201
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Morales AV, Mira H. Adult Neural Stem Cells: Born to Last. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:96. [PMID: 31214589 PMCID: PMC6557982 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of new neurons is a lifelong process in many vertebrate species that provides an extra level of plasticity to several brain circuits. Frequently, neurogenesis in the adult brain is considered a continuation of earlier developmental processes as it relies in the persistence of neural stem cells, similar to radial glia, known as radial glia-like cells (RGLs). However, adult RGLs are not just leftovers of progenitors that remain in hidden niches in the brain after development has finished. Rather, they seem to be specified and set aside at specific times and places during embryonic and postnatal development. The adult RGLs present several cellular and molecular properties that differ from those observed in developmental radial glial cells such as an extended cell cycle length, acquisition of a quiescence state, a more restricted multipotency and distinct transcriptomic programs underlying those cellular processes. In this minireview, we will discuss the recent attempts to determine how, when and where are the adult RGLs specified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixa V Morales
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Helena Mira
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
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202
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Sex steroid hormone modulation of neural stem cells: a critical review. Biol Sex Differ 2019; 10:28. [PMID: 31146782 PMCID: PMC6543604 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-019-0242-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While numerous in vivo experiments have sought to explore the effects of sex chromosome composition and sex steroid hormones on cellular proliferation and differentiation within the mammalian brain, far fewer studies as reviewed here, have explored these factors using a direct in vitro approach. Generally speaking, in vivo studies provide the gold standard to demonstrate applicable findings in regards to the role hormones play in development. However, in the case of neural stem cell (NSC) biology, there remain many unknown factors that likely contribute to observations made within the developed brain, specifically in regions where there are abundant sex steroid hormone receptors. For these reasons, using a NSC in vitro model may provide a more controlled and refined system to explore the direct effects of sex and hormone response, limiting the vast array of other influences on NSCs occurring during development and within adult cellular niches. These specific cellular models may have the ability to greatly improve the mechanistic understanding of changes occurring within the developing brain during the hormonal organization process, in addition to other modifications that may contribute to neuro-psychiatric sex-biased diseases.
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203
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Pons-Espinal M, Gasperini C, Marzi MJ, Braccia C, Armirotti A, Pötzsch A, Walker TL, Fabel K, Nicassio F, Kempermann G, De Pietri Tonelli D. MiR-135a-5p Is Critical for Exercise-Induced Adult Neurogenesis. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:1298-1312. [PMID: 31130358 PMCID: PMC6565832 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise stimulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis and is considered a relevant strategy for preventing age-related cognitive decline in humans. The underlying mechanisms remains controversial. Here, we show that exercise increases proliferation of neural precursor cells (NPCs) of the mouse dentate gyrus (DG) via downregulation of microRNA 135a-5p (miR-135a). MiR-135a inhibition stimulates NPC proliferation leading to increased neurogenesis, but not astrogliogenesis, in DG of resting mice, and intriguingly it re-activates NPC proliferation in aged mice. We identify 17 proteins (11 putative targets) modulated by miR-135 in NPCs. Of note, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor 1 and inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase type I are among the modulated proteins, suggesting that IP3 signaling may act downstream miR-135. miR-135 is the first noncoding RNA essential modulator of the brain's response to physical exercise. Prospectively, the miR-135-IP3 axis might represent a novel target of therapeutic intervention to prevent pathological brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caterina Gasperini
- Neurobiology of miRNA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo J Marzi
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan, Italy
| | - Clarissa Braccia
- Analytical Chemistry Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Analytical Chemistry Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, Italy
| | - Alexandra Pötzsch
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany; CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tara L Walker
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany; CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Fabel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany; CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Francesco Nicassio
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan, Italy
| | - Gerd Kempermann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany; CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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204
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La Rosa C, Ghibaudi M, Bonfanti L. Newly Generated and Non-Newly Generated "Immature" Neurons in the Mammalian Brain: A Possible Reservoir of Young Cells to Prevent Brain Aging and Disease? J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050685. [PMID: 31096632 PMCID: PMC6571946 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain plasticity is important for translational purposes since most neurological disorders and brain aging problems remain substantially incurable. In the mammalian nervous system, neurons are mostly not renewed throughout life and cannot be replaced. In humans, the increasing life expectancy explains the increase in brain health problems, also producing heavy social and economic burden. An exception to the “static” brain is represented by stem cell niches leading to the production of new neurons. Such adult neurogenesis is dramatically reduced from fish to mammals, and in large-brained mammals with respect to rodents. Some examples of neurogenesis occurring outside the neurogenic niches have been reported, yet these new neurons actually do not integrate in the mature nervous tissue. Non-newly generated, “immature” neurons (nng-INs) are also present: Prenatally generated cells continuing to express molecules of immaturity (mostly shared with the newly born neurons). Of interest, nng-INs seem to show an inverse phylogenetic trend across mammals, being abundant in higher-order brain regions not served by neurogenesis and providing structural plasticity in rather stable areas. Both newly generated and nng-INs represent a potential reservoir of young cells (a “brain reserve”) that might be exploited for preventing the damage of aging and/or delay the onset/reduce the impact of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara La Rosa
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Torino, Italy.
| | - Marco Ghibaudi
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
| | - Luca Bonfanti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Torino, Italy.
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205
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Aydin B, Kakumanu A, Rossillo M, Moreno-Estellés M, Garipler G, Ringstad N, Flames N, Mahony S, Mazzoni EO. Proneural factors Ascl1 and Neurog2 contribute to neuronal subtype identities by establishing distinct chromatin landscapes. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:897-908. [PMID: 31086315 PMCID: PMC6556771 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0399-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Developmental programs that generate the astonishing neuronal diversity of the nervous system are not completely understood and thus present a significant challenge for clinical applications of guided cell differentiation strategies. Using direct neuronal programming of embryonic stem cells, we found that two main vertebrate proneural factors, Ascl1 and Neurog2, induce different neuronal fates by binding to largely different sets of genomic sites. Their divergent binding patterns are not determined by the previous chromatin state but are distinguished by enrichment of specific E-box sequences which reflect the binding preferences of the DNA-binding domains. The divergent Ascl1 and Neurog2 binding patterns result in distinct chromatin accessibility and enhancer activity profiles that differentially shape the binding of downstream transcription factors during neuronal differentiation. This study provides a mechanistic understanding of how transcription factors constrain terminal cell fates, and it delineates the importance of choosing the right proneural factor in neuronal reprogramming strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begüm Aydin
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Akshay Kakumanu
- Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Mary Rossillo
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mireia Moreno-Estellés
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia IBV-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Görkem Garipler
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Niels Ringstad
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nuria Flames
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia IBV-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Shaun Mahony
- Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Esteban O Mazzoni
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA. .,Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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206
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Baldassarro VA, Krężel W, Fernández M, Schuhbaur B, Giardino L, Calzà L. The role of nuclear receptors in the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells derived from fetal and adult neural stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2019; 37:101443. [PMID: 31022610 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) differentiation from multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) into mature oligodendrocytes is driven by thyroid hormone and mediated by thyroid hormone receptors (TRs). We show that several nuclear receptors display strong changes in expression levels between fetal and adult NSCs, with an overexpression of TRβ and a lower expression of RXRγ in adult. Such changes may determine the reduced capacity of adult OPCs to differentiate as supported by reduced yield of maturation and compromised mRNA expression of key genes. RXRγ may be the determinant of these differences, on the evidence of reduced number of mature oligodendrocytes and increased number of proliferating OPCs in RXRγ-/- cultures. Such data also points to RXRγ as an important regulator of the cell cycle exit, as proved by the dysregulation of T3-induced cell cycle exit-related genes. Our data highlight the biological differences between fetal and adult OPCs and demonstrate the essential role of RXRγ in the T3-mediated OPCs maturation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Antonio Baldassarro
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Italy; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Inserm, U1258 Illkirch, France; CNRS, UMR, 7104 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
| | - Wojciech Krężel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Inserm, U1258 Illkirch, France; CNRS, UMR, 7104 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Brigitte Schuhbaur
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Inserm, U1258 Illkirch, France; CNRS, UMR, 7104 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Luciana Giardino
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Italy; IRET Foundation, Ozzano Emilia, Italy; Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Calzà
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Italy; IRET Foundation, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
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207
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Cosacak MI, Bhattarai P, Reinhardt S, Petzold A, Dahl A, Zhang Y, Kizil C. Single-Cell Transcriptomics Analyses of Neural Stem Cell Heterogeneity and Contextual Plasticity in a Zebrafish Brain Model of Amyloid Toxicity. Cell Rep 2019; 27:1307-1318.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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208
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Zhang C, Tu HL, Jia G, Mukhtar T, Taylor V, Rzhetsky A, Tay S. Ultra-multiplexed analysis of single-cell dynamics reveals logic rules in differentiation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav7959. [PMID: 30949582 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav7959_rfseq1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Dynamical control of cellular microenvironments is highly desirable to study complex processes such as stem cell differentiation and immune signaling. We present an ultra-multiplexed microfluidic system for high-throughput single-cell analysis in precisely defined dynamic signaling environments. Our system delivers combinatorial and time-varying signals to 1500 independently programmable culture chambers in week-long live-cell experiments by performing nearly 106 pipetting steps, where single cells, two-dimensional (2D) populations, or 3D neurospheres are chemically stimulated and tracked. Using our system and statistical analysis, we investigated the signaling landscape of neural stem cell differentiation and discovered "cellular logic rules" that revealed the critical role of signal timing and sequence in cell fate decisions. We find synergistic and antagonistic signal interactions and show that differentiation pathways are highly redundant. Our system allows dissection of hidden aspects of cellular dynamics and enables accelerated biological discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Zhang
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Hsiung-Lin Tu
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Gengjie Jia
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tanzila Mukhtar
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Verdon Taylor
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrey Rzhetsky
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Savaş Tay
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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209
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Yusof HH, Lee HC, Seth EA, Wu X, Hewitt CA, Scott HS, Cheah PS, Li YM, Chau DM, Ling KH. Expression Profiling of Notch Signalling Pathway and Gamma-Secretase Activity in the Brain of Ts1Cje Mouse Model of Down Syndrome. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 67:632-642. [PMID: 30758748 PMCID: PMC8824580 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01275-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Notch signalling pathway is involved in the proliferation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs), to inhibit neuronal cell commitment and to promote glial cell fate. Notch protein is cleaved by gamma-secretase, a multisubunit transmembrane protein complex that releases the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) and subsequently activates the downstream targets. Down syndrome (DS) individuals exhibit an increased number of glial cells (particularly astrocytes), and reduced number of neurons suggesting the involvement of Notch signalling pathway in the neurogenic-to-gliogenic shift in DS brain. Ts1Cje is a DS mouse model that exhibit similar neuropathology to human DS individuals. To date, the spatiotemporal gene expression of the Notch and gamma-secretase genes have not been characterised in Ts1Cje mouse brain. Understanding the expression pattern of Notch and gamma-secretase genes may provide a better understanding of the underlying mechanism that leads to the shift. Gene expression analysis using RT-qPCR was performed on early embryonic and postnatal development of DS brain. In the developing mouse brain, mRNA expression analysis showed that gamma-secretase members (Psen1, Pen-2, Aph-1b, and Ncstn) were not differentially expressed. Notch2 was found to be downregulated in the developing Ts1Cje brain samples. Postnatal gene expression study showed complex expression patterns and Notch1 and Notch2 genes were found to be significantly downregulated in the hippocampus at postnatal day 30. Results from RT-qPCR analysis from E15.5 neurosphere culture showed an increase of expression of Psen1, and Aph-1b but downregulation of Pen-2 and Ncstn genes. Gamma-secretase activity in Ts1Cje E15.5 neurospheres was significantly increased by fivefold. In summary, the association and the role of Notch and gamma-secretase gene expression throughout development with neurogenic-to-gliogenic shift in Ts1Cje remain undefined and warrant further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadri Hadi Yusof
- Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Centre (GRMRC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Han-Chung Lee
- Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Centre (GRMRC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Eryse Amira Seth
- Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Centre (GRMRC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Xiangzhong Wu
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chelsee A Hewitt
- Department of Pathology, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hamish S Scott
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Centre for Cancer Biology, An Alliance Between SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Genomics Facility, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Pike-See Cheah
- Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Centre (GRMRC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - De-Ming Chau
- Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Centre (GRMRC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - King-Hwa Ling
- Genetics & Regenerative Medicine Research Centre (GRMRC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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210
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Zhang C, Tu HL, Jia G, Mukhtar T, Taylor V, Rzhetsky A, Tay S. Ultra-multiplexed analysis of single-cell dynamics reveals logic rules in differentiation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav7959. [PMID: 30949582 PMCID: PMC6447378 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav7959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Dynamical control of cellular microenvironments is highly desirable to study complex processes such as stem cell differentiation and immune signaling. We present an ultra-multiplexed microfluidic system for high-throughput single-cell analysis in precisely defined dynamic signaling environments. Our system delivers combinatorial and time-varying signals to 1500 independently programmable culture chambers in week-long live-cell experiments by performing nearly 106 pipetting steps, where single cells, two-dimensional (2D) populations, or 3D neurospheres are chemically stimulated and tracked. Using our system and statistical analysis, we investigated the signaling landscape of neural stem cell differentiation and discovered "cellular logic rules" that revealed the critical role of signal timing and sequence in cell fate decisions. We find synergistic and antagonistic signal interactions and show that differentiation pathways are highly redundant. Our system allows dissection of hidden aspects of cellular dynamics and enables accelerated biological discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Zhang
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Institute of Photonics and Photon-Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Hsiung-Lin Tu
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Gengjie Jia
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tanzila Mukhtar
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Verdon Taylor
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrey Rzhetsky
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Savaş Tay
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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211
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Mobini S, Song YH, McCrary MW, Schmidt CE. Advances in ex vivo models and lab-on-a-chip devices for neural tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2019; 198:146-166. [PMID: 29880219 PMCID: PMC6957334 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The technologies related to ex vivo models and lab-on-a-chip devices for studying the regeneration of brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerve tissues are essential tools for neural tissue engineering and regenerative medicine research. The need for ex vivo systems, lab-on-a-chip technologies and disease models for neural tissue engineering applications are emerging to overcome the shortages and drawbacks of traditional in vitro systems and animal models. Ex vivo models have evolved from traditional 2D cell culture models to 3D tissue-engineered scaffold systems, bioreactors, and recently organoid test beds. In addition to ex vivo model systems, we discuss lab-on-a-chip devices and technologies specifically for neural tissue engineering applications. Finally, we review current commercial products that mimic diseased and normal neural tissues, and discuss the future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahba Mobini
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Young Hye Song
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michaela W McCrary
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christine E Schmidt
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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212
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Celikkaya H, Cosacak MI, Papadimitriou C, Popova S, Bhattarai P, Biswas SN, Siddiqui T, Wistorf S, Nevado-Alcalde I, Naumann L, Mashkaryan V, Brandt K, Freudenberg U, Werner C, Kizil C. GATA3 Promotes the Neural Progenitor State but Not Neurogenesis in 3D Traumatic Injury Model of Primary Human Cortical Astrocytes. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:23. [PMID: 30809125 PMCID: PMC6380212 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are abundant cell types in the vertebrate central nervous system and can act as neural stem cells in specialized niches where they constitutively generate new neurons. Outside the stem cell niches, however, these glial cells are not neurogenic. Although injuries in the mammalian central nervous system lead to profound proliferation of astrocytes, which cluster at the lesion site to form a gliotic scar, neurogenesis does not take place. Therefore, a plausible regenerative therapeutic option is to coax the endogenous reactive astrocytes to a pre-neurogenic progenitor state and use them as an endogenous reservoir for repair. However, little is known on the mechanisms that promote the neural progenitor state after injuries in humans. Gata3 was previously found to be a mechanism that zebrafish brain uses to injury-dependent induction of neural progenitors. However, the effects of GATA3 in human astrocytes after injury are not known. Therefore, in this report, we investigated how overexpression of GATA3 in primary human astrocytes would affect the neurogenic potential before and after injury in 2D and 3D cultures. We found that primary human astrocytes are unable to induce GATA3 after injury. Lentivirus-mediated overexpression of GATA3 significantly increased the number of GFAP/SOX2 double positive astrocytes and expression of pro-neural factor ASCL1, but failed to induce neurogenesis, suggesting that GATA3 is required for enhancing the neurogenic potential of primary human astrocytes and is not sufficient to induce neurogenesis alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Celikkaya
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Helmholtz Association, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mehmet Ilyas Cosacak
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Helmholtz Association, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Stanislava Popova
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Helmholtz Association, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Prabesh Bhattarai
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Helmholtz Association, Dresden, Germany
| | - Srijeeta Nag Biswas
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Helmholtz Association, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tohid Siddiqui
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Helmholtz Association, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sabrina Wistorf
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Helmholtz Association, Dresden, Germany
| | - Isabel Nevado-Alcalde
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Helmholtz Association, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lisa Naumann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Helmholtz Association, Dresden, Germany
| | - Violeta Mashkaryan
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Helmholtz Association, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kerstin Brandt
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Helmholtz Association, Dresden, Germany
| | - Uwe Freudenberg
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carsten Werner
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Caghan Kizil
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Helmholtz Association, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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213
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De Novo SOX4 Variants Cause a Neurodevelopmental Disease Associated with Mild Dysmorphism. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:246-259. [PMID: 30661772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SOX4, together with SOX11 and SOX12, forms group C of SRY-related (SOX) transcription factors. They play key roles, often in redundancy, in multiple developmental pathways, including neurogenesis and skeletogenesis. De novo SOX11 heterozygous mutations have been shown to cause intellectual disability, growth deficiency, and dysmorphic features compatible with mild Coffin-Siris syndrome. Using trio-based exome sequencing, we here identify de novo SOX4 heterozygous missense variants in four children who share developmental delay, intellectual disability, and mild facial and digital morphological abnormalities. SOX4 is highly expressed in areas of active neurogenesis in human fetuses, and sox4 knockdown in Xenopus embryos diminishes brain and whole-body size. The SOX4 variants cluster in the highly conserved, SOX family-specific HMG domain, but each alters a different residue. In silico tools predict that each variant affects a distinct structural feature of this DNA-binding domain, and functional assays demonstrate that these SOX4 proteins carrying these variants are unable to bind DNA in vitro and transactivate SOX reporter genes in cultured cells. These variants are not found in the gnomAD database of individuals with presumably normal development, but 12 other SOX4 HMG-domain missense variants are recorded and all demonstrate partial to full activity in the reporter assay. Taken together, these findings point to specific SOX4 HMG-domain missense variants as the cause of a characteristic human neurodevelopmental disorder associated with mild facial and digital dysmorphism.
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214
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Chemical Conversion of Human Fetal Astrocytes into Neurons through Modulation of Multiple Signaling Pathways. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:488-501. [PMID: 30745031 PMCID: PMC6409415 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously developed a cocktail of nine small molecules to convert human fetal astrocytes into neurons, but a nine-molecule recipe is difficult for clinical applications. Here, we identify a chemical formula with only three to four small molecules for astrocyte-to-neuron conversion. We demonstrate that modulation of three to four signaling pathways among Notch, glycogen synthase kinase 3, transforming growth factor β, and bone morphogenetic protein pathways is sufficient to change an astrocyte into a neuron. The chemically converted human neurons can survive >7 months in culture, fire repetitive action potentials, and display robust synaptic burst activities. Interestingly, cortical astrocyte-converted neurons are mostly glutamatergic, while midbrain astrocyte-converted neurons can yield some GABAergic neurons in addition to glutamatergic neurons. When administered in vivo through intracranial or intraperitoneal injection, the four-drug combination can significantly increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Together, human fetal astrocytes can be chemically converted into functional neurons using three to four small molecules, bringing us one step forward for developing future drug therapy. Chemical reprogramming of human astrocytes into neurons with three to four small molecules Notch/GSK-3/TGF-β/BMP pathways are critical for astrocyte-to-neuron conversion Human fetal astrocytes are chemically converted into glutamatergic neurons In vivo administration of four core drugs increases hippocampal adult neurogenesis
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215
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Ponnusamy V, Yip PK. The role of microRNAs in newborn brain development and hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy. Neuropharmacology 2019; 149:55-65. [PMID: 30716413 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neonates can develop hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) due to lack of blood supply or oxygen, resulting in a major cause of death and disability among term newborns. However, current definitive treatment of therapeutic hypothermia, will only benefit one out of nine babies. Furthermore, the mechanisms of HIE and therapeutic hypothermia are not fully understood. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have become of interest to many researchers due to their important role in post-transcriptional control and deep evolutionary history. Despite this, role of miRNAs in newborns with HIE remains largely unknown due to limited research in this field. Therefore, this review aims to understand the role of miRNAs in normal brain development and HIE pathophysiology with reliance on extrapolated data from other diseases, ages and species due to current limited data. This will provide us with an overview of how miRNAs in normal brain development changes after HIE. Furthermore, it will indicate how miRNAs are affected specifically or globally by the various pathophysiological events. In addition, we discuss about how drugs and commercially available agents can specifically target certain miRNAs as a mechanism of action and potential safety issue with off-target effects. Improving our understanding of the role of miRNAs on the cellular response after HIE would enhance the success of effective diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of newborns with HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vennila Ponnusamy
- Centre of Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Ashford and St. Peter's Hospitals NHS Trust, Chertsey, UK.
| | - Ping K Yip
- Center of Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
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216
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Cannabinoid signalling in embryonic and adult neurogenesis: possible implications for psychiatric and neurological disorders. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2019; 31:1-16. [PMID: 29764526 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2018.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid signalling modulates several aspects of brain function, including the generation and survival of neurons during embryonic and adult periods. The present review intended to summarise evidence supporting a role for the endocannabinoid system on the control of neurogenesis and neurogenesis-dependent functions. Studies reporting participation of cannabinoids on the regulation of any step of neurogenesis and the effects of cannabinoid compounds on animal models possessing neurogenesis-dependent features were selected from Medline. Qualitative evaluation of the selected studies indicated that activation of cannabinoid receptors may change neurogenesis in embryonic or adult nervous systems alongside rescue of phenotypes in animal models of different psychiatric and neurological disorders. The text offers an overview on the effects of cannabinoids on central nervous system development and the possible links with psychiatric and neurological disorders such as anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, brain ischaemia/stroke and Alzheimer's disease. An understanding of the mechanisms by which cannabinoid signalling influences developmental and adult neurogenesis will help foster the development of new therapeutic strategies for neurodevelopmental, psychiatric and neurological disorders.
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217
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Kassi AAY, Mahavadi AK, Clavijo A, Caliz D, Lee SW, Ahmed AI, Yokobori S, Hu Z, Spurlock MS, Wasserman JM, Rivera KN, Nodal S, Powell HR, Di L, Torres R, Leung LY, Rubiano AM, Bullock RM, Gajavelli S. Enduring Neuroprotective Effect of Subacute Neural Stem Cell Transplantation After Penetrating TBI. Front Neurol 2019; 9:1097. [PMID: 30719019 PMCID: PMC6348935 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the largest cause of death and disability of persons under 45 years old, worldwide. Independent of the distribution, outcomes such as disability are associated with huge societal costs. The heterogeneity of TBI and its complicated biological response have helped clarify the limitations of current pharmacological approaches to TBI management. Five decades of effort have made some strides in reducing TBI mortality but little progress has been made to mitigate TBI-induced disability. Lessons learned from the failure of numerous randomized clinical trials and the inability to scale up results from single center clinical trials with neuroprotective agents led to the formation of organizations such as the Neurological Emergencies Treatment Trials (NETT) Network, and international collaborative comparative effectiveness research (CER) to re-orient TBI clinical research. With initiatives such as TRACK-TBI, generating rich and comprehensive human datasets with demographic, clinical, genomic, proteomic, imaging, and detailed outcome data across multiple time points has become the focus of the field in the United States (US). In addition, government institutions such as the US Department of Defense are investing in groups such as Operation Brain Trauma Therapy (OBTT), a multicenter, pre-clinical drug-screening consortium to address the barriers in translation. The consensus from such efforts including “The Lancet Neurology Commission” and current literature is that unmitigated cell death processes, incomplete debris clearance, aberrant neurotoxic immune, and glia cell response induce progressive tissue loss and spatiotemporal magnification of primary TBI. Our analysis suggests that the focus of neuroprotection research needs to shift from protecting dying and injured neurons at acute time points to modulating the aberrant glial response in sub-acute and chronic time points. One unexpected agent with neuroprotective properties that shows promise is transplantation of neural stem cells. In this review we present (i) a short survey of TBI epidemiology and summary of current care, (ii) findings of past neuroprotective clinical trials and possible reasons for failure based upon insights from human and preclinical TBI pathophysiology studies, including our group's inflammation-centered approach, (iii) the unmet need of TBI and unproven treatments and lastly, (iv) present evidence to support the rationale for sub-acute neural stem cell therapy to mediate enduring neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anelia A Y Kassi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Anil K Mahavadi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Angelica Clavijo
- Neurosurgery Service, INUB-MEDITECH Research Group, El Bosque University, Bogotá, CO, United States
| | - Daniela Caliz
- Neurosurgery Service, INUB-MEDITECH Research Group, El Bosque University, Bogotá, CO, United States
| | - Stephanie W Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Aminul I Ahmed
- Wessex Neurological Centre, University Hospitals Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Shoji Yokobori
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zhen Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Markus S Spurlock
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Joseph M Wasserman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Karla N Rivera
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Samuel Nodal
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Henry R Powell
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Long Di
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Rolando Torres
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Lai Yee Leung
- Branch of Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Andres Mariano Rubiano
- Neurosurgery Service, INUB-MEDITECH Research Group, El Bosque University, Bogotá, CO, United States
| | - Ross M Bullock
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Shyam Gajavelli
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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218
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Wilhelmsson U, Lebkuechner I, Leke R, Marasek P, Yang X, Antfolk D, Chen M, Mohseni P, Lasič E, Bobnar ST, Stenovec M, Zorec R, Nagy A, Sahlgren C, Pekna M, Pekny M. Nestin Regulates Neurogenesis in Mice Through Notch Signaling From Astrocytes to Neural Stem Cells. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:4050-4066. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The intermediate filament (nanofilament) protein nestin is a marker of neural stem cells, but its role in neurogenesis, including adult neurogenesis, remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of nestin in neurogenesis in adult nestin-deficient (Nes–/–) mice. We found that the proliferation of Nes–/– neural stem cells was not altered, but neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of Nes–/– mice was increased. Surprisingly, the proneurogenic effect of nestin deficiency was mediated by its function in the astrocyte niche. Through its role in Notch signaling from astrocytes to neural stem cells, nestin negatively regulates neuronal differentiation and survival; however, its expression in neural stem cells is not required for normal neurogenesis. In behavioral studies, nestin deficiency in mice did not affect associative learning but was associated with impaired long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Wilhelmsson
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Isabell Lebkuechner
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Renata Leke
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pavel Marasek
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Antfolk
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Meng Chen
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paria Mohseni
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eva Lasič
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology–Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Saša Trkov Bobnar
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology–Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Stenovec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology–Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Andras Nagy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cecilia Sahlgren
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Milos Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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219
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Ribeiro DE, Glaser T, Oliveira-Giacomelli Á, Ulrich H. Purinergic receptors in neurogenic processes. Brain Res Bull 2018; 151:3-11. [PMID: 30593881 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis is a process of generating functional neurons, which occurs during embryonic and adult stages in mammals. While neurogenesis during development phase is characterized by intensive proliferation activity in all regions of the brain to form the architecture and neural function of the nervous system, adult neurogenesis occurs with less intensity in two brain regions and is involved in the maintenance of neurogenic niches, local repair, memory and cognitive functions in the hippocampus. Taking such differences into account, the understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in cell differentiation in developmental stages and maintenance of the nervous system is an important research target. Although embryonic and adult neurogenesis presents several differences, signaling through purinergic receptors participates in this process throughout life. For instance, while embryonic neurogenesis involves P2X7 receptor down-regulation and calcium waves triggered by P2Y1 receptor stimulation, adult neurogenesis may be enhanced by increased activity of A2A and P2Y1 receptors and impaired by A1, P2Y13 and P2X7 receptor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Ribeiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - T Glaser
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Á Oliveira-Giacomelli
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - H Ulrich
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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220
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Brydges NM, Moon A, Rule L, Watkin H, Thomas KL, Hall J. Sex specific effects of pre-pubertal stress on hippocampal neurogenesis and behaviour. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:271. [PMID: 30531788 PMCID: PMC6288078 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Experience of traumatic events in childhood is linked to an elevated risk of developing psychiatric disorders in adulthood. The neurobiological mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are not fully understood. The limbic system, particularly the hippocampus, is significantly impacted by childhood trauma. In particular, it has been hypothesised that childhood stress may impact adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) and related behaviours, conferring increased risk for later mental illness. Stress in utero can lead to impaired hippocampal synaptic plasticity, and stress in the first 2-3 weeks of life reduces AHN in animal models. Less is known about the effects of stress in the post-weaning, pre-pubertal phase, a developmental time-point more akin to human childhood. Therefore, we investigated persistent effects of pre-pubertal stress (PPS) on functional and molecular aspects of the hippocampus. AHN was altered following PPS in male rats only. Specifically males showed reduced production of new neurons following PPS, but increased survival in the ventral dentate gyrus. In adult males, but not females, pattern separation and trace fear conditioning, behaviours that rely heavily on AHN, were also impaired after PPS. PPS also increased the expression of parvalbumin-positive GABAergic interneurons in the ventral dentate gyrus and increased glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 expression in the ventral hilus, in males only. Our results demonstrate the lasting effects of PPS on the hippocampus in a sex- and time-dependent manner, provide a potential mechanistic link between PPS and later behavioural impairments, and highlight sex differences in vulnerability to neuropsychiatric conditions after early-life stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichola Marie Brydges
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
| | - Anna Moon
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
| | - Lowenna Rule
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
| | - Holly Watkin
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
| | - Kerrie L. Thomas
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK ,0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- 0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK ,0000 0001 0807 5670grid.5600.3MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
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221
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Kizil C, Bhattarai P. Is Alzheimer's Also a Stem Cell Disease? - The Zebrafish Perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:159. [PMID: 30533414 PMCID: PMC6265475 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and is the leading form of dementia. AD entails chronic inflammation, impaired synaptic integrity and reduced neurogenesis. The clinical and molecular onsets of the disease do not temporally overlap and the initiation phase of the cellular changes might start with a complex causativeness between chronic inflammation, reduced neural stem cell plasticity and neurogenesis. Although the immune and neuronal aspects in AD are well studied, the neural stem cell-related features are far less investigated. An intriguing question is, therefore, whether a stem cell can ever be made proliferative and neurogenic during the prevalent AD in the brain. Recent findings affirm this hypothesis and thus a plausible way to circumvent the AD phenotypes could be to mobilize the endogenous stem cells by enhancing their proliferative and neurogenic capacity as well as to provide the newborn neurons the potential to survive and integrate into the existing circuitry. To address these questions, zebrafish offers unprecedented information and tools, which can be effectively translated into mammalian experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caghan Kizil
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Helmholtz Association, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Cluster of Excellence, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Prabesh Bhattarai
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Helmholtz Association, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Cluster of Excellence, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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222
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Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis: A Coming-of-Age Story. J Neurosci 2018; 38:10401-10410. [PMID: 30381404 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2144-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
What has become standard textbook knowledge over the last decade was a hotly debated matter a decade earlier: the proposition that new neurons are generated in the adult mammalian CNS. The early discovery by Altman and colleagues in the 1960s was vulnerable to criticism due to the lack of technical strategies for unequivocal demonstration, quantification, and physiological analysis of newly generated neurons in adult brain tissue. After several technological advancements had been made in the field, we published a paper in 1996 describing the generation of new neurons in the adult rat brain and the decline of hippocampal neurogenesis during aging. The paper coincided with the publication of several other studies that together established neurogenesis as a cellular mechanism in the adult mammalian brain. In this Progressions article, which is by no means a comprehensive review, we recount our personal view of the initial setting that led to our study and we discuss some of its implications and developments that followed. We also address questions that remain regarding the regulation and function of neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain, in particular the existence of neurogenesis in the adult human brain.
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223
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Palta P, Sharrett AR, Deal JA, Evenson KR, Gabriel KP, Folsom AR, Gross AL, Windham BG, Knopman D, Mosley TH, Heiss G. Leisure-time physical activity sustained since midlife and preservation of cognitive function: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Alzheimers Dement 2018; 15:273-281. [PMID: 30321503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We tested the hypotheses that higher levels of and persistence of midlife leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) are associated long-term with lower cognitive decline and less incident dementia. METHODS A total of 10,705 participants (mean age: 60 years) had LTPA (no, low, middle, or high) measured in 1987-1989 and 1993-1995. LTPA was assessed in relation to incident dementia and 14-year change in general cognitive performance. RESULTS Over a median follow-up of 17.4 years, 1063 dementia cases were observed. Compared with no LTPA, high LTPA in midlife was associated with lower incidence of dementia (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval], 0.71 [0.61, 0.86]) and lower declines in general cognitive performance (-0.07 standard deviation difference [-0.12 to -0.04]). These associations were stronger when measured against persistence of midlife LTPA over 6 years. DISCUSSION LTPA is a readily modifiable factor associated inversely with long-term dementia incidence and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Palta
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - A Richey Sharrett
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer A Deal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kelly R Evenson
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kelley Pettee Gabriel
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Aaron R Folsom
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alden L Gross
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - B Gwen Windham
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - David Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Thomas H Mosley
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Gerardo Heiss
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Moon AL, Haan N, Wilkinson LS, Thomas KL, Hall J. CACNA1C: Association With Psychiatric Disorders, Behavior, and Neurogenesis. Schizophr Bull 2018; 44:958-965. [PMID: 29982775 PMCID: PMC6101623 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sby096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale genome-wide association studies have consistently shown that genetic variation in CACNA1C, a gene that encodes calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1C, increases risk for psychiatric disorders. CACNA1C encodes the Cav1.2 subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels, which themselves have been functionally implicated in a broad spectrum of neuropsychiatric syndromes. Research has concentrated on uncovering the underlying biological mechanisms that could be responsible for this increased risk. This review presents an overview of recent findings regarding Cacna1c variation in animal models, particularly focusing on behavioral phenotypes associated with neurodevelopmental disorders such as cognition, anxiety and depressive phenotypes, and fear conditioning. The impact of reduced gene dosage of Cacna1c on adult hippocampal neurogenesis is also assessed, including new data from a novel Cacna1c+/- rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Moon
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Niels Haan
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lawrence S Wilkinson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kerrie L Thomas
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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225
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Increased Synthesis of Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan Promotes Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Response to Enriched Environment. J Neurosci 2018; 38:8496-8513. [PMID: 30126967 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0632-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) is a candidate regulator of embryonic neurogenesis. The aim of this study was to specify the functional significance of CSPG in adult hippocampal neurogenesis using male mice. Here, we showed that neural stem cells and neuronal progenitors in the dentate gyrus were covered in part by CSPG. Pharmacological depletion of CSPG in the dentate gyrus reduced the densities of neuronal progenitors and newborn granule cells. 3D reconstruction of newborn granule cells showed that their maturation was inhibited by CSPG digestion. The novel object recognition test revealed that CSPG digestion caused cognitive memory impairment. Western blot analysis showed that expression of β-catenin in the dentate gyrus was decreased by CSPG digestion. The amount of CSPG in the dentate gyrus was increased by enriched environment (EE) and was decreased by forced swim stress. In addition, EE accelerated the recovery of CSPG expression in the dentate gyrus from the pharmacological depletion and promoted the restoration of granule cell production. Conversely, the densities of newborn granule cells were also decreased in mice that lacked chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 (CSGalNAcT1), a key enzyme for CSPG synthesis (T1KO mice). The capacity of EE to promote granule cell production and improve cognitive memory was impaired in T1KO mice. These findings indicate that CSPG is involved in the regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and suggest that increased synthesis of CSPG by CSGalNacT1 may mediate promotion of granule cell production and improvement of cognitive memory in response to EE.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) is a candidate regulator of embryonic neurogenesis. Here, we specified the role of CSPG in adult neurogenesis in the mouse hippocampus. Digestion of CSPG in the dentate gyrus impaired granule cell production and cognitive memory. Enriched environment (EE) promoted the recovery of CSPG expression and granule cell production from the CSPG digestion. Additionally, adult neurogenesis was impaired in mice that lacked a key enzyme for CSPG synthesis (T1KO mice). The capacity of EE to promote granule cell production and cognitive memory was impaired in T1KO mice. Altogether, these findings indicate that CSPG underlies adult hippocampal neurogenesis and suggest that increased synthesis of CSPG may mediate promotion of granule cell production in response to EE.
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226
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Jiang X, Xiang F, Jia C, Buchberger AR, Li L. Relative Quantitation of Neuropeptides at Multiple Developmental Stages of the American Lobster Using N, N-Dimethyl Leucine Isobaric Tandem Mass Tags. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:2054-2063. [PMID: 29357224 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulators and neurotransmitters play important roles in neural network development. The quantitative changes of these signaling molecules often reflect their regulatory roles in physiological processes. Currently, several commercial tags (e.g., iTRAQ and TMT) have been widely used in proteomics. With reduced cost and higher labeling efficiency, we employed a set of custom-developed N, N-dimethyl leucine (DiLeu) 4-plex isobaric tandem mass tags as an attractive alternative for the relative quantitation of neuropeptides in brain tissue of American lobster Homarus americanus at multiple developmental stages. A general workflow for isobaric labeling of neuropeptides followed by LC-MS/MS analysis has been developed, including optimized sample handling procedures. Overall, we were able to quantify 18 trace-amount neuropeptides from 6 different families using a single adult brain as a control. The quantitation results indicated that the expressions of different neuropeptide families had significant changes over distinct developmental stages. Additionally, our data revealed intriguing elevated expression of neuropeptides in the early juvenile development stage. The methodology presented here advanced the workflow of DiLeu as an alternative labeling approach and the application of DiLeu-based quantitative peptidomics, which can be extended to areas beyond neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Feng Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Chenxi Jia
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Amanda Rae Buchberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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227
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Khan MT, Liu J, Nerlich J, Tang Y, Franke H, Illes P. Regulation of P2X7 receptor function of neural progenitor cells in the hippocampal subgranular zone by neuronal activity in the dentate gyrus. Neuropharmacology 2018; 140:139-149. [PMID: 30092245 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
P2X7 receptors (Rs) mediate apoptosis/necrosis in neuronal and non-neuronal systems. Patch-clamp recordings from dentate gyrus (DG) granule cells in acutely prepared hippocampal slices of mice showed that incubation with 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) causes an excitability increase. This led to an enhanced sensitivity of P2X7Rs of the underlying subgranular zone neural progenitor cells (NPCs) towards dibenzoyl-ATP (Bz-ATP). The glutamatergic agonists NMDA and AMPA, as well as the purinergic agonist ATP also increased the Bz-ATP-induced current amplitudes (IBzATP). Tetrodotoxin as well as the standard antiepileptic drugs phenytoin, valproic acid and gabapentin counteracted the effect of 4-AP, most likely by decreasing the firing rate and/or action potential duration of DG granule cells and in consequence the release of ATP/glutamate onto NPCs. Experiments with organotypic hippocampal slice cultures confirmed these results also under conditions when 4-AP was applied for longer time periods and at much lower concentrations than used in acute slices. It was concluded that pathological firing modelled by 4-AP might trigger a sensitivity increase of P2X7Rs leading to necrosis/apoptosis of NPCs with the subsequent decrease of NPC, and in consequence, granule cell number. Hence, supersensitive P2X7Rs may exert a beneficial counter-regulatory effect by reducing the chances for the evolution of chronic temporal lobe epilepsy by ectopically located granule cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tahir Khan
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Juan Liu
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, 04107, Leipzig, Germany; Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of TCM, 610075, Chengdu, China
| | - Jana Nerlich
- Carl-Ludwig-Institut für Physiologie, Universität Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yong Tang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of TCM, 610075, Chengdu, China
| | - Heike Franke
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Illes
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, 04107, Leipzig, Germany; Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of TCM, 610075, Chengdu, China.
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228
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Vieira MS, Santos AK, Vasconcellos R, Goulart VAM, Parreira RC, Kihara AH, Ulrich H, Resende RR. Neural stem cell differentiation into mature neurons: Mechanisms of regulation and biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1946-1970. [PMID: 30077716 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The abilities of stem cells to self-renew and form different mature cells expand the possibilities of applications in cell-based therapies such as tissue recomposition in regenerative medicine, drug screening, and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition to stem cells found in the embryo, various adult organs and tissues have niches of stem cells in an undifferentiated state. In the central nervous system of adult mammals, neurogenesis occurs in two regions: the subventricular zone and the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus. The generation of the different neural lines originates in adult neural stem cells that can self-renew or differentiate into astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, or neurons in response to specific stimuli. The regulation of the fate of neural stem cells is a finely controlled process relying on a complex regulatory network that extends from the epigenetic to the translational level and involves extracellular matrix components. Thus, a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying how the process of neurogenesis is induced, regulated, and maintained will provide elues for development of novel for strategies for neurodegenerative therapies. In this review, we focus on describing the mechanisms underlying the regulation of the neuronal differentiation process by transcription factors, microRNAs, and extracellular matrix components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S Vieira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciência Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nanocell, Divinopólis, MG, Brazil
| | - Anderson K Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciência Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rebecca Vasconcellos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciência Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nanocell, Divinopólis, MG, Brazil
| | - Vânia A M Goulart
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciência Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ricardo C Parreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciência Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nanocell, Divinopólis, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexandre H Kihara
- Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo R Resende
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciência Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nanocell, Divinopólis, MG, Brazil.
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229
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La Rosa C, Parolisi R, Palazzo O, Lévy F, Meurisse M, Bonfanti L. Clusters of DCX+ cells "trapped" in the subcortical white matter of early postnatal Cetartiodactyla (Tursiops truncatus, Stenella coeruloalba and Ovis aries). Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:3613-3632. [PMID: 29980931 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1708-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeletal protein doublecortin (DCX) is a marker for neuronal cells retaining high potential for structural plasticity, originating from both embryonic and adult neurogenic processes. Some of these cells have been described in the subcortical white matter of neonatal and postnatal mammals. In mice and humans it has been shown they are young neurons migrating through the white matter after birth, reaching the cortex in a sort of protracted neurogenesis. Here we show that DCX+ cells in the white matter of neonatal and young Cetartiodactyla (dolphin and sheep) form large clusters which are not newly generated (in sheep, and likely neither in dolphins) and do not reach the cortical layers, rather appearing "trapped" in the white matter tissue. No direct contact or continuity can be observed between the subventricular zone region and the DCX+ clusters, thus indicating their independence from any neurogenic source (in dolphins further confirmed by the recent demonstration that periventricular neurogenesis is inactive since birth). Cetartiodactyla include two orders of large-brained, relatively long-living mammals (cetaceans and artiodactyls) which were recognized as two separate monophyletic clades until recently, yet, despite the evident morphological distinctions, they are monophyletic in origin. The brain of Cetartiodactyla is characterized by an advanced stage of development at birth, a feature that might explain the occurrence of "static" cell clusters confined within their white matter. These results further confirm the existence of high heterogeneity in the occurrence, distribution and types of structural plasticity among mammals, supporting the emerging view that multiple populations of DCX+, non-newly generated cells can be abundant in large-brained, long-living species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara La Rosa
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Roberta Parolisi
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Italy
| | - Ottavia Palazzo
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Italy
| | - Frederic Lévy
- UMR INRA, CNRS/Universitè F. Rabelais, IFCE Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
| | - Maryse Meurisse
- UMR INRA, CNRS/Universitè F. Rabelais, IFCE Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France
| | - Luca Bonfanti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Orbassano, Italy. .,Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
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230
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Sarubbo F, Moranta D, Pani G. Dietary polyphenols and neurogenesis: Molecular interactions and implication for brain ageing and cognition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 90:456-470. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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231
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Tse MK, Hung TS, Chan CM, Wong T, Dorothea M, Leclerc C, Moreau M, Miller AL, Webb SE. Identification of Ca 2+ signaling components in neural stem/progenitor cells during differentiation into neurons and glia in intact and dissociated zebrafish neurospheres. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 61:1352-1368. [PMID: 29931586 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9315-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The development of the CNS in vertebrate embryos involves the generation of different sub-types of neurons and glia in a complex but highly-ordered spatio-temporal manner. Zebrafish are commonly used for exploring the development, plasticity and regeneration of the CNS, and the recent development of reliable protocols for isolating and culturing neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs/NPCs) from the brain of adult fish now enables the exploration of mechanisms underlying the induction/specification/differentiation of these cells. Here, we refined a protocol to generate proliferating and differentiating neurospheres from the entire brain of adult zebrafish. We demonstrated via RT-qPCR that some isoforms of ip3r, ryr and stim are upregulated/downregulated significantly in differentiating neurospheres, and via immunolabelling that 1,4,5-inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) type-1 and ryanodine receptor (RyR) type-2 are differentially expressed in cells with neuron- or radial glial-like properties. Furthermore, ATP but not caffeine (IP3R and RyR agonists, respectively), induced the generation of Ca2+ transients in cells exhibiting neuron- or glial-like morphology. These results indicate the differential expression of components of the Ca2+-signaling toolkit in proliferating and differentiating cells. Thus, given the complexity of the intact vertebrate brain, neurospheres might be a useful system for exploring neurodegenerative disease diagnosis protocols and drug development using Ca2+ signaling as a read-out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Kit Tse
- Division of Life Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, HKUST, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ting Shing Hung
- Division of Life Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, HKUST, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ching Man Chan
- Division of Life Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, HKUST, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tiffany Wong
- Division of Life Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, HKUST, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mike Dorothea
- Division of Life Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, HKUST, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Catherine Leclerc
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, F-31062, France
| | - Marc Moreau
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, F-31062, France
| | - Andrew L Miller
- Division of Life Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, HKUST, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sarah E Webb
- Division of Life Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, HKUST, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.
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232
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Zhang K, Zhao Y. Reduced Zebrafish Transcriptome Atlas toward Understanding Environmental Neurotoxicants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:7120-7130. [PMID: 29782159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptomic approaches monitoring gene responses at genome-scale are increasingly used in toxicological research and help to clarify the molecular mechanisms of adverse effects caused by environmental toxicants. However, their applications for chemical assessment are hampered due to high expenses required and more importantly the lack of in-depth data mining and mechanistic perspectives. Here, we described a reduced transcriptome atlas (RTA) approach which integrates transcriptomic data sets and a comprehensive panel of genes generated to represent neurogenesis and the early neuronal development of zebrafish, to determine the potential neurodevelopmental toxicities of environmental chemicals. Transcriptomic data sets of 74 chemicals and 736 related gene expression profiles were integrated resulting in 135 exposure signatures. Chemical prioritization demonstrated four sets of hits to be neurotoxic: neuro-active chemicals (representatively, Valproic acid, VPA and Carbamazepine, CAR), xenoestrogens (Bisphenol A, BPA; Genistein, GEN; 17-α ethinylestradiol, EE2), microcystins (cyanopeptolin, CP1020; microcystin-LR, MCLR) and heavy metals (AgNO3, AgNPs). The enriched biological pathways and processes were distinct among the four sets, while the overlapping functional enrichments were observed within each set, for example, over 25% differentially expressed genes and four of top five KEGG pathways were shared between VPA and CAR. Furthermore, gene expression index (GEI) analysis demonstrated that a gene panel with 300 genes was sufficient to effectively characterize and cluster chemicals and therefore offer an efficient and cost-effective tool for the prioritization of neurotoxicants. Thus, the RTA approach provides novel insights into the understanding of the in-depth molecular mechanisms of environmental neurotoxicants and can be used as an indication for potential adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
- Brigham and Women's Hospital , Harvard Medical School , 60 Fenwood Road , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Yanbin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , China
- Brigham and Women's Hospital , Harvard Medical School , 60 Fenwood Road , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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233
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Adams KV, Morshead CM. Neural stem cell heterogeneity in the mammalian forebrain. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 170:2-36. [PMID: 29902499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The brain was long considered an organ that underwent very little change after development. It is now well established that the mammalian central nervous system contains neural stem cells that generate progeny that are capable of making new neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes throughout life. The field has advanced rapidly as it strives to understand the basic biology of these precursor cells, and explore their potential to promote brain repair. The purpose of this review is to present current knowledge about the diversity of neural stem cells in vitro and in vivo, and highlight distinctions between neural stem cell populations, throughout development, and within the niche. A comprehensive understanding of neural stem cell heterogeneity will provide insights into the cellular and molecular regulation of neural development and lifelong neurogenesis, and will guide the development of novel strategies to promote regeneration and neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey V Adams
- Institute of Medical Science, Terrence Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, M5S 3E2, Canada.
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Institute of Medical Science, Terrence Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, M5S 3E2, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Canada; Rehabilitation Science Institute, University of Toronto, Canada.
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234
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Zheng C, Chen D, Zhang Y, Bai Y, Huang S, Zheng D, Liang W, She S, Peng X, Wang P, Mo X, Song Q, Lv P, Huang J, Ye RD, Wang Y. FAM19A1 is a new ligand for GPR1 that modulates neural stem-cell proliferation and differentiation. FASEB J 2018; 32:fj201800020RRR. [PMID: 29799787 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800020rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
FAM19A1 is a member of the family with sequence similarity 19 with unknown function. FAM19A1 mRNA expression is restricted to the CNS. Here, we report that FAM19A1 is a classic secretory protein, and expression levels correlate with brain development, increasing from embryonic d 12.5, peaking between postnatal d (P)1 and P7 and decreasing at wk 8. The adult hippocampus is a region of FAM19A1 high expression. Recombinant FAM19A1 suppressed the proliferation and self-renewal of neural stem cells (NSCs) and altered the lineage progression of NSCs with promoted neuron differentiation and suppressed astrocyte differentiation. Although GPCR 1 (GPR1) has been reported to be expressed in the CNS, its functions in the brain remain unclear. We identified GPR1 to be a functional receptor for FAM19A1. FAM19A1 interacted with GPR1 via the N-terminal domain (GPR1-ND), and its NSC modulatory functions required the Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) /ERK1/2 and ROCK/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathways. GPR1-ND that selectively bound to FAM19A1 neutralized the effects of FAM19A1 on NSC functions. Taken together, our results show, for the first time to our knowledge, that FAM19A1 is a novel regulatory factor of the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs, and identified a novel mechanism by which GPCR mediates the effects of FAM19A1 on NSC functions that may be important for brain development and neurogenesis. Additional exploration of the functions of FAM19A1 and GPR1 in the CNS may broaden the range of therapeutic options available for major brain disorders.-Zheng, C., Chen, D., Zhang, Y., Bai, Y., Huang, S., Zheng, D., Liang, W., She, S., Peng, X., Wang, P., Mo, X., Song, Q., Lv, P., Huang, J., Ye, R. D., Wang, Y. FAM19A1 is a new ligand for GPR1 that modulates neural stem-cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Dixin Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyang Huang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Danfeng Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Liang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoping She
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xinjian Peng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Pingzhang Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoning Mo
- Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Quansheng Song
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Lv
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Richard D Ye
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China
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235
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Rozmer K, Gao P, Araújo MGL, Khan MT, Liu J, Rong W, Tang Y, Franke H, Krügel U, Fernandes MJS, Illes P. Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus Increases the Sensitivity of P2X7 and P2Y1 Receptors to Nucleotides at Neural Progenitor Cells of the Juvenile Rodent Hippocampus. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:3568-3585. [PMID: 27341850 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Patch-clamp recordings indicated the presence of P2X7 receptors at neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in hippocampal brain slices prepared from transgenic nestin reporter mice. The activation of these receptors caused inward current near the resting membrane potential of the NPCs, while P2Y1 receptor activation initiated outward current near the reversal potential of the P2X7 receptor current. Both receptors were identified by biophysical/pharmacological methods. When the brain slices were prepared from mice which underwent a pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus or when brain slices were incubated in pilocarpine-containing external medium, the sensitivity of P2X7 and P2Y1 receptors was invariably increased. Confocal microscopy confirmed the localization of P2X7 and P2Y1 receptor-immunopositivity at nestin-positive NPCs. A one-time status epilepticus in rats caused after a latency of about 5 days recurrent epileptic fits. The blockade of central P2X7 receptors increased the number of seizures and their severity. It is hypothesized that P2Y1 receptors after a status epilepticus may increase the ATP-induced proliferation/ectopic migration of NPCs; the P2X7 receptor-mediated necrosis/apoptosis might counteract these effects, which would otherwise lead to a chronic manifestation of recurrent epileptic fits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Rozmer
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Po Gao
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Michelle G L Araújo
- Disciplina de Neurociência, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Muhammad Tahir Khan
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Juan Liu
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.,Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of TCM, 610075 Chengdu, China
| | - Weifang Rong
- Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 200025 Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of TCM, 610075 Chengdu, China
| | - Heike Franke
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ute Krügel
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria José S Fernandes
- Disciplina de Neurociência, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Peter Illes
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
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236
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Azzarelli R, Simons BD, Philpott A. The developmental origin of brain tumours: a cellular and molecular framework. Development 2018; 145:145/10/dev162693. [PMID: 29759978 PMCID: PMC6001369 DOI: 10.1242/dev.162693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of the nervous system relies on the coordinated regulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. The discovery that brain tumours contain a subpopulation of cells with stem/progenitor characteristics that are capable of sustaining tumour growth has emphasized the importance of understanding the cellular dynamics and the molecular pathways regulating neural stem cell behaviour. By focusing on recent work on glioma and medulloblastoma, we review how lineage tracing contributed to dissecting the embryonic origin of brain tumours and how lineage-specific mechanisms that regulate stem cell behaviour in the embryo may be subverted in cancer to achieve uncontrolled proliferation and suppression of differentiation. Summary: Lineage-tracing work in glioma and medulloblastoma reveals similarities between neuronal development and brain tumours, identifying potential new therapeutic avenues that exploit vulnerabilities in tumour growth patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Azzarelli
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK.,Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Benjamin D Simons
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK.,The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.,Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Anna Philpott
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK .,Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
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237
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Jang Y, Kwon I, Song W, Cosio-Lima LM, Lee Y. Endurance Exercise Mediates Neuroprotection Against MPTP-mediated Parkinson’s Disease via Enhanced Neurogenesis, Antioxidant Capacity, and Autophagy. Neuroscience 2018; 379:292-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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238
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Bertacchi M, Parisot J, Studer M. The pleiotropic transcriptional regulator COUP-TFI plays multiple roles in neural development and disease. Brain Res 2018; 1705:75-94. [PMID: 29709504 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors are expressed in a dynamic fashion both in time and space during brain development, and exert their roles by activating a cascade of multiple target genes. This implies that understanding the precise function of a transcription factor becomes a challenging task. In this review, we will focus on COUP-TFI (or NR2F1), a nuclear receptor belonging to the superfamily of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptors, and considered to be one of the major transcriptional regulators orchestrating cortical arealization, cell-type specification and maturation. Recent data have unraveled the multi-faceted functions of COUP-TFI in the development of several mouse brain structures, including the neocortex, hippocampus and ganglionic eminences. Despite NR2F1 mutations and deletions in humans have been linked to a complex neurodevelopmental disease mainly associated to optic atrophy and intellectual disability, its role during the formation of the retina and optic nerve remains unclear. In light of its major influence in cortical development, we predict that its haploinsufficiency might be the cause of other cognitive diseases, not identified so far. Mouse models offer a unique opportunity of dissecting COUP-TFI function in different regions during brain assembly; hence, the importance of comparing and discussing common points linking mouse models to human patients' symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bertacchi
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV - Institut de Biologie Valrose, 06108 Nice, France.
| | - Josephine Parisot
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV - Institut de Biologie Valrose, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Michèle Studer
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV - Institut de Biologie Valrose, 06108 Nice, France.
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239
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Roles of autophagy in controlling stem cell identity: a perspective of self-renewal and differentiation. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 374:205-216. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2829-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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240
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McDonough PM, Prigozhina NL, Basa RCB, Price JH. Assay of Calcium Transients and Synapses in Rat Hippocampal Neurons by Kinetic Image Cytometry and High-Content Analysis: An In Vitro Model System for Postchemotherapy Cognitive Impairment. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2018; 15:220-236. [PMID: 28723268 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2017.797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Postchemotherapy cognitive impairment (PCCI) is commonly exhibited by cancer patients treated with a variety of chemotherapeutic agents, including the endocrine disruptor tamoxifen (TAM). The etiology of PCCI is poorly understood. Our goal was to develop high-throughput assay methods to test the effects of chemicals on neuronal function applicable to PCCI. Rat hippocampal neurons (RHNs) were plated in 96- or 384-well dishes and exposed to test compounds (forskolin [FSK], 17β-estradiol [ES]), TAM or fulvestrant [FUL], aka ICI 182,780) for 6-14 days. Kinetic Image Cytometry™ (KIC™) methods were developed to quantify spontaneously occurring intracellular calcium transients representing the activity of the neurons, and high-content analysis (HCA) methods were developed to quantify the expression, colocalization, and puncta formed by synaptic proteins (postsynaptic density protein-95 [PSD-95] and presynaptic protein Synapsin-1 [Syn-1]). As quantified by KIC, FSK increased the occurrence and synchronization of the calcium transients indicating stimulatory effects on RHN activity, whereas TAM had inhibitory effects. As quantified by HCA, FSK also increased PSD-95 puncta and PSD-95:Syn-1 colocalization, whereas ES increased the puncta of both PSD-95 and Syn-1 with little effect on colocalization. The estrogen receptor antagonist FUL also increased PSD-95 puncta. In contrast, TAM reduced Syn-1 and PSD-95:Syn-1 colocalization, consistent with its inhibitory effects on the calcium transients. Thus TAM reduced activity and synapse formation by the RHNs, which may relate to the ability of this agent to cause PCCI. The results illustrate that KIC and HCA can be used to quantify neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects of chemicals in RHNs to investigate mechanisms and potential therapeutics for PCCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeffrey H Price
- 1 Vala Sciences Inc. , San Diego, California.,3 The Scintillon Institute , San Diego, California
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241
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He Z, Yu Q. Identification and characterization of functional modules reflecting transcriptome transition during human neuron maturation. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:262. [PMID: 29665773 PMCID: PMC5905132 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4649-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuron maturation is a critical process in neurogenesis, during which neurons gain their morphological, electrophysiological and molecular characteristics for their functions as the central components of the nervous system. RESULTS To better understand the molecular changes during this process, we combined the protein-protein interaction network and public single cell RNA-seq data of mature and immature neurons to identify functional modules relevant to the neuron maturation process in humans. Among the 109 functional modules in total, 33 showed significant gene expression level changes (discriminating modules) which participate in varied functions including energy consumption, synaptic functions and housekeeping functions such as translation and splicing. Based on the identified modules, we trained a neuron maturity index (NMI) model for the quantification of maturation states of single neurons or purified bulk neurons. Applied to multiple single neuron transcriptome data sets of neuron development in humans and mice, the NMI model made estimation of neuron maturity states which were significantly correlated with the neuron maturation trajectories in both species, implying the reproducibility and conservation of the identified transcriptome transition. CONCLUSION We identified 33 discriminating modules whose activities were significantly correlated with single neuron maturity states, which may play important roles in the neuron maturation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisong He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology (PICB), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 200031, China. .,Center for Data-Intensive Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, 143028, Russia. .,Current affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Qianhui Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology (PICB), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 200031, China.,Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
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242
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Jung M, Häberle BM, Tschaikowsky T, Wittmann MT, Balta EA, Stadler VC, Zweier C, Dörfler A, Gloeckner CJ, Lie DC. Analysis of the expression pattern of the schizophrenia-risk and intellectual disability gene TCF4 in the developing and adult brain suggests a role in development and plasticity of cortical and hippocampal neurons. Mol Autism 2018; 9:20. [PMID: 29588831 PMCID: PMC5863811 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-018-0200-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Haploinsufficiency of the class I bHLH transcription factor TCF4 causes Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS), a severe neurodevelopmental disorder, while common variants in the TCF4 gene have been identified as susceptibility factors for schizophrenia. It remains largely unknown, which brain regions are dependent on TCF4 for their development and function. Methods We systematically analyzed the expression pattern of TCF4 in the developing and adult mouse brain. We used immunofluorescent staining to identify candidate regions whose development and function depend on TCF4. In addition, we determined TCF4 expression in the developing rhesus monkey brain and in the developing and adult human brain through analysis of transcriptomic datasets and compared the expression pattern between species. Finally, we morphometrically and histologically analyzed selected brain structures in Tcf4-haploinsufficient mice and compared our morphometric findings to neuroanatomical findings in PTHS patients. Results TCF4 is broadly expressed in cortical and subcortical structures in the developing and adult mouse brain. The TCF4 expression pattern was highly similar between humans, rhesus monkeys, and mice. Moreover, Tcf4 haploinsufficiency in mice replicated structural brain anomalies observed in PTHS patients. Conclusion Our data suggests that TCF4 is involved in the development and function of multiple brain regions and indicates that its regulation is evolutionary conserved. Moreover, our data validate Tcf4-haploinsufficient mice as a model to study the neurodevelopmental basis of PTHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Jung
- 1Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benjamin M Häberle
- 1Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tristan Tschaikowsky
- 1Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marie-Theres Wittmann
- 1Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.,2Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elli-Anna Balta
- 1Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vivien-Charlott Stadler
- 1Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christiane Zweier
- 2Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arnd Dörfler
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Clinic Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Johannes Gloeckner
- 4German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,5Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Center for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - D Chichung Lie
- 1Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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243
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Omais S, Jaafar C, Ghanem N. "Till Death Do Us Part": A Potential Irreversible Link Between Aberrant Cell Cycle Control and Neurodegeneration in the Adult Olfactory Bulb. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:144. [PMID: 29593485 PMCID: PMC5854681 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis (AN) is an ongoing developmental process that generates newborn neurons in the olfactory bulb (OB) and the hippocampus (Hi) throughout life and significantly contributes to brain plasticity. Adult neural stem and progenitor cells (aNSPCs) are relatively limited in number and fate and are spatially restricted to the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the subgranular zone (SGZ). During AN, the distinct roles played by cell cycle proteins extend beyond cell cycle control and constitute key regulatory mechanisms involved in neuronal maturation and survival. Importantly, aberrant cell cycle re-entry (CCE) in post-mitotic neurons has been strongly linked to the abnormal pathophysiology in rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases with potential implications on the etiology and progression of such diseases in humans. Here, we present an overview of AN in the SVZ-OB and olfactory epithelium (OE) in mice and humans followed by a comprehensive update of the distinct roles played by cell cycle proteins including major tumors suppressor genes in various steps during neurogenesis. We also discuss accumulating evidence underlining a strong link between abnormal cell cycle control, olfactory dysfunction and neurodegeneration in the adult and aging brain. We emphasize that: (1) CCE in post-mitotic neurons due to loss of cell cycle suppression and/or age-related insults as well as DNA damage can anticipate the development of neurodegenerative lesions and protein aggregates, (2) the age-related decline in SVZ and OE neurogenesis is associated with compensatory pro-survival mechanisms in the aging OB which are interestingly similar to those detected in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease in humans, and (3) the OB represents a well suitable model to study the early manifestation of age-related defects that may eventually progress into the formation of neurodegenerative lesions and, possibly, spread to the rest of the brain. Such findings may provide a novel approach to the modeling of neurodegenerative diseases in humans from early detection to progression and treatment as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Omais
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Carine Jaafar
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Noël Ghanem
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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244
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Grünblatt E, Bartl J, Walitza S. Methylphenidate enhances neuronal differentiation and reduces proliferation concomitant to activation of Wnt signal transduction pathways. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:51. [PMID: 29491375 PMCID: PMC5830437 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylphenidate (Ritalin) is the most commonly prescribed drug in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. It is suggested that in vivo, methylphenidate treatment supports cortical maturation, however, the molecular and cellular mechanisms are not well understood. This study aimed to explore the potential effect of methylphenidate on cell proliferation and maturation in various cellular models, hypothesizing its interaction with the Wnt-signaling. The termination of cell proliferation concomitant to neuronal maturation following methylphenidate treatment was observed in all of the cell-models tested: murine neural stem-, rat PC12- and the human SH-SY5Y-cells. Inhibition of Wnt-signaling in SH-SY5Y cells with Dkk1 30 min before methylphenidate treatment suppressed neuronal differentiation but enhanced proliferation. The possible involvement of the dopamine-transporter in cell differentiation was discounted following the observation of opposing results after GBR-12909 treatment. Moreover, Wnt-activation via methylphenidate was confirmed in Wnt-luciferase-reporter assay. These findings reveal a new mechanism of action of methylphenidate that might explain long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Grünblatt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland. .,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and the ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland. .,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Jasmin Bartl
- 0000 0004 1937 0650grid.7400.3Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland ,0000 0000 8922 7789grid.14778.3dDepartment of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Susanne Walitza
- 0000 0004 1937 0650grid.7400.3Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland ,0000 0004 1937 0650grid.7400.3Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and the ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland ,0000 0004 1937 0650grid.7400.3Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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245
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Götz
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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246
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Park SY, Han JS. Phospholipase D1 Signaling: Essential Roles in Neural Stem Cell Differentiation. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 64:333-340. [PMID: 29478139 PMCID: PMC5874277 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D1 (PLD1) is generally accepted as playing an important role in the regulation of multiple cell functions, such as cell growth, survival, differentiation, membrane trafficking, and cytoskeletal organization. Recent findings suggest that PLD1 also plays an important role in the regulation of neuronal differentiation of neuronal cells. Moreover, PLD1-mediated signaling molecules dynamically regulate the neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs). Rho family GTPases and Ca2+-dependent signaling, in particular, are closely involved in PLD1-mediated neuronal differentiation of NSCs. Moreover, PLD1 has a significant effect on the neurogenesis of NSCs via the regulation of SHP-1/STAT3 activation. Therefore, PLD1 has now attracted significant attention as an essential neuronal signaling molecule in the nervous system. In the current review, we summarize recent findings on the regulation of PLD1 in neuronal differentiation and discuss the potential role of PLD1 in the neurogenesis of NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Young Park
- Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Soo Han
- Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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247
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Comparative regenerative mechanisms across different mammalian tissues. NPJ Regen Med 2018; 3:6. [PMID: 29507774 PMCID: PMC5824955 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-018-0044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulating regeneration of complex tissues and organs after injury to effect complete structural and functional repair, is an attractive therapeutic option that would revolutionize clinical medicine. Compared to many metazoan phyla that show extraordinary regenerative capacity, which in some instances persists throughout life, regeneration in mammalians, particularly humans, is limited or absent. Here we consider recent insights in the elucidation of molecular mechanisms of regeneration that have come from studies of tissue homeostasis and injury repair in mammalian tissues that span the spectrum from little or no self-renewal, to those showing active cell turnover throughout life. These studies highlight the diversity of factors that constrain regeneration, including immune responses, extracellular matrix composition, age, injury type, physiological adaptation, and angiogenic and neurogenic capacity. Despite these constraints, much progress has been made in elucidating key molecular mechanisms that may provide therapeutic targets for the development of future regenerative therapies, as well as previously unidentified developmental paradigms and windows-of-opportunity for improved regenerative repair.
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248
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Kim JA, Seong RK, Kumar M, Shin OS. Favipiravir and Ribavirin Inhibit Replication of Asian and African Strains of Zika Virus in Different Cell Models. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020072. [PMID: 29425176 PMCID: PMC5850379 DOI: 10.3390/v10020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has recently emerged as a new public health threat. ZIKV infections have caused a wide spectrum of neurological diseases, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, myelitis, meningoencephalitis, and congenital microcephaly. No effective therapies currently exist for treating patients infected with ZIKV. Herein, we evaluated the anti-viral activity of favipiravir (T-705) and ribavirin against Asian and African strains of ZIKV using different cell models, including human neuronal progenitor cells (hNPCs), human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs), human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549) and Vero cells. Cells were treated with favipiravir or ribavirin and effects on ZIKV replication were determined using quantitative real-time PCR and plaque assay. Our results demonstrate that favipiravir or ribavirin treatment significantly inhibited ZIKV replication in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, favipiravir treatment of ZIKV-infected hNPCs led to reduced cell death, enhanced AKT pathway phosphorylation, and increased expression of anti-apoptotic factor B cell lymphoma 2. In conclusion, our results demonstrate conclusively that favipiravir inhibits ZIKV replication and prevents cell death, and can be a promising intervention for ZIKV-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea.
| | - Rak-Kyun Seong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea.
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
| | - Ok Sarah Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea.
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249
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Harris L, Zalucki O, Clément O, Fraser J, Matuzelski E, Oishi S, Harvey TJ, Burne THJ, Heng JIT, Gronostajski RM, Piper M. Neurogenic differentiation by hippocampal neural stem and progenitor cells is biased by NFIX expression. Development 2018; 145:145/3/dev155689. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.155689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Our understanding of the transcriptional programme underpinning adult hippocampal neurogenesis is incomplete. In mice, under basal conditions, adult hippocampal neural stem cells (AH-NSCs) generate neurons and astrocytes, but not oligodendrocytes. The factors limiting oligodendrocyte production, however, remain unclear. Here, we reveal that the transcription factor NFIX plays a key role in this process. NFIX is expressed by AH-NSCs, and its expression is sharply upregulated in adult hippocampal neuroblasts. Conditional ablation of Nfix from AH-NSCs, coupled with lineage tracing, transcriptomic sequencing and behavioural studies collectively reveal that NFIX is cell-autonomously required for neuroblast maturation and survival. Moreover, a small number of AH-NSCs also develop into oligodendrocytes following Nfix deletion. Remarkably, when Nfix is deleted specifically from intermediate progenitor cells and neuroblasts using a Dcx-creERT2 driver, these cells also display elevated signatures of oligodendrocyte gene expression. Together, these results demonstrate the central role played by NFIX in neuroblasts within the adult hippocampal stem cell neurogenic niche in promoting the maturation and survival of these cells, while concomitantly repressing oligodendrocyte gene expression signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Harris
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Oressia Zalucki
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Olivier Clément
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia 6102
| | - James Fraser
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Elise Matuzelski
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Sabrina Oishi
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Tracey J. Harvey
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Thomas H. J. Burne
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia 4072
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Queensland, Australia 4076
| | - Julian Ik-Tsen Heng
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia 6102
| | - Richard M. Gronostajski
- Department of Biochemistry, Program in Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Michael Piper
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4072
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia 4072
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250
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Jeong H, Tiwari VK. Exploring the Complexity of Cortical Development Using Single-Cell Transcriptomics. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:31. [PMID: 29456488 PMCID: PMC5801402 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The developing neocortex in the mammalian brain is composed of multiple cell types including apical progenitors (AP), basal progenitors (BP), and neurons that populate three different layers, the ventricular zone (VZ), the subventricular zone (SVZ), and the cortical plate (CP). Despite recent advances, the diversity of the existing cell populations including those which are differentiating and mature, their biogenesis and the underlying gene regulatory mechanisms remain poorly known. Recent studies have taken advantage of the rapidly emerging single-cell technologies to decode the heterogeneity of cell populations at the transcriptome level during cortical development and their molecular details. Here we review these studies and provide an overview of the steps in single-cell transcriptomics including both experimental and computational analysis. We also discuss how single-cell genomics holds a big potential in future for brain research and discuss its possible applications and biological insights that can be achieved from these approaches. We conclude this review by discussing the current challenges in the implementation of single-cell techniques toward a comprehensive understanding of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying neocortex development.
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