, Aslan N, Kao AP, Barber AH. Evaluation of X-ray tomography contrast agents: A review of production, protocols, and biological applications. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:812-848. [PMID: 30786098 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
X-ray computed tomography is a strong tool that finds many applications both in medical applications and in the investigation of biological and nonbiological samples. In the clinics, X-ray tomography is widely used for diagnostic purposes whose three-dimensional imaging in high resolution helps physicians to obtain detailed image of investigated regions. Researchers in biological sciences and engineering use X-ray tomography because it is a nondestructive method to assess the structure of their samples. In both medical and biological applications, visualization of soft tissues and structures requires special treatment, in which special contrast agents are used. In this detailed report, molecule-based and nanoparticle-based contrast agents used in biological applications to enhance the image quality were compiled and reported. Special contrast agent applications and protocols to enhance the contrast for the biological applications and works to develop nanoparticle contrast agents to enhance the contrast for targeted drug delivery and general imaging applications were also assessed and listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mümin Mehmet Koç
- School of Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom.,Department of Physics, Kirklareli University, Kirklareli, Turkey
| | - Naim Aslan
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkey
| | - Alexander P Kao
- School of Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Asa H Barber
- School of Engineering, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
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206
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Garneau AP, Marcoux AA, Slimani S, Tremblay LE, Frenette-Cotton R, Mac-Way F, Isenring P. Physiological roles and molecular mechanisms of K + -Cl - cotransport in the mammalian kidney and cardiovascular system: where are we? J Physiol 2019; 597:1451-1465. [PMID: 30659612 DOI: 10.1113/jp276807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In the early 80s, renal microperfusion studies led to the identification of a basolateral K+ -Cl- cotransport mechanism in the proximal tubule, thick ascending limb of Henle and collecting duct. More than ten years later, this mechanism was found to be accounted for by three different K+ -Cl- cotransporters (KCC1, KCC3 and KCC4) that are differentially distributed along the renal epithelium. Two of these isoforms (KCC1 and KCC3) were also found to be expressed in arterial walls, the myocardium and a variety of neurons. Subsequently, valuable insights have been gained into the molecular and physiological properties of the KCCs in both the mammalian kidney and cardiovascular system. There is now robust evidence indicating that KCC4 sustains distal renal acidification and that KCC3 regulates myogenic tone in resistance vessels. However, progress in understanding the functional significance of these transporters has been slow, probably because each of the KCC isoforms is not identically distributed among species and some of them share common subcellular localizations with other KCC isoforms or sizeable conductive Cl- pathways. In addition, the mechanisms underlying the process of K+ -Cl- cotransport are still ill defined. The present review focuses on the knowledge gained regarding the roles and properties of KCCs in renal and cardiovascular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Garneau
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, 11, côte du Palais, Québec (Qc), Canada, G1R 2J6.,Cardiometabolic Axis, School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, Montreal University, 900, rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, (Qc) H2X 0A9
| | - A A Marcoux
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, 11, côte du Palais, Québec (Qc), Canada, G1R 2J6
| | - S Slimani
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, 11, côte du Palais, Québec (Qc), Canada, G1R 2J6
| | - L E Tremblay
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, 11, côte du Palais, Québec (Qc), Canada, G1R 2J6
| | - R Frenette-Cotton
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, 11, côte du Palais, Québec (Qc), Canada, G1R 2J6
| | - F Mac-Way
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, 11, côte du Palais, Québec (Qc), Canada, G1R 2J6
| | - P Isenring
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, 11, côte du Palais, Québec (Qc), Canada, G1R 2J6
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207
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Delgado C, Gomez AM, Samia El Hayek M, Ruiz-Hurtado G, Pereira L. Gender-Dependent Alteration of Ca 2+ and TNFα Signaling in db/ db Mice, an Obesity-Linked Type 2 Diabetic Model. Front Physiol 2019; 10:40. [PMID: 30792662 PMCID: PMC6374335 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications are the primary death cause in type 2 diabetes, where inflammation can play a role. We, and others, have previously shown that, in diabetic cardiomyopathy, cardiac dysfunction is associated with Ca2+ mishandling. It is possible that diabetic cardiomyopathy differently affects men and women, as the latter present higher risk to develop heart failure and a higher plasmatic level of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), than men. However, the gender-dependent regulation of Ca2+ signaling in diabetes and its relationship with TNFα signaling are still unclear. Here, we analyzed TNFα signaling pathway and its role in Ca2+ signaling dysfunction in male and female rodent models of type 2 diabetes linked to obesity (db/db mice) using confocal microscopy in freshly isolated cardiomyocytes. TNFα increased [Ca2+]i transient amplitude and accelerated its decay without affecting SR Ca2+ load or Ca2+ spark frequency in cells from control mice. All TNFα effects on Ca2+ handling were prevented by the inhibition of the ceramidase and the phospholipase A2 (PLA2). While the plasmatic level of TNFα was similar in male and female db/db mice, only male db/db hearts over-expressed both TNFα converting enzyme (TACE) and the protective TNFα receptors 2 (TNF-R2). TNFα receptor 1 (TNF-R1) expression, involved in negative inotropic response of TNFα, was unchanged in both male and female db/db mice compared to controls. We found that male db/db mice cardiomyocytes presented a decrease in [Ca2+]i transient amplitude associated to a drop of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ load, not seen in female db/db mice. Interestingly, sustained incubation with TNFα did not restored Ca2+ signaling alteration observed in male db/db mice but still induces an increase in Ca2+ spark frequency as seen in control littermates. In cardiomyocytes from female db/db mice, TNFα had no visible effects on Ca2+ handling. In conclusion, our study shows that the alteration of Ca2+ signaling and TNFα, seen in db/db mice, is gender specific presenting an increase in TNFα cardio-protective pathway in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Delgado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM)/CIBER-CV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana-Maria Gomez
- INSERM UMR-S 1180, University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Magali Samia El Hayek
- INSERM UMR-S 1180, University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Gema Ruiz-Hurtado
- Cardiorenal Translational Laboratory, Institute of Research i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre/CIBER-CV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laetitia Pereira
- INSERM UMR-S 1180, University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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208
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Bussey KA, Murthy S, Reimer E, Chan B, Hatesuer B, Schughart K, Glaunsinger B, Adler H, Brinkmann MM. Endosomal Toll-Like Receptors 7 and 9 Cooperate in Detection of Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Infection. J Virol 2019; 93:e01173-18. [PMID: 30429335 PMCID: PMC6340039 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01173-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) is a small-animal model suitable for study of the human pathogens Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Here, we have characterized the roles of the endosomal Toll-like receptor (TLR) escort protein UNC93B, endosomal TLR7, -9, and -13, and cell surface TLR2 in MHV68 detection. We found that the alpha interferon (IFN-α) response of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) to MHV68 was reduced in Tlr9-/- cells compared to levels in wild type (WT) cells but not completely lost. Tlr7-/- pDC responded similarly to WT. However, we found that in Unc93b-/- pDC, as well as in Tlr7-/-Tlr9-/- double-knockout pDC, the IFN-α response to MHV68 was completely abolished. Thus, the only pattern recognition receptors contributing to the IFN-α response to MHV68 in pDC are TLR7 and TLR9, but the contribution of TLR7 is masked by the presence of TLR9. To address the role of UNC93B and TLR for MHV68 infection in vivo, we infected mice with MHV68. Lytic replication of MHV68 after intravenous infection was enhanced in the lungs, spleen, and liver of UNC93B-deficient mice, in the spleen of TLR9-deficient mice, and in the liver and spleen of Tlr7-/-Tlr9-/- mice. The absence of TLR2 or TLR13 did not affect lytic viral titers. We then compared reactivation of MHV68 from latently infected WT, Unc93b-/-, Tlr7-/-Tlr9-/-, Tlr7-/-, and Tlr9-/- splenocytes. We observed enhanced reactivation and latent viral loads, particularly from Tlr7-/-Tlr9-/- splenocytes compared to levels in the WT. Our data show that UNC93B-dependent TLR7 and TLR9 cooperate in and contribute to detection and control of MHV68 infection.IMPORTANCE The two human gammaherpesviruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), can cause aggressive forms of cancer. These herpesviruses are strictly host specific, and therefore the homolog murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) is a widely used model to obtain in vivo insights into the interaction between these two gammaherpesviruses and their host. Like EBV and KSHV, MHV68 establishes lifelong latency in B cells. The innate immune system serves as one of the first lines of host defense, with pattern recognition receptors such as the Toll-like receptors playing a crucial role in mounting a potent antiviral immune response to various pathogens. Here, we shed light on a yet unanticipated role of Toll-like receptor 7 in the recognition of MHV68 in a subset of immune cells called plasmacytoid dendritic cells, as well as on the control of this virus in its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra A Bussey
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sripriya Murthy
- Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Elisa Reimer
- Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Baca Chan
- Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bastian Hatesuer
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klaus Schughart
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Britt Glaunsinger
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Heiko Adler
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, German Center of Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie M Brinkmann
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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209
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Abstract
Cancer research relies on model systems, which reflect the biology of actual human tumours to only a certain extent. One important feature of human cancer is its intra-tumour genomic heterogeneity and instability. However, the extent of such genomic instability in cancer models has received limited attention in research. Here, we review the state of knowledge of genomic instability of cancer models and discuss its biological origins and implications for basic research and for cancer precision medicine. We discuss strategies to cope with such genomic evolution and evaluate both the perils and the emerging opportunities associated with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Ben-David
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Todd R Golub
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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210
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Fauteux-Daniel S, Faure F, Marotel M, Geary C, Daussy C, Sun JC, Walzer T. Styk1 expression is a hallmark of murine NK cells and other NK1.1 + subsets but is dispensable for NK-cell development and effector functions. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:677-685. [PMID: 30690705 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To gain insight into the biology of NK cells, others and we previously identified the NK-cell signature, defined as the set of transcripts which expression is highly enriched in these cells compared to other immune subtypes. The transcript encoding the Serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase 1 (Styk1) is part of this signature. However, the role of Styk1 in the immune system is unknown. Here, we report the generation of a novel transgenic mouse model, in which Styk1 expression is invalidated and replaced by an EGFP reporter cassette. We demonstrated that Styk1 expression is a hallmark of NK cells and other NK1.1 expressing cells such as liver type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1) and NK1.1+ γδ T cells. Styk1 expression is maintained by IL-15 in NK cells and negatively correlates with the expression of educating NK-cell receptors. Analysis of phosphorylation levels of mTOR substrates suggested that Styk1 could moderately contribute to the activity of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. However, Styk1-deficient NK cells develop normally and have normal in vitro and in vivo effector functions. Thus Styk1 expression is a hallmark of NK cells, ILC1 and NK1.1+ T cells but is dispensable for their development and immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Fauteux-Daniel
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Fabrice Faure
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Marie Marotel
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Clair Geary
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cécile Daussy
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thierry Walzer
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
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211
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Treger RS, Pope SD, Kong Y, Tokuyama M, Taura M, Iwasaki A. The Lupus Susceptibility Locus Sgp3 Encodes the Suppressor of Endogenous Retrovirus Expression SNERV. Immunity 2019; 50:334-347.e9. [PMID: 30709743 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Elevated endogenous retrovirus (ERV) transcription and anti-ERV antibody reactivity are implicated in lupus pathogenesis. Overproduction of non-ecotropic ERV (NEERV) envelope glycoprotein gp70 and resultant nephritis occur in lupus-prone mice, but whether NEERV mis-expression contributes to lupus etiology is unclear. Here we identified suppressor of NEERV (Snerv) 1 and 2, Krüppel-associated box zinc-finger proteins (KRAB-ZFPs) that repressed NEERV by binding the NEERV long terminal repeat to recruit the transcriptional regulator KAP1. Germline Snerv1/Snerv2 deletion increased activating chromatin modifications, transcription, and gp70 expression from NEERV loci. F1 crosses of lupus-prone New Zealand Black (NZB) and 129 mice to Snerv1/Snerv2-/- mice failed to restore NEERV repression, demonstrating that loss of SNERV underlies the lupus autoantigen gp70 overproduction that promotes nephritis in susceptible mice and that SNERV encodes for Sgp3 (in NZB mice) and Gv-1 loci (in 129 mice). Increased ERV expression in lupus patients inversely correlated with three putative ERV-suppressing KRAB-ZFPs, suggesting that loss of KRAB-ZFP-mediated ERV control may contribute to human lupus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Treger
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Scott D Pope
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yong Kong
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, W.M. Keck Foundation Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Maria Tokuyama
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Manabu Taura
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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212
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Son D, Kong HK, Kim Y, Song MJ, Kim HP, Lee HW, Park JH. Transgenic overexpression of human LY6K in mice suppresses mature T cell development in the thymus. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:379-387. [PMID: 30655778 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte antigen 6 family member K (LY6K) is upregulated in a number of types of cancer and promotes tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. In addition, LY6K is involved in tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. However, the in vivo molecular mechanism of LY6K has not yet been investigated. In the present study, transgenic mice overexpressing human LY6K (hLY6K) were generated using the pMAMneo vector, and the effect of LY6K upregulation in vivo was investigated. A total of 4 transgenic mice were generated, and the gene copy number was examined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RT-qPCR demonstrated that mRNA of hLY6K was overexpressed in the thymus and spleen of the transgenic mice compared with wild-type mice. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that the proportions of B and T cells in the spleen were similar in wild-type and transgenic mice; however, the proportion of thymic mature T cells decreased in the transgenic mice, while there was an increase in the proportion of naïve T cells. These findings suggest that the overexpression of LY6K suppresses T cell development, and that LY6K is a potential therapeutic target for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasom Son
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Kong
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Yesol Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Song
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyong Pyo Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Woong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Park
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
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213
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Kawashita E, Ishihara K, Nomoto M, Taniguchi M, Akiba S. A comparative analysis of hepatic pathological phenotypes in C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N mouse strains in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis models. Sci Rep 2019; 9:204. [PMID: 30659241 PMCID: PMC6338790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36862-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
C57BL/6J (BL6J) and C57BL/6N (BL6N) inbred substrains are most widely used to understand the pathological roles of target molecules in a variety of diseases, including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), based on transgenic mouse technologies. There are notable differences in the metabolic phenotypes, including glucose tolerance, between the BL6J and BL6N substrains, but the phenotypic differences in NASH are still unknown. We performed a comparative analysis of the two mouse substrains to identify the pathological phenotypic differences in NASH models. In the CCl4-induced NASH model, the BL6J mice exhibited a more severe degree of oxidative stress and fibrosis in the liver than the BL6N mice. In contrast, in the high-fat diet-induced NASH model, more accumulation of hepatic triglycerides but less weight gain and liver injury were noted in the BL6J mice than in the BL6N mice. Our findings strongly suggest caution be exercised with the use of unmatched mixed genetic background C57BL6 mice for studies related to NASH, especially when generating conditional knockout C57BL6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Kawashita
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasaginakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ishihara
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasaginakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
| | - Madoka Nomoto
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasaginakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
| | - Mika Taniguchi
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasaginakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan
| | - Satoshi Akiba
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasaginakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan.
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214
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Eisfeld AJ, Gasper DJ, Suresh M, Kawaoka Y. C57BL/6J and C57BL/6NJ Mice Are Differentially Susceptible to Inflammation-Associated Disease Caused by Influenza A Virus. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3307. [PMID: 30713529 PMCID: PMC6346684 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause seasonal epidemics and sporadic pandemics, and are a major burden on human health. To develop better countermeasures and improve influenza disease outcomes, a clearer understanding of influenza pathogenesis is necessary. Host genetic factors have emerged as potential regulators of human influenza disease susceptibility, and in the mouse model, genetic background has been clearly linked to influenza pathogenicity. Here, we show that C57BL/6J mice are significantly more susceptible to disease caused by a 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus, an H7N9 virus, and a highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus compared to the closely related substrain, C57BL/6NJ. Mechanistically, influenza virus infection in C57BL/6J mice results in earlier presentation of edema, increased immune cell infiltration, higher levels of inflammatory cytokines, greater tissue damage, and delayed activation of regenerative processes in infected lung tissues compared to C57BL/6NJ mice. These differences are not dependent on virus replication levels. Six genes with known coding region differences between C57BL/6J and C57BL/6NJ strains exhibit increased transcript levels in influenza virus-infected mouse lungs, suggesting potential contributions to regulation of disease susceptibility. This work uncovers a previously unappreciated difference in disease susceptibility between the closely related C57BL/6J and C57BL/6NJ mice, which may be exploited in future studies to identify host factors and/or specific genetic elements that regulate host-dependent inflammatory mechanisms involved in influenza virus pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie J Eisfeld
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - David J Gasper
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - M Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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215
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Liss B, Striessnig J. The Potential of L-Type Calcium Channels as a Drug Target for Neuroprotective Therapy in Parkinson's Disease. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 59:263-289. [PMID: 30625283 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) mainly arise from degeneration of dopamine neurons within the substantia nigra. As no disease-modifying PD therapies are available, and side effects limit long-term benefits of current symptomatic therapies, novel treatment approaches are needed. The ongoing phase III clinical study STEADY-PD is investigating the potential of the dihydropyridine isradipine, an L-type Ca2+ channel (LTCC) blocker, for neuroprotective PD therapy. Here we review the clinical and preclinical rationale for this trial and discuss potential reasons for the ambiguous outcomes of in vivo animal model studies that address PD-protective dihydropyridine effects. We summarize current views about the roles of Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 LTCC isoforms for substantia nigra neuron function, and their high vulnerability to degenerative stressors, and for PD pathophysiology. We discuss different dihydropyridine sensitivities of LTCC isoforms in view of their potential as drug targets for PD neuroprotection, and we conclude by considering how these aspects could guide further drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Liss
- Institut für Angewandte Physiologie, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Jörg Striessnig
- Abteilung Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Institut für Pharmazie, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
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216
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Bryant CD, Bagdas D, Goldberg LR, Khalefa T, Reed ER, Kirkpatrick SL, Kelliher JC, Chen MM, Johnson WE, Mulligan MK, Imad Damaj M. C57BL/6 substrain differences in inflammatory and neuropathic nociception and genetic mapping of a major quantitative trait locus underlying acute thermal nociception. Mol Pain 2019; 15:1744806918825046. [PMID: 30632432 PMCID: PMC6365993 DOI: 10.1177/1744806918825046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitivity to different pain modalities has a genetic basis that remains largely unknown. Employing closely related inbred mouse substrains can facilitate gene mapping of nociceptive behaviors in preclinical pain models. We previously reported enhanced sensitivity to acute thermal nociception in C57BL/6J (B6J) versus C57BL/6N (B6N) substrains. Here, we expanded on nociceptive phenotypes and observed an increase in formalin-induced inflammatory nociceptive behaviors and paw diameter in B6J versus B6N mice (Charles River Laboratories). No strain differences were observed in mechanical or thermal hypersensitivity or in edema following the Complete Freund's Adjuvant model of inflammatory pain, indicating specificity in the inflammatory nociceptive stimulus. In the chronic constrictive nerve injury, a model of neuropathic pain, no strain differences were observed in baseline mechanical threshold or in mechanical hypersensitivity up to one month post-chronic constrictive nerve injury. We replicated the enhanced thermal nociception in the 52.5°C hot plate test in B6J versus B6N mice from The Jackson Laboratory. Using a B6J × B6N-F2 cross (N = 164), we mapped a major quantitative trait locus underlying hot plate sensitivity to chromosome 7 that peaked at 26 Mb (log of the odds [LOD] = 3.81, p < 0.01; 8.74 Mb-36.50 Mb) that was more pronounced in males. Genes containing expression quantitative trait loci associated with the peak nociceptive marker that are implicated in pain and inflammation include Ryr1, Cyp2a5, Pou2f2, Clip3, Sirt2, Actn4, and Ltbp4 (false discovery rate < 0.05). Future studies involving positional cloning and gene editing will determine the quantitative trait gene(s) and potential pleiotropy of this locus across pain modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camron D Bryant
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deniz Bagdas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Lisa R Goldberg
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Biomolecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tala Khalefa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Eric R Reed
- Department of Medicine, Computational Biomedicine, Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stacey L Kirkpatrick
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia C Kelliher
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melanie M Chen
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William E Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Megan K Mulligan
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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217
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Enríquez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- CIBERFES, Madrid, Spain.
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218
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Maynard RD, Ackert-Bicknell CL. Mouse Models and Online Resources for Functional Analysis of Osteoporosis Genome-Wide Association Studies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:277. [PMID: 31133984 PMCID: PMC6515928 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a complex genetic disease in which the number of loci associated with the bone mineral density, a clinical risk factor for fracture, has increased at an exponential rate in the last decade. The identification of the causative variants and candidate genes underlying these loci has not been able to keep pace with the rate of locus discovery. A large number of tools and data resources have been built around the use of the mouse as model of human genetic disease. Herein, we describe resources available for functional validation of human Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) loci using mouse models. We specifically focus on large-scale phenotyping efforts focused on bone relevant phenotypes and repositories of genotype-phenotype data that exist for transgenic and mutant mice, which can be readily mined as a first step toward more targeted efforts designed to deeply characterize the role of a gene in bone biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Maynard
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Cheryl L. Ackert-Bicknell
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Cheryl L. Ackert-Bicknell
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219
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Martinu T, Oishi H, Juvet SC, Cypel M, Liu M, Berry GJ, Hwang DM, Keshavjee S. Spectrum of chronic lung allograft pathology in a mouse minor-mismatched orthotopic lung transplant model. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:247-258. [PMID: 30378739 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) is a fatal condition that limits survival after lung transplantation (LTx). The pathological hallmark of CLAD is obliterative bronchiolitis (OB). A subset of patients present with a more aggressive CLAD phenotype, called restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS), characterized by lung parenchymal fibrosis (PF). The mouse orthotopic single LTx model has proven relevant to the mechanistic study of allograft injury. The minor-alloantigen-mismatched strain combination using C57BL/10(B10) donors and C57BL/6(B6) recipients reportedly leads to OB. Recognizing that OB severity is a spectrum that may coexist with other pathologies, including PF, we aimed to characterize and quantify pathologic features of CLAD in this model. Left LTx was performed in the following combinations: B10→B6, B6→B10, B6→B6. Four weeks posttransplant, blinded pathologic semi-quantitative assessment showed that OB was present in 66% of B10→B6 and 30% of B6→B10 grafts. Most mice with OB also had PF with a pattern of pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis, reminiscent of human RAS-related pathology. Grading of pathologic changes demonstrated variable severity of airway fibrosis, PF, acute rejection, vascular fibrosis, and epithelial changes, similar to those seen in human CLAD. These assessments can make the murine LTx model a more useful tool for further mechanistic studies of CLAD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Martinu
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hisashi Oishi
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen C Juvet
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcelo Cypel
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerald J Berry
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California
| | - David M Hwang
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaf Keshavjee
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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220
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Corty RW, Kumar V, Tarantino LM, Takahashi JS, Valdar W. Mean-Variance QTL Mapping Identifies Novel QTL for Circadian Activity and Exploratory Behavior in Mice. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2018; 8:3783-3790. [PMID: 30389793 PMCID: PMC6288835 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We illustrate, through two case studies, that "mean-variance QTL mapping"-QTL mapping that models effects on the mean and the variance simultaneously-can discover QTL that traditional interval mapping cannot. Mean-variance QTL mapping is based on the double generalized linear model, which extends the standard linear model used in interval mapping by incorporating not only a set of genetic and covariate effects for mean but also set of such effects for the residual variance. Its potential for use in QTL mapping has been described previously, but it remains underutilized, with certain key advantages undemonstrated until now. In the first case study, a reduced complexity intercross of C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N mice examining circadian behavior, our reanalysis detected a mean-controlling QTL for circadian wheel running activity that interval mapping did not; mean-variance QTL mapping was more powerful than interval mapping at the QTL because it accounted for the fact that mice homozygous for the C57BL/6N allele had less residual variance than other mice. In the second case study, an intercross between C57BL/6J and C58/J mice examining anxiety-like behaviors, our reanalysis detected a variance-controlling QTL for rearing behavior; interval mapping did not identify this QTL because it does not target variance QTL. We believe that the results of these reanalyses, which in other respects largely replicated the original findings, support the use of mean-variance QTL mapping as standard practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Corty
- Department of Genetics
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Curriculum
| | | | | | - Joseph S Takahashi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - William Valdar
- Department of Genetics
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Curriculum
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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221
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Nowak TS, Mulligan MK. Impact of C57BL/6 substrain on sex-dependent differences in mouse stroke models. Neurochem Int 2018; 127:12-21. [PMID: 30448566 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We have recently found significant variation in stroke vulnerability among substrains of C57BL/6 mice, observing that commonly used N-lineage substrains exhibit larger infarcts than C57BL/6J and related substrains. Parallel variation was also seen with respect to sex differences in stroke vulnerability, in that C57BL/6 mice of the N-lineage exhibited comparable infarct sizes in males and females, whereas infarcts tended to be smaller in females than in males of J-lineage substrains. This adds to the growing list of recognized phenotypic and genetic differences among C57BL/6 substrains. Although no previous studies have explicitly compared substrains with respect to sex differences in stroke vulnerability, unrecognized background mismatch has occurred in some studies involving control and genetically modified mice. The aims of this review are to: present the evidence for associated substrain- and sex-dependent differences in a mouse permanent occlusion stroke model; examine the extent to which the published literature in other models compares with these recent results; and consider the potential impact of unrecognized heterogeneity in substrain background on the interpretation of studies investigating the impact of genetic modifications on sex differences in stroke outcome. Substrain emerges as a critical variable to be documented in any experimental stroke study in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddeus S Nowak
- Department of Neurology and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Megan K Mulligan
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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222
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Nagashima M, Koyanagi M, Arimura Y. Comparative Analysis of Bone Marrow-derived Mast Cell Differentiation in C57BL/6 and BALB/c Mice. Immunol Invest 2018; 48:303-320. [PMID: 30335529 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2018.1523924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Allergic diseases have increased in the last three decades. Mast cells play a critical role in allergic diseases along with allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE). Following mast cell degranulation elicited by ligation of the IgE-FcεRI receptor complex with allergen, allergic reactions are followed by various symptoms such as vascular hyperpermeability, mucous secretion, itching, sneezing, wheezing, rashes, fever, and anaphylactic shock. Susceptibility or inclination to allergy varies depending on individual genetic traits and living environment, and it has long been believed that such an inclination is determined by an immunologic balance of T helper cell types. Mouse strains also have different susceptibilities to allergy. Similar to T helper cells and macrophages, it is not known whether mast cells can also be divided into two different types between mouse strains. In this study, we prepared bone marrow-derived mast cells from BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice and examined their cellular properties. Cellular response to IL-3 and the process of mast cell differentiation from bone marrow cells were different on the basis of cell surface marker molecules. BALB/c-derived cells more efficiently exhibited degranulation than did C57BL/6-derived cells following both calcium ionophore and receptor crosslinking. These functional differences persisted even after a longer cell culture for 8 weeks, suggesting a difference in cell-autonomous characteristics. These results support the concept that mast cells also have different cell types dependent on their genetic background. Abbreviations: Ab: antibody; BMMC: bone marrow-derived mast cell; DNP: dinitrophenyl; FACS: fluorescence-activated cell sorter; FCS: fetal calf serum; FITC: fluorescein isothiocyanate; FSC: forward scatter; HRP: horseradish peroxidase; HSA: human serum albumin; Ig: immunoglobulin; IL: interleukin; MIP-2: macrophage inflammatory protein-2; MCP: mast cell protease; PE: phycoerythrin; PerCP: Peridinin chlorophyll protein complex; SNP: single nucleotide polymorphisms; SSC: side scatter; Th: T helper; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Nagashima
- a Host Defense for Animals , Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University , Musashino-shi, Tokyo , Japan
| | - Madoka Koyanagi
- a Host Defense for Animals , Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University , Musashino-shi, Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yutaka Arimura
- a Host Defense for Animals , Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University , Musashino-shi, Tokyo , Japan
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Plantamura E, Dzutsev A, Chamaillard M, Djebali S, Moudombi L, Boucinha L, Grau M, Macari C, Bauché D, Dumitrescu O, Rasigade JP, Lippens S, Plateroti M, Kress E, Cesaro A, Bondu C, Rothermel U, Heikenwälder M, Lina G, Bentaher-Belaaouaj A, Marie JC, Caux C, Trinchieri G, Marvel J, Michallet MC. MAVS deficiency induces gut dysbiotic microbiota conferring a proallergic phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:10404-10409. [PMID: 30249647 PMCID: PMC6187193 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1722372115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prominent changes in the gut microbiota (referred to as "dysbiosis") play a key role in the development of allergic disorders, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Study of the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response in mice contributed to our knowledge of the pathophysiology of human allergic contact dermatitis. Here we report a negative regulatory role of the RIG-I-like receptor adaptor mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) on DTH by modulating gut bacterial ecology. Cohousing and fecal transplantation experiments revealed that the dysbiotic microbiota of Mavs-/- mice conferred a proallergic phenotype that is communicable to wild-type mice. DTH sensitization coincided with increased intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation within lymphoid organs that enhanced DTH severity. Collectively, we unveiled an unexpected impact of RIG-I-like signaling on the gut microbiota with consequences on allergic skin disease outcome. Primarily, these data indicate that manipulating the gut microbiota may help in the development of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of human allergic skin pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Plantamura
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111-CNRS UMR5308, 69365 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Amiran Dzutsev
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Mathias Chamaillard
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, F-59000 Lille, France
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- UMR 8204, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-59000 Lille, France
- U1019, Team 7, Equipe Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sophia Djebali
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111-CNRS UMR5308, 69365 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Lyvia Moudombi
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111-CNRS UMR5308, 69365 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Lilia Boucinha
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111-CNRS UMR5308, 69365 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Morgan Grau
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111-CNRS UMR5308, 69365 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Claire Macari
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111-CNRS UMR5308, 69365 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - David Bauché
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, 69008 Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France
- Transforming Growth Factor-b and Immune-Evasion Group, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oana Dumitrescu
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111-CNRS UMR5308, 69365 Lyon Cedex 07, France
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69002 Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Rasigade
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111-CNRS UMR5308, 69365 Lyon Cedex 07, France
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69002 Lyon, France
| | - Saskia Lippens
- Inflammation Research Center, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michelina Plateroti
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, 69008 Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Elsa Kress
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, 69008 Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Annabelle Cesaro
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Clovis Bondu
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, INSERM U1019, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ulrike Rothermel
- Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwälder
- Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerard Lina
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111-CNRS UMR5308, 69365 Lyon Cedex 07, France
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69002 Lyon, France
| | - Azzak Bentaher-Belaaouaj
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111-CNRS UMR5308, 69365 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Julien C Marie
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, 69008 Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France
- Transforming Growth Factor-b and Immune-Evasion Group, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christophe Caux
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, 69008 Lyon, France
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Jacqueline Marvel
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111-CNRS UMR5308, 69365 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Marie-Cecile Michallet
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111-CNRS UMR5308, 69365 Lyon Cedex 07, France;
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Pitzer C, La Porta C, Treede RD, Tappe-Theodor A. Inflammatory and neuropathic pain conditions do not primarily evoke anxiety-like behaviours in C57BL/6 mice. Eur J Pain 2018; 23:285-306. [PMID: 30098102 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pain is often accompanied by comorbidities like anxiety and depression. The temporal correlations, as well as the underlying mechanisms of these reciprocal correlations, are unclear. Moreover, preclinical studies examining emotional behaviour are very controversial, and a chronological analysis of anxiety-like behaviour in mouse pain models considering both genders has not been performed so far. METHODS We used several behavioural tests to assess and validate anxiety-like behaviour in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and spared nerve injury (SNI) pain models in C57BL/6 mice. Among these were the elevated plus maze test, open field test, hole-board test and light-dark test. Additionally, we included a late stage analysis of depression-like behaviour using the forced swim test. All tests were applied once for each cohort of mice. Importantly, we used C57BL/6N mice of both genders; we investigated the effect of social isolation, the impact of pain induction to either the right or left hind limb and also investigated C57BL/6J mice. RESULTS The validity of test conditions was confirmed using the anxiogenic drugs Yohimbine and Pentylenetetrazol. Anxiety-like behaviour was analysed throughout the time period when mice exhibited hypersensitivity to mechanical stimuli. We did not observe any consistent alteration in anxiety-like behaviour at any of the investigated time points between 1 and 14 days following CFA-induced inflammation or 3 and 84 days following SNI surgery using different behavioural tests. CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory and neuropathic pain conditions do not primarily evoke anxiety- and depression-like behavioural alterations within the herein investigated time period. SIGNIFICANCE Anxiety-like behaviour is not primarily altered following CFA and SNI in C57BL6 mice, irrespective of the gender, mouse sub-strain, housing conditions or affected body side within the herein investigated time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pitzer
- Interdisciplinary Neurobehavioral Core (INBC), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carmen La Porta
- Pharmacology Institute, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rolf-Detlef Treede
- Department of Neurophysiology, Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Timm D, Cain JT, Geraets RD, White KA, Koh SY, Kielian T, Pearce DA, Hastings ML, Weimer JM. Searching for novel biomarkers using a mouse model of CLN3-Batten disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201470. [PMID: 30086172 PMCID: PMC6080763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CLN3-Batten disease is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder involving seizures, visual, motor and cognitive decline, and premature death. The Cln3Δex7/8 mouse model recapitulates several phenotypic characteristics of the most common 1.02kb disease-associated deletion. Identification of reproducible biomarker(s) to facilitate longitudinal monitoring of disease progression and provide readouts for therapeutic response has remained elusive. One factor that has complicated the identification of suitable biomarkers in this mouse model has been that variations in animal husbandry appear to significantly influence readouts. In the current study, we cross-compared a number of biological parameters in blood from Cln3Δex7/8 mice and control, non-disease mice on the same genetic background from multiple animal facilities in an attempt to better define a surrogate marker of CLN3-Batten disease. Interestingly, we found that significant differences between Batten and non-disease mice found at one site were generally not maintained across different facilities. Our results suggest that colony variation in the Cln3Δex7/8 mouse model of CLN3-Batten disease can influence potential biomarkers of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Timm
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jacob T. Cain
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Ryan D. Geraets
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- The University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Katherine A. White
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Seung yon Koh
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Tammy Kielian
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - David A. Pearce
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- The University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Michelle L. Hastings
- Center for Genetic Disease, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jill M. Weimer
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- The University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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226
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Morales-Hernández A, Martinat A, Chabot A, Kang G, McKinney-Freeman S. Elevated Oxidative Stress Impairs Hematopoietic Progenitor Function in C57BL/6 Substrains. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:334-347. [PMID: 30017822 PMCID: PMC6093083 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
C57BL/6N (N) and C57BL/6J (J) mice possess key genetic differences, including a deletion in the Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (Nnt) gene that results in a non-functional protein in J mice. NNT regulates mitochondrial oxidative stress. Although elevated oxidative stress can compromise hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) function, it is unknown whether N- and J-HSPCs are functionally equivalent. Here, we report that J-HSPCs display compromised short-term hematopoietic repopulating activity relative to N-HSPCs that is defined by a delay in lymphoid reconstitution and impaired function of specific multi-potent progenitor populations post transplant. J-HSPCs also displayed elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) relative to N-HSPCs post transplant and upregulate ROS levels more in response to hematopoietic stress. Nnt knockdown in N-HSPCs recapitulated J-HSPCs’ short-term repopulating defect, indicating that NNT loss contributes to this defect. In summary, C57BL/6N and C57BL/6J HSPCs are not functionally equivalent, which should be considered when determining the substrain most appropriate for investigations of HSPC biology. C57BL/6J-HSPCs display a repopulating disadvantage relative to C57BL/6N-HSPCs C57BL/6J-HSPCs display greater oxidative stress post transplant than C57BL/6N-HSPCs Nnt loss contributes to the functional differences between C57BL/6N and C57BL/6J-HSPCs MPP3 and MPP4 are the HSPCs populations responsible for the repopulating differences
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Martinat
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ashley Chabot
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Guolian Kang
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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227
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Rosenberg HF, Druey KM. Modeling asthma: Pitfalls, promises, and the road ahead. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:41-48. [PMID: 29451705 PMCID: PMC6134392 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr1117-436r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic, heterogeneous, and recurring inflammatory disease of the lower airways, with exacerbations that feature airway inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Asthma has been modeled extensively via disease induction in both wild-type and genetically manipulated laboratory mice (Mus musculus). Antigen sensitization and challenge strategies have reproduced numerous important features of airway inflammation characteristic of human asthma, notably the critical roles of type 2 T helper cell cytokines. Recent models of disease induction have advanced to include physiologic aeroallergens with prolonged respiratory challenge without systemic sensitization; others incorporate tobacco, respiratory viruses, or bacteria as exacerbants. Nonetheless, differences in lung size, structure, and physiologic responses limit the degree to which airway dynamics measured in mice can be compared to human subjects. Other rodent allergic airways models, including those featuring the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) might be considered for lung function studies. Finally, domestic cats (Feline catus) and horses (Equus caballus) develop spontaneous obstructive airway disorders with clinical and pathologic features that parallel human asthma. Information on pathogenesis and treatment of these disorders is an important resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene F. Rosenberg
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kirk M. Druey
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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228
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Aziz NM, Guedj F, Pennings JLA, Olmos-Serrano JL, Siegel A, Haydar TF, Bianchi DW. Lifespan analysis of brain development, gene expression and behavioral phenotypes in the Ts1Cje, Ts65Dn and Dp(16)1/Yey mouse models of Down syndrome. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm031013. [PMID: 29716957 PMCID: PMC6031353 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.031013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) results from triplication of human chromosome 21. Neuropathological hallmarks of DS include atypical central nervous system development that manifests prenatally and extends throughout life. As a result, individuals with DS exhibit cognitive and motor deficits, and have delays in achieving developmental milestones. To determine whether different mouse models of DS recapitulate the human prenatal and postnatal phenotypes, here, we directly compared brain histogenesis, gene expression and behavior over the lifespan of three cytogenetically distinct mouse models of DS: Ts1Cje, Ts65Dn and Dp(16)1/Yey. Histological data indicated that Ts65Dn mice were the most consistently affected with respect to somatic growth, neurogenesis and brain morphogenesis. Embryonic and adult gene expression results showed that Ts1Cje and Ts65Dn brains had considerably more differentially expressed (DEX) genes compared with Dp(16)1/Yey mice, despite the larger number of triplicated genes in the latter model. In addition, DEX genes showed little overlap in identity and chromosomal distribution in the three models, leading to dissimilarities in affected functional pathways. Perinatal and adult behavioral testing also highlighted differences among the models in their abilities to achieve various developmental milestones and perform hippocampal- and motor-based tasks. Interestingly, Dp(16)1/Yey mice showed no abnormalities in prenatal brain phenotypes, yet they manifested behavioral deficits starting at postnatal day 15 that continued through adulthood. In contrast, Ts1Cje mice showed mildly abnormal embryonic brain phenotypes, but only select behavioral deficits as neonates and adults. Altogether, our data showed widespread and unexpected fundamental differences in behavioral, gene expression and brain development phenotypes between these three mouse models. Our findings illustrate unique limitations of each model when studying aspects of brain development and function in DS. This work helps to inform model selection in future studies investigating how observed neurodevelopmental abnormalities arise, how they contribute to cognitive impairment, and when testing therapeutic molecules to ameliorate the intellectual disability associated with DS.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine M Aziz
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Faycal Guedj
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jose Luis Olmos-Serrano
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Ashley Siegel
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tarik F Haydar
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Diana W Bianchi
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Wang X, Dong Q, Li Q, Li Y, Zhao D, Sun J, Fu J, Meng F, Lin H, Luan J, Liu B, Wang M, Wang FS, He F, Tang L. Dysregulated Response of Follicular Helper T Cells to Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Promotes HBV Persistence in Mice and Associates With Outcomes of Patients. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:2222-2236. [PMID: 29544722 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Production of neutralizing antibodies against hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is dysregulated in patients with persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. We investigated mechanisms by which this immune response to the virus is disrupted and whether it can be restored to promote clearance of HBV. METHODS Immune-competent C57BL/6N and C57BL/6J, as well as mice deficient in follicular helper T cells (Tfh-cell-deficient), B cells, or Foxp3+ T-regulatory cells (Treg cell deficient), were given hydrodynamic injections of pAAV/HBV1.2 plasmids. Some mice were given injections of sorted Tfh cells, pan-B cells, Treg cells, or a blocking antibody against CTLA4. Production of antibodies against HBsAg and clearance of HBV were assessed by flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemical analyses. We obtained blood samples from patients with HBV infection and isolated Treg cells. We measured the ability of Treg cells to suppress production of interleukin 21 (IL21) in CD4+ T cells. RESULTS Immune-competent C57BL/6N and C57BL/6J mice transfected with the plasmid encoding HBV had features of viral clearance and viral persistence observed in humans. A Tfh-cell response to HBsAg was required for clearance of HBV and was suppressed by Treg cells in mice with persistent HBV infection. Depletion of Treg cells or inhibition of Treg-cell function (with blocking antibody against CTLA4) restored the Tfh-cell response against HBsAg and clearance of HBV in mice. Impaired Tfh-cell response to HBsAg was observed in blood from patients with chronic HBV infection, responsiveness was restored by depletion of Treg cells or blocking antibody against CTLA4. CONCLUSIONS In studies of HBV-infected mice and blood from patients with chronic HBV infection, we found a Tfh-cell response to HBsAg of to be required for HBV clearance, and that this response was blocked by Treg cells. Inhibiting Treg-cell activity using neutralizing antibody against CTLA4 restored the ability of Tfh cells to clear HBV infection; this approach might be developed for treatment of patients with chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, P.R. China; School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qingyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, P.R. China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Dianyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jinjie Sun
- Air Force General Hospital, PLA, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Junliang Fu
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fanping Meng
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hu Lin
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Luan
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Biao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Center of Infectious Disease, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fuchu He
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, P.R. China; School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
| | - Li Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, P.R. China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, P.R. China.
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230
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Cooper MA, O'Meara B, Jack MM, Elliot D, Lamb B, Khan ZW, Menta BW, Ryals JM, Winter MK, Wright DE. Intrinsic Activity of C57BL/6 Substrains Associates with High-Fat Diet-Induced Mechanical Sensitivity in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2018; 19:1285-1295. [PMID: 29803670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Pain is significantly impacted by the increasing epidemic of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Our understanding of how these features impact pain is only beginning to be developed. Herein, we have investigated how small genetic differences among C57BL/6 mice from 2 different commercial vendors lead to important differences in the development of high-fat diet-induced mechanical sensitivity. Two substrains of C57BL/6 mice from Jackson Laboratories (Bar Harbor, ME; C57BL/6J and C57BL/6NIH), as well as C57BL/6 from Charles Rivers Laboratories (Wilmington, MA; C57BL/6CR) were placed on high-fat diets and analyzed for changes in metabolic features influenced by high-fat diet and obesity, as well as measures of pain-related behaviors. All 3 substrains responded to the high-fat diet; however, C57BL/6CR mice had the highest weights, fat mass, and impaired glucose tolerance of the 3 substrains. In addition, the C57BL/6CR mice were the only strain to develop significant mechanical sensitivity over the course of 8 weeks. Importantly, the C57BL/6J mice were protected from mechanical sensitivity, which may be based on increased physical activity compared with the other 2 substrains. These findings suggest that activity may play a powerful role in protecting metabolic changes associated with a high-fat diet and that these may also be protective in pain-associated changes as a result of a high-fat diet. These findings also emphasize the importance of selection and transparency in choosing C57BL/6 substrains in pain-related research. PERSPECTIVE: Obesity and the metabolic syndrome play an important role in pain. This study identifies key differences in the response to a high-fat diet among substrains of C57BL/6 mice and differences in intrinsic physical activity that may influence pain sensitivity. The results emphasize physical activity as a powerful modulator of obesity-related pain sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Cooper
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Bryn O'Meara
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Megan M Jack
- Departments of Neurosurgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Dan Elliot
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Bradley Lamb
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Zair W Khan
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Blaise W Menta
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Janelle M Ryals
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Michelle K Winter
- Departments of Kansas Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Douglas E Wright
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
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231
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Helicobacter pylori-infected C57BL/6 mice with different gastrointestinal microbiota have contrasting gastric pathology, microbial and host immune responses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8014. [PMID: 29789574 PMCID: PMC5964229 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25927-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
C57BL/6 (B6) mice from Taconic Sciences (Tac) and the Jackson Laboratory (Jax) were infected with H. pylori PMSS1 (Hp) for 16 week; there was no significant difference in the gastric histologic activity index between Hp infected Tac and Jax B6. However, the degree of gastric mucous metaplasia and Th1-associated IgG2c levels in response to Hp infection were increased in Tac mice over Jax mice, whereas the colonization levels of gastric Hp were higher by 8-fold in Jax B6 compared with Tac B6. Additionally, mRNA expression of gastric Il-1β, Il-17A and RegIIIγ were significantly lower in the infected Tac compared to the infected Jax mice. There were significant differences in the microbial community structures in stomach, colon, and feces between Jax and Tac B6 females. Differences in gastric microbial communities between Jax and Tac B6 females are predicted to affect the metagenome. Moreover, Hp infection perturbed the microbial community structures in the stomach, colon and feces of Jax mice, but only altered the colonic microbial composition of Tac mice. Our data indicate that the GI microbiome of Tac B6 mice is compositionally distinct from Jax B6 mice, which likely resulted in different pathological, immunological, and microbial responses to Hp infection.
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232
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Panzeri I, Pospisilik JA. Epigenetic control of variation and stochasticity in metabolic disease. Mol Metab 2018; 14:26-38. [PMID: 29909200 PMCID: PMC6034039 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The alarming rise of obesity and its associated comorbidities represents a medical burden and a major global health and economic issue. Understanding etiological mechanisms underpinning susceptibility and therapeutic response is of primary importance. Obesity, diabetes, and metabolic diseases are complex trait disorders with only partial genetic heritability, indicating important roles for environmental programing and epigenetic effects. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW We will highlight some of the reasons for the scarce predictability of metabolic diseases. We will outline how genetic variants generate phenotypic variation in disease susceptibility across populations. We will then focus on recent conclusions about epigenetic mechanisms playing a fundamental role in increasing variability and subsequently disease triggering. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Currently, we are unable to predict or mechanistically define how "missing heritability" drives disease. Unravelling this black box of regulatory processes will allow us to move towards a truly personalized and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Panzeri
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - John Andrew Pospisilik
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg, Germany.
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233
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Hiroi N. Critical reappraisal of mechanistic links of copy number variants to dimensional constructs of neuropsychiatric disorders in mouse models. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 72:301-321. [PMID: 29369447 PMCID: PMC5935536 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Copy number variants are deletions and duplications of a few thousand to million base pairs and are associated with extraordinarily high levels of autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, intellectual disability, or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The unprecedented levels of robust and reproducible penetrance of copy number variants make them one of the most promising and reliable entry points to delve into the mechanistic bases of many mental disorders. However, the precise mechanistic bases of these associations still remain elusive in humans due to the many genes encoded in each copy number variant and the diverse associated phenotypic features. Genetically engineered mice have provided a technical means to ascertain precise genetic mechanisms of association between copy number variants and dimensional aspects of mental illnesses. Molecular, cellular, and neuronal phenotypes can be detected as potential mechanistic substrates for various behavioral constructs of mental illnesses. However, mouse models come with many technical pitfalls. Genetic background is not well controlled in many mouse models, leading to rather obvious interpretative issues. Dose alterations of many copy number variants and single genes within copy number variants result in some molecular, cellular, and neuronal phenotypes without a behavioral phenotype or with a behavioral phenotype opposite to what is seen in humans. In this review, I discuss technical and interpretative pitfalls of mouse models of copy number variants and highlight well-controlled studies to suggest potential neuronal mechanisms of dimensional aspects of mental illnesses. Mouse models of copy number variants represent toeholds to achieve a better understanding of the mechanistic bases of dimensions of neuropsychiatric disorders and thus for development of mechanism-based therapeutic options in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Hiroi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA.,Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
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234
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Okuda K, Takao K, Watanabe A, Miyakawa T, Mizuguchi M, Tanaka T. Comprehensive behavioral analysis of the Cdkl5 knockout mice revealed significant enhancement in anxiety- and fear-related behaviors and impairment in both acquisition and long-term retention of spatial reference memory. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196587. [PMID: 29702698 PMCID: PMC5922552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) gene cause severe neurodevelopmental disorders. Recently we have generated Cdkl5 KO mice by targeting exon 2 on the C57BL/6N background, and demonstrated postsynaptic overaccumulation of GluN2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the hippocampus. In the current study, we subjected the Cdkl5 KO mice to a battery of comprehensive behavioral tests, aiming to reveal the effects of loss of CDKL5 in a whole perspective of motor, emotional, social, and cognition/memory functions, and to identify its undetermined roles. The neurological screen, rotarod, hot plate, prepulse inhibition, light/dark transition, open field, elevated plus maze, Porsolt forced swim, tail suspension, one-chamber and three-chamber social interaction, 24-h home cage monitoring, contextual and cued fear conditioning, Barnes maze, and T-maze tests were applied on adult Cdkl5 -/Y and +/Y mice. Cdkl5 -/Y mice showed a mild alteration in the gait. Analyses of emotional behaviors revealed significantly enhanced anxiety-like behaviors of Cdkl5 -/Y mice. Depressive-like behaviors and social interaction of Cdkl5 -/Y mice were uniquely altered. The contextual and cued fear conditioning of Cdkl5 -/Y mice were comparable to control mice; however, Cdkl5 -/Y mice showed a significantly increased freezing time and a significantly decreased distance traveled during the pretone period in the altered context. Both acquisition and long-term retention of spatial reference memory were significantly impaired. The morphometric analysis of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons revealed impaired dendritic arborization and immature spine development in Cdkl5 -/Y mice. These results indicate that CDKL5 plays significant roles in regulating emotional behaviors especially on anxiety- and fear-related responses, and in both acquisition and long-term retention of spatial reference memory, which suggests that focus and special attention should be paid to the specific mechanisms of these deficits in the CDKL5 deficiency disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Okuda
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keizo Takao
- Section of Behavior Patterns, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Aya Watanabe
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
- Section of Behavior Patterns, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizuguchi
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Tanaka
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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235
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Yang T, Hu N, Pangršič T, Green S, Hansen M, Lee A. Functions of CaBP1 and CaBP2 in the peripheral auditory system. Hear Res 2018; 364:48-58. [PMID: 29661613 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CaBPs are a family of Ca2+ binding proteins related to calmodulin. Two CaBP family members, CaBP1 and CaBP2, are highly expressed in the cochlea. Here, we investigated the significance of CaBP1 and CaBP2 for hearing in mice lacking expression of these proteins (CaBP1 KO and CaBP2 KO) using auditory brain responses (ABRs) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs). In CaBP1 KO mice, ABR wave I was larger in amplitude, and shorter in latency and faster in decay, suggestive of enhanced synchrony of auditory nerve fibers. This interpretation was supported by the greater excitability of CaBP1 KO than WT neurons in whole-cell patch clamp recordings of spiral ganglion neurons in culture, and normal presynaptic function of CaBP1 KO IHCs. DPOAEs and ABR thresholds were normal in 4-week old CaBP1 KO mice, but elevated ABR thresholds became evident at 32 kHz at 9 weeks, and at 8 and 16 kHz by 6 months of age. In contrast, CaBP2 KO mice exhibited significant ABR threshold elevations at 4 weeks of age that became more severe in the mid-frequency range by 9 weeks. Though normal at 4 weeks, DPOAEs in CaBP2 KO mice were significantly reduced in the mid-frequency range by 9 weeks. Our results reveal requirements for CaBP1 and CaBP2 in the peripheral auditory system and highlight the diverse modes by which CaBPs influence sensory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Yang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Otolaryngology Head-Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ning Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head-Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Tina Pangršič
- Synaptic Physiology of Mammalian Vestibular Hair Cells Group, Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Steven Green
- Department of Otolaryngology Head-Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Marlan Hansen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head-Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Amy Lee
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Otolaryngology Head-Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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236
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Karatsoreos IN. Stress: Common themes toward the next frontier. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 49:3-7. [PMID: 29470993 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
"Stress is complicated". A phrase uttered by many a stress researcher. This is true, from the vast array of stimuli considered "stressors" to the interactive and hormetic nature of the molecular, cellular, endocrine, and behavioral responses generated by such stressors. This commentary takes the position that stress researchers are poised to make even bigger contributions if they begin to shift from investigating the myriad effects of stress on brain and body, and to refocus a larger part of our efforts on more in-depth investigations of common themes in stress biology, with the goal of uncovering potential "universal principles" of stress that may help us better interpret the findings at higher levels of analysis, and provide a structured approach to help breach the next frontiers of stress research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia N Karatsoreos
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States.
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237
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Kohlstedt K, Trouvain C, Frömel T, Mudersbach T, Henschler R, Fleming I. Role of the angiotensin-converting enzyme in the G-CSF-induced mobilization of progenitor cells. Basic Res Cardiol 2018; 113:18. [PMID: 29549541 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-018-0677-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In addition to being a peptidase, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) can be phosphorylated and involved in signal transduction. We evaluated the role of ACE in granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-induced hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) mobilization and detected a significant increase in mice-lacking ACE. Transplantation experiments revealed that the loss of ACE in the HPC microenvironment rather than in the HPCs increased mobilization. Indeed, although ACE was expressed by a small population of bone-marrow cells, it was more strongly expressed by endosteal bone. Interestingly, there was a physical association of ACE with the G-CSF receptor (CD114), and G-CSF elicited ACE phosphorylation on Ser1270 in vivo and in vitro. A transgenic mouse expressing a non-phosphorylatable ACE (ACES/A) mutant demonstrated increased G-CSF-induced HPC mobilization and decreased G-CSF-induced phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT5. These results indicate that ACE expression/phosphorylation in the bone-marrow niche interface negatively regulates G-CSF-induced signaling and HPC mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Kohlstedt
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Caroline Trouvain
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Timo Frömel
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Mudersbach
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Reinhard Henschler
- Blood Donor Services Zürich and Chur, Swiss Red Cross, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. .,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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238
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Ashbrook DG, Mulligan MK, Williams RW. Post-genomic behavioral genetics: From revolution to routine. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 17:e12441. [PMID: 29193773 PMCID: PMC5876106 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
What was once expensive and revolutionary-full-genome sequence-is now affordable and routine. Costs will continue to drop, opening up new frontiers in behavioral genetics. This shift in costs from the genome to the phenome is most notable in large clinical studies of behavior and associated diseases in cohorts that exceed hundreds of thousands of subjects. Examples include the Women's Health Initiative (www.whi.org), the Million Veterans Program (www. RESEARCH va.gov/MVP), the 100 000 Genomes Project (genomicsengland.co.uk) and commercial efforts such as those by deCode (www.decode.com) and 23andme (www.23andme.com). The same transition is happening in experimental neuro- and behavioral genetics, and sample sizes of many hundreds of cases are becoming routine (www.genenetwork.org, www.mousephenotyping.org). There are two major consequences of this new affordability of massive omics datasets: (1) it is now far more practical to explore genetic modulation of behavioral differences and the key role of gene-by-environment interactions. Researchers are already doing the hard part-the quantitative analysis of behavior. Adding the omics component can provide powerful links to molecules, cells, circuits and even better treatment. (2) There is an acute need to highlight and train behavioral scientists in how best to exploit new omics approaches. This review addresses this second issue and highlights several new trends and opportunities that will be of interest to experts in animal and human behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Ashbrook
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - M K Mulligan
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - R W Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee
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239
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MicroRNA degradation by a conserved target RNA regulates animal behavior. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2018; 25:244-251. [PMID: 29483647 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-018-0032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) repress target transcripts through partial complementarity. By contrast, highly complementary miRNA-binding sites within viral and artificially engineered transcripts induce miRNA degradation in vitro and in cell lines. Here, we show that a genome-encoded transcript harboring a near-perfect and deeply conserved miRNA-binding site for miR-29 controls zebrafish and mouse behavior. This transcript originated in basal vertebrates as a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and evolved to the protein-coding gene NREP in mammals, where the miR-29-binding site is located within the 3' UTR. We show that the near-perfect miRNA site selectively triggers miR-29b destabilization through 3' trimming and restricts its spatial expression in the cerebellum. Genetic disruption of the miR-29 site within mouse Nrep results in ectopic expression of cerebellar miR-29b and impaired coordination and motor learning. Thus, we demonstrate an endogenous target-RNA-directed miRNA degradation event and its requirement for animal behavior.
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240
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Vozenilek AE, Vetkoetter M, Green JM, Shen X, Traylor JG, Klein RL, Orr AW, Woolard MD, Krzywanski DM. Absence of Nicotinamide Nucleotide Transhydrogenase in C57BL/6J Mice Exacerbates Experimental Atherosclerosis. J Vasc Res 2018; 55:98-110. [PMID: 29455203 DOI: 10.1159/000486337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to inflammation and vascular remodeling during atherosclerotic plaque formation. C57BL/6N (6N) and C57BL/6J (6J) mice display distinct mitochondrial redox balance due to the absence of nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) in 6J mice. We hypothesize that differential NNT expression between these animals alters plaque development. METHODS 6N and 6J mice were treated with AAV8-PCSK9 (adeno-associated virus serotype 8/proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) virus leading to hypercholesterolemia, increased low-density lipoprotein, and atherosclerosis in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Mice were co-treated with the mitochondria-targeted superoxide dismutase mimetic MitoTEMPO to assess the contribution of mitochondrial ROS to atherosclerosis. RESULTS Baseline and HFD-induced vascular superoxide is increased in 6J compared to 6N mice. MitoTEMPO diminished superoxide in both groups demonstrating differential production of mitochondrial ROS among these strains. PCSK9 treatment and HFD led to similar increases in plasma lipids in both 6N and 6J mice. However, 6J animals displayed significantly higher levels of plaque formation. MitoTEMPO reduced plasma lipids but did not affect plaque formation in 6N mice. In contrast, MitoTEMPO surprisingly increased plaque formation in 6J mice. CONCLUSION These data indicate that loss of NNT increases vascular ROS production and exacerbates atherosclerotic plaque development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee E Vozenilek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.,Center for Cardiovascular Disease and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Matthew Vetkoetter
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.,Center for Cardiovascular Disease and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jonette M Green
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, School of Medicine, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.,Center for Cardiovascular Disease and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Xinggui Shen
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, School of Medicine, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.,Center for Cardiovascular Disease and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - James G Traylor
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, School of Medicine, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ronald L Klein
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.,Center for Cardiovascular Disease and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - A Wayne Orr
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, School of Medicine, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.,Center for Cardiovascular Disease and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Matthew D Woolard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.,Center for Cardiovascular Disease and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - David M Krzywanski
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.,Center for Cardiovascular Disease and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
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241
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Chronic Airway Fibrosis in Orthotopic Mouse Lung Transplantation Models—An Experimental Reappraisal. Transplantation 2018; 102:e49-e58. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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242
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An JY, Darveau R, Kaeberlein M. Oral health in geroscience: animal models and the aging oral cavity. GeroScience 2018; 40:1-10. [PMID: 29282653 PMCID: PMC5832657 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-017-0004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is the single greatest risk factor for many diseases, including oral diseases. Despite this, a majority of preclinical oral health research has not adequately considered the importance of aging in research aimed at the mechanistic understanding of oral disease. Here, we have attempted to provide insights from animal studies in the geroscience field and apply them in the context of oral health research. In particular, we discuss the relationship between the biology of aging and mechanisms of oral disease. We also present a framework for defining and utilizing age-appropriate rodents and present experimental design considerations, such as the number of age-points used and the importance of genetic background. While focused primarily on rodent models, alternative animal models that may be particularly useful for studies of oral health during aging, such as companion dogs and marmoset monkeys, are also discussed. We hope that such information will aid in the design of future preclinical studies of geriatric dental health, thus allowing more reliability for translation of such studies to age-associated oral disease in people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Y An
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Richard Darveau
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Matt Kaeberlein
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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243
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Heinla I, Åhlgren J, Vasar E, Voikar V. Behavioural characterization of C57BL/6N and BALB/c female mice in social home cage - Effect of mixed housing in complex environment. Physiol Behav 2018; 188:32-41. [PMID: 29382562 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Developing reliable mouse models for social behaviour is challenging. Different tests have been proposed, but most of them consist of rather artificial confrontations of unfamiliar mice in novel arenas or are relying on social stress induced by aggressive conspecifics. Natural social interaction in home cage in laboratory has not been investigated well. IntelliCage is a fully automated home-cage system, where activity of the group-housed mice can be monitored along with various cognitive tasks. Here we report the behavioural profile of C57BL/6N (B6) and BALB/c (BALB) female mice in IntelliCage when separated by strain, followed by monitoring of activity and formation of 'home-base' after mixing two strains. For that purpose, 3 cages were connected. Significant differences between the strains were established in baseline behaviour in conventional tests and in IntelliCage. The B6 mice showed reduced anxiety-like behaviour in open field and light-dark box, slightly enhanced exploratory activity in IntelliCage during initial adaptation and clearly distinct circadian activity. Mixing of two strains resulted in reduction of body weight and anhedonia in B6 mice. In addition, the B6 mice showed clear preference to previous home-cage, and formed a new home-base faster than BALB mice. In contrast, BALB mice showed enhanced activity and moving between the cages without showing any preference to previous home-cage. It could be argued that social challenge caused changes in both strains and different coping styles are responsible for behavioural manifestations. Altogether, this approach could be useful in modelling and validating mouse models for disorders with disturbed social behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrek Heinla
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Johanna Åhlgren
- Laboratory Animal Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Vasar
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vootele Voikar
- Laboratory Animal Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Finland; Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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244
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Abstract
Pain is an increasing clinical challenge affecting about half the population, with a substantial number of people suffering daily intense pain. Such suffering can be linked to the dramatic rise in opioid use and associated deaths in the United States. There is a pressing need for new analgesics with limited side effects. Here, we summarize what we know about the genetics of pain and implications for drug development. We make the case that chronic pain is not one but a set of disease states, with peripheral drive a key element in most. We argue that understanding redundancy and plasticity, hallmarks of the nervous system, is critical in developing analgesic drug strategies. We describe the exploitation of monogenic pain syndromes and genetic association studies to define analgesic targets, as well as issues associated with animal models of pain. We appraise present-day screening technologies and describe recent approaches to pain treatment that hold promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Sexton
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;
| | - James J Cox
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;
| | - Jing Zhao
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;
| | - John N Wood
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;
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245
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Meimaridou E, Goldsworthy M, Chortis V, Fragouli E, Foster PA, Arlt W, Cox R, Metherell LA. NNT is a key regulator of adrenal redox homeostasis and steroidogenesis in male mice. J Endocrinol 2018; 236:13-28. [PMID: 29046340 PMCID: PMC5744559 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase, NNT, is a ubiquitous protein of the inner mitochondrial membrane with a key role in mitochondrial redox balance. NNT produces high concentrations of NADPH for detoxification of reactive oxygen species by glutathione and thioredoxin pathways. In humans, NNT dysfunction leads to an adrenal-specific disorder, glucocorticoid deficiency. Certain substrains of C57BL/6 mice contain a spontaneously occurring inactivating Nnt mutation and display glucocorticoid deficiency along with glucose intolerance and reduced insulin secretion. To understand the underlying mechanism(s) behind the glucocorticoid deficiency, we performed comprehensive RNA-seq on adrenals from wild-type (C57BL/6N), mutant (C57BL/6J) and BAC transgenic mice overexpressing Nnt (C57BL/6JBAC). The following results were obtained. Our data suggest that Nnt deletion (or overexpression) reduces adrenal steroidogenic output by decreasing the expression of crucial, mitochondrial antioxidant (Prdx3 and Txnrd2) and steroidogenic (Cyp11a1) enzymes. Pathway analysis also revealed upregulation of heat shock protein machinery and haemoglobins possibly in response to the oxidative stress initiated by NNT ablation. In conclusion, using transcriptomic profiling in adrenals from three mouse models, we showed that disturbances in adrenal redox homeostasis are mediated not only by under expression of NNT but also by its overexpression. Further, we demonstrated that both under expression or overexpression of NNT reduced corticosterone output implying a central role for it in the control of steroidogenesis. This is likely due to a reduction in the expression of a key steroidogenic enzyme, Cyp11a1, which mirrored the reduction in corticosterone output.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Meimaridou
- Centre for EndocrinologyWilliam Harvey Research Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - M Goldsworthy
- MRC Harwell InstituteGenetics of Type 2 Diabetes, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - V Chortis
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchUniversity of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - E Fragouli
- Centre for EndocrinologyWilliam Harvey Research Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - P A Foster
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchUniversity of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - W Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems ResearchUniversity of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - R Cox
- MRC Harwell InstituteGenetics of Type 2 Diabetes, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - L A Metherell
- Centre for EndocrinologyWilliam Harvey Research Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
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246
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Karunakaran S, Clee SM. Genetics of metabolic syndrome: potential clues from wild-derived inbred mouse strains. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:35-51. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00059.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex constellation of metabolic abnormalities including obesity, abnormal glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia, and elevated blood pressure that together substantially increase risk for cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of MetS, but this process is still far from understood. Human studies have revealed only part of the underlying basis. Studies in mice offer many strengths that can complement human studies to help elucidate the etiology and pathophysiology of MetS. Here we review the ways mice can contribute to MetS research. In particular, we focus on the information that can be obtained from studies of the inbred strains, with specific focus on the phenotypes of the wild-derived inbred strains. These are newly derived inbred strains that were created from wild-caught mice. They contain substantial genetic variation that is not present in the classical inbred strains, have phenotypes of relevance for MetS, and various mouse strain resources have been created to facilitate the mining of this new genetic variation. Thus studies using wild-derived inbred strains hold great promise for increasing our understanding of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subashini Karunakaran
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Susanne M. Clee
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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247
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Parilla JH, Willard JR, Barrow BM, Zraika S. A Mouse Model of Beta-Cell Dysfunction as Seen in Human Type 2 Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2018; 2018:6106051. [PMID: 29854823 PMCID: PMC5952555 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6106051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of first-phase insulin release is an early pathogenic feature of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Various mouse models exist to study T2D; however, few recapitulate the early β-cell defects seen in humans. We sought to develop a nongenetic mouse model of T2D that exhibits reduced first-phase insulin secretion without a significant deficit in pancreatic insulin content. C57BL/6J mice were fed 10% or 60% fat diet for three weeks, followed by three consecutive, once-daily intraperitoneal injections of the β-cell toxin streptozotocin (STZ; 30, 50, or 75 mg/kg) or vehicle. Four weeks after injections, the first-phase insulin response to glucose was reduced in mice when high-fat diet was combined with 30, 50, or 75 mg/kg STZ. This was accompanied by diminished second-phase insulin release and elevated fed glucose levels. Further, body weight gain, pancreatic insulin content, and β-cell area were decreased in high fat-fed mice treated with 50 and 75 mg/kg STZ, but not 30 mg/kg STZ. Low fat-fed mice were relatively resistant to STZ, with the exception of reduced pancreatic insulin content and β-cell area. Together, these data demonstrate that in high fat-fed mice, three once-daily injections of 30 mg/kg STZ produces a model of β-cell failure without insulin deficiency that may be useful in studies investigating the etiology and progression of human T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline H. Parilla
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Joshua R. Willard
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Breanne M. Barrow
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Sakeneh Zraika
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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248
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Manahan-Vaughan D. Special Considerations When Using Mice for In Vivo Electrophysiology and Long-Term Studies of Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity During Behavior. HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-812028-6.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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249
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Hornick EE, Banoth B, Miller AM, Zacharias ZR, Jain N, Wilson ME, Gibson-Corley KN, Legge KL, Bishop GA, Sutterwala FS, Cassel SL. Nlrp12 Mediates Adverse Neutrophil Recruitment during Influenza Virus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:1188-1197. [PMID: 29282312 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Exaggerated inflammatory responses during influenza A virus (IAV) infection are typically associated with severe disease. Neutrophils are among the immune cells that can drive this excessive and detrimental inflammation. In moderation, however, neutrophils are necessary for optimal viral control. In this study, we explore the role of the nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing receptor family member Nlrp12 in modulating neutrophilic responses during lethal IAV infection. Nlrp12-/- mice are protected from lethality during IAV infection and show decreased vascular permeability, fewer pulmonary neutrophils, and a reduction in levels of neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL1 in their lungs compared with wild-type mice. Nlrp12-/- neutrophils and dendritic cells within the IAV-infected lungs produce less CXCL1 than their wild-type counterparts. Decreased CXCL1 production by Nlrp12-/- dendritic cells was not due to a difference in CXCL1 protein stability, but instead to a decrease in Cxcl1 mRNA stability. Together, these data demonstrate a previously unappreciated role for Nlrp12 in exacerbating the pathogenesis of IAV infection through the regulation of CXCL1-mediated neutrophilic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Hornick
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Balaji Banoth
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Ann M Miller
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Zeb R Zacharias
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Nidhi Jain
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Mary E Wilson
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246; and
| | | | - Kevin L Legge
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Gail A Bishop
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246; and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Fayyaz S Sutterwala
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Suzanne L Cassel
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242; .,Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
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250
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Luitel H, Sydykov A, Schymura Y, Mamazhakypov A, Janssen W, Pradhan K, Wietelmann A, Kosanovic D, Dahal BK, Weissmann N, Seeger W, Grimminger F, Ghofrani HA, Schermuly RT. Pressure overload leads to an increased accumulation and activity of mast cells in the right ventricle. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/6/e13146. [PMID: 28330950 PMCID: PMC5371552 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Right ventricular (RV) remodeling represents a complex set of functional and structural adaptations in response to chronic pressure or volume overload due to various inborn defects or acquired diseases and is an important determinant of patient outcome. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. We investigated the time course of structural and functional changes in the RV in the murine model of pressure overload‐induced RV hypertrophy in C57Bl/6J mice. Using magnetic resonance imaging, we assessed the changes of RV structure and function at different time points for a period of 21 days. Pressure overload led to significant dilatation, cellular and chamber hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis, and functional impairment of the RV. Progressive remodeling of the RV after pulmonary artery banding (PAB) in mice was associated with upregulation of myocardial gene markers of hypertrophy and fibrosis. Furthermore, remodeling of the RV was associated with accumulation and activation of mast cells in the RV tissue of PAB mice. Our data suggest possible involvement of mast cells in the RV remodeling process in response to pressure overload. Mast cells may thus represent an interesting target for the development of new therapeutic approaches directed specifically at the RV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himal Luitel
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center Member of the German Lung Center Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Akylbek Sydykov
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center Member of the German Lung Center Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Yves Schymura
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Argen Mamazhakypov
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center Member of the German Lung Center Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Janssen
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center Member of the German Lung Center Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Kabita Pradhan
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center Member of the German Lung Center Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Astrid Wietelmann
- Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research MRI Service Group, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Djuro Kosanovic
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center Member of the German Lung Center Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bhola Kumar Dahal
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center Member of the German Lung Center Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center Member of the German Lung Center Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center Member of the German Lung Center Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Friedrich Grimminger
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center Member of the German Lung Center Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hossein Ardeschir Ghofrani
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center Member of the German Lung Center Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ralph Theo Schermuly
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center Member of the German Lung Center Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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