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Mohammedsalih KM, Krücken J, Bashar A, Juma FR, Abdalmalaik AAH, Khalafalla A, Abakar A, Coles G, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Susceptible trichostrongyloid species mask presence of benzimidazole-resistant Haemonchus contortus in cattle. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:101. [PMID: 33557939 PMCID: PMC7869217 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04593-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Benzimidazole (BZ) anthelmintics are widely used to control infections with parasitic nematodes, but BZ resistance is an emerging threat among several nematode species infecting humans and animals. In Sudan, BZ-resistant Haemonchus contortus populations were recently reported in goats in South Darfur State. The objective of this study was to collect data regarding the situation of BZ resistance in cattle parasitic nematodes in South Darfur using phenotypic and molecular approaches, besides providing some epidemiological data on nematodes in cattle. Methods The faecal egg count reduction test and the egg hatch test (EHT) were used to evaluate benzimidazole efficacy in cattle nematodes in five South Darfur study areas: Beleil, Kass, Nyala, Rehed Al-Birdi and Tulus. Genomic DNA was extracted from pools of third-stage larvae (L3) (n = 40) during trials, before and after treatment, and pools of adult male Haemonchus spp. (n = 18) from abattoirs. The polymorphisms F167Y, E198A and F200Y in isotype 1 β-tubulin genes of H. contortus and H. placei were analysed using Sanger and pyrosequencing. Results Prevalence of gastro-intestinal helminths in cattle was 71% (313/443). Reduced albendazole faecal egg count reduction efficacy was detected in three study areas: Nyala (93.7%), Rehed Al-Birdi (89.7%) and Tulus (88.2%). In the EHT, EC50 values of these study areas ranged between 0.032 and 0.037 µg/ml thiabendazole. Genus-specific PCRs detected the genera Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus and Cooperia in L3 samples collected after albendazole treatment. Sanger sequencing followed by pyrosequencing assays did not detect elevated frequencies of known BZ resistance-associated alleles in codon F167Y, E198A and F200Y in isotype 1 β-tubulin gene of H. placei (≤ 11.38%). However, polymorphisms were detected in H. contortus and in samples with mixed infections with H. contortus and H. placei at codon 198, including E198L (16/58), E198V (2/58) and potentially E198Stop (1/58). All pooled L3 samples post-albendazole treatment (n = 13) were identified as H. contortus with an E198L substitution at codon 198. Conclusions To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first report of reduced albendazole efficacy in cattle in Sudan and is the first study describing an E198L substitution in phenotypically BZ-resistant nematodes collected from cattle.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Street 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ahmed Bashar
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, P.O. Box 155, Nyala, Sudan
| | - Fathel-Rahman Juma
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, P.O. Box 155, Nyala, Sudan
| | | | - Amna Khalafalla
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 32, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Adam Abakar
- Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Gezira, P.O. Box 20, Wadmedani, Sudan
| | - Gerald Coles
- Ubley Biologics, Ubley, P.O. Box 170, Bristol, BS40 6JA, UK
| | - Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Street 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
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Qing X, Kulkeaw K, Wongkamchai S, Tsui SKW. Mitochondrial Genome of Brugia malayi Microfilariae Isolated From a Clinical Sample. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.637805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis is a neglected parasitic disease that is a leading cause of long-term disability. Information obtained from genome sequencing of filarial worm can help us identify systems in the worm that are likely to be useful for novel drug design. Brugia (B.) malayi is still the only lymphatic-dwelling filarial parasite with a nearly complete, fully annotated, and published genome. However, most previous studies were based on the FR3 strain of B. malayi, which originally was isolated from a human patient, and was adapted to the rodent model, then maintained in laboratories for more than 60 years. It is uncertain whether genetic variation exists, thus, sequencing of clinical isolates of lymphatic dwelling filarial parasites is a high priority. Here, we report for the first time the complete mitochondrial genome of B. malayi microfilariae from clinical isolate. Complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of the microfilariae isolated from a blood sample taken from a Thai subject living in Narathiwat Province, which is an endemic area of brugian filariasis, was assembled with sequencing reads obtained by Illumina sequencing. Gene annotation, phylogenetic analysis and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) were deployed. A complete 13,658-bp mt genome of B. malayi microfilaria was obtained, and it shows 68x coverage. Based on gene annotation, the mt genome consists of 12 protein-coding, two rRNA, and 23 tRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis using all protein sequences of DNA sequences of mt genome or cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) revealed a close relationship among three lymphatic filariae (i.e., B. timori, zoonotic B. pahangi, and Wuchereria spp.). The SNPs in the COX1 gene can differentiate microfilariae of B. malayi in human from those found in canine. Furthermore, the number, order and transcription, and direction of B. malayi microfilariae mitochondrial genes were the same as those found in the FR3 strain of B. malayi. The comparison on mitochondrial genome of B. malayi could have important implications on the development of a new intervention or vaccine to treat or prevent this disease in endemic areas/regions around the world.
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Rey O, Webster BL, Huyse T, Rollinson D, Van den Broeck F, Kincaid-Smith J, Onyekwere A, Boissier J. Population genetics of African Schistosoma species. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 89:104727. [PMID: 33486128 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Blood flukes within the genus Schistosoma (schistosomes) are responsible for the major disease, schistosomiasis, in tropical and sub-tropical areas. This disease is predominantly present on the African continent with more than 85% of the human cases. Schistosomes are also parasites of veterinary importance infecting livestock and wildlife. Schistosoma population genetic structure and diversity are important characteristics that may reflect variations in selection pressures such as those induced by host (mammalian and snail) environments, habitat change, migration and also treatment/control interventions, all of which also shape speciation and evolution of the whole Schistosoma genus. Investigations into schistosome population genetic structure, diversity and evolution has been an area of important debate and research. Supported by advances in molecular techniques with capabilities for multi-locus genetic analyses for single larvae schistosome genetic investigations have greatly progressed in the last decade. This paper aims to review the genetic studies of both animal and human infecting schistosome. Population genetic structures are reviewed at different spatial scales: local, regional or continental (i.e. phylogeography). Within species genetic diversities are discussed compared and the compounding factors discussed, including the effect of mass drug administration. Finally, the ability for intra-species hybridisation questions species integrities and poses many questions in relation to the natural epidemiology of co-endemic species. Here we review molecularly confirmed hybridisation events (in relation to human disease) and discuss the possible impact for ongoing and future control and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Rey
- Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, UPVD, IHPE, F-66000 Perpignan, France
| | - B L Webster
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College London School of Public Health, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - T Huyse
- Department of Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium; Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - D Rollinson
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College London School of Public Health, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - F Van den Broeck
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - J Kincaid-Smith
- Centre for Emerging, Endemic and Exotic Diseases (CEEED), Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences (PPS), Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Campus, Herts AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - A Onyekwere
- Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, UPVD, IHPE, F-66000 Perpignan, France
| | - J Boissier
- Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, UPVD, IHPE, F-66000 Perpignan, France.
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Pinto JG, Marcolino LM, Ferreira-Strixino J. Photodynamic activity of Photogem ® in Leishmania promastigotes and infected macrophages. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:95-106. [PMID: 33459574 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with Photogem® in promastigotes of Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania major, and in infected macrophages. Materials & methods: The following parameters were analyzed: Photogem® internalization, mitochondrial activity, viability, tubulin marking and morphological alterations in promastigotes and viability in infected macrophages. Results: Photogem® accumulated in the cytosol and adhered to the flagellum. Changes were observed in the mitochondrial activity in groups maintained in the dark, with no viability alteration. After PDT, viability decreased up to 80%, and morphology was affected. Conclusion: The results point out that PDT with Photogem® can reduce parasite and macrophage viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana G Pinto
- Photobiology Applied to Health, Research & Development Institute, Univap Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Mc Marcolino
- Photobiology Applied to Health, Research & Development Institute, Univap Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Ferreira-Strixino
- Photobiology Applied to Health, Research & Development Institute, Univap Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Mina JGM, Charlton RL, Alpizar-Sosa E, Escrivani DO, Brown C, Alqaisi A, Borsodi MPG, Figueiredo CP, de Lima EV, Dickie EA, Wei W, Coutinho-Silva R, Merritt A, Smith TK, Barrett MP, Rossi-Bergmann B, Denny PW, Steel PG. Antileishmanial Chemotherapy through Clemastine Fumarate Mediated Inhibition of the Leishmania Inositol Phosphorylceramide Synthase. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:47-63. [PMID: 33291887 PMCID: PMC7802075 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Current chemotherapeutics for leishmaniasis have multiple deficiencies, and there is a need for new safe, efficacious, and affordable medicines. This study describes a successful drug repurposing approach that identifies the over-the-counter antihistamine, clemastine fumarate, as a potential antileishmanial drug candidate. The screening for inhibitors of the sphingolipid synthase (inositol phosphorylceramide synthase, IPCS) afforded, following secondary screening against Leishmania major (Lmj) promastigotes, 16 active compounds. Further refinement through the dose response against LmjIPCS and intramacrophage L. major amastigotes identified clemastine fumarate with good activity and selectivity with respect to the host macrophage. On target engagement was supported by diminished sensitivity in a sphingolipid-deficient L. major mutant (ΔLmjLCB2) and altered phospholipid and sphingolipid profiles upon treatment with clemastine fumarate. The drug also induced an enhanced host cell response to infection indicative of polypharmacology. The activity was sustained across a panel of Old and New World Leishmania species, displaying an in vivo activity equivalent to the currently used drug, glucantime, in a mouse model of L. amazonensis infection. Overall, these data validate IPCS as an antileishmanial drug target and indicate that clemastine fumarate is a candidate for repurposing for the treatment of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G. M. Mina
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Durham, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca L. Charlton
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Durham, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edubiel Alpizar-Sosa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology and Glasgow Polyomics, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas O. Escrivani
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Durham, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christopher Brown
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Durham, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Amjed Alqaisi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10071, Iraq
| | - Maria Paula G. Borsodi
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia P. Figueiredo
- School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21944-590 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emanuelle V. de Lima
- School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21944-590 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emily A. Dickie
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology and Glasgow Polyomics, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Wenbin Wei
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andy Merritt
- LifeArc, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage SG1 2FX, United Kingdom
| | - Terry K. Smith
- BSRC, Schools of Biology and Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Barrett
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology and Glasgow Polyomics, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Bartira Rossi-Bergmann
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paul W. Denny
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick G. Steel
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Durham, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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Baseline and Impact of First-Year Intervention on Schistosoma haematobium Infection in Seasonal Transmission Foci in the Northern and Central Parts of Côte d'Ivoire. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6010007. [PMID: 33429843 PMCID: PMC7838999 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to assess the impact of different control strategies against Schistosoma haematobium in seasonal transmission foci in Côte d’Ivoire, a three-year cluster randomized trial was implemented. The decrease in S. haematobium prevalence among children aged 9−12 years was the primary outcome. In the first step, an eligibility survey was conducted, subjecting 50 children aged 13−14 years to a single urine filtration. Sixty-four villages with a prevalence of S. haematobium of ≥4% were selected and randomly assigned to four intervention arms consisting of annual mass drug administration (MDA) before (arm 1) and after (arm 2) the peak transmission, biannual treatment with praziquantel before and after the peak transmission season (arm 3), and annual MDA before the peak transmission season, coupled with focal chemical snail control using molluscicides (arm 4). At baseline, we observed a prevalence of 24.8%, 10.1%, 13.9%, and 15.9% in study arms 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. One year after the first intervention, the prevalence decreased in all study arms by about two-thirds or more. The prevalence in arm 2 was lower than in arm 1 (3.5% vs. 8.1%), but the difference was not statistically significant (odds ratio (OR) = 0.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.10−1.80). After adjusting for baseline prevalence, arms 1 and 2 performed roughly similarly (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.34−3.07). The prevalence in arms 3 and 4 (1.9% and 2.2%) were significantly lower compared to arm 1 in the unadjusted and the adjusted models (arm 3 vs. arm 1, OR = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.05−0.95, aOR = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.08−0.48; arm 4 vs. arm 1, OR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.08−0.85, aOR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.06−0.87). The initial intervention showed a significant impact on the prevalence of S. haematobium. It will be interesting to monitor the comparative impact of the different intervention arms and to determine whether the interruption of seasonal transmission of S. haematobium can be achieved in this epidemiological setting within three years.
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Ahmed MH, Emara MH, Elfert AA, El-Saka AM, Elfert AA, Abd-Elsalam S, Yousef M. Persistent Colonic Schistosomiasis among Symptomatic Rural Inhabitants in the Egyptian Nile Delta. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2021; 13:e2021033. [PMID: 34007421 PMCID: PMC8114893 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2021.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Human schistosomiasis is one of the most important and unfortunately neglected tropical diseases. The aim of the current study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of colonic schistosomiasis among symptomatic rural inhabitants of the Middle Northern region of the Egyptian Nile delta. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study recruited 193 inhabitants of the rural community in the Egyptian Nile Delta referred for colonoscopy because of variable symptoms. After giving written informed consent, they were exposed to thorough history, clinical examination, stool analysis, abdominal ultrasonography, and pan-colonoscopy with biopsies. RESULTS Twenty-four cases out of the 193 patients had confirmed active schistosomiasis with a prevalence rate of 12.4%. Bleeding with stool was the predominant manifestation of active Schistosoma infection among the cases either alone or in combination with abdominal pain. On clinical examination, most patients (n=17; 70.8%) did not have organomegaly, and 25% had clinically palpable splenomegaly as far as 75% of them had sonographically detected hepatic periportal fibrosis. Also, 66.6% of patients have significant endoscopic lesions (polyps, ulcers, mass-like lesions), and 16.6% of them had colonic affection beyond the recto-sigmoid region. CONCLUSION Colonic schistosomiasis is still prevalent among the Egyptian Nile Delta's symptomatic rural inhabitants at a rate of 12.4%. Of them, 66.6% had significant endoscopic colorectal lesions. This persistent transmission of schistosomiasis in the Egyptian Nile Delta's rural community sounds the alarm for continuing governmental efforts and plans to screen the high-risk groups. The prevalence rate reported in the current study is lower than the actual prevalence rate of schistosomiasis due to focusing only on a subgroup of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hussien Ahmed
- Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases Department, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Emara
- Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases Department, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Amr Asem Elfert
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Aymen M El-Saka
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Asem Ahmed Elfert
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Sherief Abd-Elsalam
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Yousef
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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O'Halloran DM. Considerations for anthelmintic resistance emergence in hookworm at a single locus. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2021. [PMCID: PMC8906071 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2020.100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Over 800 million people are infected with hookworms around the world. Hookworms of the genus Ancylostoma and Necator are examples of nematodes that harbor the ability to enter a host by penetrating the skin, and after entry the infective larvae migrate to the small intestine where they encounter host-specific signals that initiate developmental pathways and culminate in maturation to the adult stage. Currently no vaccine is available for the treatment of hookworm infection. The control strategy is limited to anthelmintic drugs, which run the risk of losing efficacy as resistance grows. Genetic resistance has developed against all classes of anthelmintic drugs against livestock parasites, and recently markers of anthelmintic resistance in human hookworm populations have been reported. As anthelmintic resistance develops in human populations of hookworm, new drugs and novel control methods like vaccines will be required in the future to control hookworm transmission. This review outlines how population genetics and anthelmintic resistance could interact at a single locus to influence current control strategies. This review outlines how population genetics and anthelmintic resistance may interact to influence current control strategies. Altering mutation rate modifies rate of emergence of anthelmintic resistance. Genotypic fitness changes the efficacy of anthelmintic administration.
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209
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A cross-sectional survey on parasitic infections in schoolchildren in a rural Tanzanian community. Acta Trop 2021; 213:105737. [PMID: 33159895 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases remain the leading cause of death in children in low- and middle-income countries. Infection with helminths and intestinal protozoa cause considerable morbidity. The aim of this study was to assess the health status of schoolchildren in nine villages of the Kilombero district in Tanzania. We conducted a cross-sectional survey and subjected 427 children aged 6-12 years to standardized diagnostic tests. We found that 15% of children were infected with Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar/Entamoeba moshkovskii, 12% with Schistosoma mansoni, and 5% with Plasmodium falciparum. The most common soil-transmitted helminth species was Trichuris trichiura (7%). Strongyloides stercoralis, Schistosoma haematobium, Giardia intestinalis and lymphatic filariasis were rare. Having a latrine inside the house was associated with a lower odds of parasite infections (odds ratio (OR) 0.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.27-0.96, p = 0.04). Children from households with goats were at higher odds of E. histolytica/E. dispar/E. moshkovskii infection (OR 3.03, 95%%CI 1.29-7.10, p = 0.01).When compared to a cross-sectional survey conducted in the same district in the 1980s, there seems to have been a substantial reduction in the prevalence and intensity of parasitic infections, except for T. trichiura, which showed a similar prevalence. Our data suggest that the general development, coupled with infectious disease control programmes improved children's health markedly. However, continued efforts to control parasitic diseases, including new approaches of drug combinations, stronger intersectoral collaboration, rigorous surveillance and public health responses tailored to the local settings are needed to move from control to elimination.
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Ibn-Mohammed T, Mustapha KB, Godsell J, Adamu Z, Babatunde KA, Akintade DD, Acquaye A, Fujii H, Ndiaye MM, Yamoah FA, Koh SCL. A critical analysis of the impacts of COVID-19 on the global economy and ecosystems and opportunities for circular economy strategies. RESOURCES, CONSERVATION, AND RECYCLING 2021; 164:105169. [PMID: 32982059 PMCID: PMC7505605 DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic on the 11th of March 2020, but the world is still reeling from its aftermath. Originating from China, cases quickly spread across the globe, prompting the implementation of stringent measures by world governments in efforts to isolate cases and limit the transmission rate of the virus. These measures have however shattered the core sustaining pillars of the modern world economies as global trade and cooperation succumbed to nationalist focus and competition for scarce supplies. Against this backdrop, this paper presents a critical review of the catalogue of negative and positive impacts of the pandemic and proffers perspectives on how it can be leveraged to steer towards a better, more resilient low-carbon economy. The paper diagnosed the danger of relying on pandemic-driven benefits to achieving sustainable development goals and emphasizes a need for a decisive, fundamental structural change to the dynamics of how we live. It argues for a rethink of the present global economic growth model, shaped by a linear economy system and sustained by profiteering and energy-gulping manufacturing processes, in favour of a more sustainable model recalibrated on circular economy (CE) framework. Building on evidence in support of CE as a vehicle for balancing the complex equation of accomplishing profit with minimal environmental harms, the paper outlines concrete sector-specific recommendations on CE-related solutions as a catalyst for the global economic growth and development in a resilient post-COVID-19 world.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ibn-Mohammed
- Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMG), The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - K B Mustapha
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Nottingham (Malaysia Campus), Semenyih, Selangor43500, Malaysia
| | - J Godsell
- Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMG), The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Z Adamu
- School of The Built Environment and Architecture, London South Bank University, London SE1 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - K A Babatunde
- Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor43600, Malaysia
- Department of Economics, Faculty of Management Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - D D Akintade
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH United Kingdom
| | - A Acquaye
- Kent Business School, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7PE, United Kingdom
| | - H Fujii
- Faculty of Economics, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - M M Ndiaye
- Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - F A Yamoah
- Department of Management, Birkbeck University of London, London WC1E 7JL United Kingdom
| | - S C L Koh
- Sheffield University Management School (SUMS), The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 1FL, United Kingdom
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Chen S, Suzuki BM, Dohrmann J, Singh R, Arkin MR, Caffrey CR. A multi-dimensional, time-lapse, high content screening platform applied to schistosomiasis drug discovery. Commun Biol 2020; 3:747. [PMID: 33349640 PMCID: PMC7752906 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 10% of the world's population is at risk of schistosomiasis, a disease of poverty caused by the Schistosoma parasite. To facilitate drug discovery for this complex flatworm, we developed an automated high-content screen to quantify the multidimensional responses of Schistosoma mansoni post-infective larvae (somules) to chemical insult. We describe an integrated platform to process worms at scale, collect time-lapsed, bright-field images, segment highly variable and touching worms, and then store, visualize, and query dynamic phenotypes. To demonstrate the methodology, we treated somules with seven drugs that generated diverse responses and evaluated 45 static and kinetic response descriptors relative to concentration and time. For compound screening, we used the Mahalanobis distance to compare multidimensional phenotypic effects induced by 1323 approved drugs. Overall, we characterize both known anti-schistosomals and identify new bioactives. Apart from facilitating drug discovery, the multidimensional quantification provided by this platform will allow mapping of chemistry to phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Brian M Suzuki
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jakob Dohrmann
- Department of Computer Science, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, 94132, USA
| | - Rahul Singh
- Department of Computer Science, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, 94132, USA.
| | - Michelle R Arkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Conor R Caffrey
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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212
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Masraf H, Azemeraw T, Molla M, Jones CI, Bremner S, Ngari M, Berkley JA, Kivaya E, Fegan G, Tamiru A, Kelemework A, Lang T, Newport MJ, Davey G. Excess mortality among people with podoconiosis: secondary analysis of two Ethiopian cohorts. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2020; 114:1035-1037. [PMID: 33236119 PMCID: PMC7738655 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While morbidity attributable to podoconiosis is relatively well studied, its pattern of mortality has not been established. Methods We compared the age-standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) of two datasets from northern Ethiopia: podoconiosis patients enrolled in a 1-y trial and a Health and Demographic Surveillance System cohort. Results The annual crude mortality rate per 1000 population for podoconiosis patients was 28.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] 17.3 to 44.8; n=663) while that of the general population was 2.8 (95% CI 2.3 to 3.4; n=44 095). The overall SMR for the study period was 6.0 (95% CI 3.6 to 9.4). Conclusions Podoconiosis patients experience elevated mortality compared with the general population and further research is required to understand the reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Masraf
- Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK
| | | | - Meseret Molla
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Christopher Iain Jones
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK
| | - Stephen Bremner
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK
| | - Moses Ngari
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - James A Berkley
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Esther Kivaya
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Greg Fegan
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
| | - Abreham Tamiru
- International Orthodox Christian Charities Podoconiosis Project, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Kelemework
- International Orthodox Christian Charities Podoconiosis Project, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Trudie Lang
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Melanie J Newport
- Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK
| | - Gail Davey
- Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK.,School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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213
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Osakunor DNM, Mduluza T, Osei-Hyiaman D, Burgess K, Woolhouse MEJ, Mutapi F. Schistosoma haematobium infection is associated with alterations in energy and purine-related metabolism in preschool-aged children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008866. [PMID: 33315875 PMCID: PMC7735607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminths are parasitic worms that infect over a billion people worldwide. The pathological consequences from infection are due in part, to parasite-induced changes in host metabolic pathways. Here, we analyse the changes in host metabolic profiles, in response to the first Schistosoma haematobium infection and treatment in Zimbabwean children. A cohort of 83 schistosome-negative children (2-5 years old) as determined by parasitological examination, guardian interviews and examination of medical records, was recruited at baseline. Children were followed up after three months for parasitological diagnosis of their first S. haematobium infection, by detection of parasite eggs excreted in urine. Children positive for infection were treated with the antihelminthic drug praziquantel, and treatment efficacy checked three months after treatment. Blood samples were taken at each time point, and capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry in conjunction with multivariate analysis were used to compare the change in serum metabolite profiles in schistosome-infected versus uninfected children. Following baseline at the three-month follow up, 11 children had become infected with S. haematobium (incidence = 13.3%). Our results showed that infection with S. haematobium was associated with significant increases (>2-fold) in discriminatory metabolites, linked primarily with energy (G6P, 3-PG, AMP, ADP) and purine (AMP, ADP) metabolism. These observed changes were commensurate with schistosome infection intensity, and levels of the affected metabolites were reduced following treatment, albeit not significantly. This study demonstrates that early infection with S. haematobium is associated with alterations in host energy and purine metabolism. Taken together, these changes are consistent with parasite-related clinical manifestations of malnutrition, poor growth and poor physical and cognitive performance observed in schistosome-infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derick N. M. Osakunor
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Takafira Mduluza
- Biochemistry Department, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Douglas Osei-Hyiaman
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Metabolomics Research Division, Human Metabolome Technologies Inc., Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
- Department of Systems Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical & Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Karl Burgess
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, University of Edinburgh, CH Waddington Building, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E. J. Woolhouse
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa (TIBA), University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Francisca Mutapi
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa (TIBA), University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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214
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Incani RN, Grillet ME, Mughini-Gras L. Hotspots and correlates of soil-transmitted helminth infections in a Venezuelan rural community: Which are the "wormy" houses? J Infect 2020; 82:143-149. [PMID: 33271168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine spatial clustering and risk factors for occurrence and intensity of infection for soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH), namely Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworms in a Venezuelan rural community. METHODS MIF-fixed faecal samples were individually collected for STH testing. The Getis-Ord statistic was used to determine significant STH clustering within 25/50/100 m radiuses around houses. Individual- and house-level factors associated with STH occurrence and intensity of infection were determined using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS Significant clusters of "wormy" houses for one or multiple parasites were found at distances of 25-50 m around 13 houses. Risk factors differed between occurrence and intensity of infection. Overcrowding in the house increased occurrence of S. stercoralis, T. trichiura and hookworm infections, while poor housing conditions increased A. lumbricoides infection risk. Overcrowding, poor faecal disposal system, economic dependency and lack of basic services differentially influenced the STHs. The "wormy" houses were mainly those built with waste materials, under economic dependency and lacking indoor water supply. CONCLUSIONS STH distribution in a community is clustered, with significant hotspots of STH occurrence and intensity of infection and different associated risk factors. Targeting the "wormy" houses is expected to affect STH morbidity more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Nino Incani
- Department de Parasitology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Carabobo, Valencia, Venezuela.
| | - María Eugenia Grillet
- Laboratorio de Biología de Vectores y Parásitos, Instituto de Zoología y Ecología Tropical, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.
| | - Lapo Mughini-Gras
- Center for Infectious Diseases Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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215
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Mangeard-Lourme J, Robert de Arquer G, Parasa J, Singh RK, Satle N, Mamhidi R. Depression and anxiety in people affected by leprosy and lymphatic filariasis: a cross-sectional study in four States in India. LEPROSY REV 2020. [DOI: 10.47276/lr.91.4.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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216
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Human serum activates the tegument of female schistosomes and supports recovery from Praziquantel. Parasitol Res 2020; 120:209-221. [PMID: 33263166 PMCID: PMC7846515 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06968-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is one of the most devastating parasitic disease in the world. Schistosoma spp. survive for decades within the vasculature of their human hosts. They have evolved a vast array of mechanisms to avoid the immune reaction of the host. Due to their sexual dimorphism, with the female worm lying within the gynecophoric canal of the male worm, it is the male that is exposed to the immediate environment and the soluble parts of the host’s immune response. To understand how the worms are so successful in fending off the immune attacks of the host, comparative analyses of both worm sexes in human serum (with or without Praziquantel) were performed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. Further, gene expression analyses of tegument-specific genes were performed. Following the incubation in human serum, males and females out of pairs show morphological changes such as an altered structure of the pits below the surface and an increased number of pits per area. In addition, female schistosomes presented a marked tuft-like repulsion of their opsonized surface. The observed resistance of females to Praziquantel seemed to depend on active proteins in the human serum. Moreover, different expression profiles of tegument-specific genes indicate different functions of female_single and male_single teguments in response to human serum. Our results indicate that female schistosomes developed different evasion strategies toward the host’s immune system in comparison to males that might lead to more robustness and has to be taken into account for the development of new anti-schistosomal drugs.
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217
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Mfeka MS, Martínez-Oyanedel J, Chen W, Achilonu I, Syed K, Khoza T. Comparative analyses and structural insights of new class glutathione transferases in Cryptosporidium species. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20370. [PMID: 33230237 PMCID: PMC7683740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Cryptosporidium, is estimated to rank as a leading cause in the global burden of neglected zoonotic parasitic diseases. This diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under 5 years of age. Based on the C. parvum transcriptome data, glutathione transferase (GST) has been suggested as a drug target against this pathogen. GSTs are diverse multifunctional proteins involved in cellular defense and detoxification in organisms and help pathogens to alleviate chemical and environmental stress. In this study, we performed genome-wide data mining, identification, classification and in silico structural analysis of GSTs in fifteen Cryptosporidium species. The study revealed the presence three GSTs in each of the Cryptosporidium species analyzed in the study. Based on the percentage identity and comprehensive comparative phylogenetic analysis, we assigned Cryptosporidium species GSTs to three new GST classes, named Vega (ϑ), Gamma (γ) and Psi (ψ). The study also revealed an atypical thioredoxin-like fold in the C. parvum GST1 of the Vega class, whereas C. parvum GST2 of the Gamma class and C. melagridis GST3 of the Psi class has a typical thioredoxin-like fold in the N-terminal region. This study reports the first comparative analysis of GSTs in Cryptosporidium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mbalenhle Sizamile Mfeka
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Pietermaritzburg Campus), Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, 3209, South Africa
| | - José Martínez-Oyanedel
- Laboratorio de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, Casilla 160_C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Wanping Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ikechukwu Achilonu
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Khajamohiddin Syed
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, 1 Main Road Vulindlela, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa.
| | - Thandeka Khoza
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Pietermaritzburg Campus), Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, 3209, South Africa.
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218
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Balseca Carrera MB, Padilla Almeida O, Toulkeridis T. Modeling of the spatial distribution of the vector Aedes Aegypti, transmitter of the Zika Virus in continental Ecuador by the application of GIS tools. BIONATURA 2020. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/20120.05.04.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years Ecuador has suffered from the Zika virus. Geo-software and statistical software allowed the probabilistic identification of suitable ecological niche species, such as the vector Aedes aegypti, which is the leading cause of the Zika virus transmission, depending on the dependent and independent variables. These models require pre-weighted input, normalized, and rasterized inputs to continue the validation process to estimate their predictive performance through several statistics such as the confusion matrix or the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC). It resulted that the Maxent method has been with the higher predictive performance with a value of Area Under Curve (AUC) = 0.998, which describes the areas of Zika with a greater probability of the transmission vector resembling the actual distribution of the species as a function of the presence data and the predictor variables. A large part of the Ecuadorian coastal territory yielded a statistical-based, probabilistic presence of the vector, being the most vulnerable before a possible epidemiological risk.
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219
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Zeleke AJ, Bayih AG, Afework S, Gilleard JS. Treatment efficacy and re-infection rates of soil-transmitted helminths following mebendazole treatment in schoolchildren, Northwest Ethiopia. Trop Med Health 2020; 48:90. [PMID: 33292853 PMCID: PMC7659054 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-020-00282-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transmission of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infection remains high in Ethiopia. This study aimed at assessing the therapeutic efficacy of mebendazole against soil-transmitted helminths and determining the re-infection rates of the parasites among schoolchildren in Northwest Ethiopia. METHODS A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Stool specimens were examined using direct wet mount microscopy and Kato-Katz methods. Schoolchildren who tested positive for soil-transmitted helminths were treated with 500 mg single-dose of mebendazole. Cure and egg reduction rates were evaluated 2 to 3 weeks post treatment. Moreover, the re-infection rate of these parasites among those who were cured was determined 1 year after treatment. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. P value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULT A drug efficacy study was conducted on 62, 52, and 14 children infected by Ascaris lumbricoides (A. lumbricoides), hookworm, and Trichuris trichiura (T. trichiura), respectively. The cure rates (CR) of mebendazole against A. lumbricoides, hookworm, and T. trichiura were found to be 96.9%, 23.1%, and, 28.6%, respectively. The egg reduction rate (ERR) of A. lumbricoides was found to be 99.6% whereas 49.6% and 56.3% were reported for hookworm and T. trichiura, respectively. Eighty schoolchildren who were treated and cured from any STH infections were included for the determination of re-infection rate. Out of 80 children, 36.3% (29/80) were found to be re-infected after 1 year: 22 (75.9%), 6 (20.7%), and 1 (1.3%) of study participants were re-infected with A. lumbricoides, hookworm, and both infections, respectively. All re-infections were grouped under the "light infection" category. CONCLUSION Mebendazole was found to be highly effective against A. lumbricoides, but had relatively low efficacy against hookworms and T. trichiura. These results bring into question the use of mebendazole in STH mass drug administration (MDA) programs in this region if albendazole, a drug with higher efficacy against hookworms, is available. Moreover, a significant number of treated children were re-infected with either or both of A. lumbricoides or hookworms 1 year after treatment emphasizing the need for better integrated intestinal helminthiasis control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayalew Jejaw Zeleke
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Genetu Bayih
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Afework
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - John S. Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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220
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Molehin AJ. Current Understanding of Immunity Against Schistosomiasis: Impact on Vaccine and Drug Development. Res Rep Trop Med 2020; 11:119-128. [PMID: 33173371 PMCID: PMC7646453 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s274518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease inflicting significant morbidity in humans worldwide. The disease is caused by infections with a parasitic trematode belonging to the genus Schistosoma. Over 250 million people are currently infected globally, with an estimated disability-adjusted life-years of 1.9 million attributed to the disease. Current understanding, based on several immunological studies using experimental and human models of schistosomiasis, reveals that complex immune mechanisms play off each other in the acquisition of immune resistance to infection/reinfection. Nevertheless, the precise characteristics of these responses, the specific antigens against which they are elicited, and how these responses are intricately regulated are still being investigated. What is apparent is that immunity to schistosome infections develops slowly and over a prolonged period of time, augmented by the death of adult worms occurring naturally or by praziquantel therapy. In this review, aspects of immunity to schistosomiasis, host–parasite interactions and their impact on schistosomiasis vaccine development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebayo J Molehin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.,Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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221
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Monnier N, Barth-Jaeggi T, Knopp S, Steinmann P. Core components, concepts and strategies for parasitic and vector-borne disease elimination with a focus on schistosomiasis: A landscape analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008837. [PMID: 33125375 PMCID: PMC7598467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to control and eliminate human schistosomiasis have accelerated over the past decade. In a number of endemic countries and settings, interruption of schistosome transmission has been achieved. In others, Schistosoma infections continue to challenge program managers at different levels, from the complexity of the transmission cycle, over limited treatment options and lack of field-friendly accurate diagnostics, to controversy around adequate intervention strategies. We conducted a landscape analysis on parasitic and vector-borne disease elimination approaches with the aim to identify evidence-based strategies, core components and key concepts for achieving and sustaining schistosomiasis control and for progressing elimination efforts towards interruption of transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. A total of 118 relevant publications were identified from Web of Science, Pubmed and the grey literature and reviewed for their content. In addition, we conducted in-depth interviews with 23 epidemiologists, program managers, policymakers, donors and field researchers. Available evidence emphasizes the need for comprehensive, multipronged and long-term strategies consisting of multiple complementary interventions that must be sustained over time by political commitment and adequate funding in order to reach interruption of transmission. Based on the findings of this landscape analysis, we propose a comprehensive set of intervention strategies for schistosomiasis control and elimination. Before deployment, the proposed interventions will require review, evaluation and validation in the frame of an expert consultation as a step towards adaptation to specific contexts, conditions and settings. Field testing to ensure local relevance and effectiveness is paramount given the diversity of socio-ecological and epidemiological contexts. This landscape analysis explored successful concepts, approaches and interventions of past and ongoing parasitic and vector-borne disease elimination efforts and programs with regard to relevance for progress in the elimination of human schistosome infections. Schistosomiasis is a disabling, water borne parasitic disease of public health concern with an estimated 250 million people infected worldwide. The long-term morbidity of this neglected tropical disease significantly impacts growth, cognition and socioeconomic development at all ages. Despite increased global efforts to control morbidity and advance elimination, challenges in view of the complex life cycle which involves freshwater sources, intermediate snail hosts and humans, remain. This calls for targeted interventions and concerted programs. According to the evidence from the literature and as proposed by a wide range of key informants, comprehensive, multipronged and long-term strategies supported by strong political commitment and adequate funding are required in order to achieve and sustain the set goals. Based on the findings, we propose here a comprehensive set of intervention strategies for schistosomiasis control and elimination for review and evaluation to inform implementation research needs and elimination program design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Monnier
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Tanja Barth-Jaeggi
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Knopp
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Steinmann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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222
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van Noort K, Nguyen DL, Kriechbaumer V, Hawes C, Hokke CH, Schots A, Wilbers RHP. Functional characterization of Schistosoma mansoni fucosyltransferases in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18528. [PMID: 33116178 PMCID: PMC7595089 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74485-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth parasites secrete a wide variety of immunomodulatory proteins and lipids to dampen host immune responses. Many of these immunomodulatory compounds are modified with complex sugar structures (or glycans), which play an important role at the host-parasite interface. As an example, the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni produces highly fucosylated glycan structures on glycoproteins and glycolipids. Up to 20 different S. mansoni fucosyltransferase (SmFucT) genes can be found in genome databases, but thus far only one enzyme has been functionally characterized. To unravel the synthesis of highly fucosylated N-glycans by S. mansoni, we examined the ability of ten selected SmFucTs to modify N-glycans upon transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. All enzymes were localized in the plant Golgi apparatus, which allowed us to identify the SmFucTs involved in core fucosylation and the synthesis of complex antennary glycan motifs. This knowledge provides a starting point for investigations into the role of specific fucosylated glycan motifs of schistosomes in parasite-host interactions. The functionally characterized SmFucTs can also be applied to synthesize complex N-glycan structures on recombinant proteins to study their contribution to immunomodulation. Furthermore, this plant expression system will fuel the development of helminth glycoproteins for pharmaceutical applications or novel anti-helminth vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim van Noort
- Laboratory of Nematology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dieu-Linh Nguyen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Verena Kriechbaumer
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Chris Hawes
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Schots
- Laboratory of Nematology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud H P Wilbers
- Laboratory of Nematology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Guo Q, Chen C, Zhou K, Li Y, Tong L, Yue Y, Zhou K, Liu J, Fu Z, Lin J, Zhao J, Sun P, Hong Y. Evaluation of a real-time PCR assay for diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica in the domestic goat. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:535. [PMID: 33109260 PMCID: PMC7590668 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis japonica is an infectious disease caused by Schistosoma japonicum that seriously endangers human health. Domestic animals have important roles in disease transmission and goats are considered a primary reservoir host and source of infection. The prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis infections have significantly decreased in China, and a more sensitive, specific detection method is urgently needed. The aim of this study was to develop a real-time PCR assay for accurate detection of S. japonicum infection in goats. Methods A real-time PCR method for detecting schistosomiasis japonica in goats was developed by amplification of a specific S. japonicum DNA fragment, and validated using a total of 94 negative and 159 positive plasma and serum samples collected in our previous study of S. japonicum infection. Both plasma and serum samples were evaluated by real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, 120 goat plasma samples from an S. japonicum-endemic area (Wangjiang) and 33 from a non-endemic region (Weihai) were collected and evaluated using our method. Results The sensitivity and specificity of the real-time PCR for detecting infected samples were 98.74% (157/159, 95% CI: 95.53–99.85%) and 100% (94/94, 95% CI: 96.15–100%), respectively. For the ELISA, sensitivity and specificity were 98.11% (156/159, 95% CI: 94.59–99.61%) and 90.43% (85/94, 95% CI: 82.60–95.53%), respectively. Further, we found positivity rates for S. japonicum infection in Wangjiang and Weihai of 8.33% (10/120, 95% CI: 4.07–14.79%) and 0% (0/33, 95% CI: 0–10.58%), respectively. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that our real-time PCR method exhibits higher sensitivity and specificity than ELISA and is a useful method for detection of S. japonicum infection in goats.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghong Guo
- National Reference Laboratory of Animal Schistosomiasis, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Animal Schistosomiasis, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Keke Zhou
- National Reference Laboratory of Animal Schistosomiasis, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Yugang Li
- Huancui Development Center for Animal Husbandry, Weihai, 264200, P. R. China
| | - Laibao Tong
- Wangjiang County Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Anqing, 246000, P. R. China
| | - Yongcheng Yue
- National Reference Laboratory of Animal Schistosomiasis, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Kerou Zhou
- National Reference Laboratory of Animal Schistosomiasis, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Jinming Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Animal Schistosomiasis, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- National Reference Laboratory of Animal Schistosomiasis, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Jiaojiao Lin
- National Reference Laboratory of Animal Schistosomiasis, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxi Zhao
- Wangjiang County Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Anqing, 246000, P. R. China
| | - Pengxiang Sun
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Huancui, Weihai, 264200, P. R. China
| | - Yang Hong
- National Reference Laboratory of Animal Schistosomiasis, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China.
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Zhu B, Luo F, Shen Y, Yang W, Sun C, Wang J, Li J, Mo X, Xu B, Zhang X, Li Y, Hu W. Schistosoma japonicum cathepsin B2 (SjCB2) facilitates parasite invasion through the skin. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008810. [PMID: 33104723 PMCID: PMC7644097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cercariae invasion of the human skin is the first step in schistosome infection. Proteases play key roles in this process. However, little is known about the related hydrolytic enzymes in Schistosoma japonicum. Here, we investigated the biochemical features, tissue distribution and biological roles of a cathepsin B cysteine protease, SjCB2, in the invasion process of S. japonicum cercariae. Enzyme activity analysis revealed that recombinant SjCB2 is a typical cysteine protease with optimum temperature and pH for activity at 37°C and 4.0, respectively, and can be totally inhibited by the cysteine protease inhibitor E-64. Immunoblotting showed that both the zymogen (50 kDa) and mature enzyme (30.5 kDa) forms of SjCB2 are expressed in the cercariae. It was observed that SjCB2 localized predominantly in the acetabular glands and their ducts of cercariae, suggesting that the protease could be released during the invasion process. The protease degraded collagen, elastin, keratin, fibronectin, immunoglobulin (A, G and M) and complement C3, protein components of the dermis and immune system. In addition, proteomic analysis demonstrated that SjCB2 can degrade the human epidermis. Furthermore, it was showed that anti-rSjCB2 IgG significantly reduced (22.94%) the ability of the cercariae to invade the skin. The cysteine protease, SjCB2, located in the acetabular glands and their ducts of S. japonicum cercariae. We propose that SjCB2 facilitates skin invasion by degrading the major proteins of the epidermis and dermis. However, this cysteine protease may play additional roles in host-parasite interaction by degrading immunoglobins and complement protein. Schistosomiasis is one of the most prevalent parasitic diseases in the world, with about 200 million humans infected in 74 tropical countries. The infection of schistosome is initiated when the larvae, cercariae, penetrate the human skin. Proteolytic enzymes are likely involved in the invasion process, but these have yet to be characterized for S. japonicum. Here, we have functionally expressed a recombinant form of the cathepsin B cysteine protease SjCB2 in the yeast Pichia pastoris. Our study showed that SjCB2 degraded a number of proteins associated with the skin and immune systems, and disrupted the structure of the human epidermis. The enzyme was located in the acetabular glands and their ducts in the cercariae, where it would be stored before released into the skin. Antibody-blocking studies revealed that SjCB2 had a 22.94% contribution during the cercariae invasion process. Taken together, our findings suggest that SjCB2 helped cercariae penetrating the skin barrier and evading the immune attack to allow successful infection in the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingkuan Zhu
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Luo
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbin Yang
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengsong Sun
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jipeng Wang
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Li
- Dermatology Department, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojin Mo
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of China Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of China Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xumin Zhang
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongdong Li
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (WH)
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of China Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (WH)
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Whiteland H, Crusco A, Bloemberg LW, Tibble-Howlings J, Forde-Thomas J, Coghlan A, Murphy PJ, Hoffmann KF. Quorum sensing N-Acyl homoserine lactones are a new class of anti-schistosomal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008630. [PMID: 33075069 PMCID: PMC7595621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis is a prevalent neglected tropical disease that affects approximately 300 million people worldwide. Its treatment is through a single class chemotherapy, praziquantel. Concerns surrounding the emergence of praziquantel insensitivity have led to a need for developing novel anthelmintics. Methodology/Principle findings Through evaluating and screening fourteen compounds (initially developed for anti-cancer and anti-viral projects) against Schistosoma mansoni, one of three species responsible for most cases of human schistosomiasis, a racemic N-acyl homoserine (1) demonstrated good efficacy against all intra mammalian lifecycle stages including schistosomula (EC50 = 4.7 μM), juvenile worms (EC50 = 4.3 μM) and adult worms (EC50 = 8.3 μM). To begin exploring structural activity relationships, a further 8 analogues of this compound were generated, including individual (R)- and (S)- enantiomers. Upon anti-schistosomal screening of these analogues, the (R)- enantiomer retained activity, whereas the (S)- lost activity. Furthermore, modification of the lactone ring to a thiolactone ring (3) improved potency against schistosomula (EC50 = 2.1 μM), juvenile worms (EC50 = 0.5 μM) and adult worms (EC50 = 4.8 μM). As the effective racemic parent compound is structurally similar to quorum sensing signaling peptides used by bacteria, further evaluation of its effect (along with its stereoisomers and the thiolactone analogues) against Gram+ (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram- (Escherichia coli) species was conducted. While some activity was observed against both Gram+ and Gram- bacteria species for the racemic compound 1 (MIC 125 mg/L), the (R) stereoisomer had better activity (125 mg/L) than the (S) (>125mg/L). However, the greatest antimicrobial activity (MIC 31.25 mg/L against S. aureus) was observed for the thiolactone containing analogue (3). Conclusion/Significance To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that N-Acyl homoserines exhibit anthelmintic activities. Furthermore, their additional action on Gram+ bacteria opens a new avenue for exploring these molecules more broadly as part of future anti-infective initiatives. Schistosomiasis, caused by infection with blood fluke schistosomes, is a neglected tropical disease that negatively impacts the lives of approximately 300 million people worldwide. In the absence of a vaccine, it is currently controlled by a single drug, Praziquantel (PZQ). Although incredibly valuable in controlling disease burden, PZQ-mediated chemotherapy is ineffective against juvenile worms and may not be sustainable should resistance develop. The need to identify an alternative or combinatorial drug is, therefore, a priority in contributing to the control of this parasitic disease into the 21st century. In this study, we have identified a new class of anthelmintic, N-acyl homoserine lactones, which are normally used by bacteria for quorum sensing and population density control. The tested N-acyl homoserine lactones were active against all intra-human schistosome lifecycle stages, in particular, when a thiolactone modification to the core N-acyl homoserine ring was made. Interestingly, these N-acyl homoserine lactones also displayed antimicrobial activities against Gram+Staphylococcus aureus. By demonstrating broad activities against schistosomes and bacteria exemplars, this study identified a potential route for the further development of a new anti-infective class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Whiteland
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Crusco
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa W. Bloemberg
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales, United Kingdom
| | | | - Josephine Forde-Thomas
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Avril Coghlan
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick J. Murphy
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd, United Kingdom
| | - Karl F. Hoffmann
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Dixon MA, Winskill P, Harrison WE, Whittaker C, Schmidt V, Sarti E, Bawm S, Dione MM, Thomas LF, Walker M, Basáñez MG. Force-of-infection of Taenia solium porcine cysticercosis: a modelling analysis to assess global incidence and prevalence trends. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17637. [PMID: 33077748 PMCID: PMC7572398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) called, in 2012, for a validated strategy towards Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis control and elimination. Estimating pig force-of-infection (FoI, the average rate at which susceptible pigs become infected) across geographical settings will help understand local epidemiology and inform effective intervention design. Porcine cysticercosis (PCC) age-prevalence data (from 15 studies in Latin America, Africa and Asia) were identified through systematic review. Catalytic models were fitted to the data using Bayesian methods, incorporating uncertainty in diagnostic performance, to estimate rates of antibody seroconversion, viable metacestode acquisition, and seroreversion/infection loss. There was evidence of antibody seroreversion across 5 studies, and of infection loss in 6 studies measured by antigen or necropsy, indicating transient serological responses and natural resolution of infection. Concerted efforts should be made to collect robust data using improved diagnostics to better understand geographical heterogeneities in T. solium transmission to support post-2020 WHO targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Dixon
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK.
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Peter Winskill
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Wendy E Harrison
- SCI Foundation, Edinburgh House, 170 Kennington Lane, London, SE11 5DP, UK
| | - Charles Whittaker
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Veronika Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Center for Global Health, Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
- Centre for Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elsa Sarti
- Sanofi Pasteur Latin America, Av. Universidad N° 1738, Colonia Coyoacán, 04000, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Saw Bawm
- University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 15013, Myanmar
| | - Michel M Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, 01 BP 1496, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Lian F Thomas
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Old Naivasha Road, PO Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute for Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - Martin Walker
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences and London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Maria-Gloria Basáñez
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
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El-Kady AM, El-Amir MI, Hassan MH, Allemailem KS, Almatroudi A, Ahmad AA. Genetic Diversity of Schistosoma haematobium in Qena Governorate, Upper Egypt. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:3601-3611. [PMID: 33116680 PMCID: PMC7575065 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s266928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Schistosomiasis is an important neglected tropical disease (NTD) in several developing countries. Praziquantel is the principle and efficacious chemotherapeutic agent that has been used to treat schistosomiasis for decades. Unfortunately, emerging resistance to praziquantel with accompanying reduced efficacy is reported in some localities. Hence, genetic diversity among parasite populations is of significant interest in assessing the effects of selective pressure generated by praziquantel therapy that might result in encouraging the emergence of new genotypes that are either non-susceptible or drug-resistant. The present study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of Schistosoma haematobium among human populations using the RAPD technique to help clarify disease epidemiology and transmission. Materials and Methods S. haematobium eggs were isolated from 50 of 134 patients from four different localities in Qena Governorate, Upper Egypt. These patients complained of terminal hematuria and burning micturition. Samples were used for molecular analysis using RAPD-PCR primers (A02, A07, A09, A10). Results Twenty S. haematobium isolates (40%) were amplified using the selected RAPD primers. Amplification patterns of these isolates showed distinct variation in the size and number of amplified fragments, indicating high genetic variation among these isolates. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to characterize the genetic diversity of S. haematobium in human populations in Upper Egypt. Future studies on a larger geographic scale involving many districts in Upper Egypt should be encouraged. Information from such a study would provide better insight into clonal lineages of S. haematobium in this endemic area. In turn, understanding transmission of the parasite may have a major role in establishing control strategies for urogenital schistosomiasis in Upper Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa M El-Kady
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Mostafa I El-Amir
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Mohammed H Hassan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Khaled S Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudia Arabia
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudia Arabia
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de Morais MC, de Souza JV, da Silva Maia Bezerra Filho C, Dolabella SS, de Sousa DP. Trypanocidal Essential Oils: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194568. [PMID: 33036315 PMCID: PMC7583723 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomiases are diseases caused by parasitic protozoan trypanosomes of the genus Trypanosoma. In humans, this includes Chagas disease and African trypanosomiasis. There are few therapeutic options, and there is low efficacy to clinical treatment. Therefore, the search for new drugs for the trypanosomiasis is urgent. This review describes studies of the trypanocidal properties of essential oils, an important group of natural products widely found in several tropical countries. Seventy-seven plants were selected from literature for the trypanocidal activity of their essential oils. The main chemical constituents and mechanisms of action are also discussed. In vitro and in vivo experimental data show the therapeutic potential of these natural products for the treatment of infections caused by species of Trypanosoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Castro de Morais
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900 João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil; (M.C.d.M.); (J.V.d.S.); (C.d.S.M.B.F.)
| | - Jucieudo Virgulino de Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900 João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil; (M.C.d.M.); (J.V.d.S.); (C.d.S.M.B.F.)
| | - Carlos da Silva Maia Bezerra Filho
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900 João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil; (M.C.d.M.); (J.V.d.S.); (C.d.S.M.B.F.)
| | - Silvio Santana Dolabella
- Laboratory of Entomology and Tropical Parasitology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, 49100-000 São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil;
| | - Damião Pergentino de Sousa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900 João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil; (M.C.d.M.); (J.V.d.S.); (C.d.S.M.B.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-83-3216-7347
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Hahnel SR, Dilks CM, Heisler I, Andersen EC, Kulke D. Caenorhabditis elegans in anthelmintic research - Old model, new perspectives. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2020; 14:237-248. [PMID: 33249235 PMCID: PMC7704361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For more than four decades, the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been extensively used in anthelmintic research. Classic genetic screens and heterologous expression in the C. elegans model enormously contributed to the identification and characterization of molecular targets of all major anthelmintic drug classes. Although these findings provided substantial insights into common anthelmintic mechanisms, a breakthrough in the treatment and control of parasitic nematodes is still not in sight. Instead, we are facing increasing evidence that the enormous diversity within the phylum Nematoda cannot be recapitulated by any single free-living or parasitic species and the development of novel broad-spectrum anthelmintics is not be a simple goal. In the present review, we summarize certain milestones and challenges of the C. elegans model with focus on drug target identification, anthelmintic drug discovery and identification of resistance mechanisms. Furthermore, we present new perspectives and strategies on how current progress in C. elegans research will support future anthelmintic research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clayton M Dilks
- Northwestern University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | | | - Erik C Andersen
- Northwestern University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Evanston, IL, USA.
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Anthelminthic Activity of Assassin Bug Venom against the Blood Fluke Schistosoma mansoni. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9100664. [PMID: 33019687 PMCID: PMC7599792 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9100664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminths such as the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni represent a major global health challenge due to limited availability of drugs. Most anthelminthic drug candidates are derived from plants, whereas insect-derived compounds have received little attention. This includes venom from assassin bugs, which contains numerous bioactive compounds. Here, we investigated whether venom from the European predatory assassin bug Rhynocoris iracundus has antischistosomal activity. Venom concentrations of 10–50 µg/mL inhibited the motility and pairing of S. mansoni adult worms in vitro and their capacity to produce eggs. We used EdU-proliferation assays to measure the effect of venom against parasite stem cells, which are essential for survival and reproduction. We found that venom depleted proliferating stem cells in different tissues of the male parasite, including neoblasts in the parenchyma and gonadal stem cells. Certain insect venoms are known to lyse eukaryotic cells, thus limiting their therapeutic potential. We therefore carried out hemolytic activity assays using porcine red blood cells, revealing that the venom had no significant effect at a concentration of 43 µg/mL. The observed anthelminthic activity and absence of hemolytic side effects suggest that the components of R. iracundus venom should be investigated in more detail as potential antischistosomal leads.
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Lu L, Loker ES, Adema CM, Zhang SM, Bu L. Genomic and transcriptional analysis of genes containing fibrinogen and IgSF domains in the schistosome vector Biomphalaria glabrata, with emphasis on the differential responses of snails susceptible or resistant to Schistosoma mansoni. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008780. [PMID: 33052953 PMCID: PMC7588048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving a deeper understanding of the factors controlling the defense responses of invertebrate vectors to the human-infecting pathogens they transmit will provide needed new leads to pursue for control. Consequently, we provide new genomic and transcriptomic insights regarding FReDs (containing a fibrinogen domain) and FREPs (fibrinogen domain and one or two IgSF domains) from the planorbid snail Biomphalaria glabrata, a Neotropical vector of Schistosoma mansoni, causative agent of human intestinal schistosomiasis. Using new bioinformatics approaches to improve annotation applied to both genome and RNA-Seq data, we identify 73 FReD genes, 39 of which are FREPs. We provide details of domain structure and consider relationships and homologies of B. glabrata FBG and IgSF domains. We note that schistosome-resistant (BS-90) snails mount complex FREP responses following exposure to S. mansoni infection whereas schistosome-susceptible (M line) snails do not. We also identify several coding differences between BS-90 and M line snails in three FREPs (2, 3.1 and 3.2) repeatedly implicated in other studies of anti-schistosome responses. In combination with other results, our study provides a strong impetus to pursue particular FREPs (2, 3.1, 3.2 and 4) as candidate resistance factors to be considered more broadly with respect to schistosome control efforts, including involving other Biomphalaria species vectoring S. mansoni in endemic areas in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Lu
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Eric S. Loker
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Coen M. Adema
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Si-Ming Zhang
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Lijing Bu
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
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Rajamanickam A, Munisankar S, Thiruvengadam K, Menon PA, Dolla C, Nutman TB, Babu S. Impact of Helminth Infection on Metabolic and Immune Homeostasis in Non-diabetic Obesity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2195. [PMID: 33042134 PMCID: PMC7524873 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several epidemiological and immunological studies indicate a reciprocal association between obesity/metabolic syndrome and helminth infections. Numerous studies demonstrated that obesity is concomitant with chronic low-grade inflammation, which is marked by vital changes in cellular composition and function of adipose tissue. However, the effect of helminth infection on the homeostatic milieu in obesity is not well-understood. To determine the relationship between Strongyloides stercoralis (Ss) infection and obesity, we examined an array of parameters linked with obesity both before and at 6 months following anthelmintic treatment. To this end, we measured serum levels of pancreatic hormones, incretins, adipokines and Type-1, Type-2, Type-17, and other proinflammatory cytokines in those with non-diabetic obesity with (INF) or without Ss infection (UN). In INF individuals, we evaluated the levels of these parameters at 6 months following anthelmintic treatment. INF individuals revealed significantly lower levels of insulin, glucagon, C-peptide, and GLP-1 and significantly elevated levels of GIP compared to UN individuals. INF individuals also showed significantly lower levels of Type-1, Type-17 and other pro-inflammatory cytokines and significantly increased levels of Type-2 and regulatory cytokines in comparison to UN individuals. Most of these changes were significantly reversed following anthelmintic treatment. Ss infection is associated with a significant alteration of pancreatic hormones, incretins, adipokines, and cytokines in obese individuals and its partial reversal following anthelmintic treatment. Our data offer a possible biological mechanism for the protective effect of Ss infection on obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Rajamanickam
- National Institute of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT)-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Saravanan Munisankar
- National Institute of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT)-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Kannan Thiruvengadam
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Pradeep A Menon
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Chandrakumar Dolla
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Thomas B Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Subash Babu
- National Institute of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT)-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India.,Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research Sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
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Mnkugwe RH, Minzi O, Kinung’hi S, Kamuhabwa A, Aklillu E. Efficacy and safety of praziquantel and dihydroartemisinin piperaquine combination for treatment and control of intestinal schistosomiasis: A randomized, non-inferiority clinical trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008619. [PMID: 32966290 PMCID: PMC7510991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the reported success in reducing morbidity, praziquantel alone is insufficient for the control and elimination of schistosomiasis, partly due to its poor efficacy against the juvenile worms. Artemisinin derivatives are effective against juvenile worms but are less effective against adult worms. We compared the safety and efficacy of praziquantel and Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine combination against the standard praziquantel alone for treatment of intestinal schistosomiasis. METHODS In this randomized, open-label, non-inferiority trial, 639 Schistosoma mansoni infected children were enrolled and randomized to receive either praziquantel alone or praziquantel plus Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine combination. Two stool samples were collected on consecutive days at baseline, 3 and 8 weeks post-treatment and analyzed using thick smear Kato Katz method. Efficacy was assessed by cure and egg reduction rates at 3 and 8 weeks post-treatment. Adverse events were assessed within four hours of drugs intake. The primary outcome was cure rates at 8 weeks of post-treatment. Secondary outcomes were egg reduction rates at 8 weeks of post-treatment and treatment-associated adverse events. RESULTS At 3 weeks of post-treatment, cure rates were 88.3% (263/298, 95% CI = 84.1%- 91.4%) and 81.2% (277/341, 95% CI = 76.7%- 85.0%) for the combination therapy and praziquantel alone, respectively (p < 0.01, odds ratio (OR) = 1.74, 95% CI of OR = 1.11 to 2.69). At 8 weeks, there was a significant drop in the cure rates in praziquantel alone group to 63.9% (218/341, 95% CI = 58.7%- 68.8%) compared to 81.9% (244/298, 95% CI = 77.1%- 85.8%) in the combination therapy group (p < 0.0001, OR = 2.55, 95%CI of OR = 1.75 to 3.69). Egg reduction rates at 8 weeks post-treatment were significantly higher in the combination therapy group 93.6% (95% CI = 90.8%- 96.4%) compared to 87.9% (95% CI = 84.4%- 91.4%) in the praziquantel only group (p = 0.01). On both Univariate and Multivariate regression analysis, type of treatment received was a significant predictor of cure at week 8 post-treatment. Overall, 30.8% (95% CI = 27.2%- 34.4%) of the study participants experienced mild and transient treatment-associated adverse events, post-treatment abdominal pain (27.1%) being the most common adverse event observed. There was no significant difference in the overall occurrence of adverse events between the two treatment groups. CONCLUSION Praziquantel and Dihydroartemisinin piperaquine combination therapy is safe, and more efficacious compared to praziquantel alone for the treatment of intestinal schistosomiasis. Further studies are needed to explore if the combination therapy can be considered as an option for mass drug administration to control and eventually eliminate schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajabu Hussein Mnkugwe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Omary Minzi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Safari Kinung’hi
- National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Appolinary Kamuhabwa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Eleni Aklillu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Neglected Tropical Diseases and Other Infectious Diseases Affecting the Heart. The NET-Heart Project: Rationale and Design. Glob Heart 2020; 15:60. [PMID: 32923353 PMCID: PMC7473196 DOI: 10.5334/gh.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a group of infections that are prevalent in many of the tropical and sub-tropical developing countries where poverty is rampant. NTDs have remained largely unnoticed in the global health agenda. There is a substantial gap between the burden of disease for NTDs in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and research devoted to the affected populations. We created a Latin-American initiative with emerging leaders (EL) from the Interamerican Society of Cardiology (IASC) with the objective to perform multiple systematic reviews of NTDs and other infectious diseases affecting the heart: The NET-Heart Project. Objective To describe the rationale and design considerations of the NET-Heart project. Methods The NET-Heart Project is a collaborative work of the IASC EL program. The main objective of the NET-Heart project is to systematically evaluate the available evidence of NTDs and other infectious diseases and their cardiovascular involvement. As a secondary objective, this initiative aims to offer recommendations and potential diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms that can aid the management of cardiovascular complications of these infectious diseases. After an expert discussion 17 initial infectious diseases were selected, for each disease we created one working group. The project was structured in different phases: Systematic review, brainstorming workshops, analysis and results, manuscript writing and recommendations and evaluation of clinical implications. Conclusion The NET-Heart project is an innovative collaborative initiative created to assess burden and impact of NTDs and other infectious diseases in CVD. NTDs can no longer be ignored and must be prioritised on the health and research agenda. This project aims to review in depth the evidence regarding cardiac compromise of these serious conditions and to propose strategies to overcome barriers for efficient diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular complications.
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Castonguay FM, Sokolow SH, De Leo GA, Sanchirico JN. Cost-effectiveness of combining drug and environmental treatments for environmentally transmitted diseases. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200966. [PMID: 32842925 PMCID: PMC7482273 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) via mass drug administration (MDA) has increased considerably over the past decade, but strategies focused exclusively on human treatment show limited efficacy. This paper investigated trade-offs between drug and environmental treatments in the fight against NTDs by using schistosomiasis as a case study. We use optimal control techniques where the planner's objective is to treat the disease over a time horizon at the lowest possible total cost, where the total costs include treatment, transportation and damages (reduction in human health). We show that combining environmental treatments and drug treatments reduces the dependency on MDAs and that this reduction increases when the planners take a longer-run perspective on the fight to reduce NTDs. Our results suggest that NTDs with environmental reservoirs require moving away from a reliance solely on MDA to integrated treatment involving investment in both drug and environmental controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- François M. Castonguay
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Susanne H. Sokolow
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Giulio A. De Leo
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - James N. Sanchirico
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Resources for the Future, Washington, DC 20036, USA
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Abstract
Noma is an orofacial gangrene affecting primarily children living in extreme poverty in remote parts of subtropical and tropical countries. Mortality and disability are high, and survivors often have physical and functional deformities resulting in stigma and isolation. Many healthcare professionals and primary healthcare workers where noma risk factors exist have no knowledge about noma and its implications. Public health measures to improve nutrition, immunizations, sanitation, and access to healthcare and measures to eliminate extreme poverty can lead to the eradication of noma. Research allocation has been insufficient to study the epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of noma. In a recent editorial by Hotez and colleagues in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs), "What constitutes an NTD?" Noma is not included. The exclusion of noma from NTDs constitutes this preventable childhood disease as a neglected neglected disease. The purpose of this article is the inclusion of noma with the PLOS NTDs. Increased awareness and attention to noma can lead to the eradication of this disease affecting the world's most vulnerable.
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Dilks CM, Hahnel SR, Sheng Q, Long L, McGrath PT, Andersen EC. Quantitative benzimidazole resistance and fitness effects of parasitic nematode beta-tubulin alleles. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2020; 14:28-36. [PMID: 32858477 PMCID: PMC7473882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infections by parasitic nematodes inflict a huge burden on the health of humans and livestock throughout the world. Anthelmintic drugs are the first line of defense against these infections. Unfortunately, resistance to these drugs is rampant and continues to spread. To improve treatment strategies, we must understand the genetics and molecular mechanisms that underlie resistance. Studies of the fungus Aspergillus nidulans and the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans discovered that a beta-tubulin gene is mutated in benzimidazole (BZ) resistant strains. In parasitic nematode populations, three beta-tubulin alleles, F167Y, E198A, and F200Y, have long been correlated with resistance. Additionally, improvements in sequencing technologies have identified new alleles - E198V, E198L, E198K, E198I, and E198Stop - also correlated with BZ resistance. However, none of these alleles have been proven to cause resistance. To empirically demonstrate this point, we independently introduced the F167Y, E198A, and F200Y alleles as well as two of the newly identified alleles, E198V and E198L, into the BZ susceptible C. elegans N2 genetic background using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. These genome-edited strains were exposed to both albendazole and fenbendazole to quantitatively measure animal responses to BZs. We used a range of concentrations for each BZ compound to define response curves and found that all five of the alleles conferred resistance to BZ compounds equal to a loss of the entire beta-tubulin gene. These results prove that the parasite beta-tubulin alleles cause resistance. The E198V allele is found at low frequencies along with the E198L allele in natural parasite populations, suggesting that it could affect fitness. We performed competitive fitness assays and demonstrated that the E198V allele reduces animal health, supporting the hypothesis that this allele might be less fit in field populations. Overall, we present a powerful platform to quantitatively assess anthelmintic resistance and effects of specific resistance alleles on organismal fitness in the presence or absence of the drug. Beta-tubulin alleles from parasitic nematodes were introduced into drug-susceptible C. elegans using CRISPR-Cas9. Beta-tubulin variants are strongly selected in albendazole competitive fitness assays. The E198V allele confers a fitness cost in control conditions as compared to other alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton M Dilks
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Steffen R Hahnel
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Qicong Sheng
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Lijiang Long
- Center for Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Quantitative Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Patrick T McGrath
- Center for Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Erik C Andersen
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
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Aya Pastrana N, Beran D, Somerville C, Heller O, Correia JC, Suggs LS. The process of building the priority of neglected tropical diseases: A global policy analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008498. [PMID: 32785262 PMCID: PMC7423089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The global burden attributed to Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) is 47.9 million Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). These diseases predominantly affect disadvantaged populations. Priority for NTDs has grown in recent years, which is observed by their inclusion in the sustainable development goals (SDGs). This study analyzed the process that allowed these diseases to be included on the global health policy agenda. This global policy analysis used the Shiffman and Smith framework to understand the determinants of global health political priority for NTDs. The framework comprises four categories: actor power, ideas, political contexts, and issue characteristics. Global documents and World Health Assembly (WHA) resolutions were examined, key-informant interviews were conducted, and academic publications were reviewed to understand the four categories that comprise the framework. A total of 37 global policy documents, 15 WHA resolutions, and 38 academic publications were examined. Twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted with individuals representing different sectors within the NTD community who have been involved in raising the priority of these diseases. This study found that several factors helped better position NTDs in the global health agenda. These include the leadership of actors that mobilized the global health community, the creation of a label combining these diseases as a group to represent a larger disease burden, the presence of mechanisms aligning the NTD community, and the agreement on ways to present the NTD burden and potential solutions. The process of building the priority of NTDs in the global health agenda shows that several determinants led to positive outcomes, but these diseases continue to have low priority at the global level which requires the implementation of actions to increase their global priority. These include sustaining the commitment of current actors and engaging new ones; increasing the attention given to diseases formerly categorized as "tool-deficient", including zoonotic NTDs; continue leveraging on policy windows and creating favorable policy moments to sustain commitment, as well as setting realistic targets. Findings from this study can help develop strategies to build the momentum and drive actions to implement the goals of the new Roadmap for NTDs in the pathway to universal health coverage (UHC) and sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly Aya Pastrana
- BeCHANGE Research Group, Institute for Public Communication, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- * E-mail: ,
| | - David Beran
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, University of Geneva and Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss School of Public Health+, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claire Somerville
- Gender Centre, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivia Heller
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, University of Geneva and Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jorge C. Correia
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, University of Geneva and Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - L. Suzanne Suggs
- BeCHANGE Research Group, Institute for Public Communication, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Swiss School of Public Health+, Zurich, Switzerland
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Edosomwan EU, Evbuomwan IO, Agbalalah C, Dahunsi SO, Abhulimhen-Iyoha BI. Malaria coinfection with Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) in children at Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camp in Benin City, Nigeria. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04604. [PMID: 32793830 PMCID: PMC7408312 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) are highly endemic in poorer countries of the world. The research investigated the prevalence of parasitic infections among children in Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camp in Benin City. Faecal, urine and blood specimen were collected from 184 children (100 males and 84 females) aged 6–15. Blood samples were prepared using thick film method and analyzed microscopically. Direct smear technique was employed for faecal sample and sedimentation method to concentrate ova from the urine sample. Ten species of parasites were identified in this study. The predominant species were Plasmodium falciparum (67.93%), Entamoeba histolytica (67.93%) and Giardia duodenalis (59.78%). Plasmodium falciparum and E. histolytica were most prevalent in both sexes, with P. falciparum infecting 68% males and 67.86% females while E. histolytica infected 66% males and 70.24% females (P = 0.24). Mixed infections with blood and intestinal parasites were recorded in 41.18% in age group 5–10 and 47.90% in age group 11–15 (P < 0.5). Also, mixed infections with blood and intestinal parasites were detected in 45% males and 50% females (P = 0.51). Urinary schistosomiasis was recorded in 28.80% of the participants. Parasitic infections especially P. falciparum malaria and amoebiasis were predominant among the children. Therefore, our findings call for specific intervention programmes to reduce parasite intensity and morbidity in the children. Environmental and personal hygiene should be implemented in order to curb parasitosis in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn U Edosomwan
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Ikponmwosa O Evbuomwan
- Applied Biology and Biotechnology Programme, Department of Microbiology, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Cynthia Agbalalah
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Samuel O Dahunsi
- Department of Microbiology, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
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Cheng WJ, Gu MJ, Ye F, Zhang YD, Zhong QP, Dong HF, Liu R, Jiang H. Prohibitin 1 (PHB1) controls growth and development and regulates proliferation and apoptosis in Schistosoma japonicum. FASEB J 2020; 34:11030-11046. [PMID: 32627884 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902787rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by the trematode blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. The prodigious egg output of females is the main cause of the disease in definitive hosts, while the female worm relies on continuous pairing with the male worm to fuel the growth and maturation of the reproductive organs and egg production. Prohibitin, which contains the functionally interdependent PHB1 and PHB2 subunits in human and some other species, has been proposed to participate in the cell proliferation and apoptosis regulation in mammals. However, little is known about the function of PHB homolog in the growth and reproductive development of schistosomes. Here, we reported the Phb1 gene that was structurally and evolutionarily conserved in Schistosoma japonicum when compared with that of other species from Caenorhabditis elegans to human. Real-time PCR detected that SjPhb1 was highly transcribed in the vitellaria of female worms. SjPhb1 knockdown achieved through the dsRNA-mediated RNAi in vivo resulted in retarded growth, decreased pairing, and fecundity in adult worms, as well as attenuated pathogenicity or virulence of worms to their hosts. Cell proliferation and apoptosis examination found decreased cell proliferation and increased cell apoptosis in SjPhb1 dsRNA-treated worms. Therefore, our study provides the first characterization of S. japonicum PHB1 and reveals its fundamental role in the regulation of growth and development of S. japonicum by specific dsRNA-mediated RNAi in vivo. Our findings prompt for a promising molecular of schistosomes that can be targeted to effectively retard the growth and development of the schistosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Cheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Jie Gu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Feng Ye
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yao-Dan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Qin-Ping Zhong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Fen Dong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Rong Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hong Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
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Malishev M, Civitello DJ. Modelling how resource competition among snail hosts affects the mollusciciding frequency and intensity needed to control human schistosomes. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kifle DW, Chaiyadet S, Waardenberg AJ, Wise I, Cooper M, Becker L, Doolan DL, Laha T, Sotillo J, Pearson MS, Loukas A. Uptake of Schistosoma mansoni extracellular vesicles by human endothelial and monocytic cell lines and impact on vascular endothelial cell gene expression. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:685-696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Natural Compounds from the Marine Brown Alga Caulocystis cephalornithos with Potent In Vitro-Activity against the Parasitic Nematode Haemonchus contortus. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070550. [PMID: 32659883 PMCID: PMC7400099 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eight secondary metabolites (1 to 8) were isolated from a marine sponge, a marine alga and three terrestrial plants collected in Australia and subsequently chemically characterised. Here, these natural product-derived compounds were screened for in vitro-anthelmintic activity against the larvae and adult stages of Haemonchus contortus (barber's pole worm)-a highly pathogenic parasitic nematode of ruminants. Using an optimised, whole-organism screening system, compounds were tested on exsheathed third-stage larvae (xL3s) and fourth-stage larvae (L4s). Anthelmintic activity was initially evaluated on these stages based on the inhibition of motility, development and/or changes in morphology (phenotype). We identified two compounds, 6-undecylsalicylic acid (3) and 6-tridecylsalicylic acid (4) isolated from the marine brown alga, Caulocystis cephalornithos, with inhibitory effects on xL3 and L4 motility and larval development, and the induction of a "skinny-straight" phenotype. Subsequent testing showed that these two compounds had an acute nematocidal effect (within 1-12 h) on adult males and females of H. contortus. Ultrastructural analysis of adult worms treated with compound 4 revealed significant damage to subcuticular musculature and associated tissues and cellular organelles including mitochondria. In conclusion, the present study has discovered two algal compounds possessing acute anthelmintic effects and with potential for hit-to-lead progression. Future work should focus on undertaking a structure-activity relationship study and on elucidating the mode(s) of action of optimised compounds.
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Haggerty CJE, Bakhoum S, Civitello DJ, De Leo GA, Jouanard N, Ndione RA, Remais JV, Riveau G, Senghor S, Sokolow SH, Sow S, Wolfe C, Wood CL, Jones I, Chamberlin AJ, Rohr JR. Aquatic macrophytes and macroinvertebrate predators affect densities of snail hosts and local production of schistosome cercariae that cause human schistosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008417. [PMID: 32628666 PMCID: PMC7365472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis is responsible for the second highest burden of disease among neglected tropical diseases globally, with over 90 percent of cases occurring in African regions where drugs to treat the disease are only sporadically available. Additionally, human re-infection after treatment can be a problem where there are high numbers of infected snails in the environment. Recent experiments indicate that aquatic factors, including plants, nutrients, or predators, can influence snail abundance and parasite production within infected snails, both components of human risk. This study investigated how snail host abundance and release of cercariae (the free swimming stage infective to humans) varies at water access sites in an endemic region in Senegal, a setting where human schistosomiasis prevalence is among the highest globally. Methods/Principal findings We collected snail intermediate hosts at 15 random points stratified by three habitat types at 36 water access sites, and counted cercarial production by each snail after transfer to the laboratory on the same day. We found that aquatic vegetation was positively associated with per-capita cercarial release by snails, probably because macrophytes harbor periphyton resources that snails feed upon, and well-fed snails tend to produce more parasites. In contrast, the abundance of aquatic macroinvertebrate snail predators was negatively associated with per-capita cercarial release by snails, probably because of several potential sublethal effects on snails or snail infection, despite a positive association between snail predators and total snail numbers at a site, possibly due to shared habitat usage or prey tracking by the predators. Thus, complex bottom-up and top-down ecological effects in this region plausibly influence the snail shedding rate and thus, total local density of schistosome cercariae. Conclusions/Significance Our study suggests that aquatic macrophytes and snail predators can influence per-capita cercarial production and total abundance of snails. Thus, snail control efforts might benefit by targeting specific snail habitats where parasite production is greatest. In conclusion, a better understanding of top-down and bottom-up ecological factors that regulate densities of cercarial release by snails, rather than solely snail densities or snail infection prevalence, might facilitate improved schistosomiasis control. Over 800 million people are at risk of schistosomiasis and environmental factors that regulate densities of cercariae parasites that infect humans remain poorly understood. We sampled a spatially extensive area at 36 water-access points in northern Senegal, and quantified densities of snail intermediate hosts, snail predators, and aquatic vegetation in each sample, as well as cercariae released from snails after they were brought to the laboratory. We found that the quantity of submerged aquatic vegetation, particularly Ceratophyllum spp., was positively associated with schistosome cercariae released per infected snail, and total potential cercariae released by the collected snails per water access site. In contrast, the abundance of aquatic predators near infected snails (in the same sweep) was negatively associated with the per-capita cercarial release by infected snails, but positively associated with total snail abundance per site. Additionally, snail densities and potential cercarial densities (estimated as the sum of cercariae released by all collected, infected snails at a site) were only weakly correlated, suggesting that snail densities alone might not accurately reflect total potential of those snails to emit schistosome cercariae. Overall, a better understanding of aquatic factors that can influence the production of schistosome cercariae under field conditions, rather than snail host abundance alone, might facilitate improvements in schistosomiasis monitoring and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. E. Haggerty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Environmental Change Initiative, Eck Institute of Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - David J. Civitello
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Giulio A. De Leo
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Jouanard
- Station d'Innovation Aquacole, Saint-Louis, Senegal
- Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Espoir pour la Santé, Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Raphael A. Ndione
- Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Espoir pour la Santé, Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Justin V. Remais
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Gilles Riveau
- Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Espoir pour la Santé, Saint-Louis, Senegal
- Institut Pasteur de Lille—CIIL, France
| | - Simon Senghor
- Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Espoir pour la Santé, Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Susanne H. Sokolow
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Souleymane Sow
- Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Espoir pour la Santé, Saint-Louis, Senegal
| | - Caitlin Wolfe
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Chelsea L. Wood
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Isabel Jones
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Chamberlin
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California, United States of America
| | - Jason R. Rohr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Environmental Change Initiative, Eck Institute of Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
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Assaré RK, N’Tamon RN, Bellai LG, Koffi JA, Mathieu TBI, Ouattara M, Hürlimann E, Coulibaly JT, Diabaté S, N’Goran EK, Utzinger J. Characteristics of persistent hotspots of Schistosoma mansoni in western Côte d'Ivoire. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:337. [PMID: 32616074 PMCID: PMC7333430 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preventive chemotherapy with praziquantel is the cornerstone of schistosomiasis control. However, in some social-ecological settings, the prevalence and/or intensity of Schistosoma infection does not lower meaningfully despite multiple rounds of preventive chemotherapy, a phenomenon termed persistent hotspot (PHS). We assessed the characteristics of PHS in a Schistosoma mansoni-endemic area of Côte d'Ivoire. METHODS In October 2016, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in 14 schools in the western part of Côte d'Ivoire, one year after multiple rounds of preventive chemotherapy. In each school, 50 children aged 9-12 years provided two stool samples and one urine sample. Stool samples were subjected to triplicate Kato-Katz thick smears for S. mansoni diagnosis. Urine samples were examined by a filtration method for S. haematobium eggs. PHS was defined as failure to achieve a reduction in the prevalence of S. mansoni infection of at least 35% and/or a reduction of infection intensity of at least 50%. Six schools underwent more detailed investigations, including a questionnaire survey for demographic characteristics and a malacological survey. RESULTS In the six schools subjected to detailed investigations, the overall prevalence of S. mansoni and S. haematobium was 9.5% and 2.6%, respectively. Four schools were classified as PHS. The S. mansoni prevalence in the four PHS was 10.9% compared to 6.6% in the remaining two schools. The S. mansoni infection intensity, expressed as arithmetic mean eggs per gram of stool (EPG) among infected children, was 123.8 EPG in PHS and 18.7 EPG in the other two schools. Children bathing in open freshwater bodies were at higher odds of S. mansoni infection (odds ratio: 4.5, 95% confidence interval: 1.6-12.6). A total of 76 human-water contact sites (53 in PHS and 23 in the other schools) were examined and 688 snails were collected, including potential intermediate host snails of Schistosoma (Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Bulinus forskalii, Bu. globosus and Bu. truncatus). CONCLUSION Children in PHS schools bathed more frequently in open freshwater bodies, and hence, they are more exposed to Schistosoma transmission. Our findings call for an integrated control approach, complementing preventive chemotherapy with other interventions, particularly in PHS settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufin K. Assaré
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roméo N. N’Tamon
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Louise G. Bellai
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Judicaelle A. Koffi
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Science de l’Homme et de la Société, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 08 BP 865, Abidjan 08, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Tra-Bi I. Mathieu
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Mamadou Ouattara
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Eveline Hürlimann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean T. Coulibaly
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Salia Diabaté
- Centre d’Entomologie Médicale et Vétérinaire, 27 BP 529, Abidjan 27, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Eliézer K. N’Goran
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003, Basel, Switzerland
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Álvarez-Izquierdo M, Guillermo Esteban J, Muñoz-Antoli C, Toledo R. Ileal proteomic changes associated with IL-25-mediated resistance against intestinal trematode infections. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:336. [PMID: 32616023 PMCID: PMC7331265 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04206-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) is an intestinal trematode, which has been extensively used to investigate the factors that determine the rejection of intestinal helminths. In this sense, several studies have shown that IL-25 is critical for the development of resistance against E. caproni in mice. In fact, treatment of mice with recombinant IL-25 generates resistance against primary E. caproni infection. However, the mechanisms by which IL-25 induces resistance remain unknown. Methods To study the mechanisms responsible for resistance elicited by IL-25, we analyzed the ileal proteomic changes induced by IL-25 in mice and their potential role in resistance. To this purpose, we compared the protein expression profiles in the ileum of four experimental groups of mice: naïve controls; E. caproni-infected mice; rIL-25-treated mice; and rIL-25-treated mice exposed to E. caproni metacercariae. Results Quantitative comparison by 2D-DIGE showed significant changes in a total of 41 spots. Of these, 40 validated protein spots were identified by mass spectrometry corresponding to 24 proteins. Conclusions Our results indicate that resistance to infection is associated with the maintenance of the intestinal epithelial homeostasis and the regulation of proliferation and cell death. These results provide new insights into the proteins involved in the regulation of tissue homeostasis after intestinal infection and its transcendence in resistance.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- María Álvarez-Izquierdo
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Guillermo Esteban
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carla Muñoz-Antoli
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Toledo
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Zinsou JF, Janse JJ, Honpkehedji YY, Dejon-Agobé JC, García-Tardón N, Hoekstra PT, Massinga-Loembe M, Corstjens PLAM, van Dam GJ, Giera M, Kremsner PG, Yazdanbakhsh M, Adegnika AA, Guigas B. Schistosoma haematobium infection is associated with lower serum cholesterol levels and improved lipid profile in overweight/obese individuals. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008464. [PMID: 32614822 PMCID: PMC7363109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with parasitic helminths has been reported to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis, lowering the risk for type 2 diabetes. However, little is known about its impact on whole-body lipid homeostasis, especially in obese individuals. For this purpose, a cross-sectional study was carried out in lean and overweight/obese adults residing in the Lambaréné region of Gabon, an area endemic for Schistosoma haematobium. Helminth infection status, peripheral blood immune cell counts, and serum metabolic and lipid/lipoprotein levels were analyzed. We found that urine S. haematobium egg-positive individuals exhibited lower serum total cholesterol (TC; 4.42 vs 4.01 mmol/L, adjusted mean difference [95%CI] -0.30 [-0.68,-0.06]; P = 0.109), high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-C (1.44 vs 1.12 mmol/L, -0.24 [-0.43,-0.06]; P = 0.009) and triglyceride (TG; 0.93 vs 0.72 mmol/L, -0.20 [-0.39,-0.03]; P = 0.022) levels than egg-negative individuals. However, when stratified according to body mass index, these effects were only observed in overweight/obese infected individuals. Similarly, significant negative correlations between the intensity of infection, assessed by serum circulating anodic antigen (CAA) concentrations, and TC (r = -0.555; P<0.001), HDL-C (r = -0.327; P = 0.068), LDL-C (r = -0.396; P = 0.025) and TG (r = -0.381; P = 0.032) levels were found in overweight/obese individuals but not in lean subjects. Quantitative lipidomic analysis showed that circulating levels of some lipid species associated with cholesterol-rich lipoprotein particles were also significantly reduced in overweight/obese infected individuals in an intensity-dependent manner. In conclusion, we reported that infection with S. haematobium is associated with improved lipid profile in overweight/obese individuals, a feature that might contribute reducing the risk of cardiometabolic diseases in such population. Infection with parasitic helminths has been reported to be beneficial for metabolic homeostasis by improving insulin sensitivity and lowering the risk for developing type 2 diabetes. Elevated circulating cholesterol and triglyceride levels associated with obesity are also risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases. In the framework of a cross-sectional study conducted in an endemic rural area, we have investigated the impact of infection with Schistosoma hematobium on serum lipid homeostasis in adult individuals with a broad range of body weight. We found that helminth infection is associated with a lower serum total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-C and triglyceride (TG) levels, especially in overweight/obese individuals. Furthermore, significant negative correlations between the intensity of infection and TC, HDL-C, LDL-C and TG levels were also found in overweight/obese individuals but not in lean subjects. Altogether our study show for the first time that infection with Schistosoma hematobium is associated with an improved serum lipid profile in overweight/obese humans, a feature that may contribute to protection against cardiometabolic diseases in such population. Further investigation is however required to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannot F. Zinsou
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Jacqueline J. Janse
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yabo Y. Honpkehedji
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | | | - Noemí García-Tardón
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pytsje T. Hoekstra
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marguerite Massinga-Loembe
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Paul L. A. M. Corstjens
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Govert J. van Dam
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G. Kremsner
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ayola A. Adegnika
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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248
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Hoover CM, Sokolow SH, Kemp J, Sanchirico JN, Lund AJ, Jones IJ, Higginson T, Riveau G, Savaya A, Coyle S, Wood CL, Micheli F, Casagrandi R, Mari L, Gatto M, Rinaldo A, Perez-Saez J, Rohr JR, Sagi A, Remais JV, De Leo GA. Modelled effects of prawn aquaculture on poverty alleviation and schistosomiasis control. NATURE SUSTAINABILITY 2020; 2:611-620. [PMID: 33313425 PMCID: PMC7731924 DOI: 10.1038/s41893-019-0301-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that snail predators may aid efforts to control the human parasitic disease schistosomiasis by eating aquatic snail species that serve as intermediate hosts of the parasite. Potential synergies between schistosomiasis control and aquaculture of giant prawns are evaluated using an integrated bio-economic-epidemiologic model. Combinations of stocking density and aquaculture cycle length that maximize cumulative, discounted profit are identified for two prawn species in sub-Saharan Africa: the endemic, non-domesticated Macrobrachium vollenhovenii, and the non-native, domesticated Macrobrachium rosenbergii. At profit maximizing densities, both M. rosenbergii and M. vollenhovenii may substantially reduce intermediate host snail populations and aid schistosomiasis control efforts. Control strategies drawing on both prawn aquaculture to reduce intermediate host snail populations and mass drug administration to treat infected individuals are found to be superior to either strategy alone. Integrated aquaculture-based interventions can be a win-win strategy in terms of health and sustainable development in schistosomiasis endemic regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Hoover
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Susanne H. Sokolow
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA
- Woods Institute for the Environment and Center for Innovation in Global Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Jonas Kemp
- Program in Human Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - James N. Sanchirico
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Andrea J. Lund
- Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, School of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Isabel J. Jones
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA
| | - Tyler Higginson
- Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey, Monterey, CA 93940 USA
| | - Gilles Riveau
- Biomedical Research Center EPLS, Saint Louis, Senegal
| | - Amit Savaya
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Shawn Coyle
- Kentucky State University, Aquaculture Division, Aquaculture Research Center, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA
| | - Chelsea L. Wood
- University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Fiorenza Micheli
- Hopkins Marine Station and Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA
| | - Renato Casagrandi
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Mari
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marino Gatto
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Rinaldo
- Laboratory of Ecohydrology, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Javier Perez-Saez
- Laboratory of Ecohydrology, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Jason R. Rohr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute of Global Health, Environmental Change Initiative University of Notre Damea, Notre Dame, IN, 46556 USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620 USA
| | - Amir Sagi
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Justin V. Remais
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Giulio A. De Leo
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA
- Woods Institute for the Environment and Center for Innovation in Global Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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249
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Bernot JP, Rudy G, Erickson PT, Ratnappan R, Haile M, Rosa BA, Mitreva M, O'Halloran DM, Hawdon JM. Transcriptomic analysis of hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum life cycle stages reveals changes in G-protein coupled receptor diversity associated with the onset of parasitism. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:603-610. [PMID: 32592811 PMCID: PMC7454011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Free-living nematodes respond to variable and unpredictable environmental stimuli whereas parasitic nematodes exist in a more stable host environment. A positive correlation between the presence of environmental stages in the nematode life cycle and an increasing number of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) reflects this difference in free-living and parasitic lifestyles. As hookworm larvae move from the external environment into a host, they detect uncharacterized host components, initiating a signalling cascade that results in the resumption of development and eventual maturation. Previous studies suggest this process is mediated by GPCRs in amphidial neurons. Here we set out to uncover candidate GPCRs required by a hookworm to recognise its host. First, we identified all potential Ancylostoma ceylanicum GPCRs encoded in the genome. We then used life cycle stage-specific RNA-seq data to identify differentially expressed GPCRs between the free-living infective L3 (iL3) and subsequent parasitic stages to identify receptors involved in the transition to parasitism. We reasoned that GPCRs involved in host recognition and developmental activation would be expressed at higher levels in the environmental iL3 stage than in subsequent stages. Our results support the model that a decrease in GPCR diversity occurs as the larvae develop from the free-living iL3 stage to the parasitic L3 (pL3) in the host over 24-72 h. We find that overall GPCR expression and diversity is highest in the iL3 compared with subsequent parasitic stages. By 72 h, there was an approximately 50% decrease in GPCR richness associated with the moult from the pL3 to the L4. Taken together, our data uncover a negative correlation between GPCR diversity and parasitic development in hookworm. Finally, we demonstrate proof of principal that Caenorhabditis elegans can be used as a heterologous system to examine the expression pattern of candidate host signal chemoreceptors (CRs) from hookworm. We observe expression of candidate host signal CRs in C. elegans, demonstrating that C. elegans can be effectively used as a surrogate to identify expressed hookworm genes. We present several preliminary examples of this strategy and confirm a candidate CR as neuronally expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Bernot
- Computational Biology Institute, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Gabriella Rudy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Patti T Erickson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury University, Salisbury, MD, USA
| | - Ramesh Ratnappan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Meseret Haile
- Department of Biochemistry, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA
| | - Bruce A Rosa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Damien M O'Halloran
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - John M Hawdon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.
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250
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King CH, Binder S, Shen Y, Whalen CC, Campbell CH, Wiegand RE, Olsen A, Secor WE, Montgomery SP, Musuva R, Mwinzi PNM, Magnussen P, Kinung’hi S, Andrade GN, Ezeamama AE, Colley DG. SCORE Studies on the Impact of Drug Treatment on Morbidity due to Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium Infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:30-35. [PMID: 32400348 PMCID: PMC7351303 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research (SCORE) was funded in 2008 to improve the evidence base for control and elimination of schistosomiasis-better understanding of the systemic morbidities experienced by children in schistosomiasis-endemic areas and the response of these morbidities to treatment, being essential for updating WHO guidelines for mass drug administration (MDA) in endemic areas. This article summarizes the SCORE studies that aimed to gauge the impact of MDA-based treatment on schistosomiasis-related morbidities. Morbidity cohort studies were embedded in the SCORE's larger field studies of gaining control of schistosomiasis in Kenya and Tanzania. Following MDA, cohort children had less undernutrition, less portal vein dilation, and increased quality of life in Year 5 compared with baseline. We also conducted a pilot study of the Behavioral Assessment System for Children (BASC-2) in conjunction with the Kenya gaining control study, which demonstrated beneficial effects of treatment on classroom behavior. In addition, the SCORE's Rapid Answers Project performed systematic reviews of previously available data, providing two meta-analyses related to morbidity. The first documented children's infection-related deficits in school attendance and achievement and in formal tests of learning and memory. The second showed that greater reductions in egg output following drug treatment correlates significantly with reduced odds of most morbidities. Overall, these SCORE morbidity studies provided convincing evidence to support the use of MDA to improve the health of school-aged children in endemic areas. However, study findings also support the need to use enhanced metrics to fully assess and better control schistosomiasis-associated morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H. King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Sue Binder
- Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Ye Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Christopher C. Whalen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Carl H. Campbell
- Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Ryan E. Wiegand
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Parasitic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annette Olsen
- Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Pathobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William Evan Secor
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Parasitic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Susan P. Montgomery
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Parasitic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rosemary Musuva
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Pauline N. M. Mwinzi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Pascal Magnussen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Safari Kinung’hi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Gisele N. Andrade
- Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Amara E. Ezeamama
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Daniel G. Colley
- Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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