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Kale S, Tahrani AA. Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without established cardiovascular disease: Do they have a role in primary prevention? Metabol Open 2021; 10:100082. [PMID: 33817616 PMCID: PMC8010211 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2021.100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most guidelines and cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) focus on secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients with T2DM without established CVD (eCVD) also form a critical cohort, for whom primary prevention with timely pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions can effectively prevent or delay the onset of CVD. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have demonstrated a promising role for primary prevention of CVD in CVOTs and real-world studies. The 2019 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines on primary prevention of CVD recommend SGLT2i as one of the add-on treatment options to metformin for adults with T2DM and glycated hemoglobin >7% who have cardiovascular (CV) risk factors. The outcomes with maximal response to SGLT2i use in primary prevention are hospitalization for heart failure and chronic kidney disease. The cardiorenal benefits with SGLT2i are attributed to pleiotropic effects on CV risk factors, and interference with glucose and sodium handling in kidneys, independent of their glycemic benefits. Results therefore support a role for SGLT2i not only in patients with T2DM and eCVD but also in patients with T2DM without eCVD. This review examines the evidence for potential role of SGLT2i for primary prevention of CVD in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailaja Kale
- Dr Shailaja Kale’s Diabetes & Speciality Clinic, Pune, India
| | - Abd A Tahrani
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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202
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Supabphol S, Seubwai W, Wongkham S, Saengboonmee C. High glucose: an emerging association between diabetes mellitus and cancer progression. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:1175-1193. [PMID: 34036430 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02096-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The association of cancer and diabetes mellitus (DM) has been studied for decades. Hyperglycemia and the imbalance of hormones are factors that contribute to the molecular link between DM and carcinogenesis and cancer progression. Hyperglycemia alone or in combination with hyperinsulinemia are key factors that promote cancer aggressiveness. Many preclinical studies suggest that high glucose induces abnormal energy metabolism and aggressive cancer via several mechanisms. As evidenced by clinical studies, hyperglycemia is associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients who have comorbid DM. The prognoses of cancer patients with DM are improved when their plasma glucose levels are controlled. This suggests that high glucose level maybe be involved in the molecular mechanism that causes the link between DM and cancer and may also be useful for prognosis of cancer progression. This review comprehensively summarizes the evidence from recent pre-clinical and clinical studies of the impact of hyperglycemia on cancer advancement as well as the underlying molecular mechanism for this impact. Awareness among clinicians of the association between hyperglycemia or DM and cancer progression may improve cancer treatment outcome in patients who have DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suangson Supabphol
- The Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Wunchana Seubwai
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Center for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Sopit Wongkham
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Center for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Charupong Saengboonmee
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand. .,Center for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand. .,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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203
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Kaze AD, Santhanam P, Erqou S, Bertoni AG, Ahima RS, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB. Long-term variability of blood pressure and incidence of heart failure among individuals with Type 2 diabetes. ESC Heart Fail 2021; 8:2959-2967. [PMID: 34032375 PMCID: PMC8318432 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Data on the association of long-term variability of blood pressure (BP) with incident heart failure (HF) in individuals with Type 2 diabetes are scarce. We evaluated this association in a large community-based sample of adults with Type 2 diabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 4200 participants with Type 2 diabetes who had available BP measurements at four visits (baseline and 12, 24, and 36 months) in the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) study were included. Variability of systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) across the four visits was assessed using four metrics. Participants free of HF during the first 36 months were followed for HF events. Cox regression was used to generate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for HF. Of the 4200 participants, the average age was 59 years [standard deviation (SD): 6.8]; 58.5% were women. Over a median follow-up of 6.7 years, 129 developed HF events. After adjusting for relevant confounders, the HR of incident HF for the highest vs. lowest quartile of SD of SBP was 1.77 (95% CI 1.01-3.09); the HR for the highest (vs. lowest) quartile of variability independent of the mean of SBP was 1.29 (95% CI 0.78-2.14). The adjusted HR for participants in the highest (compared with the lowest) quartile of SD of DBP was 1.61 (95% CI 1.01-2.59), and the adjusted HR for variability independent of the mean of DBP was 1.65 (95% CI 1.03-2.65). CONCLUSIONS A greater variability in SBP and DBP is independently associated with greater risk of incident HF in individuals with Type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud D Kaze
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Prasanna Santhanam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Sebhat Erqou
- Department of Medicine, Providence VA Medical Center and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Alain G Bertoni
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Rexford S Ahima
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Justin B Echouffo-Tcheugui
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
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204
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Thomsen RW, Knudsen JS, Kahlert J, Baggesen LM, Lajer M, Holmgaard PH, Vedin O, Ustyugova A, Sørensen HT. Cardiovascular Events, Acute Hospitalizations, and Mortality in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Who Initiate Empagliflozin Versus Liraglutide: A Comparative Effectiveness Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e019356. [PMID: 34032121 PMCID: PMC8483550 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.019356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background In cardiovascular outcome trials, the sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor empagliflozin and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor agonist liraglutide caused similar reductions in major adverse cardiac events (MACE). We compared clinical outcomes in routine clinical care. Methods and Results EMPLACE (Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes, and Mortality in Danish Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Who Initiate Empagliflozin Versus GLP‐1RA: A Danish Nationwide Comparative Effectiveness Study) is an ongoing nationwide population‐based comparative effectiveness cohort study in Denmark. For the present study, we included 14 498 new users of empagliflozin and 12 706 new users of liraglutide, 2015 to 2018. Co‐primary outcomes were expanded major adverse cardiac events (stroke, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, coronary revascularization, hospitalization for heart failure [HHF], or all‐cause death); HHF or all‐cause death; and first HHF or first initiation of loop‐diuretic therapy. Secondary outcomes included all‐cause hospitalization or death. We applied propensity score balancing and Cox regression to compute adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) in on‐treatment (OT) and intention‐to‐treat (ITT) analyses. Cohorts were well balanced at baseline (median age 61 years, 59% men, diabetes mellitus duration 6.6 years, 30% with preexisting cardiovascular disease). During mean follow‐up of 1.1 years in OT and 1.5 years in ITT analyses, empagliflozin versus liraglutide was associated with a similar rate of expanded major adverse cardiac events (OT aHR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.91–1.14; ITT aHR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.96–1.17), and HHF or all‐cause death (OT aHR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.85–1.11; ITT aHR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.91–1.14); and a decreased rate of a first incident HHF or loop‐diuretic initiation (OT aHR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.68–0.94; ITT aHR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.76–1.00), and of all‐cause hospitalization or death (OT aHR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.89–0.98; ITT aHR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.90–0.97). Conclusions Empagliflozin and liraglutide initiators had comparable rates of expanded major adverse cardiac events, and HHF or all‐cause death, whereas empagliflozin initiators had a lower rate of a first HHF or loop‐diuretic initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reimar W Thomsen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus Denmark
| | - Jakob S Knudsen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus Denmark
| | - Johnny Kahlert
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus Denmark
| | - Lisbeth M Baggesen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus Denmark
| | | | | | - Ola Vedin
- Boehringer Ingelheim AB Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Henrik T Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus Denmark
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205
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Del Razo-Olvera FM, Martin-Vences AJ, Brito-Córdova GX, Elías-López D, Landa-Anell MV, Melgarejo-Hernández MA, Cruz-Bautista I, Manjarrez-Martínez I, Gómez-Velasco DV, Aguilar-Salinas CA. Primary Barriers of Adherence to a Structured Nutritional Intervention in Patients with Dyslipidemia. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061744. [PMID: 34063795 PMCID: PMC8223790 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the primary barriers to adequately adhering to a structured nutritional intervention. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 106 participants diagnosed with dyslipidemia and without a medical nutrition therapeutic plan were included in this two-year study conducted at the INCMNSZ dyslipidemia clinic in Mexico City. All patients were treated with the same structured strategies, including three face-to-face visits and two telephone follow-up visits. Diet plan adherence was evaluated at each site visit through a 3-day or 24-h food recall. RESULTS Barriers to adhere to the nutritional intervention were: lack of time to prepare their meals (23%), eating outside the home (19%), unwillingness to change dietary patterns (14%), and lack of information about a correct diet for dyslipidemias (14%). All barriers decreased significantly at the end of the intervention. Female gender, current smoking, and following a plan of more than 1500 kcal (R2 = 0.18 and p-value = 0.004) were associated with good diet adherence. Participants showed good levels of adherence to total caloric intake at visit 2 and 3, reporting 104.7% and 95.4%, respectively. Adherence to macronutrient intake varied from 65.1% to 126%, with difficulties in adhering to recommended carbohydrate and fat consumption being more notable. CONCLUSION The study findings confirm that a structured nutritional intervention is effective in reducing barriers and improving dietary adherence and metabolic control in patients with dyslipidemias. Health providers must identify barriers to adherence early on to design interventions that reduce these barriers and improve adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Mabel Del Razo-Olvera
- Research Unit of Metabolic Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (F.M.D.R.-O.); (D.E.-L.); (I.C.-B.); (D.V.G.-V.)
- Deparment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (G.X.B.-C.); (M.A.M.-H.); (I.M.-M.)
| | | | - Griselda X. Brito-Córdova
- Deparment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (G.X.B.-C.); (M.A.M.-H.); (I.M.-M.)
| | - Daniel Elías-López
- Research Unit of Metabolic Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (F.M.D.R.-O.); (D.E.-L.); (I.C.-B.); (D.V.G.-V.)
- Deparment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (G.X.B.-C.); (M.A.M.-H.); (I.M.-M.)
| | - María Victoria Landa-Anell
- Centro de Atención Integral del Paciente con Diabetes, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Marco Antonio Melgarejo-Hernández
- Deparment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (G.X.B.-C.); (M.A.M.-H.); (I.M.-M.)
- Centro de Atención Integral del Paciente con Diabetes, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Ivette Cruz-Bautista
- Research Unit of Metabolic Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (F.M.D.R.-O.); (D.E.-L.); (I.C.-B.); (D.V.G.-V.)
- Deparment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (G.X.B.-C.); (M.A.M.-H.); (I.M.-M.)
| | - Iliana Manjarrez-Martínez
- Deparment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (G.X.B.-C.); (M.A.M.-H.); (I.M.-M.)
| | - Donají Verónica Gómez-Velasco
- Research Unit of Metabolic Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (F.M.D.R.-O.); (D.E.-L.); (I.C.-B.); (D.V.G.-V.)
| | - Carlos Alberto Aguilar-Salinas
- Research Unit of Metabolic Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (F.M.D.R.-O.); (D.E.-L.); (I.C.-B.); (D.V.G.-V.)
- Deparment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (G.X.B.-C.); (M.A.M.-H.); (I.M.-M.)
- Division of Nutrition, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Vasco de Quiroga #15, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-54-87-09-00 (ext. 1501); Fax: +52-55-55-13-45-07
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206
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Nesti L, Tricò D, Mengozzi A, Natali A. Rethinking pioglitazone as a cardioprotective agent: a new perspective on an overlooked drug. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2021; 20:109. [PMID: 34006325 PMCID: PMC8130304 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-021-01294-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1985, the thiazolidinedione pioglitazone has been widely used as an insulin sensitizer drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although fluid retention was early recognized as a safety concern, data from clinical trials have not provided conclusive evidence for a benefit or a harm on cardiac function, leaving the question unanswered. We reviewed the available evidence encompassing both in vitro and in vivo studies in tissues, isolated organs, animals and humans, including the evidence generated by major clinical trials. Despite the increased risk of hospitalization for heart failure due to fluid retention, pioglitazone is consistently associated with reduced risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke both in primary and secondary prevention, without any proven direct harm on the myocardium. Moreover, it reduces atherosclerosis progression, in-stent restenosis after coronary stent implantation, progression rate from persistent to permanent atrial fibrillation, and reablation rate in diabetic patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation. In fact, human and animal studies consistently report direct beneficial effects on cardiomyocytes electrophysiology, energetic metabolism, ischemia–reperfusion injury, cardiac remodeling, neurohormonal activation, pulmonary circulation and biventricular systo-diastolic functions. The mechanisms involved may rely either on anti-remodeling properties (endothelium protective, inflammation-modulating, anti-proliferative and anti-fibrotic properties) and/or on metabolic (adipose tissue metabolism, increased HDL cholesterol) and neurohormonal (renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system, and adiponectin) modulation of the cardiovascular system. With appropriate prescription and titration, pioglitazone remains a useful tool in the arsenal of the clinical diabetologist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Nesti
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy. .,Cardiopulmonary Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Domenico Tricò
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mengozzi
- Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Natali
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy.,Cardiopulmonary Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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207
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Rashad NM, Sherif MH, El-Shal AS, Abdelsamad MAE. The expression profile of circANKRD36 and ANKRD36 as diagnostic biomarkers of chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-021-00165-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The molecular mechanisms for chronic kidney disease (CKD) remain largely unknown and appear to be multifactorial. In the current study, we aimed to study the circulatory levels of circular ankyrin repeat domain 36 (circANKRD36) and ANKRD36 in Egyptian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and CKD and to explore their associations with the progression of CKD. This cross-sectional controlled study enrolled 60 patients with T2DM and 40 controls. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analyses were used to detect the expression levels of circANKRD36 and ANKRD36.
Results
Our results detected that the relative expression levels of circANKRD36 and ANKRD36 were significantly higher in patients with T2DM compared to controls. CircANKRD36 and ANKRD36 were significantly overexpressed in patients with macroalbuminuria (0.2316±0.096, 0.0086±0.0035, respectively) compared microalbuminuria (0.1347±0.032, 0.0037±0.0008, respectively) as well as normoalbuminuria (0.1261±0.018, 0.0027±0.0004, respectively), p˂0.001*.
Conclusion
The relative expression levels of circANKRD36 and ANKRD36 were significantly increased in patients with T2DM more specifically in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) and macroalbuminuria.
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208
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Masuda H, Ishiyama D, Yamada M, Iwashima F, Kimura Y, Otobe Y, Tani N, Suzuki M, Nakajima H. Relationship Between Long-Term Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:2057-2063. [PMID: 33994800 PMCID: PMC8112872 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s307070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increasing physical activity (PA) improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, whether long-term objectively measured PA is related to glycemic control remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between long-term objectively measured PA and glycemic control in T2DM patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This prospective cohort study recruited T2DM patients admitted to a hospital-based diabetes management and education program. The primary outcome was glycemic control by hemoglobin A1c at 6 months after discharge. We defined poor glycemic control according to the Japanese Clinical Practice Guidelines. The PA was objectively measured using a three-axis accelerometer during 6 months' period after discharge. The representative value of PA was the average daily steps during the measurement period and was divided into quartiles. To determine the relationship between the daily steps and poor glycemic control, we performed a multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Ninety-four participants were enrolled in the study. Their median age was 59 years, and 38 (40.0%) of them showed poor glycemic control. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the first (Q1, ≤ 6106 steps/day) and second quartiles (Q2, 6107-8258 steps/day) had significantly elevated risks of poor glycemic control compared to Q4 (≥ 10,542 steps/day), with odds ratios of 8.55 [95% confidence intervals (CI) =1.43-51.23] and 15.62 (95% CI 2.63-92.87), respectively. CONCLUSION We found that lesser PA was significantly associated with poor glycemic control in T2DM patients. This finding may be beneficial for clinicians while providing long-term advice to diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Masuda
- Department of Rehabilitation, Toshima Hospital, Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Hospitals Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ishiyama
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Yamada
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiko Iwashima
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toshima Hospital, Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Hospitals Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kimura
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuhei Otobe
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Tani
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizue Suzuki
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakajima
- Department of Rehabilitation, Toshima Hospital, Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Hospitals Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
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209
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Hu J, Amirehsani KA, McCoy TP, Coley SL, Wallace DC. Cardiovascular disease risk in Hispanic American women. Women Health 2021; 61:395-407. [PMID: 33941048 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2021.1917476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hispanic American women have an increased risk for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study examined CVD risk in a sample of immigrant Hispanic women using Framingham point scores and the Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) Risk Estimator for 10-year CVD risk and prevalence of metabolic syndrome. A cross-sectional study using baseline data from a diabetes self-management intervention study in a sample of 118 Hispanic American women was conducted. Data were c ollected with interviewer-administered surveys, and HbA1C and lipid profiles were obtained through capillary finger stick blood at clinics and churches in rural counties in central North Carolina. A majority (58%) of the women had type 2 diabetes and 61% had metabolic syndrome. Using the Framingham point scores for 10-year CVD risk, 2.5% were determined to have intermediate risk, compared to 7.6% at intermediate risk and 2.5% at high risk using the ASCVD 10-year risk estimator. High rates of CVD risk factors were found among this sample of Hispanic women. Early recognition of risk, mitigation of modifiable risk factors, and effective self-care programs are needed for Hispanic women. Hispanic American women may benefit from community-based CVD educational programs that have been culturally and linguistically tailored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hu
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Karen A Amirehsani
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas P McCoy
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sheryl L Coley
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Debra C Wallace
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
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Incidence of dyslipidemia in people with HIV who are treated with integrase inhibitors versus other antiretroviral agents. AIDS 2021; 35:869-882. [PMID: 33443370 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the incidence of dyslipidemia in people with HIV receiving integrase inhibitors (INSTI) versus boosted protease inhibitors (PI/b) and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) within RESPOND consortium of prospective cohorts. METHODS Participants were eligible if they were at least 18 years, without dyslipidemia and initiated or switched to a three-drug antiretroviral therapy (ART)-regimen consisting of either INSTI, NNRTI, or PI/b for the first time, between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2018. Dyslipidemia was defined as random total cholesterol more than 240 mg/dl, HDL less than 35 mg/dl, triglyceride more than 200 mg/dl, or initiation of lipid-lowering therapy. Poisson regression was used to determine the adjusted incidence rate ratios. Follow-up was censored after 3 years or upon ART-regimen discontinuation or last lipid measurement or 31 December 2019, whichever occurred first. RESULTS Overall, 4577 people with HIV were eligible (INSTI = 66.9%, PI/b = 12.5%, and NNRTI = 20.6%), 1938 (42.3%) of whom were ART-naive. During 1.7 (interquartile range, 0.6-3.0) median years of follow-up, 1460 participants developed dyslipidemia [incidence rate: 191.6 per 1000 person-years, 95% confidence interval (CI) 182.0-201.7]. Participants taking INSTI had a lower incidence of dyslipidemia compared with those on PI/b (adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.71; CI 0.59-0.85), but higher rate compared with those on NNRTI (1.35; CI 1.15-1.58). Compared with dolutegravir, the incidence of dyslipidemia was higher with elvitegravir/cobicistat (1.20; CI 1.00-1.43) and raltegravir (1.24; CI 1.02-1.51), but lower with rilpivirine (0.77; CI 0.63-0.94). CONCLUSION In this large consortium of heterogeneous cohorts, dyslipidemia was less common with INSTI than with PI/b. Compared with dolutegravir, dyslipidemia was more common with elvitegravir/cobicistat and raltegravir, but less common with rilpivirine.
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211
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Hong T, Su Q, Li X, Shan Z, Chen L, Peng Y, Chen L, Yan L, Bao Y, Lyu Z, Shi L, Wang W, Guo L, Ning G, Mu Y, Zhu D. Glucose-lowering pharmacotherapies in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease or chronic kidney disease. An expert consensus reported by the Chinese Diabetes Society and the Chinese Society of Endocrinology. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2021; 37:e3416. [PMID: 33120435 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), which are important causes of disabling and death in patients with T2DM. For the prevention and management of ASCVD or CKD, cardiovascular risk factors should be systematically evaluated, and ASCVD and CKD should be screened in patients with T2DM. In this consensus, we recommended that metformin should be used as the first-line therapy for patients with T2DM and ASCVD or very high cardiovascular risk, heart failure (HF) or CKD, and should be retained in the treatment regimen unless contraindicated or not tolerated. In patients with T2DM and established ASCVD or very high cardiovascular risk, addition of a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) or sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor with proven cardiovascular benefits should be considered independent of individualised glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C ) targets. In patients with T2DM and HF, an SGLT2 inhibitor should be preferably added regardless of HbA1C levels. In patients with T2DM and CKD, SGLT2 inhibitors should be preferred for the combination therapy independent of individualised HbA1C targets, and GLP-1RAs with proven renal benefits would be alternative if SGLT2 inhibitors are contraindicated. Moreover, the prevention of hypoglycaemia and management of multiple risk factors by comprehensive regimen, including lifestyle intervention, antihypertensive therapies, lipid-lowering treatment and antiplatelet therapies, should be kept in mind in treating patients with T2DM and ASCVD, HF or CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianpei Hong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan Univeristy, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongyan Shan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shangdong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yongde Peng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Chu Hisen-I Memorial Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqian Bao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaohui Lyu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lixin Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Weiqing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixin Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Ning
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Mu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dalong Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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Abstract
The hybrid closed-loop (HCL) system has been shown to improve glycemic control and reduce hypoglycemia. Optimization of HCL settings requires interpretation of the glucose, insulin, and factors affecting glucose such as food intake and exercise. To the best of our knowledge, there is no published guidance on the standardized reporting of HCL systems. Standardization of HCL reporting would make interpretation of data easy across different systems. We reviewed the literature on patient and provider perspectives on downloading and reporting glucose metric preferences. We also incorporated international consensus on standardized reporting for glucose metrics. We describe a single-page HCL data reporting, referred to here as "artificial pancreas (AP) Dashboard." We propose seven components in the AP Dashboard that can provide detailed information and visualization of glucose, insulin, and HCL-specific metrics. The seven components include (A) glucose metrics, (B) hypoglycemia, (C) insulin, (D) user experience, (E) hyperglycemia, (F) glucose modal-day profile, and (G) insight. A single-page report similar to an electrocardiogram can help providers and patients interpret HCL data easily and take the necessary steps to improve glycemic outcomes. We also describe the optimal sampling duration for HCL data download and color coding for visualization ease. We believe that this is a first step in creating a standardized HCL reporting, which may result in better uptake of the systems. For increased adoption, standardized reporting will require input from providers, patients, diabetes device manufacturers, and regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viral N Shah
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Satish K Garg
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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213
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Lu J, Fu L, Li Y, Geng J, Qin L, Li P, Zheng H, Sun Z, Li Y, Zhang L, Sun Y, Chen D, Qin G, Lu W, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Liu H, Zhang T, Zou J. Henagliflozin monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on diet and exercise: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2021; 23:1111-1120. [PMID: 33417292 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate henagliflozin, a novel sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor, as monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycaemic control with diet and exercise. MATERIALS AND METHODS This multicentre trial included a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled period, followed by a 28-week extension period. Four hundred and sixty-eight patients with an HbA1c of 7.0%-10.5% were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to receive once-daily placebo, or 5 or 10 mg henagliflozin. After 24 weeks, patients on placebo were switched to 5 or 10 mg henagliflozin, and patients on henagliflozin maintained the initial therapy. The primary endpoint was the change in HbA1c from baseline after 24 weeks. RESULTS At Week 24, the placebo-adjusted least squares (LS) mean changes from baseline in HbA1c were -0.91% (95% CI: -1.11% to -0.72%; P < .001) and -0.94% (-1.13% to -0.75%; P < .001) with henagliflozin 5 and 10 mg, respectively; the placebo-adjusted LS mean changes were -1.3 (-1.8 to -0.9) and -1.5 (-2.0 to -1.1) kg in body weight, and -5.1 (-7.2 to -3.0) and -4.4 (-6.5 to -2.3) mmHg in systolic blood pressure (all P < .05). The trends of these improvements were sustained for an additional 28 weeks. Adverse events occurred in 81.0%, 78.9% and 78.9% of patients in the placebo, henagliflozin 5 and 10 mg groups, respectively. No diabetic ketoacidosis or major episodes of hypoglycaemia occurred. CONCLUSIONS Henagliflozin 5 mg and 10 mg as monotherapy provided effective glycaemic control, reduced body weight and blood pressure, and was generally well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juming Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liujun Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Chongqing Sanxia Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianlin Geng
- Department of Endocrinology, Harrison International Peace Hospital, Hengshui, China
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua (Chongming) Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Yuncheng Central Hospital, Yuncheng, China
| | - Hailong Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Zilin Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanbing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yadong Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Jilin Province People's Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Daoxiong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Guijun Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weiping Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Yushan Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Zou
- Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
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214
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Nordheim E, Geir Jenssen T. Chronic kidney disease in patients with diabetes mellitus. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:R151-R159. [PMID: 33830068 PMCID: PMC8111312 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is a common complication and concomitant condition of diabetes mellitus. The treatment of patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease, including intensive control of blood sugar and blood pressure, has been very similar for type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients. New therapeutic targets have shown promising results and may lead to more specific treatment options for patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Espen Nordheim
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence should be addressed to E Nordheim:
| | - Trond Geir Jenssen
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Metabolic and Renal Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø
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215
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Al-Dashti YA, Holt RR, Keen CL, Hackman RM. Date Palm Fruit ( Phoenix dactylifera): Effects on Vascular Health and Future Research Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094665. [PMID: 33925062 PMCID: PMC8125345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death globally, presenting an immense public and economic burden. Studies on cardioprotective foods and their bioactive components are needed to address both personal and public health needs. Date fruit is rich in polyphenols, particularly flavonoids, certain micronutrients, and dietary fiber, which can impact vascular health, and have the potential to attenuate vascular disease in humans. Data from in vitro and animal studies report that consumption of date fruit or extracts can modulate select markers of vascular health, particularly plasma lipid levels including triglycerides and cholesterol, indices of oxidative stress and inflammation, but human data is scant. More investigation is needed to better characterize date polyphenols and unique bioactive compounds or fractions, establish safe and effective levels of intake, and delineate underlying mechanisms of action. Implementing scientific rigor in clinical trials and assessment of functional markers of vascular disease, such as flow-mediated dilation and peripheral arterial tonometry, along with gut microbiome profiles would provide useful information with respect to human health. Emerging data supports the notion that intake of date fruit and extracts can be a useful component of a healthy lifestyle for those seeking beneficial effects on vascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef A. Al-Dashti
- Department of Food and Nutrition Science, College of Health Sciences, Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Shuwaikh 70654, Kuwait
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +965-9978-7153
| | - Roberta R. Holt
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (R.R.H.); (C.L.K.); (R.M.H.)
| | - Carl L. Keen
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (R.R.H.); (C.L.K.); (R.M.H.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Robert M. Hackman
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (R.R.H.); (C.L.K.); (R.M.H.)
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216
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Riddle MC, Gerstein HC, Xavier D, Cushman WC, Leiter LA, Raubenheimer PJ, Atisso CM, Raha S, Varnado OJ, Konig M, Lakshmanan M, Franek E. Efficacy and Safety of Dulaglutide in Older Patients: A post hoc Analysis of the REWIND trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:1345-1351. [PMID: 33537745 PMCID: PMC8063250 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Dulaglutide reduced major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in the Researching Cardiovascular Events with a Weekly INcretin in Diabetes (REWIND) trial. Its efficacy and safety in older vs younger patients have not been explicitly analyzed. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to assess efficacy and safety of dulaglutide vs placebo in REWIND by age subgroups (≥ 65 and < 65 years). METHODS A post hoc subgroup analysis of REWIND was conducted at 371 sites in 24 countries. Participants included type 2 diabetes patients aged 50 years or older with established cardiovascular (CV) disease or multiple CV risk factors, and a wide range of glycemic control. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to dulaglutide 1.5 mg or placebo as an add-on to country-specific standard of care. Main outcomes measures included MACE (first occurrence of the composite of nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or death from CV or unknown causes). RESULTS There were 5256 randomly assigned patients who were 65 years or older (mean = 71.0), and 4645 were younger than 65 years (mean = 60.7). Baseline characteristics were similar in randomized treatment groups. Dulaglutide treatment showed a similar reduction in the incidence (11% vs 13%) of MACE in older vs younger patients. The rate of permanent study drug discontinuation, incidence of all-cause mortality, hospitalizations for heart failure, severe hypoglycemia, severe renal or urinary events, and serious gastrointestinal events were similar between randomized treatment groups within each age subgroup. The incidence rate of serious cardiac conduction disorders was numerically higher in the dulaglutide group compared to placebo within each age subgroup but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Dulaglutide had similar efficacy and safety in REWIND in patients65 years and older and those younger than 65 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Riddle
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Hertzel C Gerstein
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Denis Xavier
- St. John’s Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - William C Cushman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lawrence A Leiter
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Sohini Raha
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Manige Konig
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Edward Franek
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences and Central Clinical Hospital MSWiA, Warsaw, Poland
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217
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Kadowaki T, Yamamoto F, Taneda Y, Naito Y, Clark D, Lund SS, Okamura T, Kaku K. Effects of anti-diabetes medications on cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes: a rapid evidence assessment and narrative synthesis. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2021; 20:707-720. [PMID: 33706621 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2021.1898585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cardiovascular and kidney safety of glucose-lowering drugs is a key concern in type 2 diabetes (T2D). We evaluated cardiorenal outcomes with glucose-lowering drugs in Asian patients, who comprise over half of T2D cases globally. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A rapid evidence assessment was conducted for phase III or IV, double-blind, randomized clinical trials of glucose-lowering drugs reporting cardiovascular or kidney outcomes for Asian T2D patients (Embase, Medline, Cochrane Library databases: 1 January 2008-14 June 2020). RESULTS Fifty-four publications reported exploratory data for Asians from 18 trials of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and insulin analogs. SGLT2 inhibitors and several GLP-1 receptor agonists were associated with reduced cardiovascular risk in Asian T2D patients, while DPP-4 inhibitors exhibited cardiovascular safety. SGLT2 inhibitors also appeared to reduce renal risk; however, kidney outcomes were lacking for DPP-4 inhibitors other than linagliptin and GLP-1 receptor agonists in Asian patients. Insulin data were inconclusive as the only trial conducted used different types of insulin as both treatment and comparator. CONCLUSIONS Cardiorenal outcomes with glucose-lowering drugs in Asian T2D patients were similar to outcomes in the overall multinational cohorts of these trials. DPP-4 inhibitors appear to demonstrate cardiovascular safety in Asians, while SGLT2 inhibitors and some GLP-1 receptor agonists may reduce cardiorenal and cardiovascular risk, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fumiko Yamamoto
- Medicine Division, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Taneda
- Medicine Division, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Naito
- Medicine Division, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Douglas Clark
- TA CardioMetabolism Respiratory Med, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Søren S Lund
- TA CardioMetabolism Respiratory Med, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Tomoo Okamura
- Medicine Division, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Kaku
- General Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan.,Faculty of Health and Welfare Services Management, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Okayama, Japan
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218
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Kaneko M, Fujihara K, Harada MY, Osawa T, Yamamoto M, Kitazawa M, Matsubayashi Y, Yamada T, Seida H, Kodama S, Sone H. Rates and risk factors for amputation in people with diabetes in Japan: a historical cohort study using a nationwide claims database. J Foot Ankle Res 2021; 14:29. [PMID: 33836779 PMCID: PMC8034178 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-021-00474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of diabetes is rising, and diabetes develops at a younger age in East Asia. Although lower limb amputation negatively affects quality of life and increases the risk of cardiovascular events, little is known about the rates and predictors of amputation among persons with diabetes from young adults to those in the “young-old” category (50–72 y). Methods We analyzed data from a nationwide claims database in Japan accumulated from 2008 to 2016 involving 17,288 people with diabetes aged 18–72 y (mean age 50.2 y, HbA1c 7.2%). Amputation occurrence was determined according to information from the claims database. Cox regression model identified variables related to lower limb amputation. Results The mean follow-up time was 5.3 years, during which time 16 amputations occurred (0.17/1000 person-years). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that age (hazard ratio [HR] 1.09 [95% confidence intervals] 1.02–1.16, p = 0.01) and HbA1c (HR 1.46 [1.17–1.81], p < 0.01) were independently associated with amputations. Compared with those aged < 60 years with HbA1c < 8.0%, the HR for amputation was 27.81 (6.54–118.23) in those aged ≥60 years and HbA1c ≥8.0%. Conclusions Age and HbA1c were associated with amputations among diabetic individuals, and the rates of amputation were significantly greater in those ≥60 years old and with HbA1c ≥8.0%. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13047-021-00474-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Kaneko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-754 Asahimachi, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuya Fujihara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-754 Asahimachi, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Mayuko Yamada Harada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-754 Asahimachi, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Taeko Osawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-754 Asahimachi, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiko Yamamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-754 Asahimachi, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Masaru Kitazawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-754 Asahimachi, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Matsubayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-754 Asahimachi, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Takaho Yamada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-754 Asahimachi, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | | | - Satoru Kodama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-754 Asahimachi, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hirohito Sone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-754 Asahimachi, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
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219
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Ren Y, Zuo Y, Wang A, Chen S, Tian X, Li H, He Y, Wu S, Ma C. Diabetes modifies the association of prehypertension with cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2021; 23:1221-1228. [PMID: 33813784 PMCID: PMC8678834 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Prehypertension is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all‐cause mortality. However, it is unclear whether prehypertension combined with diabetes associate with a higher risk for cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between prehypertension and the risk of CVD and all‐cause mortality was different among individuals with or without diabetes. In the prospective community‐based Kailuan study, 67 344 participants without hypertension or a history of CVD at baseline (2006) were included. Prehypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure of 120–139 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure of 80–89 mmHg. The outcomes were CVD and all‐cause mortality were followed up through December 31, 2017. We performed Cox proportional hazards models to evaluate the relationships between prehypertension and CVD and all‐cause mortality by diabetes status. During a median follow‐up of 11.03 years, 2981 CVD events and 4655 all‐cause mortality occurred. After adjusting age, sex, and other factors, the associations of prehypertension with risk of CVD and all‐cause mortality were significant in participants without diabetes (hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval: 1.54 [1.38–1.71] and 1.27 [1.17–1.38]), but not in participants with diabetes (1.20 [0.93–1.56] and 0.88 [0.73–1.07]). The interactions between prehypertension and diabetes for the risk of CVD and all‐cause mortality were all significant (all p < .05). Prehypertension was only associated with an increased risk for CVD and all‐cause mortality in non‐diabetes participants. Diabetes modifies the relation of prehypertension with the risk of CVD and all‐cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingting Zuo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Anxin Wang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuohua Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Kailuan Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Xue Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Haibin Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Shouling Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Kailuan Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Changsheng Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
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Lazar Neto F, Mendes TB, Matos PMPG, de Oliveira JC, Favarato MHS, Lin CA, Martins MA. External validity of type 2 diabetes clinical trials on cardiovascular outcomes for a multimorbid population. Diabetes Obes Metab 2021; 23:971-979. [PMID: 33336870 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the external validity of recent antihyperglycaemic trials evaluating cardiovascular outcomes in a multimorbid population. MATERIALS AND METHODS Selection criteria of 15 randomized controlled trials from the 2020 American Diabetes Association Standard of Care statement were applied in a stepwise manner to tertiary care patients with type 2 diabetes. Primary outcomes were the number of patients eligible per individual trial and for the aggregate of trials. Secondary outcomes included patient predictors of trial eligibility. RESULTS Of 1059 patients, the mean (SD) age was 66 (10.74) years, the median (IQR) Charlson index was 2 (2, 3) and 458 (43%) had documented cardiovascular disease. The median (IQR) number of patients included in individual trials was 263 (174.25-308.75) and 795 (75.1%) of them were eligible for at least one trial. Among those 264 ineligible, 127 (48.1%) had an HbA1c level of 7% or less and no cardiovascular disease; 53.5% and 34.4% of the patients were eligible for two and three different classes of drugs, respectively. The strongest predictor of trial eligibility was cardiovascular disease (risk ratio 2.17, 95% CI 2.01-2.35). CONCLUSIONS A considerable proportion of multimorbid patients would be eligible for recent antihyperglycaemic trials. This positive finding can be attributed to development guidance in diabetes trials and the different approach we took, in which we evaluated inclusion by trials as an aggregate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felippe Lazar Neto
- Department of Internal Medicin, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Bosco Mendes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Julio César de Oliveira
- Department of Internal Medicin, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Chin An Lin
- Department of Internal Medicin, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milton Arruda Martins
- Department of Internal Medicin, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
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221
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Karagiannis T, Tsapas A, Athanasiadou E, Avgerinos I, Liakos A, Matthews DR, Bekiari E. GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors for older people with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 174:108737. [PMID: 33705820 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the cardiovascular effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in older people with type 2 diabetes. METHODS PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane library were searched up to November 2020 for cardiovascular outcomes trials with GLP-1 RAs or SGLT2 inhibitors that reported results for older patients with type 2 diabetes. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted for different age subgroup categories. RESULTS A total of 11 studies (93,502 patients) were included. Consistent with their effect in the overall population, in patients ≥65 years, GLP-1 RAs reduced major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (hazard ratio [HR], 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80-0.92), cardiovascular death, stroke, and myocardial infarction. In the same age subgroup, SGLT2 inhibitors reduced MACE (HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.83-0.98) but had a neutral effect on its components. They also reduced heart failure hospitalization (HR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.51-0.76), an effect that was not evident in patients <65 years, and the composite renal endpoint (HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.43-0.77). Meta-analyses for patients ≥75 years yielded similar results. CONCLUSIONS In older adults with diabetes, GLP-1 RAs reduced MACE and its components. SGLT2 inhibitors reduced MACE, and heart failure and renal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Karagiannis
- Clinical Research and Evidence-Based Medicine Unit, Second Medical Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Apostolos Tsapas
- Clinical Research and Evidence-Based Medicine Unit, Second Medical Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Diabetes Centre, Second Medical Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Harris Manchester College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Athanasiadou
- Clinical Research and Evidence-Based Medicine Unit, Second Medical Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Avgerinos
- Clinical Research and Evidence-Based Medicine Unit, Second Medical Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aris Liakos
- Clinical Research and Evidence-Based Medicine Unit, Second Medical Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - David R Matthews
- Harris Manchester College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Bekiari
- Clinical Research and Evidence-Based Medicine Unit, Second Medical Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Diabetes Centre, Second Medical Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Nonfasting lipid testing has been introduced into several guidelines over the past decade or so however, the uptake into clinical practice has not been universal. This review highlights some of the prevalent reasons for provider reluctance to use nonfasting testing and the evidence to support nonfasting testing for routine screening in most patients. RECENT FINDINGS Several studies have found nonfasting lipids to be as, or more, strongly associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk prediction. In particular, nonfasting tests improve system efficiency, are safe for patients with diabetes, the elderly, children, and in the vast majority of patients, do not need to be followed up with fasting studies due to severe hypertriglyceridemia. SUMMARY Nonfasting lipids are a convenient first test for screening that offers equivalent, if not improved CVD risk prediction. Common misconceptions about nonfasting tests are not supported by the evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zareen Farukhi
- Center for Lipid Metabolomics, Division of Preventive Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Samia Mora
- Center for Lipid Metabolomics, Division of Preventive Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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223
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Angullo-Martínez E, Carretero-Anibarro E, Sánchez Barrancos IM, Cos Claramunt X, Orozco Beltrán D, Torres Baile JL, Ezkurra Loiola P. [Checklist for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus for remote consultation]. Aten Primaria 2021; 53:101983. [PMID: 33743202 PMCID: PMC7969144 DOI: 10.1016/j.aprim.2021.101983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The current circumstances cause by the COVID-19 force primary care doctors to find out new ways to guarantee the health care of our type 2 diabetes patients. There is evidence that supports the remote consultation efficacy in the glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Facing the rapid adaptation of clinical practice to the remote consultation use, from de Diabetes Group of the Spanish Society of Family and Community Medicine (SemFyC), we have prepared a document embodied in a telematic action / monitoring algorithm in the care of patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Escarlata Angullo-Martínez
- Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria, Centro de salud Escola Graduada; Grupo de Trabajo de Diabetes de la semFyC, Palma (Islas Baleares), España.
| | - Enrique Carretero-Anibarro
- Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria, Centro de salud Herrrera; Grupo de Trabajo de Diabetes de la semFyC, Sevilla, España
| | - Ignacio Manuel Sánchez Barrancos
- Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria, Consultorio de Membrilla, Centro de salud Manzanares 2; Grupo de Trabajo de Diabetes de la semFyC, Manzanares (Ciudad Real), España
| | - Xavier Cos Claramunt
- Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria, Institut Català de la Salut; Grupo de Trabajo de Diabetes de la semFyC, Barcelona, España; Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; IDIAP Jordi Gol; Grupo de Trabajo de Diabetes de la semFyC, Barcelona, España
| | - Domingo Orozco Beltrán
- Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria, Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Universidad Miguel Hernández; Grupo de Trabajo de Diabetes de la semFyC, Alicante, España
| | - José Luis Torres Baile
- Unidad de investigación, Centro de salud Cabo Huertas; Grupo de Trabajo de Diabetes de la semFyC, San Juan (Alicante), España; Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Centro de salud Rodríguez Paterna; Grupo de Trabajo de Diabetes de la semFyC, Logroño (La Rioja), España
| | - Patxi Ezkurra Loiola
- Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria, Centro de salud Zumaia; Grupo de Trabajo de Diabetes de la semFyC, Zumaia (Guipúzcoa), España
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224
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Angiolillo DJ, Capodanno D. Aspirin for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in the 21 st Century: A Review of the Evidence. Am J Cardiol 2021; 144 Suppl 1:S15-S22. [PMID: 33706985 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aspirin (ASA) is the most commonly prescribed antiplatelet agent. Although the evidence for efficacy of aspirin for secondary prevention of ischemic events in patients with established cardiovascular disease is strong, its role in primary prevention has been subject of controversies over the past decades. In fact, historical trials have shown only modest benefit in terms of reduction of ischemic events, mostly myocardial infarction and to a lesser extent stroke, and only at the expense of an increased risk of bleeding. These observations have led to divergent recommendations from professional societies on the use of ASA for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease manifestations. However, recent results from three trials of primary prevention have shown either no benefit or modest benefit on combined ischemic end points, without any impact on hard cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction or stroke, accompanied by an increased risk of bleeding. Overall, this translated into neutral net benefit or even harm with the use of aspirin in patients with no overt cardiovascular disease. These results have accordingly led to a downgrade in the current recommendations on the use of ASA for primary prevention. This article provides an overview on the current evidence on the use of aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominick J Angiolillo
- Division of Cardiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida.
| | - Davide Capodanno
- Division of Cardiology, A.O.U. "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele," University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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225
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Shao H, Laxy M, Benoit SR, Cheng YJ, Gregg EW, Zhang P. Trends in Total and Out-of-pocket Payments for Noninsulin Glucose-Lowering Drugs Among U.S. Adults With Large-Employer Private Health Insurance From 2005 to 2018. Diabetes Care 2021; 44:925-934. [PMID: 33563653 DOI: 10.2337/dc20-2871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate trends in total payment and patients' out-of-pocket (OOP) payments of noninsulin glucose-lowering drugs by class from 2005 to 2018. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed data for 53 million prescriptions from adults aged >18 years with type 2 diabetes under fee-for-service plans from the 2005-2018 IBM MarketScan Commercial Databases. The total payment was measured as the amount that the pharmacy received, and the OOP payment was the sum of copay, coinsurance, and deductible paid by the beneficiaries. We applied a joinpoint regression to evaluate nonlinear trends in cost between 2005 and 2018. We further conducted a decomposition analysis to explore the drivers for total payment change. RESULTS Total annual payments for older drug classes, including metformin, sulfonylurea, meglitinide, α-glucosidase inhibitors, and thiazolidinedione, declined during 2005-2018, ranging from -$271 (-53.8%) for metformin to -$2,406 (-92.2%) for thiazolidinedione. OOP payments for these drug classes also reduced. In the same period, the total annual payments for the newer drug classes, including dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists, and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, increased by $2,181 (88.4%), $3,721 (77.6%), and $1,374 (37.0%), respectively. OOP payment for these newer classes remained relatively unchanged. Our study findings indicate that switching toward the newer classes for noninsulin glucose-lowering drugs was the main driver that explained the total payment increase. CONCLUSIONS Average annual payments and OOP payment for noninsulin glucose-lowering drugs increased significantly from 2005 to 2018. The uptake of newer drug classes was the main driver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shao
- Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA .,Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Michael Laxy
- Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.,Institute of Health Economics and Health Care Management, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephen R Benoit
- Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Yiling J Cheng
- Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Edward W Gregg
- Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.,School of Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Ping Zhang
- Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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226
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Kim SW, Chen J, Wegener KJ, Resch ND, Neff KM, Nawarskas AD. Improvement of Statin Utilization in Veterans With Diabetes Through Pharmacy Interventions. Clin Diabetes 2021; 39:215-219. [PMID: 33981132 PMCID: PMC8061543 DOI: 10.2337/cd20-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Quality Improvement Success Stories are published by the American Diabetes Association in collaboration with the American College of Physicians and the National Diabetes Education Program. This series is intended to highlight best practices and strategies from programs and clinics that have successfully improved the quality of care for people with diabetes or related conditions. Each article in the series is reviewed and follows a standard format developed by the editors of Clinical Diabetes. The following article describes an effort aimed at increasing the use of statins among veterans with diabetes at a Veterans Affairs medical center in New Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Wan Kim
- New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM
| | | | | | - Nina D Resch
- New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque, NM
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227
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Sposito AC, Breder I, Soares AAS, Kimura-Medorima ST, Munhoz DB, Cintra RMR, Bonilha I, Oliveira DC, Breder JC, Cavalcante P, Moreira C, Moura FA, de Lima-Junior JC, do Carmo HRP, Barreto J, Nadruz W, Carvalho LSF, Quinaglia T. Dapagliflozin effect on endothelial dysfunction in diabetic patients with atherosclerotic disease: a randomized active-controlled trial. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2021; 20:74. [PMID: 33771149 PMCID: PMC8004411 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-021-01264-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The glucose-lowering independent effect of sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) on arterial wall function has not yet been clarified. This study aims to assess whether SGLT2i treatment can attenuate endothelial dysfunction related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) compared with glucose-lowering equivalent therapy. Methods In a prospective, open-label, single-center, randomized clinical trial, 98 patients with T2DM and carotid intima-media thickness above the 75th percentile were randomized 1:1 to 12 weeks of therapy with dapagliflozin or glibenclamide in addition to metformin in glucose-lowering equivalent regimens. The coprimary endpoints were 1-min flow-mediated dilation (FMD) at rest and 1-min FMD after 15 min of ischemia followed by 15 min of reperfusion time (I/R). Results Ninety-seven patients (61% males, 57 ± 7 years) completed the study. The median HbA1c decreased by − 0.8 (0.7)% and -0.7 (0.95)% following dapagliflozin and glibenclamide, respectively. The first coprimary endpoint, i.e., rest FMD changed by + 3.3(8.2)% and − 1.2(7.5)% for the dapagliflozin and glibenclamide arms, respectively (p = 0.0001). Differences between study arms in the second coprimary endpoint were not significant. Plasma nitrite 1 min after rest FMD was higher for dapagliflozin [308(220) nmol/L] than for glibenclamide (258[110] nmol/L; p = 0.028). The resistive indices at 1 min [0.90 (0.11) vs. 0.93 (0.07); p = 0.03] and 5 min [0.93 (0.07) vs. 0.95 (0.05); p = 0.02] were higher for the glibenclamide group than for the dapagliflozin group. Plasma biomarkers for inflammation and oxidative stress did not differ between the treatments. Conclusions Dapagliflozin improved micro- and macrovascular endothelial function compared to glibenclamide, regardless of glycemic control in patients with T2DM and subclinical carotid atherosclerotic disease. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12933-021-01264-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei C Sposito
- Aterosclerose and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Aterolab), Cardiology Division, State University of Campinas Medical School, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil.
| | - Ikaro Breder
- Aterosclerose and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Aterolab), Cardiology Division, State University of Campinas Medical School, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A S Soares
- Aterosclerose and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Aterolab), Cardiology Division, State University of Campinas Medical School, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Sheila T Kimura-Medorima
- Aterosclerose and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Aterolab), Cardiology Division, State University of Campinas Medical School, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Daniel B Munhoz
- Aterosclerose and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Aterolab), Cardiology Division, State University of Campinas Medical School, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Riobaldo M R Cintra
- Aterosclerose and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Aterolab), Cardiology Division, State University of Campinas Medical School, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Isabella Bonilha
- Aterosclerose and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Aterolab), Cardiology Division, State University of Campinas Medical School, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Daniela C Oliveira
- Aterosclerose and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Aterolab), Cardiology Division, State University of Campinas Medical School, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Jessica Cunha Breder
- Aterosclerose and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Aterolab), Cardiology Division, State University of Campinas Medical School, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Pamela Cavalcante
- Aterosclerose and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Aterolab), Cardiology Division, State University of Campinas Medical School, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Camila Moreira
- Aterosclerose and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Aterolab), Cardiology Division, State University of Campinas Medical School, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Filipe A Moura
- Aterosclerose and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Aterolab), Cardiology Division, State University of Campinas Medical School, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Jose Carlos de Lima-Junior
- Aterosclerose and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Aterolab), Cardiology Division, State University of Campinas Medical School, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Helison R P do Carmo
- Aterosclerose and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Aterolab), Cardiology Division, State University of Campinas Medical School, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Joaquim Barreto
- Aterosclerose and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Aterolab), Cardiology Division, State University of Campinas Medical School, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Wilson Nadruz
- Aterosclerose and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Aterolab), Cardiology Division, State University of Campinas Medical School, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Luiz Sergio F Carvalho
- Aterosclerose and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Aterolab), Cardiology Division, State University of Campinas Medical School, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Thiago Quinaglia
- Aterosclerose and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Aterolab), Cardiology Division, State University of Campinas Medical School, Rua Tessalia Vieira de Camargo 126, Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13084-971, Brazil
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Jiang A, Feng Z, Yuan L, Zhang Y, Li Q, She Y. Effect of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors on the levels of serum asprosin in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2021; 13:34. [PMID: 33766125 PMCID: PMC7992350 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-021-00652-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asprosin, a novel adipokine that raises glucose levels and stimulates appetite, has been proved to be pathologically increased in populations predisposed to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. The mechanisms of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for hypoglycemic effect and cardiovascular protection have not been fully clarified. Therefore, we conducted this study to assess change in the levels of serum asprosin after treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM. METHODS This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. A total of 29 participants with newly diagnosed T2DM with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 23.0 kg/m2 and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels of 58-85 mmol/mol (7.5-10%) were randomized to SGLT2 inhibitors dapagliflozin 10 mg/d (n = 19) or placebo (n = 10) treatment for 24 weeks. We analyzed asprosin concentrations by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Besides, body weight, BMI, HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and lipid levels were measured at baseline and 24 weeks. RESULTS At 24 weeks, participants with SGLT2 inhibitors treatment exhibited lower levels of serum asprosin (22.87 vs 45.06 ng/ml in the placebo group; P < 0.001) after adjusting for baseline values. The levels of body weight, BMI, HbA1c, FPG, and triglyceride (TG) were decreased, while high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) was increased after SGLT2 inhibitors dapagliflozin treatment compared with placebo (P < 0.05 for all). Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and total cholesterol (TC) levels were unchanged in the SGLT2 inhibitors group and placebo group. No statistical correlation was found between the levels of serum asprosin and body weight, BMI, HbA1c, FPG, and lipid levels during the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin treatment. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicated that SGLT2 inhibitors can lower serum asprosin levels and improve glucolipid and weight in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM, which may benefit the cardiovascular system. Trial registration CTR20131268; Registered 20 March 2014 CTR20150102; Registered 03 March 2015. http://www.chinadrugtrials.org.cn/clinicaltrials.searchlistdetail.dhtml .
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Changle Road, Qinhuai District, Nanjing, 21006 Jiangsu China
| | - Zhanrong Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shuyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 28 Shanghai Middle Road, Shuyang, Suqian, Jiangsu China
| | - Lu Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Changle Road, Qinhuai District, Nanjing, 21006 Jiangsu China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Changle Road, Qinhuai District, Nanjing, 21006 Jiangsu China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 68 Changle Road, Qinhuai District, Nanjing, 21006 Jiangsu China
| | - Yuqing She
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Pukou Central Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
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Kane MP, Triplitt CL, Solis-Herrera CD. Management of type 2 diabetes with oral semaglutide: Practical guidance for pharmacists. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2021; 78:556-567. [PMID: 33354706 PMCID: PMC7970404 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxaa413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide pharmacists with information on counseling patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) receiving oral semaglutide. SUMMARY Oral semaglutide, the first oral glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist (GLP-1RA), was approved for the treatment of adults with T2D by the US Food and Drug Administration in September 2019. Semaglutide has been coformulated with the absorption enhancer sodium N-(8-[2-hydroxybenzoyl] amino) caprylate to improve bioavailability of semaglutide following oral administration. Oral semaglutide has been shown to have efficacy and safety profiles similar to those of other GLP-1RAs. Many patients with T2D have a complex oral medication regimen to manage their T2D and concomitant chronic comorbid conditions. Therefore, it is important that patients follow the dose administration instructions closely: oral semaglutide should be taken on an empty stomach upon waking with a sip (≤120 mL) of plain water and at least 30 minutes before the first food, beverage, or other oral medications of the day. The most common adverse effects of oral semaglutide are gastrointestinal (typically nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting). It is important for pharmacists to counsel patients prescribed oral semaglutide about optimal oral dosing, why correct dosing conditions are necessary, expected therapeutic response, and effective strategies to mitigate potential gastrointestinal adverse events. CONCLUSION Information and practical strategies provided by pharmacists may facilitate initiation and maintenance of oral semaglutide therapy and ensure that each patient achieves an optimal therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Kane
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss the diagnosis, treatment, and complications of diabetes in people with HIV (PWH) and to review HIV-related factors that may contribute to the development of diabetes or alter decisions in the care and treatment of PWH with diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS For those patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and/or chronic kidney disease, GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors should be considered for use. Evidence for this recommendation is, however, based on studies that were not conducted in populations consisting solely of PWH. Diabetes is a significant comorbidity in PWH and adds to their already heightened risk of cardiovascular disease. HIV-specific factors, including interactions of antiretroviral therapy with medications that either treat diabetes and/or prevent cardiovascular disease, should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipa Sarkar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Asthma and Allergy Center 3B.74D, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Todd T Brown
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Suite 333, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
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231
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Somagutta MR, Agadi K, Hange N, Jain MS, Batti E, Emuze BO, Amos-Arowoshegbe EO, Popescu S, Hanan S, Kumar VR, Pormento K. Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors: A Focused Review of Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, and Triggers. Cureus 2021; 13:e13665. [PMID: 33824816 PMCID: PMC8012260 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute and significant life-threatening complication of diabetes. The association of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) with euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (EDKA) has been well reported. This literature review was conducted to understand the mechanism of EDKA and identify the potential risk factors and precipitants for patients taking SGLT2i. After reviewing the published literature between 2010 and 2020, 32 articles are included in the final review. The underlying mechanism is mainly enhanced lipolysis and ketone body reabsorption. SGLT2i also stimulates pancreatic alpha cells and inhibits beta cells, causing an imbalance in glucagon/insulin levels, further contributing to lipolysis and ketogenesis. Most patients were diagnosed with blood glucose less than 200 mg/dL, blood pH <7.3, increased anion gap, increased blood, or urine ketones. Perioperative fasting, pancreatic etiology, low carbohydrate or ketogenic diet, obesity, and malignancy are identified precipitants in this review. As normoglycemia can conceal the underlying acidosis, physicians should be cognizant of the EDKA diagnosis and initiate prompt treatment. Patient education on risk factors and triggers is recommended to avoid future events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj R Somagutta
- Department of Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
- Department of Medicine, Avalon University School of Medicine, Willemstad, CUW
| | | | - Namrata Hange
- Public Health, Woodlands Health Campus, Singapore, SGP
| | - Molly S Jain
- Department of Medicine, Saint James School of Medicine, Park Ridge, USA
| | - Erkan Batti
- Department of Medicine, Washington University Health and Science, San Pedro, BLZ
| | - Bernard O Emuze
- Emergency Medicine, Saint James School of Medicine, Fort Worth, USA
| | | | - Sorin Popescu
- Department of Medicine, Saint James School of Medicine, Park Ridge, USA
| | - Saad Hanan
- Department of Medicine, Saint James School of Medicine, Park Ridge, USA
| | | | - Kezia Pormento
- Department of Medicine, Ateneo de Manila School of Medicine and Public Health, Quezon City, PHL
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Shanmugasundaram M, Pineda JRE, Murugapandian S. Glucose-Lowering Medications and Cardiovascular Outcomes. Curr Cardiol Rep 2021; 23:24. [PMID: 33655453 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-021-01452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW The purpose of this review is to examine recent evidence supporting CV safety profile and improvement of CV outcomes of some of the newer classes of diabetic medications. RECENT FINDINGS Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Thus, CVD management is critical in diabetic patients. Since 2008, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has mandated that all newer diabetic medications should establish cardiovascular safety before it is approved for use. Diabetic medications that also lower CV risk would be a significant advancement as shown in recent studies. There are 3 new class of diabetic medications: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4), glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA), and sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 (SGLT 2) inhibitors which have established both CV safety and improvement in CV outcomes with some drugs. In patients with type 2 diabetes and established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, multiple atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk factors, or diabetic kidney disease, a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, or a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist with demonstrated cardiovascular benefit is recommended to reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhan Shanmugasundaram
- Sarver Heart Center, Section of Cardiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 1501 N Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
| | - J R Exequiel Pineda
- Sarver Heart Center, Section of Cardiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 1501 N Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
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Pandey A, Vaduganathan M, Patel KV, Ayers C, Ballantyne CM, Kosiborod MN, Carnethon M, DeFilippi C, McGuire DK, Khan SS, Caughey MC, de Lemos JA, Everett BM. Biomarker-Based Risk Prediction of Incident Heart Failure in Pre-Diabetes and Diabetes. JACC. HEART FAILURE 2021; 9:215-223. [PMID: 33422434 PMCID: PMC11229674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the application of a biomarker-based risk score to identify individuals with dysglycemia who are at high risk for incident heart failure (HF) and to inform allocation of effective preventive interventions. BACKGROUND Risk stratification tools to identify patients with diabetes and pre-diabetes at highest risk for HF are needed to inform cost-effective allocation of preventive therapies. Whether a biomarker score can meaningfully stratify HF risk is unknown. METHODS Participants free of cardiovascular disease from 3 cohort studies (ARIC [Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities], DHS [Dallas Heart Study], and MESA [Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis]) were included. An integer-based biomarker score included high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T ≥6 ng/l, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide ≥125 pg/ml, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ≥3 mg/l, and left ventricular hypertrophy by electrocardiography, with 1 point for each abnormal parameter. The 5-year risk of HF was estimated among participants with diabetes and pre-diabetes across biomarker score groups (0 to 4). RESULTS The primary analysis included 6,799 participants with dysglycemia (diabetes: 33.2%; pre-diabetes: 66.8%). The biomarker score demonstrated good discrimination and calibration for predicting 5- and 10-year HF risk among pre-diabetes and diabetes cohorts. The 5-year risk of HF among subjects with a biomarker score of ≤1 was low and comparable to participants with euglycemia (0.78%). The 5-year risk for HF increased in a graded fashion with an increasing biomarker score, with the highest risk noted among those with scores of ≥3 (diabetes: 12.0%; pre-diabetes: 7.8%). The estimated number of HF events that could be prevented using a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor per 1,000 treated subjects over 5 years was 11 for all subjects with diabetes and ranged from 4 in the biomarker score zero group to 44 in the biomarker score ≥3 group. CONCLUSIONS Among adults with diabetes and pre-diabetes, a biomarker score can stratify HF risk and inform allocation of HF prevention therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambarish Pandey
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Muthiah Vaduganathan
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Kershaw V Patel
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, Texas, USA; Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Colby Ayers
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Mikhail N Kosiborod
- Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute and University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Mercedes Carnethon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Darren K McGuire
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sadiya S Khan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Melissa C Caughey
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - James A de Lemos
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Brendan M Everett
- Divisions of Cardiovascular and Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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234
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Fang M, Selvin E. Thirty-Year Trends in Complications in U.S. Adults With Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2021; 44:699-706. [PMID: 33419932 PMCID: PMC7896270 DOI: 10.2337/dc20-2304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of and trends in complications among U.S. adults with newly diagnosed diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We included 1,486 nonpregnant adults (aged ≥20 years) with newly diagnosed diabetes (diagnosed within the past 2 years) from the 1988-1994 and 1999-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We estimated trends in albuminuria (albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g), reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2), retinopathy (any retinal microaneurysms or blot hemorrhages), and self-reported cardiovascular disease (history of congestive heart failure, heart attack, or stroke). RESULTS From 1988-1994 to 2011-2018, there was a significant decrease in the prevalence of albuminuria (38.9 to 18.7%, P for trend <0.001) but no change in the prevalence of reduced eGFR (7.5 to 9.9%, P for trend = 0.30), retinopathy (1988-1994 to 1999-2008 only; 13.2 to 12.1%, P for trend = 0.86), or self-reported cardiovascular disease (19.0 to 16.5%, P for trend = 0.64). There were improvements in glycemic, blood pressure, and lipid control in the population, and these partially explained the decline in albuminuria. Complications were more common at the time of diabetes diagnosis for adults who were older, lower income, less educated, and obese. CONCLUSIONS Over the past three decades, there have been encouraging reductions in albuminuria and risk factor control in adults with newly diagnosed diabetes. However, the overall burden of complications around the time of the diagnosis remains high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fang
- Department of Epidemiology and the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Elizabeth Selvin
- Department of Epidemiology and the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
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235
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Martinez M, Santamarina J, Pavesi A, Musso C, Umpierrez GE. Glycemic variability and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2021; 9:9/1/e002032. [PMID: 33762313 PMCID: PMC7993171 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-002032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycated hemoglobin is currently the gold standard for assessment of long-term glycemic control and response to medical treatment in patients with diabetes. Glycated hemoglobin, however, does not address fluctuations in blood glucose. Glycemic variability (GV) refers to fluctuations in blood glucose levels. Recent clinical data indicate that GV is associated with increased risk of hypoglycemia, microvascular and macrovascular complications, and mortality in patients with diabetes, independently of glycated hemoglobin level. The use of continuous glucose monitoring devices has markedly improved the assessment of GV in clinical practice and facilitated the assessment of GV as well as hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia events in patients with diabetes. We review current concepts on the definition and assessment of GV and its association with cardiovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Martinez
- Diabetes and Metabolism, Favaloro Foundation University Hospital, Buenos Aires, Federal District, Argentina
| | - Jimena Santamarina
- Diabetes and Metabolism, Favaloro Foundation University Hospital, Buenos Aires, Federal District, Argentina
| | - Adrian Pavesi
- Diabetes and Endocrinology, Favaloro Foundation University Hospital, Buenos Aires, Federal District, Argentina
| | - Carla Musso
- Diabetes and Endocrinology, Favaloro Foundation University Hospital, Buenos Aires, Federal District, Argentina
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236
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Bhat S, Yatsynovich Y, Sharma UC. Coronary revascularization in patients with stable coronary disease and diabetes mellitus. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2021; 18:14791641211002469. [PMID: 33926268 PMCID: PMC8482730 DOI: 10.1177/14791641211002469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE OF STUDY Diabetes mellitus accelerates the development of atherosclerosis. Patients with diabetes mellitus have higher incidence and mortality rates from cardiovascular disease and undergo a disproportionately higher number of coronary interventions compared to the general population. Proper selection of treatment modalities is thus paramount. Treatment strategies include medical management and interventional approaches including coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). The purpose of this review is to assimilate emerging evidence comparing CABG to PCI in patients with diabetes and present an outlook on the latest advances in percutaneous interventions, in addition to the optimal medical therapies in patients with diabetes. KEY METHODS A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE was performed to identify prospective, randomized trials comparing outcomes of CABG and PCI, and also PCI with different generations of stents used in patients with diabetes. Additional review of bibliography of selected studies was also performed. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Most of the trials discussed above demonstrate a survival advantage of CABG over PCI in patients with diabetes. However, recent advances in PCI technology are starting to challenge this narrative. Superior stent designs, use of specific drug-eluting stents, image-guided stent deployment, and the use of contemporary antiplatelet and lipid-lowering therapies are continuing to improve the PCI outcomes. Prospective data for such emerging interventional technologies in diabetes is however lacking currently and is the need of the hour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Bhat
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yan Yatsynovich
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, NY, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University at Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Umesh C Sharma
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, NY, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University at Buffalo, NY, USA
- The Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University at Buffalo, NY, USA
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237
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D'Onofrio L, Mignogna C, Carlone A, Bellizzi E, Di Guida M, Moretti C, Zampetti S, Leto G, Maddaloni E, Buzzetti R. Decrease of coronary heart disease risk with GLP1-receptor agonists or SGLT2 inhibitors therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes in primary cardiovascular prevention: A 24 months follow-up study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 173:108681. [PMID: 33516784 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this real-world study is to evaluate the effect of glucagon-like peptide1 receptor-agonist (GLP1 RA) and sodium-glucose co-transporter2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) on coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in primary cardiovascular prevention. METHODS Data from 312 patients with T2D, without CHD history, starting treatment with GLP1 RA (n = 174) or SGLT2i (n = 138), were retrospectively collected. UKPDS-RE score was used to estimate 10-years risk for CHD before and 6, 12 and 24 months after prescription. RESULTS The 10-year CHD risk significantly decreased over 24 months in both GLP1 RA and SGLT2i groups (p = 0.037 and p < 0.001, respectively), with 3% and 7% CHD risk reduction already obtained after the first 6 months of GLP1 RA and SGLT2i therapy respectively (p < 0.001 in both groups. Analyses by categories of baseline CHD risk showed significant reductions of CHD risk in the severe risk categories of both groups (p < 0.001). CHD risk reduction obtained with SGLT2i was higher than with GLP1 RA at 6 and 12 months but not at 24 months. CONCLUSION This real-world study shows that both GLP1 RA and SGLT2i reduce the 10-year risk for cardiovascular disease in patients with T2D in primary cardiovascular prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca D'Onofrio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmen Mignogna
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Carlone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ermanno Bellizzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Di Guida
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Moretti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Zampetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gaetano Leto
- Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, Polo Pontino Sapienza University, Via Guido Reni, Latina, Italy
| | - Ernesto Maddaloni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Raffaella Buzzetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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238
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Adams JA, Uryash A, Lopez JR, Sackner MA. The Endothelium as a Therapeutic Target in Diabetes: A Narrative Review and Perspective. Front Physiol 2021; 12:638491. [PMID: 33708143 PMCID: PMC7940370 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.638491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes has reached worldwide epidemic proportions, and threatens to be a significant economic burden to both patients and healthcare systems, and an important driver of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Improvement in lifestyle interventions (which includes increase in physical activity via exercise) can reduce diabetes and cardiovascular disease mortality and morbidity. Encouraging a population to increase physical activity and exercise is not a simple feat particularly in individuals with co-morbidities (obesity, heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and those with cognitive and physical limitations). Translation of the physiological benefits of exercise within that vulnerable population would be an important step for improving physical activity goals and a stopgap measure to exercise. In large part many of the beneficial effects of exercise are due to the introduction of pulsatile shear stress (PSS) to the vascular endothelium. PSS is a well-known stimulus for endothelial homeostasis, and induction of a myriad of pathways which include vasoreactivity, paracrine/endocrine function, fibrinolysis, inflammation, barrier function, and vessel growth and formation. The endothelial cell mediates the balance between vasoconstriction and relaxation via the major vasodilator endothelial derived nitric oxide (eNO). eNO is critical for vasorelaxation, increasing blood flow, and an important signaling molecule that downregulates the inflammatory cascade. A salient feature of diabetes, is endothelial dysfunction which is characterized by a reduction of the bioavailability of vasodilators, particularly nitric oxide (NO). Cellular derangements in diabetes are also related to dysregulation in Ca2+ handling with increased intracellular Ca2+overload, and oxidative stress. PSS increases eNO bioavailability, reduces inflammatory phenotype, decreases intracellular Ca2+ overload, and increases antioxidant capacity. This narrative review and perspective will outline four methods to non-invasively increase PSS; Exercise (the prototype for increasing PSS), Enhanced External Counterpulsation (EECP), Whole Body Vibration (WBV), Passive Simulated Jogging and its predicate device Whole Body Periodic Acceleration, and will discuss current knowledge on their use in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Adams
- Division of Neonatology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, United States
| | - Arkady Uryash
- Division of Neonatology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, United States
| | - Jose R Lopez
- Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, United States
| | - Marvin A Sackner
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, United States
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239
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Lira Neto JCG, Damasceno MMC, Ciol MA, de Freitas RWJF, de Araújo MFM, Teixeira CRDS, Carvalho GCN, Lisboa KWSC, Marques RLL, Alencar AMPG, Zanetti ML. Efficacy of Cinnamon as an Adjuvant in Reducing the Glycemic Biomarkers of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Three-Month, Randomized, Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. J Am Coll Nutr 2021; 41:266-274. [PMID: 33605836 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2021.1878967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The major aim of this randomized, placebo-controlled, triple-blind clinical trial was to evaluate the efficacy of cinnamon as an adjuvant treatment in reducing glycemic levels in people with type 2 diabetes, compared to a placebo. The study was conducted between August and December 2019, with 160 people with type 2 diabetes, in five Primary Health Units, in Parnaíba, Brazil. Inclusion criteria were: persons of both genders using oral antidiabetic agents, with glycated hemoglobin ≥ 6.0%, and between 18 and 80 years of age. The primary outcome was change in glycated hemoglobin levels after 90 days of intervention. Other biomarkers evaluated were fasting blood glucose, insulin level, and HOMA-IR index. Participants were divided equally into two groups of 80 individuals each, and were given 3 g capsules of either cinnamon or placebo to be taken in combination with their usual oral antidiabetic agents. After 90 days, participants in the cinnamon group had statistically significant reductions of 0.2% of glycated hemoglobin and 0.55 mmol/L of fasting venous glucose, when compared with the placebo group. Cinnamon reduced the glycemic measures of persons with type 2 diabetes, albeit with modest reductions. TRIAL: RBR-2KKB6D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Lúcia Zanetti
- Nursing, Universidade de São Paulo Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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240
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Kanwugu ON, Glukhareva TV, Danilova IG, Kovaleva EG. Natural antioxidants in diabetes treatment and management: prospects of astaxanthin. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5005-5028. [PMID: 33591215 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1881434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes remains a major health emergency in our entire world, affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. In conjunction with its much-dreaded complications (e.g., nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, cardiovascular diseases, etc.) it substantially reduces the quality of life, increases mortality as well as economic burden among patients. Over the years, oxidative stress and inflammation have been highlighted as key players in the development and progression of diabetes and its associated complications. Much research has been devoted, as such, to the role of antioxidants in diabetes. Astaxanthin is a powerful antioxidant found mostly in marine organisms. Over the past years, several studies have demonstrated that astaxanthin could be useful in the treatment and management of diabetes. It has been shown to protect β-cells, neurons as well as several organs including the eyes, kidney, liver, etc. against oxidative injuries experienced during diabetes. Furthermore, it improves glucose and lipid metabolism along with cardiovascular health. Its beneficial effects are exerted through multiple actions on cellular functions. Considering these and the fact that foods and natural products with biological and pharmacological activities are of much interest in the 21st-century food and drug industry, astaxanthin has a bright prospect in the management of diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman N Kanwugu
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Glukhareva
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia.,Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Irina G Danilova
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russia Academy of Science, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Elena G Kovaleva
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
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241
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Zhou HR, Ma XF, Lin WJ, Hao M, Yu XY, Li HX, Xu CY, Kuang HY. Neuroprotective Role of GLP-1 Analog for Retinal Ganglion Cells via PINK1/Parkin-Mediated Mitophagy in Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:589114. [PMID: 33679385 PMCID: PMC7928389 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.589114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
GLP-1 analogs have been widely used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes in recent years and studies have found that GLP-1 analogs have multiple organ benefits. However, the role of GLP-1 analogs in diabetic retinopathy (DR), a common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), remains controversial. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the only afferent neurons responsible for transmitting visual information to the visual center and are vulnerable in the early stage of DR. Protection of RGC is vital for visual function. The incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which is secreted by L-cells after food ingestion, could lower blood glucose level through stimulating the release of insulin. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of GLP-1 analog on RGCs both in vitro and in vivo. We established diabetic rat models in vivo and applied an RGC-5 cell line in vitro. The results showed that in high glucose conditions, GLP-1 analog alleviated the damage of RGCs. In addition, GLP-1 analog prevented mitophagy through the PINK1/Parkin pathway. Here we demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of GLP-1 analog, which may be beneficial for retinal function, and we further elucidated a novel mechanism in GLP-1 analog-regulated protection of the retina. These findings may expand the multi-organ benefits of GLP-1 analogs and provide new insights for the prevention of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Ran Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xue-Fei Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wen-Jian Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Hao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin-Yang Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong-Xue Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Cheng-Ye Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong-Yu Kuang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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242
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Kolb L. An Effective Model of Diabetes Care and Education: The ADCES7 Self-Care Behaviors™. Sci Diabetes Self Manag Care 2021; 47:30-53. [PMID: 34078208 DOI: 10.1177/0145721720978154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The ADCES7 Self-Care Behaviors™ (ADCES7) is a robust framework for self-management of diabetes and other related conditions, such as prediabetes and cardiometabolic diseases. It is the position of the Association of Diabetes Care and Education Specialists (ADCES) that at the cornerstone of diabetes self-management education and support, the ADCES7 is the framework for achieving behavior change that leads to effective self-management through improved behavior and clinical outcome measures. The ADCES7 model guides the health care team in effective person-centered collaboration and goal setting to achieve health-related outcomes and improved quality of life. Continued research and evidence are critical to expand this model and broaden its application to other chronic conditions. Given the advances in the science of diabetes management as well as diabetes self-management education and support, ADCES has evaluated the ADCES7 within the framework of these advances, including the digital and dynamic health care landscape. CONCLUSION This revised position statement blends the updates in research and ADCES's vision and expansion beyond diabetes to refresh the ADCES7 framework. This revision reflects the perspectives of all members of the health care team as they problem solve with individuals who are at risk for or who have diabetes and related conditions to achieve healthier outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
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- From the Association of Diabetes Care and Education Specialists, Chicago, Illinois
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243
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Ye N, Jardine MJ, Oshima M, Hockham C, Heerspink HJL, Agarwal R, Bakris G, Schutte AE, Arnott C, Chang TI, Górriz JL, Cannon CP, Charytan DM, de Zeeuw D, Levin A, Mahaffey KW, Neal B, Pollock C, Wheeler DC, Luca Di Tanna G, Cheng H, Perkovic V, Neuen BL. Blood Pressure Effects of Canagliflozin and Clinical Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease: Insights From the CREDENCE Trial. Circulation 2021; 143:1735-1749. [PMID: 33554616 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.048740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease experience a high burden of hypertension, but the magnitude and consistency of blood pressure (BP) lowering with canagliflozin in this population are uncertain. Whether the effects of canagliflozin on kidney and cardiovascular outcomes vary by baseline BP or BP-lowering therapy is also unknown. METHODS The CREDENCE trial (Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation) randomized people with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease to canagliflozin or placebo. In a post hoc analysis, we investigated the effect of canagliflozin on systolic BP across subgroups defined by baseline systolic BP, number of BP-lowering drug classes, and history of apparent treatment-resistant hypertension (BP ≥130/80 mm Hg while receiving ≥3 classes of BP-lowering drugs, including a diuretic). We also assessed whether effects on clinical outcomes differed across these subgroups. RESULTS The trial included 4401 participants, of whom 3361 (76.4%) had baseline systolic BP ≥130 mm Hg, and 1371 (31.2%) had resistant hypertension. By week 3, canagliflozin reduced systolic BP by 3.50 mm Hg (95% CI, -4.27 to -2.72), an effect maintained over the duration of the trial, with similar reductions across BP and BP-lowering therapy subgroups (all P interaction ≥0.05). Canagliflozin also reduced the need for initiation of additional BP-lowering agents during the trial (hazard ratio, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.61-0.75]). The effect of canagliflozin on kidney failure, doubling of serum creatinine, or death caused by kidney or cardiovascular disease (hazard ratio, 0.70 [95% CI, 0.59-0.82]) was consistent across BP and BP-lowering therapy subgroups (all P interaction ≥0.35), as were effects on other key kidney, cardiovascular, and safety outcomes. CONCLUSIONS In people with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease, canagliflozin lowers systolic BP across all BP-defined subgroups and reduces the need for additional BP-lowering agents. These findings support use of canagliflozin for end-organ protection and as an adjunct BP-lowering therapy in people with chronic kidney disease. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02065791.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ye
- The George Institute for Global Health (N.Y., M.J.J., M.O., C.H., A.E.S., C.A., B.N., D.C.W., G.L.D.T., V.P., B.L.N.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Renal Division, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, China (N.Y., H.C.)
| | - Meg J Jardine
- The George Institute for Global Health (N.Y., M.J.J., M.O., C.H., A.E.S., C.A., B.N., D.C.W., G.L.D.T., V.P., B.L.N.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia (M.J.J.)
| | - Megumi Oshima
- The George Institute for Global Health (N.Y., M.J.J., M.O., C.H., A.E.S., C.A., B.N., D.C.W., G.L.D.T., V.P., B.L.N.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan (M.O.)
| | - Carinna Hockham
- The George Institute for Global Health (N.Y., M.J.J., M.O., C.H., A.E.S., C.A., B.N., D.C.W., G.L.D.T., V.P., B.L.N.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hiddo J L Heerspink
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands (H.J.L.H., D.d.Z.)
| | - Rajiv Agarwal
- Indiana University School of Medicine and VA Medical Center, Indianapolis (R.A.)
| | - George Bakris
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, IL (G.B.)
| | - Aletta E Schutte
- The George Institute for Global Health (N.Y., M.J.J., M.O., C.H., A.E.S., C.A., B.N., D.C.W., G.L.D.T., V.P., B.L.N.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,School of Public Health and Community Medicine (A.E.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Clare Arnott
- The George Institute for Global Health (N.Y., M.J.J., M.O., C.H., A.E.S., C.A., B.N., D.C.W., G.L.D.T., V.P., B.L.N.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Medical School, Australia (C.A.)
| | - Tara I Chang
- Division of Nephrology (T.I.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA.,Department of Medicine, Stanford Hypertension Center (T.I.C.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Jose L Górriz
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Valencia, Spain (J.L.G.)
| | - Christopher P Cannon
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (C.P.C.).,Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, MA (C.P.C., D.M.C.)
| | - David M Charytan
- Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, MA (C.P.C., D.M.C.).,Nephrology Division, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY (D.M.C.)
| | - Dick de Zeeuw
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands (H.J.L.H., D.d.Z.)
| | - Adeera Levin
- Division of Nephrology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.L.)
| | - Kenneth W Mahaffey
- Stanford Center for Clinical Research (K.W.M.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Bruce Neal
- The George Institute for Global Health (N.Y., M.J.J., M.O., C.H., A.E.S., C.A., B.N., D.C.W., G.L.D.T., V.P., B.L.N.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,The Charles Perkins Centre (B.N.), University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Carol Pollock
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School (C.P.), University of Sydney, Australia.,Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia (C.P., V.P.)
| | - David C Wheeler
- The George Institute for Global Health (N.Y., M.J.J., M.O., C.H., A.E.S., C.A., B.N., D.C.W., G.L.D.T., V.P., B.L.N.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Renal Medicine, University College London Medical School, United Kingdom (D.C.W.)
| | - Gian Luca Di Tanna
- The George Institute for Global Health (N.Y., M.J.J., M.O., C.H., A.E.S., C.A., B.N., D.C.W., G.L.D.T., V.P., B.L.N.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hong Cheng
- Renal Division, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, China (N.Y., H.C.)
| | - Vlado Perkovic
- The George Institute for Global Health (N.Y., M.J.J., M.O., C.H., A.E.S., C.A., B.N., D.C.W., G.L.D.T., V.P., B.L.N.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia (C.P., V.P.)
| | - Brendon L Neuen
- The George Institute for Global Health (N.Y., M.J.J., M.O., C.H., A.E.S., C.A., B.N., D.C.W., G.L.D.T., V.P., B.L.N.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Imperial College London, United Kingdom (B.N.)
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244
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Kim CH, Kang SI, Shin D. Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Telmisartan and Rosuvastatin/Ezetimibe After Multiple Oral Administration in Healthy Subjects. Adv Ther 2021; 38:1094-1105. [PMID: 33326064 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-020-01592-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Telmisartan, rosuvastatin and ezetimibe are commonly recommended as combination therapies. However, the pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction among these therapeutic drugs has not been clearly reported. The objective of this study was to investigate possible interactions between telmisartan monotherapy and a fixed-dose combination (FDC) of rosuvastatin/ezetimibe. METHODS A randomized, open-label, multiple oral dose, three-treatment, three-period, six-sequence crossover study was conducted in healthy male volunteers. Monotherapy and cotherapy with telmisartan (80 mg) or a FDC of rosuvastatin and ezetimibe (20/10 mg) were compared after once-daily treatment for 7 days. The PK profiles for telmisartan, rosuvastatin, total ezetimibe (ezetimibe + exetimibe glucuronide) and ezetimibe were evaluated up to 48 h after the last dose. There was a 14-day washout period between each treatment. RESULTS The geometric mean ratios (GMRs) and 90% confidence intervals (CIs) for the peak plasma concentration at steady state (Cmax,ss) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve during the dosing interval at steady state (AUCτ,ss) were 1.258 (1.072-1.475) (P = 0.020) and 1.264 (1.167-1.370) (P < 0.001) for telmisartan, 0.796 (0.723-0.878) (P < 0.001) and 0.904 (0.842-0.970) (P = 0.021) for total ezetimibe and 1.237 (1.081-1.416) (P = 0.012) and 0.988 (0.899-1.086) (P = 0.832) for ezetimibe, respectively. With rosuvastatin, the GMR (90% CI) was 2.616 (2.287-2.992) (P < 0.001) for Cmax,ss and 1.265 (1.168-1.369) (P < 0.001) for AUCτ,ss. No serious adverse events or clinically significant results were reported. CONCLUSIONS The coadministration of multiple doses of telmisartan and rosuvastatin/ezetimibe led to a mild increase in systemic exposure with respect to telmisartan and rosuvastatin and a nonsignificant change in exposure to total ezetimibe and ezetimibe, which was not considered clinically significant without safety concerns. Furthermore, for the generalizability of the clinical effects, a large-scaled clinical study might be required in patients with hypertension and dyslipidemia. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov registry number: NCT03802526.
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245
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Harms PP, van der Heijden AA, Rutters F, Tan HL, Beulens JWJ, Nijpels G, Elders P. Prevalence of ECG abnormalities in people with type 2 diabetes: The Hoorn Diabetes Care System cohort. J Diabetes Complications 2021; 35:107810. [PMID: 33280986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The American Diabetes Association, and the joint European Society of Cardiology and European Association for the Study of Diabetes guidelines recommend a resting ECG in people with type 2 diabetes with hypertension or suspected cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, knowledge on the prevalence of ECG abnormalities is incomplete. We aimed to analyse the prevalence of ECG abnormalities and their cross-sectional associations with cardiovascular risk factors in people with type 2 diabetes. METHODS We used data of the Diabetes Care System cohort obtained in 2018. ECG abnormalities were defined using the Minnesota Classification and categorised into types of abnormalities. The prevalence was calculated for the total population (n = 8068) and the subgroup of people without a history of CVD (n = 6494). Logistic regression models were used to asses cross-sectional associations. RESULTS Approximately one-third of the total population had minor (16.0%) or major (13.1%) ECG abnormalities. Of the participants without a CVD history, approximately one-quarter had minor (14.9%) or major (9.1%) ECG abnormalities, and for those with hypertension or very high CVD risk, the prevalence was 27.5% and 39.6%, respectively. ECG abnormalities were significantly and consistently associated with established CVD risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Resting ECG abnormalities are common in all people with type 2 diabetes (29.1%), including those without a history of CVD (24.0%), and their prevalence is related to traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as older age, male sex, hypertension, lower HDL cholesterol, higher BMI, and smoking behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Harms
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of General Practice Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Amber A van der Heijden
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of General Practice Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Femke Rutters
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hanno L Tan
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Heart Center, Department of Experimental and Clinical Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Research Institute, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joline W J Beulens
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Giel Nijpels
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of General Practice Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Petra Elders
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of General Practice Medicine, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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246
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Vieira Barbosa J, Lai M. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Screening in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in the Primary Care Setting. Hepatol Commun 2021; 5:158-167. [PMID: 33553966 PMCID: PMC7850314 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major public health problem worldwide and the most common chronic liver disease. NAFLD currently affects approximately one in every four people in the United States, and its global burden is expected to rise in the next decades. Despite being a prevalent disease in the general population, only a minority of patients with NAFLD will develop nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with advanced liver fibrosis (stage 3-4 fibrosis) and liver-related complications. Certain populations, such as patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), are recognized to be at the highest risk for developing NASH and advanced fibrosis. Both the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes recommend screening of all T2DM for NAFLD. Incorporating a simple noninvasive algorithm into the existing diabetic care checklists in the primary care practice or diabetologist's office would efficiently identify patients at high risk who should be referred to specialists. The proposed algorithm involves a first-step annual fibrosis-4 score (FIB-4) followed by vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) for those with indeterminate or high-risk score (FIB-4 ≥1.3). Patients at low-risk (FIB-4 <1.3 or VCTE <8 kPa) can be followed up by primary care providers for lifestyle changes and yearly calculation of FIB-4, while patients at high risk (FIB-4 ≥1.3 and VCTE ≥8 kPa) should be referred to a liver-specialized center. Conclusion: Patients with T2DM or prediabetes should be screened for NASH and advanced fibrosis. The proposed simple algorithm can be easily incorporated into the existing workflow in the primary care or diabetology clinic to identify patients at high risk for NASH and advanced fibrosis who should be referred to liver specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Vieira Barbosa
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA.,Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity Hospital of Lausanne and University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Michelle Lai
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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Mason SA, Keske MA, Wadley GD. Effects of Vitamin C Supplementation on Glycemic Control and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in People With Type 2 Diabetes: A GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Diabetes Care 2021; 44:618-630. [PMID: 33472962 DOI: 10.2337/dc20-1893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that vitamin C supplementation could be a potential therapy in type 2 diabetes. However, its effectiveness and evidence quality require further evaluation. PURPOSE To investigate the efficacy of oral vitamin C supplementation in improving glycemic control, cardiovascular risk factors, and oxidative stress in people with type 2 diabetes. DATA SOURCES Databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library) and clinical trial registries were searched for randomized controlled trials up to 8 September 2020. STUDY SELECTION Trials in adults with type 2 diabetes were included. Trials were excluded if supplements were not exclusive to vitamin C and if <2 weeks in duration. DATA EXTRACTION Primary outcomes were HbA1c, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure (BP). Data were extracted for changes in outcomes between vitamin C and control groups. Evidence certainty was assessed using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methods. DATA SYNTHESIS Twenty-eight studies (N = 1,574 participants) were included in the review. Outcomes that changed to a statistically and clinically significant extent with vitamin C were systolic BP (mean difference -6.27 [95% CI -9.60, -2.96] mmHg; P = 0.0002), with moderate evidence certainty, and HbA1c (-0.54% [-0.90, -0.17]; P = 0.004) and diastolic BP (-3.77 [-6.13, -1.42] mmHg; P = 0.002) with very low evidence certainty. LIMITATIONS Studies were predominantly short term (<6 months) with a small number of participants (n < 100). CONCLUSIONS While evidence from short-term studies suggests that vitamin C supplementation may improve glycemic control and BP in people with type 2 diabetes, vitamin C supplementation cannot currently be recommended as a therapy until larger, long-term, and high-quality trials confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun A Mason
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle A Keske
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn D Wadley
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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248
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Bragg F, Halsey J, Guo Y, Zhang H, Yang L, Sun X, Pei P, Chen Y, Du H, Yu C, Clarke R, Lv J, Chen J, Li L, Chen Z. Blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort study. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2021; 7:100085. [PMID: 34327415 PMCID: PMC8315364 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2020.100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controversy persists about the relationship of blood pressure with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in diabetes and associated disease burden. We assessed these associations among Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS In 2004-08, the China Kadoorie Biobank recruited >512,000 adults aged 30-79 years from 10 localities across China, including 26,315 with T2D (based on self-report or plasma glucose measurement) but no prior CVD, followed-up for ~9 years. Cox regression yielded adjusted HR for major CVD and all-cause mortality associated with 10 mmHg higher usual (longer-term average) SBP. Attributable fractions were estimated to assess cardiovascular mortality burden due to uncontrolled hypertension (SBP ≥130 mmHg or DBP ≥80 mmHg). FINDINGS Overall, 75.7% of participants had self-reported (24.8%) or screen-detected (50.9%) (SBP ≥130 mmHg or DBP ≥80 mmHg) hypertension. Among individuals with self-reported hypertension, 82.3% were treated, of whom 9.3% achieved control. There were positive log-linear associations of blood pressure with CVD, with no evidence of a threshold down to ~120 mmHg for usual SBP. Each 10 mmHg higher usual SBP was associated with HR of 1.28 (95% CI 1.25-1.30), 1.18 (1.15-1.21), 1.17 (1.15-1.19) and 1.45 (1.38-1.52) for cardiovascular death (n=1807), major coronary event (n=1190), ischaemic stroke (n=4362) and intracerebral haemorrhage (n=469), respectively. There was an apparent J-shaped association with all-cause mortality (n=4503). In this diabetes population, uncontrolled hypertension accounted for 39% of cardiovascular deaths. INTERPRETATION Uncontrolled hypertension is common in Chinese adults with T2D, resulting in substantial excess risks of CVD. Improved hypertension management could avoid a large number of cardiovascular-related deaths. FUNDING Kadoorie Foundation, Wellcome Trust, MRC, BHF, CR-UK, MoST, NNSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Bragg
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jim Halsey
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yu Guo
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 102308, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Qingdao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 175 Shandong Road, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xiaohui Sun
- Qingdao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 175 Shandong Road, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Pei Pei
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 102308, China
| | - Yiping Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Huaidong Du
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Canqing Yu
- School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Robert Clarke
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Jun Lv
- School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Junshi Chen
- China National Center For Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Liming Li
- School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - for the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) collaborative group (members listed in Supplementary appendix)
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 102308, China
- Qingdao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 175 Shandong Road, Qingdao 266033, China
- School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- China National Center For Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
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Lee CH, Seto WK, Ieong K, Lui DT, Fong CH, Wan HY, Chow WS, Woo YC, Yuen MF, Lam KS. Development of a Non-Invasive Liver Fibrosis Score Based on Transient Elastography for Risk Stratification in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2021; 36:134-145. [PMID: 33677935 PMCID: PMC7937838 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2020.887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), transient elastography (TE) is an accurate non-invasive method to identify patients at risk of advanced fibrosis (AF). We developed a diabetes-specific, non-invasive liver fibrosis score based on TE to facilitate AF risk stratification, especially for use in diabetes clinics where TE is not readily available. METHODS Seven hundred sixty-six adults with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD were recruited and randomly divided into a training set (n=534) for the development of diabetes fibrosis score (DFS), and a testing set (n=232) for internal validation. DFS identified patients with AF on TE, defined as liver stiffness (LS) ≥9.6 kPa, based on a clinical model comprising significant determinants of LS with the lowest Akaike information criteria. The performance of DFS was compared with conventional liver fibrosis scores (NFS, FIB-4, and APRI), using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (NPV). RESULTS DFS comprised body mass index, platelet, aspartate aminotransferase, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and albuminuria, five routine measurements in standard diabetes care. Derived low and high DFS cut-offs were 0.1 and 0.3, with 90% sensitivity and 90% specificity, respectively. Both cut-offs provided better NPVs of >90% than conventional fibrosis scores. The AUROC of DFS for AF on TE was also higher (P<0.01) than the conventional fibrosis scores, being 0.85 and 0.81 in the training and testing sets, respectively. CONCLUSION Compared to conventional fibrosis scores, DFS, with a high NPV, more accurately identified diabetes patients at-risk of AF, who need further evaluation by hepatologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ho Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai-Kay Seto
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelly Ieong
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - David T.W. Lui
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carol H.Y. Fong
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Helen Y. Wan
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Sun Chow
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu-Cho Woo
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man-Fung Yuen
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karen S.L. Lam
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Mai G, Fan L, Li M, Zhang P, Gan C, Huang Q, Shentu J. A Randomized Phase 1 Pharmacokinetic Study Comparing the Potential Biosimilar LRG201902 With Liraglutide (Victoza ®) in Healthy Male Subjects. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:610880. [PMID: 33584289 PMCID: PMC7878668 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.610880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Pharmacokinetic (PK) similarity between biosimilar candidate LRG201902 and European Union-sourced liraglutide reference product (Victoza®) was evaluated. Safety and immunogenicity were also assessed. Methods: This single-dose, randomized, open-label, 2-period crossover study (CTR20192342) was conducted in thirty-eight healthy adult male subjects. Volunteers were randomized 1:1 at the beginning to receive a single 0.6 mg dose of Victoza® or LRG201902 by subcutaneous injection during the first period. Following 8 days washout period, all subjects received the alternate formulation during the second period. Blood samples were collected up to 72 h after administration. The primary pharmacokinetic endpoints were AUC0–t, AUC0–∞, and Cmax. Pharmacokinetic similarity was achieved if 90% confidence intervals (CIs) of the geometric mean ratios (GMRs) of AUC0-t, AUC0–∞, and Cmax were within the range of 80–125%. Other pharmacokinetic parameters including Tmax, t½, and λz were also measured. Safety profile and immunogenicity data were collected from each subject. Results: Cmax, AUC0–t, and AUC0–∞ were similar between the two groups. GMRs of Cmax, AUC0–t, and AUC0–∞ were 113.50%, 107.21%, and 106.97% between LRG201902 and Victoza® respectively. The 90% CIs for the GMRs of Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0–∞ were all within the PK equivalence criteria. Mean serum concentration-time profiles, secondary pharmacokinetic parameters (Tmax, t½, and λz) were comparable between groups. Treatment-related adverse events were reported by 27.8% and 23.7% subjects in the LRG201902 and Victoza® arms, respectively. All post-dose samples were detected negative for anti-drug antibodies. Conclusion: This study demonstrates pharmacokinetic similarity of LRG201902 to Victoza® in healthy subjects. The safety and immunogenicity profiles were similar for the two products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Mai
- Phase 1 Clinical Trial Center, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Lianlian Fan
- Phase 1 Clinical Trial Center, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Mupeng Li
- Phase 1 Clinical Trial Center, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Peiwen Zhang
- Phase 1 Clinical Trial Center, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Chunyan Gan
- Phase 1 Clinical Trial Center, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Qian Huang
- Phase 1 Clinical Trial Center, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China
| | - Jianzhong Shentu
- Phase 1 Clinical Trial Center, People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, China.,Research Center of Clinical Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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