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Grunst AS, Grunst ML, Pinxten R, Eens M. Sources of individual variation in problem-solving performance in urban great tits (Parus major): Exploring effects of metal pollution, urban disturbance and personality. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 749:141436. [PMID: 32841856 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing research effort, we have a limited understanding of how urban disturbance factors affect cognitive traits, such as innovative problem-solving. We performed an initial assessment of how metal pollution and urbanization levels on territories are related to problem-solving performance in urban great tits (Parus major), by presenting an obstacle removal test at nest boxes in three urban nest box populations that are exposed to different levels of metal pollution. We predicted that problem-solving capacity might be reduced within the most polluted population due to pollution-related neurological impairments. On the other hand, we predicted that problem-solving might positively correlate with urban disturbance levels on territories, because some past research suggests that problem-solving promotes persistence in urbanized habitats. We also assessed relationships between exploratory personality type, behavioral patterns during tests, and problem-solving performance, and examined the repeatability and fitness correlates of problem-solving. We found no evidence that behavioral patterns or problem-solving performance were related to metal exposure or exploratory personality, or that problem-solving promotes reproductive success. However, birds on territories exposed to more urban disturbance, as quantified by proximity to paths and roads, were more likely to problem-solve. Moreover, an aggressive problem-solving approach negatively predicted problem-solving success, and behavioral patterns during tests and problem-solving success were repeatable. Thus, rather than indicating negative effects of pollution or urban disturbance on problem-solving performance, our study provides preliminary support for the hypothesis that urbanization favors innovative problem-solving, and suggests that problem-solving could be associated with a personality dimension independent of exploratory personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Grunst
- Department of Biology, Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Melissa L Grunst
- Department of Biology, Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Rianne Pinxten
- Department of Biology, Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Faculty of Social Sciences, Didactica Research Group, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marcel Eens
- Department of Biology, Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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202
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Channegowda M. Recent advances in environmentally benign hierarchical inorganic nano-adsorbents for the removal of poisonous metal ions in water: a review with mechanistic insight into toxicity and adsorption. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:5529-5554. [PMID: 36133867 PMCID: PMC9418829 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00650e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in nanoscience and technology have addressed many of the problems associated with water quality. Accordingly, using the technological outputs of the recent research on nanomaterials, the best solution for the purification of water is highlighted in this review. Herein, the main objective is to provide mechanistic insight into the synthesis of various inorganic nanoadsorbents and their adsorption chemistry for poisonous metal ions present in polluted water. Initially, the toxicity and carcinogenicity of As3+, Pb2+, Cr6+, Cd2+, and Hg2+ metal ions are highlighted. For the removal of these toxic ions, this review focuses on eco-friendly nanoadsorbents. The various preparation procedures utilized for the preparation of nanoadsorbents are briefly discussed. Generally, this is because of the adsorption capacity of nanoadsorbents depends on their morphology, shape, size, surface area, surface active sites, functional groups, and quantization effect. Also, due to the importance of their mechanism of action, the recent developments and challenges of novel nanoadsorbents such as metal oxides, core shell nanoparticles, magnetic nano ferrates, and functionalized core shell magnetic oxides and the processes for the treatment of water contaminated by toxic metal ions such as As3+, Pb2+, Cr6+, Cd2+, and Hg2+ are exclusively reviewed. Further, the adsorption efficiency of inorganic nanoadsorbents is also compared with that of activated carbon derived from various sources for all the above-mentioned metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunatha Channegowda
- Department of Chemistry, RV College of Engineering Bengaluru-560 059 Karnataka India +91 9036651277
- Visvesvaraya Technological University Belagavi-590018 India
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203
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Portable Real-Time Detection of Pb(II) Using a CMOS MEMS-Based Nanomechanical Sensing Array Modified with PEDOT:PSS. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10122454. [PMID: 33302458 PMCID: PMC7763931 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Detecting the concentration of Pb2+ ions is important for monitoring the quality of water due to it can become a health threat as being in certain level. In this study, we report a nanomechanical Pb2+ sensor by employing the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor microelectromechanical system (CMOS MEMS)-based piezoresistive microcantilevers coated with PEDOT:PSS sensing layers. Upon reaction with Pb2+, the PEDOT:PSS layer was oxidized which induced the surface stress change resulted in a subsequent bending of the microcantilever with the signal response of relative resistance change. This sensing platform has the advantages of being mass-produced, miniaturized, and portable. The sensor exhibited its sensitivity to Pb2+ concentrations in a linear range of 0.01–1000 ppm, and the limit of detection was 5 ppb. Moreover, the sensor showed the specificity to Pb2+, required a small sample volume and was easy to operate. Therefore, the proposed analytical method described here may be a sensitive, cost-effective and portable sensing tool for on-site water quality measurement and pollution detection.
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204
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Bauer JA, Fruh V, Howe CG, White RF, Henn BC. Associations of metals and neurodevelopment: a review of recent evidence on susceptibility factors. CURR EPIDEMIOL REP 2020; 7:237-262. [PMID: 33777647 PMCID: PMC7993302 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-020-00249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Epidemiologic evidence exists that many metals are associated with adverse neurobehavioral effects in young children, including lead (Pb), methylmercury (meHg), manganese (Mn) and arsenic (As)5-8. Importantly, chemical insult can vary depending on host factors and exposure circumstance. This systematic review summarizes the recent literature investigating modifying factors of the associations between metals and neurodevelopment, including immutable traits (sex or genetics) or exposure conditions (timing or co-exposures). RECENT FINDINGS Of the 53 studies included in this review, the number investigating modification of exposure effects were: 30 for sex, 21 for co-exposures, 12 for timing of exposure, and six for genetic modifiers. Sex-specific effects of metal-neurobehavioral associations were inconclusive for all metals, likely due to the heterogeneity of outcome domains assessed and the exposure time points measured. Seven studies evaluated both sex and exposure timing as modifying factors using deciduous teeth or other biomarkers with repeated measures to characterize metals exposure over time. Only five studies used statistical methods for mixtures to evaluate associations of more than two metals with neurobehavioral domains. SUMMARY Despite the expansion of research on susceptibility to the neurodevelopmental effects of metals exposure, considerable gaps remain. This work remains critical, as characterizing susceptible subpopulations can aid in identifying biological mechanisms and is fundamental for the protection of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Bauer
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Victoria Fruh
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caitlin G Howe
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roberta F White
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Birgit Claus Henn
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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205
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Wiener RC, Bhandari R. Association of electronic cigarette use with lead, cadmium, barium, and antimony body burden: NHANES 2015-2016. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 62:126602. [PMID: 32650063 PMCID: PMC7655515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure of toxic metals from e-cigarette use is a cause for public health concern because youth, young adults, and non-smokers are the target population rapidly adopting e-cigarette use. The purpose of this research is to determine the association of the body burden of heavy metals with e-cigarette use using NHANES (U.S.) 2015-2016 data. METHODS Blood lead (N = 1899) and urinary cadmium, barium, and antimony (N = 1302) data were extracted from NHANES, 2015-2016; geometric means were calculated and bivariate and multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted. Participants were categorized as having neither e-cigarette nor cigarette use; smoking history (including dual use with e-cigarettes); and only e-cigarette (current or former). RESULTS In multivariable analyses adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, age, and poverty levels, current or former e-cigarette use failed to reach a statistical significance in the association with metals. However, participants with a smoking history were more likely to have higher blood lead and urinary cadmium than participants who neither used e-cigarettes nor cigarettes. CONCLUSION Blood lead levels, and urinary cadmium, barium, and antimony levels were similar between participants who used e-cigarettes and participants who did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Constance Wiener
- West Virginia University, Department of Dental Practice and Rural Health, School of Dentistry, 104a Health Sciences Addition, PO Box 9415, Morgantown, WV, 26506, United States.
| | - Ruchi Bhandari
- West Virginia University, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Robert C Byrd Health Sciences Center North, Room G104C, Morgantown, WV, 26506, United States.
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206
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Kuang W, Chen Z, Shi K, Sun H, Li H, Huang L, Bi J. Adverse health effects of lead exposure on physical growth, erythrocyte parameters and school performances for school-aged children in eastern China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 145:106130. [PMID: 32971417 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a cross-sectional study with 395 completely matched student samples enrolled from a public primary school in Nanjing of eastern China, including questionnaires, blood samples, growth indexes and school performances, all of which were used for the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and general linear model (GLM). The results showed that factors, such as gender, age, parents' education, residential passive smoking and picky eaters, had significant impacts on the blood lead levels (BPbs). As for the linear and non-linear dose-response relationship between BPbs and erythrocyte parameters, we found a positive association between BPbs and red blood cell count (RBC count) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) but a negative association between BPbs and hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH). When BPbs increased by 10 μg/L, the RBC count increased by 0.18 × 1012/L, while HGB and HCT decreased by 1.19 g/L and 0.41% for boys, respectively. As for girls, corresponding increases in RBC count was 0.05 × 1012/L, while HGB and HCT decreased by 0.82 g/L and 0.23%. Meanwhile, for both boys and girls, MCHC increased by 2.55 g/L, while MCV and MCH levels decreased by 0.41 fL and 0.12 pg each. Furthermore, a remarkable adverse effect (p < 0.05) was observed on children's school performances as a result of increased BPbs. As BPbs increased by 10 μg/L, children's scores for Chinese, Math and English decreased by 0.42 points, 0.39 points and 0.87 points, respectively. In summary, our study indicated that lead exposure can have adverse health effects on children's erythrocyte parameters, BMI, and school performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zhaofang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Kexin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hong Sun
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Hongbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Lei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, P.O. Box 1000, 61 Rt. 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.
| | - Jun Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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207
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Xu T, Wu L, Xia M, Simeonov A, Huang R. Systematic Identification of Molecular Targets and Pathways Related to Human Organ Level Toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 34:412-421. [PMID: 33251791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms leading to organ level toxicities are poorly understood. In this study, we applied an integrated approach to deduce the molecular targets and biological pathways involved in chemically induced toxicity for eight common human organ level toxicity end points (carcinogenicity, cardiotoxicity, developmental toxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and skin toxicity). Integrated analysis of in vitro assay data, molecular targets and pathway annotations from the literature, and toxicity-molecular target associations derived from text mining, combined with machine learning techniques, were used to generate molecular targets for each of the organ level toxicity end points. A total of 1516 toxicity-related genes were identified and subsequently analyzed for biological pathway coverage, resulting in 206 significant pathways (p-value <0.05), ranging from 3 (e.g., developmental toxicity) to 101 (e.g., skin toxicity) for each toxicity end point. This study presents a systematic and comprehensive analysis of molecular targets and pathways related to various in vivo toxicity end points. These molecular targets and pathways could aid in understanding the biological mechanisms of toxicity and serve as a guide for the design of suitable in vitro assays for more efficient toxicity testing. In addition, these results are complementary to the existing adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework and can be used to aid in the development of novel AOPs. Our results provide abundant testable hypotheses for further experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Xu
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Leihong Wu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Anton Simeonov
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Ruili Huang
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
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208
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Sutunkova MP, Minigalieva IA, Klinova SV, Panov VG, Gurvich VB, Privalova LI, Sakhautdinova RR, Shur VY, Shishkina EV, Shtin TN, Riabova JV, Katsnelson BA. Some data on the comparative and combined toxic activity of nanoparticles containing lead and cadmium with special attention to their vasotoxicity. Nanotoxicology 2020; 15:205-222. [PMID: 33186499 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2020.1845410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Moderate subchronic intoxication was induced in rats by repeated intraperitoneal injections of PbO (49.6 ± 16.0 nm) and/or CdO (57.0 ± 13.0 nm) nanoparticles (NP) three times a week during 6 weeks. In particular, there was a reduction in arterial blood pressure and in blood concentrations of a number of factors controlling vasoconstriction and vasodilation, particularly of endothelin 1 (ET-1). This toxic effect was attenuated with a bioprotective complex administered in the background. The study confirmed as well that the combined binary action typology varies depending on which effect it is estimated by.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina P Sutunkova
- The Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Ilzira A Minigalieva
- The Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Klinova
- The Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir G Panov
- The Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, Russia.,Institute of Industrial Ecology, The Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir B Gurvich
- The Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Larisa I Privalova
- The Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Renata R Sakhautdinova
- The Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir Ya Shur
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, The Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Shishkina
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, The Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana N Shtin
- The Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Julia V Riabova
- The Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Boris A Katsnelson
- The Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, Russia
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209
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Ahamed M, Akhtar MJ, Khan MAM. Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Attenuate Cytotoxic and Oxidative Stress Response of Pb in Human Lung Epithelial (A549) Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8221. [PMID: 33172159 PMCID: PMC7664418 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Combined exposure of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and trace metal lead (Pb) in ambient air is unavoidable. Most of the previous studies on the toxicity of SWCNTs and Pb have been conducted individually. There is a scarcity of information on the combined toxicity of SWCNTs and Pb in human cells. This work was designed to explore the combined effects of SWCNTs and Pb in human lung epithelial (A549) cells. SWCNTs were prepared through the plasma-enhanced vapor deposition technique. Prepared SWCNTs were characterized by x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. We observed that SWCNTs up to a concentration of 100 µg/mL was safe, while Pb induced dose-dependent (5-100 µg/mL) cytotoxicity in A549 cells. Importantly, cytotoxicity, cell cycle arrest, mitochondrial membrane potential depletion, lipid peroxidation, and induction of caspase-3 and -9 enzymes following Pb exposure (50 µg/mL for 24 h) were efficiently attenuated by the co-exposure of SWCNTs (10 µg/mL for 24 h). Furthermore, generation of Pb-induced pro-oxidants (reactive oxygen species and hydrogen peroxide) and the reduction of antioxidants (antioxidant enzymes and glutathione) were also mitigated by the co-exposure of SWCNTs. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry results suggest that the adsorption of Pb on the surface of SWCNTs could attenuate the bioavailability and toxicity of Pb in A549 cells. Our data warrant further research on the combined effects of SWCNTs and Pb in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maqusood Ahamed
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.J.A.); (M.A.M.K.)
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210
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Kelly RS, Bayne H, Spiro A, Vokonas P, Sparrow D, Weiss ST, Schwartz J, Nassan FL, Lee-Sarwar K, Huang M, Kachroo P, Chu SH, Litonjua AA, Lasky-Su JA. Metabolomic signatures of lead exposure in the VA Normative Aging Study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 190:110022. [PMID: 32791250 PMCID: PMC7983049 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead (Pb) is widespread and exposure to this non-essential heavy metal can cause multiple negative health effects; however the mechanisms underlying these effects remain incompletely understood. OBJECTIVES To identify plasma metabolomic signatures of Pb exposure, as measured in blood and toenails. METHODS In a subset of men from the VA Normative Aging Study, mass-spectrometry based plasma metabolomic profiling was performed. Pb levels were measured in blood samples and toenail clippings collected concurrently. Multivariable linear regression models, smoothing splines and Pathway analyses were employed to identify metabolites associated with Pb exposure. RESULTS In 399 men, 858 metabolites were measured and passed QC, of which 154 (17.9%) were significantly associated with blood Pb (p < 0.05). Eleven of these passed stringent correction for multiple testing, including pro-hydroxy-pro (β(95%CI): 1.52 (0.93,2.12), p = 7.18x10-7), N-acetylglycine (β(95%CI): 1.44 (0.85,2.02), p = 1.12x10-6), tartarate (β(95%CI): 0.68 (0.35,1.00), p = 4.84x10-5), vanillylmandelate (β(95%CI): 1.05 (0.47,1.63), p = 4.44x10-7), and lysine (β(95%CI): 1.88 (-2.8,-0.95), p = 9.10x10-5). A subset of 48 men had a second blood sample collected a mean of 6.1 years after their first. Three of the top eleven metabolites were also significant in this second blood sample. Furthermore, we identified 70 plasma metabolites associated with Pb as measured in toenails. Twenty-three plasma metabolites were significantly associated with both blood and toenail measures, while others appeared to be specific to the biosample in which Pb was measured. For example, benzanoate metabolism appeared to be of importance with the longer-term exposure assessed by toenails. DISCUSSION Pb exposure is responsible for 0.6% of the global burden of disease and metabolomics is particularly well-suited to explore its pathogenic mechanisms. In this study, we identified metabolites and metabolomic pathways associated with Pb exposure that suggest that Pb exposure acts through oxidative stress and immune dysfunction. These findings help us to better understand the biology of this important public health burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Kelly
- Channing Division of Network Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.
| | - Haley Bayne
- Channing Division of Network Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Avron Spiro
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02130, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Pantel Vokonas
- VA Normative Aging Study, VA Boston Healthcare System, School of Medicine and School of Public Health, Boston University, USA
| | - David Sparrow
- VA Normative Aging Study, VA Boston Healthcare System, School of Medicine and School of Public Health, Boston University, USA
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Feiby L Nassan
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kathleen Lee-Sarwar
- Channing Division of Network Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mengna Huang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Priyadarshini Kachroo
- Channing Division of Network Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Su H Chu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Augusto A Litonjua
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Jessica A Lasky-Su
- Channing Division of Network Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
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211
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Ge J, Yang H, Lu X, Wang S, Zhao Y, Huang J, Xi Z, Zhang L, Li R. Combined exposure to formaldehyde and PM 2.5: Hematopoietic toxicity and molecular mechanism in mice. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 144:106050. [PMID: 32861163 PMCID: PMC7839661 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 and formaldehyde (FA) are major outdoor and indoor air pollutants in China, respectively, and both are known to be harmful to human health and to be carcinogenic. Of all the known chronic health effects, leukaemia is one of the most serious health risks associated with these two pollutants. To explore the influence and underlying mechanisms of exposure to formaldehyde and PM2.5 on hematopoietic toxicity, we systematically studied the toxicity induced in hematopoietic organs: bone marrow (BM); spleen; and myeloid progenitor cells (MPCs). Male Balb/c mice were exposed to: PM2.5 (20, 160 μg/kg·d) at a dose of 40 μL per mouse or formaldehyde (0.5, 3.0 mg/m3) for 8 h per day for 2 weeks or co-exposed to formaldehyde and PM2.5 (20 μg/kg·d PM2.5 + 0.5 mg/m3 FA, 20 μg/kg·d PM2.5 + 3 mg/m3 FA, 160 μg/kg·d PM2.5 + 0.5 mg/m3 FA, 160 μg/kg·d PM2.5 + 3 mg/m3 FA) for 2 weeks. Similar toxic effects were found in the formaldehyde-only and PM2.5-only groups, including significant decrease of blood cells and MPCs, along with decreased expression of hematopoietic growth factors. In addition, individual exposure of formaldehyde or PM2.5 increased oxidative stress, DNA damage and immune system disorder by destroying the balance of Th1/Th2, and Treg/Th17. DNA repair was markedly inhibited by deregulating the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Combined exposure to PM2.5 and formaldehyde led to more severe effects. Administration of Vitamin E (VE) was shown to attenuate these effects. In conclusion, our findings suggested that PM2.5 and formaldehyde may induce hematopoietic toxicity by reducing the expression of hematopoietic growth factors, increasing oxidative stress and DNA damage, activating the 'immune imbalance' pathway and suppressing the DNA-repair related mTOR pathway. The hematopoietic toxicity induced by combined exposure of PM2.5 and formaldehyde might provide further insights into the increased incidence of hematological diseases, including human myeloid leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ge
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Honglian Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Xianxian Lu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Shenqi Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jiawei Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhuge Xi
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rui Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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212
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Obiyo GE, Ogunsuyi OM, Akindele O A. Evaluation of long-term dermal exposure to soil contaminated with spent engine oil in male Wistar rats: An experimental approach. Toxicol Ind Health 2020; 36:979-994. [PMID: 33108250 DOI: 10.1177/0748233720968466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Continuous occupational exposure to spent engine oil (SEO) poses physiological risks to humans, especially to automobile mechanics. This study investigated the physiological effects of SEO-contaminated soil in a male Wistar rat model. Animals were dermally exposed to soil contaminated with SEO for 120 consecutive days and compared with rats exposed to uncontaminated soil (negative control). Heavy metal (lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), zinc, and cadmium (Cd)) accumulations, hematology, biochemical (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea, and creatinine) parameters, sperm morphology, and histopathology (liver, kidney, lungs, brain, skin, and testis) were evaluated as end points. Results revealed that the heavy metals in SEO-contaminated soil are far greater than the World Health Organisation permissible limits, with significant (p < 0.05) increases of Pb and Ni present in the brain, and Pb and Cd in the serum compared with the uncontaminated soil for the negative control. Only significant (p < 0.05) values were observed in the lymphocytes, activities of AST and ALP, and sperm abnormalities of the exposed rats compared with those used for the negative control. Histopathological changes were not evident in the brain but lesions were observed in the liver, kidney, lungs, skin, and testis of the exposed rats. Results herein suggest that the constituents of SEO may elicit harmful physiological changes to humans who are directly exposed to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Obiyo
- Ecology and Environmental Unit, Department of Zoology, 58987University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Opeoluwa M Ogunsuyi
- Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, 58987University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Adeyi Akindele O
- Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Zoology, 58987University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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213
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Krauskopf J, Bergdahl IA, Johansson A, Palli D, Lundh T, Kyrtopoulos SA, de Kok TM, Kleinjans JC. Blood Transcriptome Response to Environmental Metal Exposure Reveals Potential Biological Processes Related to Alzheimer's Disease. Front Public Health 2020; 8:557587. [PMID: 33194959 PMCID: PMC7609776 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.557587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease which is manifested by a progressive and irreversible decline of cognition, memory loss, a shortened attention span, and changes in personality. Aging and genetic pre-dispositions, particularly the presence of a specific form of apolipoprotein E (APOE), are main risk factors of sporadic AD; however, a large body of evidence has shown that multiple environmental factors, including exposure to toxic metals, increase the risk for late onset AD. Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are ubiquitous toxic metals with a wide range of applications resulting in global distribution in the environment and exposure of all living organisms on earth. In addition to being classified as carcinogenic (Cd) and possibly carcinogenic (Pb) to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, both compounds disrupt metal homeostasis and can cause toxic responses at the cellular and organismal levels. Pb toxicity targets the central nervous system and evidence for that has emerged also for Cd. Recent epidemiological studies show that both metals possibly are etiological factors of multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). To further explore the association between metal exposure and AD risk we applied whole transcriptome gene expression analysis in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) from 632 subjects of the general population, taken from the EnviroGenomarkers project. We used linear mixed effect models to associate metal exposure to gene expression after adjustment for gender, age, BMI, smoking, and alcohol consumption. For Pb exposure only few associations were identified, including a downregulation of the human eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5 (eIF5). In contrast, Cd exposure, particularly in males, revealed a much stronger transcriptomic response, featuring multiple pathways related to pathomolecular mechanisms of AD, such as endocytosis, neutrophil degranulation, and Interleukin-7 signaling. A gender stratified analysis revealed that the Cd responses were male-specific and included a downregulation of the APOE gene in men. This exploratory study revealed novel hypothetical findings which might contribute to the understanding of the neurotoxic effects of chronic Pb and Cd exposure and possibly improve our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms linking metal exposure to AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Krauskopf
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ingvar A. Bergdahl
- Section of Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Risk Factors and Life-Style Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network - ISPRO, Florence, Italy
| | - Thomas Lundh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Theo M. de Kok
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jos C. Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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214
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Cadmium and Lead Exposure, Nephrotoxicity, and Mortality. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8040086. [PMID: 33066165 PMCID: PMC7711868 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present review aims to provide an update on health risks associated with the low-to-moderate levels of environmental cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) to which most populations are exposed. Epidemiological studies examining the adverse effects of coexposure to Cd and Pb have shown that Pb may enhance the nephrotoxicity of Cd and vice versa. Herein, the existing tolerable intake levels of Cd and Pb are discussed together with the conventional urinary Cd threshold limit of 5.24 μg/g creatinine. Dietary sources of Cd and Pb and the intake levels reported for average consumers in the U.S., Spain, Korea, Germany and China are summarized. The utility of urine, whole blood, plasma/serum, and erythrocytes to quantify exposure levels of Cd and Pb are discussed. Epidemiological studies that linked one of these measurements to risks of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and mortality from common ailments are reviewed. A Cd intake level of 23.2 μg/day, which is less than half the safe intake stated by the guidelines, may increase the risk of CKD by 73%, and urinary Cd levels one-tenth of the threshold limit, defined by excessive ß2-microglobulin excretion, were associated with increased risk of CKD, mortality from heart disease, cancer of any site and Alzheimer's disease. These findings indicate that the current tolerable intake of Cd and the conventional urinary Cd threshold limit do not provide adequate health protection. Any excessive Cd excretion is probably indicative of tubular injury. In light of the evolving realization of the interaction between Cd and Pb, actions to minimize environmental exposure to these toxic metals are imperative.
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215
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Redox and essential metal status in the brain of Wistar rats acutely exposed to a cadmium and lead mixture. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2020; 71:197-204. [PMID: 33074172 PMCID: PMC7968497 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Most Pb and Cd neurotoxicity studies investigate exposure to either of the toxic metals alone, while data on co-exposure are scarce. The aim of our study was to fill that gap by investigating acute combined effects of Pb and Cd on redox and essential metal status in the brain of Wistar rats. Animals were randomised in four groups of six to eight rats, which received 15 or 30 mg/kg of Cd, 150 mg/kg of Pb, or 150 mg/kg of Pb + 15 mg/kg of Cd by gavage. The fifth, control, group received distilled water only. Co-treatment with Pb and Cd induced significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) compared to control and groups receiving either metal alone. This is of special importance, as MDA presence in the brain has been implicated in many neurodegenerative disorders. The groups did not significantly differ in Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe brain levels. Our findings highlight the importance of metal mixture studies. Neurotoxicity assessments of single chemicals do not provide a real insight into exposure to mixtures in real life. Further research should look into interactions between these metals to reveal complex molecular mechanisms of their neurotoxicity.
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216
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Hernández-Plata I, Rodríguez VM, Tovar-Sánchez E, Carrizalez L, Villalobos P, Mendoza-Trejo MS, Mussali-Galante P. Metal brain bioaccumulation and neurobehavioral effects on the wild rodent Liomys irroratus inhabiting mine tailing areas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:36330-36349. [PMID: 32556984 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ecotoxicological studies are necessary in order to evaluate the effects of environmental exposure of chemicals on wild animals and their ecological consequences. Particularly, neurobehavioral effects of heavy metal elements on wild rodents have been scarcely investigated. In the present study, we analyzed the effect of metal bioaccumulation (Pb, As, Mg, Ni, and Zn) in the brain and in the liver on exploratory activity, learning, memory, and on some dopaminergic markers in the wild rodent Liomys irroratus living inside mine tailings, at Huautla, Morelos, Mexico. We found higher Pb concentration but lower Zn in striatum, nucleus accumbens, midbrain, and hippocampus in exposed animals in comparison to rodents from the reference site. Exposed rodents exhibited anxious behavior evaluated in the open field, while no alterations in learning were found. However, they displayed slight changes in the memory test in comparison to reference group. The neurochemical evaluation showed higher levels of dopamine and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid in midbrain, while lower levels of metabolites dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid and homovanillic acid in striatum of exposed rodents. In addition, mRNA expression levels of dopaminergic D2 receptors in nucleus accumbens were lower in animals from the mining zone than in animals from the reference zone. This is the first study that shows that chronic environmental exposure to metals results in behavioral and neurochemical alterations in the wild rodent L. irroratus, a fact that may comprise the survival of the individuals resulting in long-term effects at the population level. Finally, we suggest the use of L. irroratus as a sentinel species for environmental biomonitoring of mining sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isela Hernández-Plata
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Ambientales, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Verónica M Rodríguez
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - Efraín Tovar-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación para la Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Leticia Carrizalez
- Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona #550, Col. Lomas 2a Sección, 78210, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Patricia Villalobos
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - María Soledad Mendoza-Trejo
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - Patricia Mussali-Galante
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Ambientales, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
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Abstract
Krokodil is the street name for a homemade mixture that has been used as a cheap substitute for heroin. The main active substance in krokodil is desomorphine, an opioid that is 10 times more potent than morphine. Krokodil use began in Russia and Ukraine but has spread throughout several countries in Europe and North America. Krokodil is produced from codeine tablets in a bootleg reaction performed under clandestine and unsanitary conditions. The toxicity of krokodil is characterized by devastating symptoms that start as black ulcers at the injection site and evolve to gangrene and limb amputation. The dangerous effects of krokodil are associated with its homemade nature and lack of purification prior to use. In this review, we discuss the chemical and pharmacological properties and the metabolism of desomorphine, the preparation of krokodil, and how its homemade nature contributes to its toxicity. The synthesis of krokodil produces several other morphinans in addition to desomorphine that warrant further study as possible analgesic alternatives to morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Amorim Alves
- Department of Forensic Science, College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University 1015 Floyd Avenue, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
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218
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Securing of an Industrial Soil Using Turfgrass Assisted by Biostimulants and Compost Amendment. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10091310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to study the effects of compost (applied at two rates) and two commercial microbial biostimulants on the mobility and bioavailability of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in an industrial soil phytostabilized by Dactylis glomerata L. or a mixed stand of grasses (Lolium perenne L., Poa pratensis L. and Festuca arundinacea Shreb.). The soil showed very high pseudototal and bioavailable concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), due to improper lead-acid batteries storage. Compost amendment in combination with the two biostimulants produced the best outcomes in terms of plant growth and nutrient uptake. The same mix of beneficial microbes improved soil biological fertility enhancing soil nitrogen fixing and ammonia oxidizing bacteria, while reduced the pore water and NH4NO3 extractable concentrations of Cd and at lower extent of Pb in soil. Accordingly, the lower mobility and bioavailability of Cd in soil determined a lower uptake and accumulation of Cd in shoots of different grass species. Our results suggest that a green cap with turfgrass assisted by biostimulants and compost amendment in PTE-contaminated industrial sites could be a reliable and effective practice to protect and restore soil biological fertility and to reduce the risk of PTE dispersion in the surrounding environment.
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219
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Gökalp FD, Doğanlar O, Doğanlar ZB, Güner U. The genotoxic effects of mixture of aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, and chromium on the gill tissue of adult zebrafish ( Danio rerio, Hamilton 1822). Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:1158-1167. [PMID: 32847431 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1810260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the genotoxic effects of mixtures of five metals on zebrafish at two different concentrations; at the permissible maximum contamination levels in drinking water and irrigation waters. The drinking water limits are as follows: 300 µg/L for Aluminum (Al+3), 10 µg/L for Arsenic (As+3), 5 µg/L for Cadmium (Cd+2), 10 µg/L for Cobalt (Co+2), and 50 µg/L for Chromium (Cr+2). The irrigation water limits: 5000 µg/L for Al+3, 100 µg/L for As+3, 10 µg/L for Cd+2, 50 µg/L for Co+2, and 100 µg/L for Cr+2. The zebrafish underwent chronic exposure for periods of 5, 10, and 20 days. The gene expressions for mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2), stress-specific receptor protein NCCRP1, the heat shock proteins: Hsp9, Hsp14, Hsp60, Hsp70, DNA repair (XRCC1 and EXO1), and apoptosis (BOK and BAX) were evaluated. It was found that exposure to the low- and high-concentrations of the heavy metal mixtures caused cell stress, an increased expression of the antioxidant genes, and repair proteins. As the duration of exposure was increased, the cells progressed through the apoptotic pathway. This was more evident in the high-concentration exposure groups. The results demonstrated the necessity for a reevaluation of the maximum values of heavy metal and toxic element concentrations as prescribed by the Local Standing Rules of Water Pollution Control Regulation, as well as a reevaluation of the limitations of heavy metal mixture interactions with respect to ecological balance and environmental health.HighlightsThe purpose of this study was to investigate the genotoxic effects of a mixture of Aluminum, Arsenic, Cadmium, Cobalt, Chromium on zebrafish, within drinking water, and irrigation water limits determining the concentration.The zebrafish were exposed to two different concentrations of each metal mixture for 5-, 10-, and 20-day periods. Following exposure, gene expressions of the zebrafish's gill tissues were examined.As a result of the exposure to the metal mixtures, the following occurred: cell stress, increased antioxidant gene activity, and attempts to protect cell viability. However, the cells progressed through the apoptotic pathway after prolonged exposure.The results demonstrated the necessity for a reevaluation of the maximum limits of metal and toxic element concentrations as stated in the Standing Rules of Water Pollution Control Regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulya Dilek Gökalp
- Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Oğuzhan Doğanlar
- Medicine Faculty, Department of Medicine Biology, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Banu Doğanlar
- Medicine Faculty, Department of Medicine Biology, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Utku Güner
- Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
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220
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Bakulski KM, Dou JF, Thompson RC, Lee C, Middleton LY, Perera BPU, Ferris SP, Jones TR, Neier K, Zhou X, Sartor MA, Hammoud SS, Dolinoy DC, Colacino JA. Single-Cell Analysis of the Gene Expression Effects of Developmental Lead (Pb) Exposure on the Mouse Hippocampus. Toxicol Sci 2020; 176:396-409. [PMID: 32458983 PMCID: PMC7416319 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) exposure is ubiquitous with permanent neurodevelopmental effects. The hippocampus brain region is involved in learning and memory with heterogeneous cellular composition. The hippocampus cell type-specific responses to Pb are unknown. The objective of this study is to examine perinatal Pb treatment effects on adult hippocampus gene expression, at the level of individual cells. In mice perinatally exposed to control water or a human physiologically relevant level (32 ppm in maternal drinking water) of Pb, 2 weeks prior to mating through weaning, we tested for hippocampus gene expression and cellular differences at 5 months of age. We sequenced RNA from 5258 hippocampal cells to (1) test for treatment gene expression differences averaged across all cells, (2) compare cell cluster composition by treatment, and (3) test for treatment gene expression and pathway differences within cell clusters. Gene expression patterns revealed 12 hippocampus cell clusters, mapping to major expected cell types (eg, microglia, astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes). Perinatal Pb treatment was associated with 12.4% more oligodendrocytes (p = 4.4 × 10-21) in adult mice. Across all cells, Pb treatment was associated with expression of cell cluster marker genes. Within cell clusters, Pb treatment (q < 0.05) caused differential gene expression in endothelial, microglial, pericyte, and astrocyte cells. Pb treatment upregulated protein folding pathways in microglia (p = 3.4 × 10-9) and stress response in oligodendrocytes (p = 3.2 × 10-5). Bulk tissue analysis may be influenced by changes in cell type composition, obscuring effects within vulnerable cell types. This study serves as a biological reference for future single-cell toxicant studies, to ultimately characterize molecular effects on cognition and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sean P Ferris
- Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | | | | | | | - Maureen A Sartor
- School of Public Health
- Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Saher S Hammoud
- Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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221
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Shi L, Wang N, Hu X, Yin D, Wu C, Liang H, Cao W, Cao H. Acute toxic effects of lead (Pb 2+) exposure to rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) revealed by histopathological examination and transcriptome analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 78:103385. [PMID: 32361275 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a toxic heavy metal that can cause significant damage to the aquatic ecosystem. In this study, acute toxicity test of lead in rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) was conducted. The average LC50 for 96 h of Pb2+ is 423.01 μg/L (95 % CI: 338.41-531.92 μg/L). The order of bioaccumulation of Pb2+ was gills > kidney > intestine > liver > muscle > brain. A number of cellular and tissue alterations were observed in the gill, liver, kidney and intestine tissues of Pb2+-treated rare minnows through the histological examination performed by H&E and TEM analyses. Furthermore, we investigated the Pb2+-induced toxicity mechanisms in rare minnow based on transcriptome analyses, and a panel of immune-related genes were identified and evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR. In summary, our work indicates that rare minnow could be a valuable model for studying the mechanisms of lead acute toxicity in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Nenghan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xudong Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dacong Yin
- Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Chenxi Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Huifang Liang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wenxuan Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hong Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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222
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Deng G, Deng X, Deng J, Lu X, Kang X, Song Y. Performance Evaluation of an Electrospun Nanofiber Mat as Samplers for the Trap of Trace Heavy Metals in Atmospheric Particles and Its Application. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:1453-1459. [PMID: 32741954 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20p199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Traditional methods for the analysis of trace heavy metals in the atmosphere require collecting atmospheric particles on filter substrates, such as cellulose, quartz fiber member, etc. In this paper, we report on a different filter to capture trace heavy metals in atmospheric particulates. Four kinds of electrospun nanofiber filters, polystyrene (PS), polystyrene-dithizone (PS-DZ), acrylic acid (AR), and acrylic acid-dithizone (AR-DZ) were produced by electrospinning, and used as filters to trap heavy metals in atmospheric particles. Based on these nanofiber filters, the digestion method and eluent were optimized. Under the optimal conditions (oscillation extraction with acetic acid-potassium acetate (HAC-KAC) buffer solution (0.1 mol L-1, pH = 4.5)), the developed method was successfully applied to determine the four particulate metal elements (As, Cd, Hg, and Pb) in air in two urban areas of Suzhou, China. Furthermore, a correlation between heavy metals in air and breast milk was observed. The results confirmed that an electrospun nanofiber mat could be a potential candidate for the sampling of heavy metals in atmospheric particles with higher efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhe Deng
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science of Ministry of Education of China, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University
| | | | | | - Xiaoting Lu
- Division of Child Care, Suzhou Municipal Hospital
| | - Xuejun Kang
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science of Ministry of Education of China, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University
| | - Yuan Song
- Division of Child Care, Suzhou Municipal Hospital
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Anyanwu BO, Orisakwe OE. Current mechanistic perspectives on male reproductive toxicity induced by heavy metals. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS 2020; 38:204-244. [PMID: 32648503 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2020.1782116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Environmental and occupational exposures to heavy metals have led to various deleterious damages to the biological system of which infertility is one of them. Infertility is a global public health concern, affecting 15% of all couples of reproductive age. Out of the 100% cases of reported infertility among couples, 40% of the cases are related to male factors; including decreased semen quality. This review focuses on the recent mechanistic perspectives of heavy metal-induced male reproductive toxicity. The associated toxic metal-mediated mechanisms of male reproductive toxicity include ion mimicry, disruption of cell signaling pathways, oxidative stress, altered gene expression, epigenetic regulation of gene expression, apoptosis, disruption of testis/blood barrier, inflammation and endocrine disruption. The current literature suggests that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) mediate paternal intergenerational epigenetic inheritance and thus has a direct functional importance, as well as possess novel biomarker potential, for male reproductive toxicity. To identify the specific ncRNAs with the most profound impacts on heavy metal-induced male reproductive toxicity should be thrust of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brilliance Onyinyechi Anyanwu
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Oilfield Chemicals Research (CEFOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Orish Ebere Orisakwe
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
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224
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Udefa AL, Amama EA, Archibong EA, Nwangwa JN, Adama S, Inyang VU, Inyaka GUU, Aju GJ, Okpa S, Inah IO. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of hydro-ethanolic extract of Cyperus esculentus L. (tigernut) on lead acetate-induced testicular dysfunction in Wistar rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110491. [PMID: 32768970 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Lead acetate impairs testicular function by enhancing testicular oxidative stress and apoptosis. Cyperus esculentus possesses antioxidants and has shown great improvement of testicular function. This study investigated the protective effect of hydro-ethanolic extract of Cyperus esculentus on lead acetate-induced testicular dysfunction in Wistar rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-five male Wistar rats (180-195 g) were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 5) namely: Normal control (NC), Lead control (PbC) (20 mg/kg b.w. i.p.), C. esculentus-treated (CE) (500 mg/kg b.w p.o.), Pb + CE(500) (20 mg/kg of lead and 500 mg/kg of extract) and Pb + CE(1000) (20 mg/kg of lead and 1000 mg/kg of extract). Administration lasted for 21 days. RESULTS Sperm count, motility, viability, serum testosterone and follicle stimulating hormone, Johnsen's score, Leydig cell count, Sertoli cell count, testicular testosterone, B-cell lymphoma protein-2 (Bcl-2), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cytochrome P450 A1, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD), 17β-HSD, enzymatic antioxidant activities and total antioxidant capacity were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in PbC compared with NC. These parameters however increased significantly (p < 0.05) in Pb + CE(500) and Pb + CE(1000) compared with PbC. Lead acetate upregulated (p < 0.05) testicular malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, glucose, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, Bcl-2 associated X (Bax), Bax/Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3 levels. All these parameters were downregulated (p < 0.05) in Pb + CE(500) and Pb + CE(1000) in comparison with PbC. CONCLUSION C. esculentus exhibited a dose-dependent mitigation of lead acetate-induced testicular dysfunction in Wistar rats via its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Lishilinimye Udefa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
| | - Ernest Atelhe Amama
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Efiok Aniekan Archibong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Justina Nwandimma Nwangwa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Sebastian Adama
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Vincent Ukam Inyang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Gladys Unye-Uti Inyaka
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Glory Jean Aju
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Sunday Okpa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Inah Onete Inah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
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Zare Mehrjerdi F, Niknazar S, Yadegari M, Akbari FA, Pirmoradi Z, Khaksari M. Carvacrol reduces hippocampal cell death and improves learning and memory deficits following lead-induced neurotoxicity via antioxidant activity. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 393:1229-1237. [PMID: 32303785 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01866-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Carvacrol is a monoterpene with neuroprotective effects in several animal models of neurodegeneration, including epilepsy, ischemia, and traumatic neuronal events. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of carvacrol on neurodegeneration induced by lead acetate in rats. A total of 50 male Wistar rats were divided into five equal groups. The control group received drinking water, while the neurotoxic group was exposed to 500 ppm of lead acetate in drinking water for 40 days. The three remaining groups, which were also exposed to 500 ppm of lead acetate, received carvacrol at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg orally for 40 days. The Morris water maze test was employed to examine spatial learning and memory. Pathological damage to the hippocampus was determined by Nissl staining. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were detected using biochemical analysis and the free radical scavenging activity as evaluated by the DPPH test. Administration of carvacrol significantly restored learning and memory impairment induced by lead acetate. Moreover, carvacrol ameliorated neurodegeneration, antioxidative capacity, and lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus of rats exposed to lead. The present results provide a rationale for the inhibitory role of carvacrol in the attenuation of lead-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Zare Mehrjerdi
- Neurobiomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Somayeh Niknazar
- Hearing Disorders Research Center, Loghman Hakim Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Yadegari
- Neurobiomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ali Akbari
- Neurobiomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Zeynab Pirmoradi
- Neurobiomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khaksari
- School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
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226
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Liu CM, Tian ZK, Zhang YJ, Ming QL, Ma JQ, Ji LP. Effects of Gastrodin against Lead-Induced Brain Injury in Mice Associated with the Wnt/Nrf2 Pathway. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061805. [PMID: 32560430 PMCID: PMC7353406 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrodin (GAS), the main phenolic glycoside extracted from Gastrodia elata Blume, exhibited potential neuroprotective properties. Here we examined the protective effects of GAS against lead(Pb)-induced nerve injury in mice, and explores its underlying mechanisms. Our research findings revealed that GAS improved behavioral deficits in Pb-exposed mice. GAS reduced the accumulation of p-tau and amyloid-beta (Aβ). GAS inhibited Pb-induced inflammation in the brain, as indicated by the decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). GAS increased the expression levels of NR2A and neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). GAS inhibited Pb-induced apoptosis of neurons in hippocampus tissue, as indicated by the decreased levels of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and cleaved caspase-3. Furthermore, the neuroprotective effects of GAS were associated with inhibiting oxidative stress by modulating nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant signaling. GAS supplement activated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and reduced the expression of Wnt inhibitor Dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1). Collectively, this study clarified that GAS exhibited neuroprotective property by anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis effects and its ability to regulate the Wnt/Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Min Liu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No.101, Shanghai Road, Tongshan New Area, Xuzhou 221116, China; (C.-M.L.); (Z.-K.T.); (Y.-J.Z.); (Q.-L.M.)
| | - Zhi-Kai Tian
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No.101, Shanghai Road, Tongshan New Area, Xuzhou 221116, China; (C.-M.L.); (Z.-K.T.); (Y.-J.Z.); (Q.-L.M.)
| | - Yu-Jia Zhang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No.101, Shanghai Road, Tongshan New Area, Xuzhou 221116, China; (C.-M.L.); (Z.-K.T.); (Y.-J.Z.); (Q.-L.M.)
| | - Qing-Lei Ming
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, No.101, Shanghai Road, Tongshan New Area, Xuzhou 221116, China; (C.-M.L.); (Z.-K.T.); (Y.-J.Z.); (Q.-L.M.)
| | - Jie-Qiong Ma
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Xuyuan Road, Zigong 643000, China;
| | - Li-Ping Ji
- College of Physical Education, Jiangsu Normal University, No.101, Shanghai Road, Tongshan New Area, Xuzhou 221116, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-516-83403170; Fax: +86-516-83500171
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227
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Cassleman KL, Dorrance KA, Todd AC. Neuropsychiatric Implications of Chronic Lead Exposure. Mil Med 2020; 185:e914-e918. [PMID: 31670374 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usz362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing awareness of chronic exposures to lead, with recent evidence indicating that there is an increased risk of a range of health effects that include cardiovascular, kidney, cognitive, and premature mortality, at blood levels lower than what was previously considered elevated. This report describes the case of a 42-year-old active duty officer with a history of anxiety, cognitive impairment, and paroxysmal hypertensive episodes associated with elevated body burdens of lead as measured in bone, while having low or unremarkable blood level measurements. Challenges related to work-up, treatments, and outcomes are discussed. An elevated body burden of lead may contribute to increased irritability, fatigue, and anxiety, mimicking posttraumatic stress disorder and other primary psychiatric conditions. This presentation highlights the need for an increased index of suspicion of lead poisoning in both medical and psychiatric care, particularly in military populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew C Todd
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Mail Stop 1057, New York, NY 10029
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228
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Occupational Lead Exposure and Brain Tumors: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17113975. [PMID: 32503353 PMCID: PMC7312535 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Due to inconsistencies in epidemiological findings, there has been uncertainty regarding the association of lead compounds with brain tumors. We performed a meta-analysis of published case-control and cohort studies exploring lead compound exposure and brain tumor risk. (2) Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase®, and Cochrane to find eligible studies. Eighteen studies were selected for assessment of occupational exposure to lead compound and brain tumor. Pooled estimates of odds ratios (ORs) were obtained using random effects models. We assessed the differences through subgroup analysis according to tumor type, study design, measurements of exposure, and tumor outcome. Statistical tests for publication bias, heterogeneity, and sensitivity analysis were applied. (3) Results: Our systematic review and meta-analysis showed a not significant association with lead exposure and risk of benign and malignant brain tumors (pooled OR = 1.11, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.95–1.29). Including only malignant brain tumors, the risk of brain tumor was significantly increased (pooled OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.04–1.24). (4) Conclusions: This meta-analysis provides suggestive evidence for an association between lead compound exposure and brain tumor. In future studies, it will be necessary to identify the effect of lead compounds according to the types of brain tumor.
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229
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Patwa J, Flora SJS. Heavy Metal-Induced Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: Insights into Molecular Mechanisms and Possible Reversal Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113862. [PMID: 32485831 PMCID: PMC7313017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy metals are considered a continuous threat to humanity, as they cannot be eradicated. Prolonged exposure to heavy metals/metalloids in humans has been associated with several health risks, including neurodegeneration, vascular dysfunction, metabolic disorders, cancer, etc. Small blood vessels are highly vulnerable to heavy metals as they are directly exposed to the blood circulatory system, which has comparatively higher concentration of heavy metals than other organs. Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is an umbrella term used to describe various pathological processes that affect the cerebral small blood vessels and is accepted as a primary contributor in associated disorders, such as dementia, cognitive disabilities, mood disorder, and ischemic, as well as a hemorrhagic stroke. In this review, we discuss the possible implication of heavy metals/metalloid exposure in CSVD and its associated disorders based on in-vitro, preclinical, and clinical evidences. We briefly discuss the CSVD, prevalence, epidemiology, and risk factors for development such as genetic, traditional, and environmental factors. Toxic effects of specific heavy metal/metalloid intoxication (As, Cd, Pb, Hg, and Cu) in the small vessel associated endothelium and vascular dysfunction too have been reviewed. An attempt has been made to highlight the possible molecular mechanism involved in the pathophysiology, such as oxidative stress, inflammatory pathway, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression, and amyloid angiopathy in the CSVD and related disorders. Finally, we discussed the role of cellular antioxidant defense enzymes to neutralize the toxic effect, and also highlighted the potential reversal strategies to combat heavy metal-induced vascular changes. In conclusion, heavy metals in small vessels are strongly associated with the development as well as the progression of CSVD. Chelation therapy may be an effective strategy to reduce the toxic metal load and the associated complications.
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230
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de Andrade VL, Cota M, Serrazina D, Mateus ML, Aschner M, Dos Santos APM. Metal environmental contamination within different human exposure context- specific and non-specific biomarkers. Toxicol Lett 2020; 324:46-53. [PMID: 31935480 PMCID: PMC7083091 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to high levels of persistent pollutants, such as metal mixtures, is commonly encountered by the general population especially in industrialized countries. The aim of this work was to evaluate how metal pollution in contaminated areas is reflected in terms of biomarkers (BMs) of exposure and effect in human sub-populations living in distinct non-occupational environmental contexts. Thus, four Portuguese sub-populations living in different areas of Portugal were studied: i- the exposure of each member of these sub-populations to lead (Pb), manganese (Mn) and arsenic (As) was evaluated by determining metal levels in urine; ii- biochemical changes were assessed, establishing the levels of urinary metabolites of heme biosynthesis; iii- the ability of combinations of these BMs to predict the context of exposure of each subject was tested, as to develop a tool to identify adverse health effects in these environmentally exposed populations. Concerning the combinations of BMs, heme precursors in urine (delta-aminolevulinic acid and porphyrins), were predictive of contexts of environmental exposures, with 94.2% of the studied subjects correctly identified as to their sub-population origin. The use of non-specific BMs may affirm the exposure to Pb, Mn and As, also reflecting health effects induced by a chemical environmental mixture. Our studies affirm the difficulty in establishing a metal reference population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanda Lopes de Andrade
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Madalena Cota
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Daniela Serrazina
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Maria Luisa Mateus
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
| | - Ana Paula Marreilha Dos Santos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
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231
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Ahmad F, Haque S, Ravinayagam V, Ahmad A, Kamli MR, Barreto GE, Ghulam Md Ashraf. Developmental lead (Pb)-induced deficits in redox and bioenergetic status of cerebellar synapses are ameliorated by ascorbate supplementation. Toxicology 2020; 440:152492. [PMID: 32407874 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurotoxicity induced by exposure to heavy metal lead (Pb) is a concern of utmost importance particularly for countries with industrial-based economies. The developing brain is especially sensitive to exposure to even minute quantities of Pb which can alter neurodevelopmental trajectory with irreversible effects on motor, emotive-social and cognitive attributes even into later adulthood. Chemical synapses form the major pathway of inter-neuronal communications and are prime candidates for higher order brain (motor, memory and behavior) functions and determine the resistance/susceptibility for neurological disorders, including neuropsychopathologies. The synaptic pathways and mechanisms underlying Pb-mediated alterations in neuronal signaling and plasticity are not completely understood. Employing a biochemically isolated synaptosomal fraction which is enriched in synaptic terminals and synaptic mitochondria, this study aimed to analyze the alterations in bioenergetic and redox/antioxidant status of cerebellar synapses induced by developmental exposure to Pb (0.2 %). Moreover, we test the efficacy of vitamin C (ascorbate; 500 mg/kg body weight), a neuroprotective and neuromodulatory antioxidant, in mitigation of Pb-induced neuronal deficits. Our results implicate redox and bioenergetic disruptions as an underlying feature of the synaptic dysfunction observed in developmental Pb neurotoxicity, potentially contributing to consequent deficits in motor, behavioral and psychological attributes of the organisms. In addition, we establish ascorbate as a key ingredient for therapeutic approach against Pb induced neurotoxicity, particularly for early-life exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Ahmad
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing & Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vijaya Ravinayagam
- Deanship of Scientific Research, Department of Nano-medicine Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aqeel Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, 11961, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Rasool Kamli
- Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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232
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Patsiou D, Del Rio-Cubilledo C, Catarino AI, Summers S, Mohd Fahmi A, Boyle D, Fernandes TF, Henry TB. Exposure to Pb-halide perovskite nanoparticles can deliver bioavailable Pb but does not alter endogenous gut microbiota in zebrafish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:136941. [PMID: 32041050 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Lead-halide perovskite nanoparticles (NPs) are a new technology, and investigation of toxicity is of considerable importance due to the potential lead (Pb) release into the environment. The aim of the study was to investigate aqueous and dietary toxicity of Pb-halide perovskite NP and Pb in zebrafish Danio rerio. Perovskite NP toxicity was evaluated in zebrafish by mortality, gene expression, histopathology, and phylogenetic analysis of gut microbiota. Zebrafish larvae were exposed to five Pb-halide perovskite NPs in parallel with Pb(NO3)2 exposures, and zebrafish adults were exposed to the three perovskite NPs that caused the strongest effect and Pb(NO3)2. No median lethal concentration (LC50) was observed for zebrafish larvae exposed to up to 200 mg/L of perovskite NPs for 96 h. Mortality, metallothionein 2 (mt2) and δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ala-d) gene expression (24-h exposure) in zebrafish larvae after aqueous perovskite NPs exposures did not differ from total Pb concentration - response curves. The lack of differences in mortality and gene expression between perovskite NPs and soluble Pb after aqueous exposure suggest that toxicity from perovskite NPs can be attributed to bioavailable Pb rather than nano-specific effects. Induction of mt2 and reduction of ala-d expression levels in liver tissues showed Pb bioavailability after 2-d and 4-d dietary exposure to perovskite-spiked feeds. Changes in gut microbiota of adult zebrafish were detected after 14-d exposure to Pb-spiked food, but no changes were detected from perovskite-NP spiked food. The phylogenetic analysis identified different microbiome profiles of Pb-fed fish compared to perovskite-fed fish suggesting a different mechanism of toxicity. Exposure to Pb-halide perovskite NPs led to absorption of Pb likely from release of Pb ions rather than absorption of NPs. Pb-halide perovskite NPs can release bioavailable Pb and this needs to be considered during the development of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae Patsiou
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Athinon-Souniou Ave., P.O. Box 712, 19013 Anavyssos, Greece.
| | - Cristina Del Rio-Cubilledo
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Ana Isabel Catarino
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee, Flanders Marine Institute InnovOcean site, Wandelaarkaai 7, 8400 Oostende, Belgium.
| | - Stephen Summers
- Institute of Mechanical Process and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Science Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | - Afiq Mohd Fahmi
- Institute of Mechanical Process and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; Fakulti Sains Sekitaran dan Marin, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, 21300, Malaysia
| | - David Boyle
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Teresa F Fernandes
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Theodore B Henry
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; Department of Forestry Wildlife and Fisheries, and Center for Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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233
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Kponee-Shovein KZ, Weisskopf MG, Grashow R, Rotem RS, Coull BA, Schnaas L, Hernández-Chávez MDC, Sanchez B, Peterson K, Hu H, Téllez-Rojo MM. Estimating the causal effect of prenatal lead exposure on prepulse inhibition deficits in children and adolescents. Neurotoxicology 2020; 78:116-126. [PMID: 32126243 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During pregnancy, maternal lead from earlier exposures mobilizes and crosses placental barriers, placing the developing fetus at risk for lead exposure and neurodevelopmental deficits. Some neuronal circuits known to be affected in neurodevelopment disorders can be probed with simple physiological behavioral paradigms. One such neural biomarker is Pre-Pulse Inhibition (PPI), an indicator of adequate sensorimotor gating processing. In clinical studies, deficits in PPI have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders in human subjects. To our knowledge, no studies have examined the use of PPI as a biomarker of toxicant effects on the brain in epidemiological studies. We aimed to estimate the causal effect of prenatal lead exposure, assessed by maternal cortical bone lead concentrations, on PPI in 279 children from Mexico City. in vivo maternal cortical bone lead measurements were taken at four weeks postpartum at the mid-tibia shaft using a K-Shell X-ray fluorescence instrument. PPI recording occurred in an isolated clinical setting and eye blink responses were measured using electromyography. We assessed if the conditions for causal inference held in our study and used the results of our assessment to estimate the causal effect of prenatal lead exposure on PPI using an ordinary least squares regression model, a marginal structural model, and the parametric g-formula. Results were consistent across the three modeling approaches. For the parametric g-formula, a one standard deviation (10.0 μg/g) increase in prenatal lead significantly reduced PPI by approximately 19.0 % (95 % CI: 5.4 %, 34.3 %). This decrease is similar in magnitude to clinical studies on schizophrenia, which have observed PPI impairments in patients with schizophrenia as compared to controls. Our results are consistent with findings from other studies establishing an association between lead exposure and neurodevelopmental disorders in children and suggest that PPI may be useful as an objective biomarker of toxicant effects on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalé Z Kponee-Shovein
- Departments of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Marc G Weisskopf
- Departments of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel Grashow
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ran S Rotem
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brent A Coull
- Departments of Biostatistics and Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lourdes Schnaas
- Division of Research in Community Interventions, Instituto Nacional De Perinatología Isidro Espinosa De Los Reyes, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Maria Del Carmen Hernández-Chávez
- Division of Research in Community Interventions, Instituto Nacional De Perinatología Isidro Espinosa De Los Reyes, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Brisa Sanchez
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Karen Peterson
- Departments of Global Public Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Howard Hu
- University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Martha M Téllez-Rojo
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico
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Sex-Dependent Effects of Developmental Lead Exposure in Wistar Rats: Evidence from Behavioral and Molecular Correlates. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082664. [PMID: 32290408 PMCID: PMC7216048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) exposure in early life affects brain development resulting in cognitive and behavioral deficits. Epidemiologic and experimental evidence of sex as an effect modifier of developmental Pb exposure is emerging. In the present study, we investigated Pb effects on behavior and mechanisms of neuroplasticity in the hippocampus and potential sex differences. To this aim, dams were exposed, from one month pre-mating to offspring weaning, to Pb via drinking water at 5 mg/kg body weight per day. In the offspring of both sexes, the longitudinal assessment of motor, emotional, and cognitive end points was performed. We also evaluated the expression and synaptic distribution of N-methyl-D-Aspartate receptor (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunits at post-natal day (pnd) 23 and 70 in the hippocampus. Neonatal motor patterns and explorative behavior in offspring were affected in both sexes. Pb effects in emotional response and memory retention were observed in adult females only, preceded by increased levels of GluN2A and GluA1 subunits at the post-synapse at pnd 23. These data suggest that Pb exposure during development affects glutamatergic receptors distribution at the post-synaptic spine in females. These effects may contribute to alterations in selected behavioral domains.
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Levin-Schwartz Y, Gennings C, Claus Henn B, Coull BA, Placidi D, Lucchini R, Smith DR, Wright RO. Multi-media biomarkers: Integrating information to improve lead exposure assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 183:109148. [PMID: 32004829 PMCID: PMC7167344 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposure assessment traditionally relies on biomarkers that measure chemical concentrations in individual biological media (i.e., blood, urine, etc.). However, chemicals distribute unevenly among different biological media; thus, each medium provides incomplete information about body burden. We propose that machine learning and statistical approaches can create integrated exposure estimates from multiple biomarker matrices that better represent the overall body burden, which we term multi-media biomarkers (MMBs). We measured lead (Pb) in blood, urine, hair and nails from 251 Italian adolescents aged 11-14 years from the Public Health Impact of Metals Exposure (PHIME) cohort. We derived aggregated MMBs from the four biomarkers and then tested their association with Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) IQ scores. We used three approaches to derive the Pb MMB: one supervised learning technique, weighted quantile sum regression (WQS), and two unsupervised learning techniques, independent component analysis (ICA) and non-negative matrix factorization (NMF). Overall, the Pb MMB derived using WQS was most consistently associated with IQ scores and was the only method to be statistically significant for Verbal IQ, Performance IQ and Total IQ. A one standard deviation increase in the WQS MMB was associated with lower Verbal IQ (β [95% CI] = -2.2 points [-3.7, -0.6]), Performance IQ (-1.9 points [-3.5, -0.4]) and Total IQ (-2.1 points [-3.8, -0.5]). Blood Pb was negatively associated with only Verbal IQ, with a one standard deviation increase in blood Pb being associated with a -1.7 point (95% CI: [-3.3, -0.1]) decrease in Verbal IQ. Increases of one standard deviation in the ICA MMB were associated with lower Verbal IQ (-1.7 points [-3.3, -0.1]) and lower Total IQ (-1.7 points [-3.3, -0.1]). Similarly, an increase of one standard deviation in the NMF MMB was associated with lower Verbal IQ (-1.8 points [-3.4, -0.2]) and lower Total IQ (-1.8 points [-3.4, -0.2]). Weights highlighting the contributions of each medium to the MMB revealed that blood Pb was the largest contributor to most MMBs, although the weights varied from more than 80% for the ICA and NMF MMBs to between 30% and 54% for the WQS-derived MMBs. Our results suggest that MMBs better reflect the total body burden of a chemical that may be acting on target organs than individual biomarkers. Estimating MMBs improved our ability to estimate the full impact of Pb on IQ. Compared with individual Pb biomarkers, including blood, a Pb MMB derived using WQS was more strongly associated with IQ scores. MMBs may increase statistical power when the choice of exposure medium is unclear or when the sample size is small. Future work will need to validate these methods in other cohorts and for other chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Levin-Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Chris Gennings
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Birgit Claus Henn
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brent A Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Roberto Lucchini
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Occupational Health, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Donald R Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Robert O Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Lam SS, McPartland M, Noori B, Garbus SE, Lierhagen S, Lyngs P, Dietz R, Therkildsen OR, Christensen TK, Tjørnløv RS, Kanstrup N, Fox AD, Sørensen IH, Arzel C, Krøkje Å, Sonne C. Lead concentrations in blood from incubating common eiders (Somateria mollissima) in the Baltic Sea. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 137:105582. [PMID: 32086081 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Here we investigate if lead may be a contributing factor to the observed population decline in a Baltic colony of incubating eiders (Somateria mollissima). Body mass and blood samples were obtained from 50 incubating female eiders at the Baltic breeding colony on Christiansø during spring 2017 (n = 27) and 2018 (n = 23). All the females were sampled twice during early (day 4) and late (day 24) incubation. The full blood was analysed for lead to investigate if the concentrations exceeded toxic thresholds or changed over the incubation period due to remobilisation from bones and liver tissue. Body mass, hatch date and number of chicks were also analysed with respect to lead concentrations. The body mass (mean ± SD g) increased significantly in the order: day 24 in 2018 (1561 ± 154 g) < day 24 in 2017 (1618 ± 156 g) < day 4 in 2018 (2183 ± 140 g) < day 4 in 2017 (2359 ± 167 g) (all p < 0.001). The lead concentrations increased significantly in the opposite order i.e. day 4 in 2017 (41.7 ± 67.1 μg/L) < day 24 in 2017 (55.4 ± 66.8 μg/L) < day 4 in 2018 (177 ± 196 μg/L) < day 24 in 2018 (258 ± 243) (all p < 0.001). From day 4 to 24, the eider females had a 1.33-fold increase in blood lead concentrations in 2017 and a 1.46-fold increase in 2018. Three of the birds (13%) sampled in 2018 had lead concentrations that exceeded concentrations of clinical poisoning (500 μg/L) and eleven (48%) had concentrations that exceeded the threshold for subclinical poisoning (200 μg/L). In 2017, none of the birds exceeded the high toxic threshold of clinical poisoning while only one (4%) exceeded the lower threshold for subclinical poisoning. Three of the birds (6%) sampled in 2018 had lead concentrations that exceeded those of clinical poisoning while 12 birds (24%) resampled in both years exceeded the threshold for subclinical poisoning. In addition, lead concentrations and body mass on day 4 affected hatch date positively in 2018 (both p < 0.03) but not in 2017. These results show that bioavailable lead in bone and liver tissue pose a threat to the health of about 25% of the incubating eiders sampled. This is particularly critical because eiders are largely capital breeding which means that incubating eiders are in an energetically stressed state. The origin of lead in incubating eiders in the Christiansø colony is unknown and it remains an urgent priority to establish the source, prevalence and mechanism for uptake. The increase in lead from day 4 to day 24 is due to bone and liver remobilization; however, the additional lead source(s) on the breeding grounds needs to be identified. Continued investigations should determine the origin, uptake mechanisms and degree of exposure to lead for individual birds. Such research should include necropsies, x-ray, lead isotope and stable C and N isotope analyses to find the lead sources(s) in the course of the annual cycle and how it may affect the population dynamics of the Christiansø colony which reflects the ecology of the Baltic eiders being suitable for biomonitoring the overall flyway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Shiung Lam
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP) & Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development (Bio-D Tropika), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Molly McPartland
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Brenley Noori
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Svend-Erik Garbus
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Syverin Lierhagen
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peter Lyngs
- Christiansø Scientific Field Station, Christiansø 97, DK-3760 Gudhjem, Denmark
| | - Rune Dietz
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | | | - Rune Skjold Tjørnløv
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Niels Kanstrup
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Grenåvej 14, DK-8410 Rønde, Denmark
| | - Anthony D Fox
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Grenåvej 14, DK-8410 Rønde, Denmark
| | | | - Céline Arzel
- University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Wetland Ecology Group, P.O. Box 27, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Åse Krøkje
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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237
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Metryka E, Kupnicka P, Kapczuk P, Simińska D, Tarnowski M, Goschorska M, Gutowska I, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. Lead (Pb) as a Factor Initiating and Potentiating Inflammation in Human THP-1 Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062254. [PMID: 32214022 PMCID: PMC7139839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the influence of lead (Pb) at low concentrations (imitating Pb levels in human blood in chronic environmental exposure to this metal) on interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) concentrations and the activity and expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in THP-1 macrophages. Macrophages were cultured in vitro in the presence of Pb at concentrations of: 1.25 μg/dL; 2.5 μg/dL; 5 μg/dL; 10 μg/dL. The first two concentrations of Pb were selected on the basis of our earlier study, which showed that Pb concentration in whole blood (PbB) of young women living in the northern regions of Poland and in the cord blood of their newborn children was within this range (a dose imitating environmental exposure). Concentrations of 5 μg/dL and 10 μg/dL correspond to the previously permissible PbB concentrations in children or pregnant women, and adults. Our results indicate that even low concentrations of Pb cause an increase in production of inflammatory interleukins (IL-1β and IL-6), increases expression of COX-1 and COX-2, and increases thromboxane B2 and prostaglandin E2 concentration in macrophages. This clearly suggests that the development of inflammation is associated not only with COX-2 but also with COX-1, which, until recently, had only been attributed constitutive expression. It can be concluded that environmental Pb concentrations are able to activate the monocytes/macrophages similarly to the manner observed during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Metryka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (E.M.); (P.K.); (P.K.); (D.S.); (M.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Patrycja Kupnicka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (E.M.); (P.K.); (P.K.); (D.S.); (M.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Patrycja Kapczuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (E.M.); (P.K.); (P.K.); (D.S.); (M.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Donata Simińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (E.M.); (P.K.); (P.K.); (D.S.); (M.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Maciej Tarnowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Marta Goschorska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (E.M.); (P.K.); (P.K.); (D.S.); (M.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (E.M.); (P.K.); (P.K.); (D.S.); (M.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Str., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (E.M.); (P.K.); (P.K.); (D.S.); (M.G.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence:
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238
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Martinez VO, Lima FWDM, Rocha RBA, Bah HAF, Carvalho CF, Menezes-Filho JA. Interaction of Toxoplasma gondii infection and elevated blood lead levels on children's neurobehavior. Neurotoxicology 2020; 78:177-185. [PMID: 32201333 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A chronic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii was considered asymptomatic in immunologically healthy humans, but results from animal and epidemiological studies led to a reconsideration of this assumption. The objective of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection and its possible effects on the behavior of school-aged children in Bahia, Brazil. Serum anti-body determinations were performed by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Blood lead levels (BLL) were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). The evaluation of a child's behavior was assessed using the Child Behavior Check List (CBCL). Multivariate models applying logistic regression were used to test the association of chronic T. gondii infection and BLL with behavioral outcomes in children. Seroprevalence for anti-T. gondii IgG antibody was 43.7 % (95 %-CI: 35.8-51.9). Significant associations between chronic T. gondii infection and total behavioral problems (OR = 2.50; 95 %-CI: 1.06-5.88), internalizing spectrum problems (OR = 4.35; 95 %-CI: 1.11-17.14) and rule breaking (OR = 2.61; 95 %-CI: 1.12-6.05) were observed. A possible interaction between toxoplasmosis prevalence and lead exposure was detected. Children with above the median BLL and positive for IgG anti-T. gondii showed a 5.51-fold increase (95 %-CI: 1.75-17.38) in the chance of displaying disobedient behavior. The results suggest that T. gondii infection may be contributing to the high indices of behavioral changes. Moreover, these findings are the first evidence for a possible interaction between chronic T. gondii infection and elevated blood lead levels on children's neurobehavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor O Martinez
- Immunology Service of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fernanda W de Mendonça Lima
- Immunology Service of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rômula B Alecrim Rocha
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Homegnon A Ferréol Bah
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Chrissie F Carvalho
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - José Antônio Menezes-Filho
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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239
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Shawahna R, Zyoud A, Yahia EH, Sulieman R, Haddad A, Makhlof M, Abu-Hilal B, Murtaza G, Hilal H. Sub-chronic treatment with high doses of ascorbic acid reduces lead levels in hen eggs intentionally exposed to a concentrated source of lead: a pilot study. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 21:17. [PMID: 32122391 PMCID: PMC7052967 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-020-0389-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hen eggs contaminated with lead can be harmful to the health of children and adults. The objective of this pilot study was to investigate if sub-chronic treatment with ascorbic acid can reduce lead levels in the different parts of hen eggs after intentionally exposing the laying hens to a concentrated source of lead. Methods Clinically normal mixed-breed egg laying hens (n = 18) were used in this pilot study. Hens were exposed to a concentrated source of lead (200 mg/kgbody weight/day lead acetate) for 1 week. Subsequently, egg laying hens were either treated with sub-chronic doses of ascorbic acid (500 mg/kgbody weight/day) or left untreated for 4 weeks. Lead levels were assessed in egg-shell, egg-albumen, and egg-yolk samples using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results Lead levels increased significantly (p-value < 0.01) from baseline in egg-yolk, egg-albumen, and egg-shell samples following 1 week exposure to lead acetate. Sub-chronic treatment of egg laying hens with high doses of ascorbic acid could bring statistically significant reduction (p-value < 0.01) in lead levels in egg-yolk, egg-albumen, and egg-shell samples after intentional exposure to a concentrated source of lead. Conclusions Findings of this pilot study showed that sub-chronic treatment of egg laying hens with ascorbic acid can reduce lead levels in different egg parts after intentional exposure to a concentrated source of lead. Supplementing feedstuffs and water with sources of ascorbic acid could be beneficial in reducing lead levels in hen egg tissues following environmental exposure. Further studies are still required to investigate if ascorbic acid can reduce lead levels in other chicken tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi Shawahna
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, New Campus, Building: 19, Office: 1340, P.O. Box 7, Nablus, Palestine. .,An-Najah BioSciences Unit, Centre for Poisons Control, Chemical and Biological Analyses, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
| | - Ahed Zyoud
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Elaf Haj Yahia
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Rahma Sulieman
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Abeer Haddad
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Mohammad Makhlof
- Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Bilal Abu-Hilal
- Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hikmat Hilal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
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240
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Fan Y, Sheng J, Liang C, Yang L, Liu K, Wang Q, Zhang D, Ma Y, Li X, Xie S, Cao H, Wang S, Tao F. Association of Blood Lead Levels with the Risk of Depressive Symptoms in the Elderly Chinese Population: Baseline Data of a Cohort Study. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 194:76-83. [PMID: 31147977 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01755-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported an association between blood lead (BPb) levels and depressive symptoms in adults. However, the relationship between BPb levels and depression remains unclear in the old population. Our purpose was to investigate the association of BPb levels with depression among the old population. Data were gathered from 994 elderly persons in the Cohort Study of Elderly Health and Environmental Controllable Factors, which was created in Anhui, China. BPb was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Our subjects were divided into four groups according to BPb quartiles. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to assess the association between BPb levels and depression. The median (25th-75th) BPb level was 26.94 μg/L (20.34 μg/L-36.13 μg/L). BPb levels in participants with depression were higher than those in participants without depression. The prevalence of depression was 27.64%. After multivariate adjustment for confounding factors, participants with BPb level in the highest quartile had 2.03 times higher risk of depression compared with those in the lowest quartile. In rural areas, the risk of depression in higher BPb quartile was higher than that in the lowest quartile. These findings suggest that higher BPb level was associated with increased odds of depression in the old population. This association was obvious among older people living in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Fan
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Sheng
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Liang
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Linsheng Yang
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiyong Liu
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qunan Wang
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- School of Health Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Ma
- School of Health Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiude Li
- Lu'an Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Lu'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyu Xie
- Lu'an Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Lu'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjuan Cao
- Lu'an Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Lu'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Sufang Wang
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fangbiao Tao
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
- School of Health Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
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241
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Ansari JA, Mahdi AA, Malik PS, Jafar T. Blood Lead Levels in Children Living Near an Informal Lead Battery Recycling Workshop in Patna, Bihar. J Health Pollut 2020; 10:200308. [PMID: 32175179 PMCID: PMC7058140 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-10.25.200308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead can cause significant biological and neurologic damage, even at small concentrations, and young children are at higher risk. Informal recycling of lead batteries and lead-based workshops/industries have increased the burden of lead toxicity in developing countries, including India. Many informal recycling lead battery workshops have been established by the local people of Patna, Bihar as self-employment opportunities. However, most of the residents are not aware of the risk factors associated with lead poisoning. OBJECTIVES The present pilot study aimed to assess blood lead levels (BLLs) and hemoglobin levels among children aged between 3 to 12 years in the settlement of Karmalichak near Patna, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS Children residing near the informal lead battery manufacturing unit were selected for BLL assessment. A total of 41 children were enrolled in the questionnairebased survey. RESULTS All the children in the present study had detectable lead concentrations in their blood. Only 9% of the studied children had a BLL ≤5 μg/dl, while 91% children had a BLL above >5 μg/dl. CONCLUSIONS The present study carried out in children of Karmalichak region of Patna, India was an attempt to better understand the problem of lead toxicity, describe the epidemiology of its adverse effects, identify sources and routes of exposure, illustrate the clinical effects and develop strategies of prevention so that remedial measures may be taken by government agencies and regulatory bodies. In view of the high lead levels in children in the study area, attempts are being made to develop strategies for future prevention by relocating the informal battery recycling workshops from the area. Moreover, parents have been advised to increase nutritional supplementation of children by providing calcium-, iron- and zinc-rich foods, including milk and vegetables. PARTICIPANT CONSENT Obtained. ETHICAL APPROVAL The study was approved by the ethical committee of Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Era University, Lucknow (India). COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Akhtar Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
- Department of Chemistry, Shibli National PG College, Azamgarh, India
| | - Abbas Ali Mahdi
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
- Era University, Lucknow, India
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242
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Yeter D, Banks EC, Aschner M. Disparity in Risk Factor Severity for Early Childhood Blood Lead among Predominantly African-American Black Children: The 1999 to 2010 US NHANES. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1552. [PMID: 32121216 PMCID: PMC7084658 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is no safe detectable level of lead (Pb) in the blood of young children. In the United States, predominantly African-American Black children are exposed to more Pb and present with the highest mean blood lead levels (BLLs). However, racial disparity has not been fully examined within risk factors for early childhood Pb exposure. Therefore, we conducted secondary analysis of blood Pb determinations for 2841 US children at ages 1-5 years with citizenship examined by the cross-sectional 1999 to 2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The primary measures were racial disparities for continuous BLLs or an elevated BLL (EBLL) ≥5 µg/dL in selected risk factors between non-Hispanic Black children (n = 608) and both non-Hispanic White (n = 1208) or Hispanic (n = 1025) children. Selected risk factors included indoor household smoking, low income or poverty, older housing built before 1978 or 1950, low primary guardian education <12th grade/general education diploma (GED), or younger age between 1 and 3 years. Data were analyzed using a regression model corrected for risk factors and other confounding variables. Overall, Black children had an adjusted +0.83 µg/dL blood Pb (95% CI 0.65 to 1.00, p < 0.001) and a 2.8 times higher odds of having an EBLL ≥5 µg/dL (95% CI 1.9 to 3.9, p < 0.001). When stratified by risk factor group, Black children had an adjusted 0.73 to 1.41 µg/dL more blood Pb (p < 0.001 respectively) and a 1.8 to 5.6 times higher odds of having an EBLL ≥5 µg/dL (p ≤ 0.05 respectively) for every selected risk factor that was tested. For Black children nationwide, one in four residing in pre-1950 housing and one in six living in poverty presented with an EBLL ≥5 µg/dL. In conclusion, significant nationwide racial disparity in blood Pb outcomes persist for predominantly African-American Black children even after correcting for risk factors and other variables. This racial disparity further persists within housing, socio-economic, and age-related risk factors of blood Pb outcomes that are much more severe for Black children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Yeter
- Independent Researcher, Kansas City, KS 66104, USA
| | | | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
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243
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Regulation of Nrf2 and NF-κB during lead toxicity in bovine granulosa cells. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 380:643-655. [PMID: 32185525 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb), one of the pervasive and protracted environmental heavy metals, is believed to affect the female reproductive system in many species. The Nrf2 and NF-κB are the two key transcriptional factors regulating cellular redox status and response against stress and inflammation respectively, showing an interaction between each other. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Pb on bovine granulosa cells (GCs) and its association with the regulation of Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways. For this, bovine GCs were cultured in vitro and exposed to different doses of Pb for 2 h. Cellular response to Pb insult was investigated 24 h post treatment. Results showed that exposure of GCs to Pb-induced ROS accumulation and protein carbonylation. Additionally, GCs exhibited reduction in cell viability and decrease in the expression of cell proliferation marker genes (CCND2 and PCNA). This was accompanied by cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. Moreover, Pb downregulated both Nrf2 and NF-κB and their downstream genes. Lead increased the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress marker genes (GRP78 and CHOP) and the proapoptotic gene (caspase-3) while the antiapoptotic gene (BCL-2) was reduced. Our findings suggest that Pb-driven oxidative stress affected GCs proliferation, enhances ER stress, induces cell cycle arrest and mediates apoptosis probably via disruption of Nrf2/NF-κB cross-talk. However, further functional analysis is required to explain different aspects of Nrf2 and NF-κB interactions under metal challenge.
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244
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Chen YY, Wang CC, Kao TW, Wu CJ, Chen YJ, Lai CH, Zhou YC, Chen WL. The relationship between lead and cadmium levels and functional dependence among elderly participants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:5932-5940. [PMID: 31863379 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07381-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The adverse impacts of lead and cadmium exposure on health outcomes have been reported in the past. Few studies have been conducted on the relationship between lead and cadmium exposures and disability. We evaluated whether lead and cadmium exposures were associated with functional dependence including the total number of disabilities, activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), leisure and social activities (LSA), lower extremity mobility (LEM), and general physical activities (GPA) in an elderly population. A total of 5513 eligible subjects were enrolled in the study from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2006. Serum lead and cadmium exposure assessments were performed using atomic absorption spectrometry. Functional dependence was assessed by 19 structured questions. The relationships between lead and cadmium exposures and functional dependence were investigated using by multivariable linear regression models. Q2, Q3, and Q4 of lead exposure were significantly associated with the total number of disabilities, with β coefficients of - 0.62 (95% CI - 0.99, - 0.24), - 0.64 (95% CI - 1.02, - 0.26), and - 0.81 (95% CI - 1.19, - 0.42), respectively. This relationship remained significant in males. Furthermore, we analyzed the relationships between lead and cadmium exposure quartiles and various functional dependence metrics, and we determined that lead content was significantly associated with decreased ADL, LEM, and GPA (p < 0.05) and cadmium content was inversely associated with ADL (p < 0.05). Our study demonstrated a strong relationship between exposure to lead and cadmium and functional dependence in an elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuei Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch, and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of General Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chung-Ching Wang
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tung-Wei Kao
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chen-Jung Wu
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jen Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Huang Lai
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Chao Zhou
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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245
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Chen X, Wu G, Zhang Z, Ma X, Liu L. Neurotoxicity of Mn 3O 4 nanoparticles: Apoptosis and dopaminergic neurons damage pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 188:109909. [PMID: 31740235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mn3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) are used increasingly in various fields due to their excellent physiochemical properties. Previous studies have documented that Mn-based nanomaterials resulted in excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and dopamine (DA) reduction both in vivo and in vitro experiments. However, little is known about the mechanism of ROS production and DA decrease induced by Mn-based nanomaterials. The present study was carried out to elucidate the mechanism of the co-incubation model of dopaminergic neuron PC12 cells and the synthesized Mn3O4 NPs. The results demonstrated that exposure to Mn3O4 NPs reduced cell viability, increased level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), triggered oxidative stress and induced apoptosis. Notably, the level of ROS was remarkably increased (>10-fold) with Mn3O4 NPs exposure. We also found that mitochondrial calcium Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) was up-regulated and the mitochondrial Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]mito) increased induced by Mn3O4 NPs in PC12 cells. Furthermore, the MCU inhibitor RuR significantly attenuated Mn3O4 NPs-induced [Ca2+]mito, ROS production and apoptosis. In PC12 cells, the decrease of DA content was mainly due to the downregulation of DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) expression caused by Mn3O4 NPs treatment. The expression of proteins related to DA storage system was not significantly affected by treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Guizhu Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaoyong Ma
- Shanxi Provincial Research Academy of Environmental Science, Xinghua Street NO.11, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030027, China.
| | - Lu Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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246
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Street RA, Mathee A, Tanda S, Hauzenberger C, Naidoo S, Goessler W. Recycling of scrap metal into artisanal cookware in the informal sector: A public health threat from multi metal exposure in South Africa. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 699:134324. [PMID: 33736189 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recycling of scrap metal into artisanal cookware is widespread in poorly resourced countries. The aim of the study was to determine the risk of metal exposure from the use of artisanal cookware available in South Africa. Twenty cookware samples were purchased from local manufacturers and informal traders across South Africa. Aluminum and silicon concentrations were determined using XRF and the total content of 18 elements (Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, V and Zn) were evaluated using ICPMS. Leaching of metals from cut pieces of cookware over a 2-h period of boiling in a 3% acetic acid solution was repeated 3 times and revealed multi-metal migration that was compared to EU maximum permissible levels. The mean Al migration of 509 mg L-1 was over 100 times the EU maximum permissible level allowed for cookware. Lead was detected in all samples with 11 (55%), 12 (60%) and 9 (45%) of samples being over the maximum EU permissible level (10 μg Pb L-1) for 1st, 2nd and 3rd migrations respectively. The mean As migration concentrations in the first leaching event ranged from 0.23 to 24.1 μg L-1 with four pots (20%) over the maximum EU permissible limit for As (2 μg L-1). Notably, all four pots were well below the maximum EU permissible As limit by the 3rd migration. Cadmium and mercury were detected in each pot across all three migrations however the levels were relatively low. Transmission electron microscopy revealed dramatic changes in surface structure after leaching of cookware.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée A Street
- Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Johannesburg, South Africa; University of KwaZulu-Natal, Discipline of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Nursing and Public Health, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Angela Mathee
- Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stefan Tanda
- University of Graz, Institute of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry for Health and Environment, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Hauzenberger
- University of Graz, NAWI Graz Geocenter, Institute of Earth Sciences, Universitaetsplatz 2, Graz A-8010, Austria
| | - Saloshni Naidoo
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, Durban, South Africa
| | - Walter Goessler
- University of Graz, Institute of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry for Health and Environment, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
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247
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A chasing dead-end case report: a fatal lead intoxication following an attempted homicide. Forensic Toxicol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-019-00519-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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248
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Bakulski KM, Seo YA, Hickman RC, Brandt D, Vadari HS, Hu H, KyunPark S. Heavy Metals Exposure and Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 76:1215-1242. [PMID: 32651318 PMCID: PMC7454042 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and related dementias lack effective treatment or cures and are major public health challenges. Risk for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias is partially attributable to environmental factors. The heavy metals lead, cadmium, and manganese are widespread and persistent in our environments. Once persons are exposed to these metals, they are adept at entering cells and reaching the brain. Lead and cadmium are associated with numerous health outcomes even at low levels of exposure. Although manganese is an essential metal, deficiency or environmental exposure or high levels of the metal can be toxic. In cell and animal model systems, lead, cadmium, and manganese are well documented neurotoxicants that contribute to canonical Alzheimer's disease pathologies. Adult human epidemiologic studies have consistently shown lead, cadmium, and manganese are associated with impaired cognitive function and cognitive decline. No longitudinal human epidemiology study has assessed lead or manganese exposure on Alzheimer's disease specifically though two studies have reported a link between cadmium and Alzheimer's disease mortality. More longitudinal epidemiologic studies with high-quality time course exposure data and incident cases of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias are warranted to confirm and estimate the proportion of risk attributable to these exposures. Given the widespread and global exposure to lead, cadmium, and manganese, even small increases in the risks of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias would have a major population impact on the burden on disease. This article reviews the experimental and epidemiologic literature of the associations between lead, cadmium, and manganese on Alzheimer's disease and related dementias and makes recommendations of critical areas of future investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Bakulski
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Young Ah Seo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ruby C. Hickman
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel Brandt
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Harita S. Vadari
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Howard Hu
- School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sung KyunPark
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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249
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Proteomic response of Euglena gracilis to heavy metal exposure – Identification of key proteins involved in heavy metal tolerance and accumulation. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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250
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Ayyalasomayajula N, Bandaru M, Dixit PK, Ajumeera R, Chetty CS, Challa S. Inactivation of GAP-43 due to the depletion of cellular calcium by the Pb and amyloid peptide induced toxicity: An in vitro approach. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 316:108927. [PMID: 31843630 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Environmental pollutant, Lead (Pb) is known to induce neurotoxicity in human. The central nervous system is the most vulnerable to the minute levels of Pb induced toxicity. Pb has been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a probable risk factor, as it shows epigenetic and developmental link associated with Alzheimer's disease-like pathology. Beta amyloid peptides were considered as the crucial factors in the beta amyloid plaque formation in Alzheimer's disease brain. In this context, we investigated the molecular mechanism involved in the development of Pb induced Alzheimer's disease in in vitro. Previous data from our studies have reported that Pb in the presence of beta Amyloid peptide (1-40) and (25-35) induces more apoptosis than individual exposures. Here, to further evaluate the molecular mechanism underlying Pb induced Alzheimer's disease; we focussed on the involvement of calcium signalling in inducing cell death. Our experimental observations suggesting that Pb in the presence of beta amyloid peptide alters intracellular calcium levels, which leads to the increased beta-secretase activity, which further promotes the generation of beta amyloid peptides. It also showed depression in the levels of GAP-43 expression, inhibition of PKC activity and altering synaptic activity further leads to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelima Ayyalasomayajula
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Hyderabad, India
| | - Madhuri Bandaru
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Rajanna Ajumeera
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Suresh Challa
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Hyderabad, India.
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