201
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Brai E, Hummel T, Alberi L. Smell, an Underrated Early Biomarker for Brain Aging. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:792. [PMID: 32982661 PMCID: PMC7477331 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfaction is in addition to touch the most ancient of our senses, developing already in the womb it decays progressively from 65 years of age with a more pronounced impairment associated with dementia. Despite its clinical relevance and testing accessibility, smell remains an overlooked biomarker, which is rarely used by neurologists in the early screening phase. In this perspective article, we outline the reasons underlying the lack of awareness for this sense. In an attempt to put olfaction forward as an early biomarker for pathological brain aging, we draw a comparison with vision and hearing, regarded as more relevant for general health. This perspective article wants to encourage further studies aimed at understanding the mechanisms responsible for the early smell dysfunction in individuals a decade or more before the onset of cognitive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Brai
- Center for Brain and Disease Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) - Catholic University (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lavinia Alberi
- Swiss Integrative Centre for Human Health (SICHH), Fribourg, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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202
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Lee MK, Lee JH, Kim JH, Kim H, Joo L, Kim M, Cho SJ, Suh CH, Chung SR, Choi YJ, Baek JH. Diagnostic Accuracy of MRI-Based Morphometric Parameters for Detecting Olfactory Nerve Dysfunction. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2020; 41:1698-1702. [PMID: 32763901 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although olfactory dysfunction is a common cranial nerve disorder, there are no simple objective morphometric criteria to assess olfactory dysfunction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of MR imaging morphometric parameters for detecting olfactory dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective study enrolled patients from those presenting with olfactory symptoms who underwent both an olfactory function test and MR imaging. Controls without olfactory dysfunction were recruited during the preoperative work-up for pituitary adenoma. Two independent neuroradiologists measured the olfactory bulb in 3D and assessed olfactory bulb concavity on MR imaging while blinded to the clinical data. Diagnostic performance was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS Sixty-four patients and 34 controls were enrolled. The patients were significantly older than the controls (mean age, 57.8 ± 11.9 years versus 47.1 ± 12.1 years; P < .001). Before age adjustment, the olfactory bulb height was the only olfactory bulb parameter showing a significant difference between patients and controls (1.6 ± 0.3 mm versus 2.0 ± 0.3 mm, P < .001). After age adjustment, all parameters and olfactory bulb concavity showed significant intergroup differences, with the olfactory bulb height having the highest area under the curve (0.85). Olfactory bulb height was confirmed to be the only significant parameter showing a difference in the detection of olfactory dysfunction in 22 pairs after matching for age and sex (area under the curve = 0.87, P < .001). Intraclass correlation coefficients revealed moderate-to-excellent degrees of inter- and intrareader agreement. CONCLUSIONS MR imaging morphometric analysis can differentiate patients with olfactory dysfunction, with the olfactory bulb height having the highest diagnostic performance for detecting olfactory dysfunction irrespective of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Lee
- From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology (M.K.L., J.H.L., H.K., L.J., M.K., S.J.C., C.H.S., S.R.C., Y.J.C., J.H.B.).,Department of Radiology (M.K.L.), Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - J H Lee
- From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology (M.K.L., J.H.L., H.K., L.J., M.K., S.J.C., C.H.S., S.R.C., Y.J.C., J.H.B.)
| | - J H Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology (J.H.K.), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H Kim
- From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology (M.K.L., J.H.L., H.K., L.J., M.K., S.J.C., C.H.S., S.R.C., Y.J.C., J.H.B.)
| | - L Joo
- From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology (M.K.L., J.H.L., H.K., L.J., M.K., S.J.C., C.H.S., S.R.C., Y.J.C., J.H.B.)
| | - M Kim
- From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology (M.K.L., J.H.L., H.K., L.J., M.K., S.J.C., C.H.S., S.R.C., Y.J.C., J.H.B.)
| | - S J Cho
- From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology (M.K.L., J.H.L., H.K., L.J., M.K., S.J.C., C.H.S., S.R.C., Y.J.C., J.H.B.)
| | - C H Suh
- From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology (M.K.L., J.H.L., H.K., L.J., M.K., S.J.C., C.H.S., S.R.C., Y.J.C., J.H.B.)
| | - S R Chung
- From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology (M.K.L., J.H.L., H.K., L.J., M.K., S.J.C., C.H.S., S.R.C., Y.J.C., J.H.B.)
| | - Y J Choi
- From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology (M.K.L., J.H.L., H.K., L.J., M.K., S.J.C., C.H.S., S.R.C., Y.J.C., J.H.B.)
| | - J H Baek
- From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology (M.K.L., J.H.L., H.K., L.J., M.K., S.J.C., C.H.S., S.R.C., Y.J.C., J.H.B.)
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203
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Kondo K, Kikuta S, Ueha R, Suzukawa K, Yamasoba T. Age-Related Olfactory Dysfunction: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:208. [PMID: 32733233 PMCID: PMC7358644 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Like other sensory systems, olfactory function deteriorates with age. Epidemiological studies have revealed that the incidence of olfactory dysfunction increases at the age of 60 and older and males are more affected than females. Moreover, smoking, heavy alcohol use, sinonasal diseases, and Down’s syndrome are associated with an increased incidence of olfactory dysfunction. Although the pathophysiology of olfactory dysfunction in humans remains largely unknown, studies in laboratory animals have demonstrated that both the peripheral and central olfactory nervous systems are affected by aging. Aged olfactory neuroepithelium in the nasal cavity shows the loss of mature olfactory neurons, replacement of olfactory neuroepithelium by respiratory epithelium, and a decrease in basal cell proliferation both in the normal state and after injury. In the central olfactory pathway, a decrease in the turnover of interneurons in the olfactory bulb (OB) and reduced activity in the olfactory cortex under olfactory stimulation is observed. Recently, the association between olfactory impairment and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), has gained attention. Evidence-based pharmacotherapy to suppress or improve age-related olfactory dysfunction has not yet been established, but preliminary results suggest that olfactory training using odorants may be useful to improve some aspects of age-related olfactory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kondo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shu Kikuta
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rumi Ueha
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keigo Suzukawa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamasoba
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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204
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von Bartheld CS, Hagen MM, Butowt R. Prevalence of Chemosensory Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Reveals Significant Ethnic Differences. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.06.15.20132134. [PMID: 32587993 PMCID: PMC7310651 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.15.20132134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A significant fraction of people who test positive for COVID-19 have chemosensory deficits. However, the reported prevalence of these deficits in smell and/or taste varies widely, and the reason for the differences between studies is unclear. We determined the pooled prevalence of such chemosensory deficits in a systematic review. We searched the COVID-19 portfolio of the National Institutes of Health for all studies that reported the prevalence of smell and/or taste deficits in patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Forty-two studies reporting on 23,353 patients qualified and were subjected to a systematic review and meta-analysis. Estimated random prevalence of olfactory dysfunction was 38.5%, of taste dysfunction was 30.4% and of overall chemosensory dysfunction was 50.2%. We examined the effects of age, disease severity, and ethnicity on chemosensory dysfunction. The effect of age did not reach significance, but anosmia/hypogeusia decreased with disease severity, and ethnicity was highly significant: Caucasians had a 3-6 times higher prevalence of chemosensory deficits than East Asians. The finding of ethnic differences points to genetic, ethnicity-specific differences of the virus-binding entry proteins in the olfactory epithelium and taste buds as the most likely explanation, with major implications for infectivity, diagnosis and management of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. von Bartheld
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Molly M. Hagen
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Rafal Butowt
- Department of Molecular Cell Genetics, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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205
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Piccininni K, Barbara F, De Luca C, Mazzatenta A, De Luca L, De Luca G, Zappone C, Ciccarone S. The secretory senescence of the senses of smell and taste. JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY AND GERIATRICS 2020. [DOI: 10.36150/2499-6564-486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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206
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Chase BA, Markopoulou K. Olfactory Dysfunction in Familial and Sporadic Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2020; 11:447. [PMID: 32547477 PMCID: PMC7273509 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This minireview discusses our current understanding of the olfactory dysfunction that is frequently observed in sporadic and familial forms of Parkinson's disease and parkinsonian syndromes. We review the salient characteristics of olfactory dysfunction in these conditions, discussing its prevalence and characteristics, how neuronal processes and circuits are altered in Parkinson's disease, and what is assessed by clinically used measures of olfactory function. We highlight how studies of monogenic Parkinson's disease and investigations in ethnically diverse populations have contributed to understanding the mechanisms underlying olfactory dysfunction. Furthermore, we discuss how imaging and system-level approaches have been used to understand the pathogenesis of olfactory dysfunction. We discuss the challenging, remaining gaps in understanding the basis of olfactory dysfunction in neurodegeneration. We propose that insights could be obtained by following longitudinal cohorts with familial forms of Parkinson's disease using a combination of approaches: a multifaceted longitudinal assessment of olfactory function during disease progression is essential to identify not only how dysfunction arises, but also to address its relationship to motor and non-motor Parkinson's disease symptoms. An assessment of cohorts having monogenic forms of Parkinson's disease, available within the Genetic Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease (GEoPD), as well as other international consortia, will have heuristic value in addressing the complexity of olfactory dysfunction in the context of the neurodegenerative process. This will inform our understanding of Parkinson's disease as a multisystem disorder and facilitate the more effective use of olfactory dysfunction assessment in identifying prodromal Parkinson's disease and understanding disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Chase
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Katerina Markopoulou
- Department of Neurology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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207
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Aiello M, Parma V, De Carlo S, Hummel T, Rumiati RI. Cognitive, Olfactory, and Affective Determinants of Body Weight in Aging Individuals. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2020; 34:637-647. [PMID: 30272124 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acy072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A complex interplay of factors including cognitive, sensory and affective aspects has been associated in a controversial way with anthropometric measures related to body weight. METHODS Here we propose two studies to investigate whether and how cognitive, olfactory and affective variables resulted associated with body weight during healthy aging. In Study 1, we investigated the cognitive status, the odor identification skills, and the BMI of 209 individuals (50-96 yo). In Study 2 an extensive evaluation of cognitive functions (in particular executive functions and memory), odor threshold, discrimination and identification and affective skills (i.e., depression and anxiety) was performed in a group of 35 healthy, free-living aging individuals (58-85 yo). RESULTS In Study 1, greater BMI was not associated with performance on the odor identification task but was significantly associated with better cognitive skills. In Study 2, we observed that executive functions seemed to favor a successful managing of body weight, and individuals with greater BMI and waist circumference showed significantly better odor discrimination skills. Finally, lower waist circumference (but not BMI) was found significantly associated with greater levels of anxiety. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm that cognitive, olfactory and affective factors may influence body weight during healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valentina Parma
- Area of Neuroscience, SISSA, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,William James Research Center, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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208
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Endocannabinoid-Mediated Neuromodulation in the Olfactory Bulb: Functional and Therapeutic Significance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082850. [PMID: 32325875 PMCID: PMC7216281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoid synthesis in the human body is naturally occurring and on-demand. It occurs in response to physiological and environmental stimuli, such as stress, anxiety, hunger, other factors negatively disrupting homeostasis, as well as the therapeutic use of the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol and recreational use of exogenous cannabis, which can lead to cannabis use disorder. Together with their specific receptors CB1R and CB2R, endocannabinoids are major components of endocannabinoid-mediated neuromodulation in a rapid and sustained manner. Extensive research on endocannabinoid function and expression includes studies in limbic system structures such as the hippocampus and amygdala. The wide distribution of endocannabinoids, their on-demand synthesis at widely different sites, their co-existence in specific regions of the body, their quantitative differences in tissue type, and different pathological conditions indicate their diverse biological functions that utilize specific and overlapping pathways in multiple organ systems. Here, we review emerging evidence of these pathways with a special emphasis on the role of endocannabinoids in decelerating neurodegenerative pathology through neural networks initiated by cells in the main olfactory bulb.
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209
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Lane G, Zhou G, Noto T, Zelano C. Assessment of direct knowledge of the human olfactory system. Exp Neurol 2020; 329:113304. [PMID: 32278646 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Lane
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Guangyu Zhou
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Torben Noto
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Christina Zelano
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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210
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Lemons K, Fu Z, Ogura T, Lin W. TRPM5-expressing Microvillous Cells Regulate Region-specific Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis During Chemical Exposure. Neuroscience 2020; 434:171-190. [PMID: 32224228 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian main olfactory epithelium (MOE) is exposed to a wide spectrum of external chemicals during respiration and relies on adaptive plasticity to maintain its structural and functional integrity. We previously reported that the chemo-responsive and cholinergic transient receptor potential channel M5 (TRPM5)-expressing-microvillous cells (MCs) in the MOE are required for maintaining odor-evoked electrophysiological responses and olfactory-guided behavior during two-week exposure to an inhaled chemical mixture. Here, we investigated the underlying factors by assessing the potential modulatory effects of TRPM5-MCs on MOE morphology and cell proliferation and apoptosis, which are important for MOE maintenance. In the posterior MOE of TRPM5-GFP mice, we found that two-week chemical exposure induced a significant increase in Ki67-expressing proliferating basal stem cells without a significant reduction in the thickness of the whole epithelium or mature olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) layer. This adaptive increase in stem cell proliferation was missing in chemical-exposed transcription factor Skn-1a knockout (Skn-1a-/-) mice lacking TRPM5-MCs. In addition, a greater number of isolated OSNs from chemical-exposed Skn-1a-/- mice displayed unhealthily high levels of resting intracellular Ca2+. Intriguingly, in the anterior MOE where we found a higher density of TRPM5-MCs, chemical-exposed TRPM5-GFP mice exhibited a time-dependent increase in apoptosis and a loss of mature OSNs without a significant increase in proliferation or neurogenesis to compensate for OSN loss. Together, our data suggest that TRPM5-MC-dependent region-specific upregulation of cell proliferation in the majority of the MOE during chemical exposure contributes to the adaptive maintenance of OSNs and olfactory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Lemons
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Ziying Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Tatsuya Ogura
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Weihong Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
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211
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Olfactory Memory in Depression: State and Trait Differences between Bipolar and Unipolar Disorders. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10030189. [PMID: 32214029 PMCID: PMC7139478 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10030189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Changes in olfactory recognition memory may constitute sensory markers in depression. Significant differences may exist between unipolar and bipolar depression. Our study compares olfactory memory between control, unipolar, and bipolar patients in depressed and euthymic states in order to identify potential markers of depression. Methods: 176 participants were recruited in 5 groups: depressed bipolar (DB), euthymic bipolar (EB), depressed unipolar (DU), euthymic unipolar (EU), and controls (HC). The participants had a standardized clinical and olfactory assessment (olfactory memory, evaluation of pleasantness, intensity, familiarity, and emotional aspect of smells). Results: DU, DB, and EU patients had a deficit in olfactory memory compared to HC. DB patients had lower capacity to recognize new odors. DB and DU patients had more limited detection of unfamiliar odors than HC. DB patients rated odors as less pleasant compared to the other groups. All groups had lower hedonic ratings than HC. DB patients had lower emotional ratings than EU patients. Conclusions: Olfactory memory is impaired in depressive states, thus constituting a state marker of depression. Impairments in olfactory memory persist after remission of bipolar depression, thus constituting a possible trait marker of bipolarity. Hedonic rating differentiates unipolar from bipolar depression. This is the first study that identifies a sensory marker differentiating between unipolar and bipolar depression.
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212
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Kontaris I, East BS, Wilson DA. Behavioral and Neurobiological Convergence of Odor, Mood and Emotion: A Review. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:35. [PMID: 32210776 PMCID: PMC7076187 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The affective state is the combination of emotion and mood, with mood reflecting a running average of sequential emotional events together with an underlying internal affective state. There is now extensive evidence that odors can overtly or subliminally modulate mood and emotion. Relying primarily on neurobiological literature, here we review what is known about how odors can affect emotions/moods and how emotions/moods may affect odor perception. We take the approach that form can provide insight into function by reviewing major brain regions and neural circuits underlying emotion and mood, and then reviewing the olfactory pathway in the context of that emotion/mood network. We highlight the extensive neuroanatomical opportunities for odor-emotion/mood convergence, as well as functional data demonstrating reciprocal interactions between these processes. Finally, we explore how the odor- emotion/mood interplay is, or could be, used in medical and/or commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kontaris
- Givaudan UK Limited, Health and Well-being Centre of Excellence, Ashford, United Kingdom
| | - Brett S East
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NC, United States.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Donald A Wilson
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NC, United States.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, United States
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213
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Walliczek-Dworschak U, Wendler J, Khan T, Aringer M, Hähner A, Hummel T. Chemosensory function is decreased in rheumatoid arthritis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 277:1675-1680. [PMID: 32128609 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-05874-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Research indicates that rheumatic disorders are accompanied by decreased chemosensory function. The present study aimed to specifically evaluate this issue in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS 212 RA patients (43 men, 169 women, mean age 59 ± 13.3 years), and 30 healthy controls (10 men, 20 women, mean age 40 ± 15.3 years), were included in this study. Chemosensory measurements consisted of olfactory testing using the "Sniffin' Sticks" test battery (with odor thresholds, odor discrimination and odor identification; OT, OD, OI) and gustatory testing on a suprathreshold and a quasi-threshold level using "taste sprays" and "taste strips", respectively. In addition, inflammatory markers (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein) and RA autoantibodies (anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides, RA factors) were evaluated. RESULTS Olfactory measurements showed 4% of the RA patients functionally anosmic and 40% hyposmic. RA patients scored significantly lower in suprathreshold olfactory tests (OD, OI) compared to controls (OI: 12.5 ± 2.5 vs. 14.1 ± 1.3; OD: 11.3 ± 2.7 vs. 12.9 ± 1.7). In addition, RA patient had decreased taste function compared to healthy individuals (10.4 ± 2.6 vs. 11.7 ± 1.7). Chemosensory function did not correlate with parameters related to the severity of disease. CONCLUSION Chemosensory function (taste, OD and OI) appears to be decreased in RA patients. In contrast, OT was not affected. Changes in chemosensory function seem to be independent of disease parameters such as duration of disease or disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Walliczek-Dworschak
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany. .,Klinik für Hals-Nasen und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg, Standort Marburg, Germany.
| | - Jörg Wendler
- Outpatient Clinic for Rheumatological Disorders, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tran Khan
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.,Outpatient Clinic for Rheumatological Disorders, Erlangen, Germany.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine III, TU, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Aringer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine III, TU, Dresden, Germany
| | - Antje Hähner
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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214
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Van Regemorter V, Hummel T, Rosenzweig F, Mouraux A, Rombaux P, Huart C. Mechanisms Linking Olfactory Impairment and Risk of Mortality. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:140. [PMID: 32153360 PMCID: PMC7046549 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfaction is a sense involved in a complex set of tasks, influencing eating behavior, increasing awareness of environmental hazards and affecting social communication. Surprisingly, smell disorders are very frequent, especially in the elderly population. Several recent studies conducted mostly in older subjects have demonstrated a strong association between olfactory impairment and overall mortality risk, with anosmia being even more predictive of 5 years mortality risk than cardiovascular disease. Presently, the underlying pathophysiology linking olfactory impairment to mortality remains unknown and only putative mechanisms are suggested. This review aims to examine the link between olfactory impairment and mortality and to discuss existing ideas on underlying existing mechanisms including, (1) the effect of olfactory loss on nutrition, life-threatening situations and social interactions, (2) associated neurodegenerative diseases, (3) accelerated brain aging, and (4) reflection of general health status being reflected in olfactory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Van Regemorter
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Flora Rosenzweig
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - André Mouraux
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Rombaux
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Huart
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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215
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Ekström I, Josefsson M, Larsson M, Rönnlund M, Nordin S, Olofsson JK. Subjective Olfactory Loss in Older Adults Concurs with Long-Term Odor Identification Decline. Chem Senses 2020; 44:105-112. [PMID: 30544138 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjy079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory impairments may provide early indications of future health outcomes in older adults. Thus, an important question concerns whether these impairments can be self-assessed. Previous findings of cross-sectional studies indicate low correlations between self-reported olfactory function and objective olfactory performance. On the other hand, subjective olfactory impairments predict future dementia and mortality in longitudinal settings. No previous study has assessed the relationship between subjectively and objectively measured decline in olfaction over time. Based on data for 903 older adults derived from the Betula Study, a Swedish population-based prospective study, we tested whether rate-of-change in odor identification could be predicted from subjective olfactory decline over a time span of 10 years during which subjective and objective odor functions were assessed on 2 or 3 test occasions. Indeed, we found that participants who experienced subjective olfactory decline over the study period also had significantly steeper rates of decline in odor identification, even after adjusting for demographic, cognitive, and genetic factors that previously have been associated with performance in odor identification. This association was, however, not present in a subsample with baseline cognitive impairment. We interpret these results as evidence that when asked about whether they have an olfactory impairment or not, older persons are assessing intraindividual olfactory changes, rather than interindividual differences. Our results indicate that subjective olfactory loss reflects objective olfactory decline in cognitively intact older adults. This association might be harnessed to predict health outcomes and highlights the need to develop effective olfactory self-assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Ekström
- Gösta Ekman Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Josefsson
- Center for Demographic and Ageing Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maria Larsson
- Gösta Ekman Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Steven Nordin
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonas K Olofsson
- Gösta Ekman Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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216
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Dicker D, Beck A, Markel A, Marcovicu D, Mazzawi S, Sarid M, Greenberg E, Atkinson RL. Weight Loss, Dietary Preferences, and Reduction in the Sense of Smell with the Use of a Novel Nasal Device. Obes Facts 2020; 13:473-486. [PMID: 32950989 PMCID: PMC7670359 DOI: 10.1159/000508976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exposure to food odors are known to increase food intake. Olfaction declines from age 50 years. OBJECTIVE We examined changes in the sense of smell, body weight, food preferences, and parameters of metabolic status, following the use of a specially designed nasal device. METHODS This is a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Participants wore a nasal device (soft silicone insert) for 5-12 h daily (device group) or inserted 2 drops of normal saline into each nostril daily (control group). Follow-up visits occurred every 2 weeks. All participants were given a 500 kcal/day reduced diet and instructed not to change their regular physical activity. Weight, food preferences, olfactory sensitivity, and blood tests were performed at baseline and after 12 weeks. RESULTS Of 156 participants, 65 (42%) completed the study. Sense of smell decreased in the device group (from 6.4 ± 0.9 to 4.4 ± 1.5, on a scale of 0-7, p < 0.001), and did not change in the control group. Weight loss decreased by 6.6 ± 3.7% (p = 0.001) and by 5.7 ± 3.5% (p = 0.001) in the respective groups (between-group difference, p > 0.05). Among participants aged ≤50 years, weight loss was greater in the device than in the control group (7.7 ± 4.2% vs. 4.1 ± 2.9%, p = 0.02). Insulin level and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were significantly reduced in the device group (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01, respectively), but not in the control group. Food preferences for sugar (p < 0.02), sweet beverages (p < 0.001), and artificial sweeteners (p < 0.02) were significantly reduced in the device group compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS The use of a novel self-administrated nasal device led to reduced olfactory sensitivity, improved insulin sensitivity, weight loss, and lesser preference for sweets in adults aged ≤50 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dror Dicker
- Internal Medicine D and Obesity Clinic, Hasharon Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel,
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel,
| | | | | | - Dana Marcovicu
- Internal Medicine D and Obesity Clinic, Hasharon Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel
| | - Salim Mazzawi
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Haemek Medical Center, Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion, Israel
| | | | | | - Richard L Atkinson
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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217
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Fornazieri MA, Garcia ECD, Lopes NMD, Miyazawa INI, Silva GDS, Monteiro RDS, Pinna FDR, Voegels RL, Doty RL. Adherence and Efficacy of Olfactory Training as a Treatment for Persistent Olfactory Loss. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2019; 34:238-248. [PMID: 31766853 DOI: 10.1177/1945892419887895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Among emerging therapies, olfactory training (OT) has been proposed as a potential treatment for persistent olfactory loss. This treatment has been suggested to improve olfactory function via sensorineural modulation from repeated odor exposure. However, due to the long treatment period that is required, many patients discontinue the treatment or do not follow the treatment regimen appropriately, potentially biasing estimates of treatment success. Moreover, spontaneous improvement is known to occur without any interventions. Objectives We evaluated both the adherence rates and the efficacy of OT in patients with persistent postinfectious, posttraumatic, or idiopathic olfactory loss. Methods Prospective observational study. Twenty-five patients with persistent olfactory loss underwent OT. Protocol adherence and olfactory function (scores on the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test or UPSIT) were assessed 3 and 6 months after the initiation of treatment. A minimum improvement of 5 UPSIT points was considered clinically significant and adherence throughout the study. Results The adherence rate of the patients after 3 months was 88% and after 6 months was 56%. The corresponding percentages of clinical improvement were 23.5% and 25%. There was no relation of age, sex, time of olfactory loss, race, the degree of olfactory loss, etiology, education, and type of training to the adherence rate or treatment efficacy. Conclusions In this patient population, adherence to training remained high in the first 3 months of OT but declined moderately thereafter. The observed prevalence and degree of improvement were similar to that reported a number of studies, including some studies whose patients did not receive OT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Aurélio Fornazieri
- Department of Clinical Surgery, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil.,Department of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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218
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Hendrix P, Fischer G, Krug J, Linnebach AC, Simgen A, Griessenauer CJ, Burkhardt BW, Oertel J. Olfactory dysfunction in patients undergoing supraorbital keyhole craniotomy for clipping of unruptured aneurysms. Clin Anat 2019; 33:316-323. [PMID: 31769083 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory performance has rarely been assessed in the perioperative phase of elective aneurysm surgery. Here, we assessed the risk for olfactory deterioration following surgical treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysm via the supraorbital keyhole craniotomy. A retrospective review of patients with electively treated cerebral aneurysms who underwent perioperative assessment of olfactory function using a sniffin' sticks odor identification test between January 2015 and January 2016 was performed. A subgroup of patients without history of subarachnoid hemorrhage, without prior aneurysm treatment, and confirmed olfactory function underwent supraorbital keyhole craniotomy for aneurysm clipping. Microscopic and endoscopic videos were reviewed for this subgroup. Sixty-four patients who underwent elective aneurysm treatment either via surgical clipping or endovascular aneurysm obliteration were identified. Prior to treatment, 4/64 (6.3%) demonstrated bilateral anosmia. Collectively, 14 patients (21.9%) met subgroup criteria of supraorbital keyhole craniotomy for aneurysm clipping. Here, olfactory performance significantly decreased postoperatively on the side of craniotomy (ipsilateral, P = 0.007), whereas contralateral and bilateral olfactory function remained unaltered (P = 0.301 and P = 0.582, respectively). Consequently, 4/14 patients (28.6%) demonstrated ipsilateral anosmia 3 months after surgery. One patient (1/14, 7.1%) also experienced contralateral anosmia resulting in bilateral anosmia. Intraoperative visualization of the olfactory tract and surgical maneuvers do not facilitate prediction of olfactory outcome. The supraorbital keyhole craniotomy harbors a specific risk for unilateral olfactory deterioration. Lack of perioperative olfactory assessment likely results in underestimation of the risk for olfactory decline. Despite uneventful surgery, prediction of postoperative olfactory function and dysfunction remain challenging. Clin. Anat. 33:316-323, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Hendrix
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Gerrit Fischer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Julian Krug
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Alan-Christopher Linnebach
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Andreas Simgen
- Department of Neuroradiology, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Christoph J Griessenauer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania.,Research Institute of Neurointervention, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Benedikt W Burkhardt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Joachim Oertel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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219
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Safety and efficacy of superior turbinate biopsies as a source of olfactory epithelium appropriate for morphological analysis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 277:483-492. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-019-05728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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220
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Bathini P, Brai E, Auber LA. Olfactory dysfunction in the pathophysiological continuum of dementia. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 55:100956. [PMID: 31479764 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sensory capacities like smell, taste, hearing, vision decline with aging, but increasing evidence show that sensory dysfunctions are one of the early signs diagnosing the conversion from physiological to pathological brain state. Smell loss represents the best characterized sense in clinical practice and is considered as one of the first preclinical signs of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, occurring a decade or more before the onset of cognitive and motor symptoms. Despite the numerous scientific reports and the adoption in clinical practice, the etiology of sensory damage as prodromal of dementia remains largely unexplored and more studies are needed to resolve the mechanisms underlying sensory network dysfunction. Although both cognitive and sensory domains are progressively affected, loss of sensory experience in early stages plays a major role in reducing the autonomy of demented people in their daily tasks or even possibly contributing to their cognitive decline. Interestingly, the chemosensory circuitry is devoid of a blood brain barrier, representing a vulnerable port of entry for neurotoxic species that can spread to the brain. Furthermore, the exposure of the olfactory system to the external environment make it more susceptible to mechanical injury and trauma, which can cause degenerative neuroinflammation. In this review, we will summarize several findings about chemosensory impairment signing the conversion from healthy to pathological brain aging and we will try to connect those observations to the promising research linking environmental influences to sporadic dementia. The scientific body of knowledge will support the use of chemosensory diagnostics in the presymptomatic stages of AD and other biomarkers with the scope of finding treatment strategies before the onset of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Bathini
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Emanuele Brai
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lavinia Alberi Auber
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Swiss Integrative Center of Human Health, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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221
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Sorokowska A, Groyecka A, Karwowski M, Frackowiak T, Lansford JE, Ahmadi K, Alghraibeh AM, Aryeetey R, Bertoni A, Bettache K, Blumen S, Blazejewska M, Bortolini T, Butovskaya M, Cantarero K, Castro FN, Cetinkaya H, Chang L, Chen BB, Cunha D, David D, David OA, Dileym FA, Domínguez Espinosa ADC, Donato S, Dronova D, Dural S, Fialová J, Fisher M, Gulbetekin E, Hamamcioglu Akkaya A, Hilpert P, Hromatko I, Iafrate R, Iesyp M, James B, Jaranovic J, Jiang F, Kimamo CO, Kjelvik G, Koç F, Laar A, Lopes FDA, Macbeth G, Marcano NM, Martinez R, Mesko N, Molodovskaya N, Moradi Qezeli K, Motahari Z, Mühlhauser A, Natividade JC, Ntayi J, Oberzaucher E, Ojedokun O, Omar-Fauzee MSB, Onyishi IE, Paluszak A, Pierce JD, Pillay U, Portugal A, Razumiejczyk E, Realo A, Relvas AP, Rivas M, Rizwan M, Salkicevic S, Sarmány-Schuller I, Schmehl S, Senyk O, Sinding C, Sorbring E, Stamkou E, Stoyanova S, Šukolová D, Sutresna N, Tadinac M, Tapanya S, Teras A, Tinoco Ponciano EL, Tripathi R, Tripathi N, Tripathi M, Uhryn O, Yamamoto ME, Yoo G, Sorokowski P. Global Study of Social Odor Awareness. Chem Senses 2019; 43:503-513. [PMID: 29955865 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjy038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfaction plays an important role in human social communication, including multiple domains in which people often rely on their sense of smell in the social context. The importance of the sense of smell and its role can however vary inter-individually and culturally. Despite the growing body of literature on differences in olfactory performance or hedonic preferences across the globe, the aspects of a given culture as well as culturally universal individual differences affecting odor awareness in human social life remain unknown. Here, we conducted a large-scale analysis of data collected from 10 794 participants from 52 study sites from 44 countries all over the world. The aim of our research was to explore the potential individual and country-level correlates of odor awareness in the social context. The results show that the individual characteristics were more strongly related than country-level factors to self-reported odor awareness in different social contexts. A model including individual-level predictors (gender, age, material situation, education, and preferred social distance) provided a relatively good fit to the data, but adding country-level predictors (Human Development Index, population density, and average temperature) did not improve model parameters. Although there were some cross-cultural differences in social odor awareness, the main differentiating role was played by the individual differences. This suggests that people living in different cultures and different climate conditions may still share some similar patterns of odor awareness if they share other individual-level characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agata Groyecka
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Khodabakhsh Ahmadi
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad M Alghraibeh
- Department of Psychology, College of Education, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Anna Bertoni
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Karim Bettache
- Department of Psychology, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Sheyla Blumen
- Department of Psychology, Pontificia Universidad Católica Del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Tiago Bortolini
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Unit, D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marina Butovskaya
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,National Research University, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Katarzyna Cantarero
- Faculty in Sopot, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Sopot, Poland
| | - Felipe Nalon Castro
- Laboratory of Evolution of Human Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal City, Brazil
| | | | - Lei Chang
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Bin-Bin Chen
- Department of Psychology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Diana Cunha
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniel David
- International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babes-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Oana A David
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babes-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Fahd A Dileym
- Department of Psychology, College of Education, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Silvia Donato
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daria Dronova
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Seda Dural
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Jitka Fialová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maryanne Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Canada
| | | | | | - Peter Hilpert
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
| | - Ivana Hromatko
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Raffaella Iafrate
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariana Iesyp
- Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Bawo James
- Department of Clinical Services, Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Benin-City, Nigeria
| | | | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Organization and Human Resources Management, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
| | | | - Grete Kjelvik
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences (MH), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Firat Koç
- Faculty of Literature, Department of Anthropology, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Amos Laar
- School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Fívia de Araújo Lopes
- Laboratory of Evolution of Human Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal City, Brazil
| | - Guillermo Macbeth
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, National University of Entre Rios, Concepción del Uruguay, Argentina
| | | | - Rocio Martinez
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Norbert Mesko
- Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean Carlos Natividade
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joseph Ntayi
- Faculty of Computing and Management Science, Makerere University Business School, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Oluyinka Ojedokun
- Department of Pure and Applied Psychology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria
| | | | - Ike E Onyishi
- Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Anna Paluszak
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - John D Pierce
- College of Science, Health, and the Liberal Arts, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Alda Portugal
- Department of Psychology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Centre for Social Studies, University of Madeira, Funchal, Madeira
| | - Eugenia Razumiejczyk
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, National University of Entre Rios, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anu Realo
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Ana Paula Relvas
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Social Studies, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Rivas
- Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Institute of Clinical Psychology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Svjetlana Salkicevic
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Sarmány-Schuller
- Center of Social and Psychological Sciences SAS, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Susanne Schmehl
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oksana Senyk
- Department of Psychology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Charlotte Sinding
- INRA, Centre des Sciences du Gout et de l'Alimentation - CSGA, Dijon, France
| | - Emma Sorbring
- Centre for Child and Youth Studies, University West, Trollhättan, Sweden
| | - Eftychia Stamkou
- Departament of Social Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stanislava Stoyanova
- Department of Psychology, South-West University "Neofit Rilski", Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria
| | - Denisa Šukolová
- Educational Research Centre, Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Nina Sutresna
- Jurusan Pendidikan Kepelatihan, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Meri Tadinac
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sombat Tapanya
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | | | - Ritu Tripathi
- Organizational Behaviour and Human Resource Management, Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, Bangalore, India
| | - Nachiketa Tripathi
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
| | - Mamta Tripathi
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology, School of Management, Chennai, India
| | - Olja Uhryn
- Faculty of Psychology, Lviv State University of Internal Affairs, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Maria Emília Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Evolution of Human Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal City, Brazil
| | - Gyesook Yoo
- Department of Child and Family Studies, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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222
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Chemosensory Perception: A Review on Electrophysiological Methods in “Cognitive Neuro-Olfactometry”. CHEMOSENSORS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors7030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Various brain imaging techniques are available, but few are specifically designed to visualize chemical sensory and, in particular, olfactory processing. This review describes the results of quantitative and qualitative studies that have used electroencephalography (EEG) and magneto-encephalography (MEG) to evaluate responses to olfactory stimulation (OS). EEG and MEG are able to detect the components of chemosensory event-related potentials (CSERPs) and the cortical rhythms associated with different types of OS. Olfactory studies are filling the gaps in both the developmental field of the life cycle (from newborns to geriatric age) and the clinical and basic research fields, in a way that can be considered the modern “cognitive neuro-olfactometry”.
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223
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Khurshid K, Crow AJD, Rupert PE, Minniti NL, Carswell MA, Mechanic-Hamilton DJ, Kamath V, Doty RL, Moberg PJ, Roalf DR. A Quantitative Meta-analysis of Olfactory Dysfunction in Epilepsy. Neuropsychol Rev 2019; 29:328-337. [PMID: 31144106 PMCID: PMC6766414 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-019-09406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction in epilepsy is well-documented in several olfactory domains. However, the clinical specificity of these deficits remains unknown. The aim of this systematic meta-analysis was to determine which domains of olfactory ability were most impaired in individuals with epilepsy, and to assess moderating factors affecting olfactory ability. Extant peer-reviewed literature on olfaction in epilepsy were identified via a computerized literature search using PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, and Google Scholar databases. Twenty-one articles met inclusion criteria. These studies included a total of 912 patients with epilepsy and 794 healthy comparison subjects. Included studies measured olfaction using tests of odor identification, discrimination, memory, and detection threshold in patients with different types of epilepsy, including temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), mixed frontal epilepsy (M-F), and mixed epilepsy (MIX). Olfactory deficits were robust in patients with epilepsy when compared to healthy individuals, with effect sizes in the moderate to large range for several olfactory domains, including odor identification (d = -1.59), memory (d = -1.10), discrimination (d = -1.04), and detection threshold (d = -0.58). Olfactory deficits were most prominent in patients with TLE and M-F epilepsy. Amongst patients with epilepsy, sex, age, smoking status, education, handedness, and age of illness onset were significantly related to olfactory performance. Overall, these meta-analytic findings indicate that the olfactory system is compromised in epilepsy and suggest that detailed neurobiological investigations of the olfactory system may provide further insight into this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Khurshid
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrew J D Crow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Petra E Rupert
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nancy L Minniti
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Dawn J Mechanic-Hamilton
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vidyulata Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard L Doty
- Smell & Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul J Moberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Smell & Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David R Roalf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Yoo F, Soler ZM, Mulligan JK, Storck KA, Lamira JM, Pasquini WN, Hill JB, Noonan TE, Washington BJ, Schlosser RJ. Olfactory cleft mucus proteins associated with olfactory dysfunction in a cohort without chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2019; 9:1151-1158. [PMID: 31442006 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a common problem, affecting up to 20% of the general population. Previous studies identified olfactory cleft mucus proteins associated with OD in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) but not in a healthy population. In this study we aimed to identify olfactory cleft mucus proteins associated with olfaction in individuals without sinus disease. METHODS Subjects free of sinus disease completed medical history questionnaires that collected data regarding demographics, comorbidities, and past exposures. Olfactory testing was performed using Sniffin' Sticks, evaluating threshold, discrimination, and identification. Olfactory cleft mucus (OC) and, in select cases, inferior turbinate mucus (IT) were collected with Leukosorb paper and assays performed for 17 proteins, including growth factors, cytokines/chemokines, cell-cycle regulators, and odorant-binding protein (OBP). RESULTS Fifty-six subjects were enrolled in the study, with an average age of 47.8 (standard deviation [SD], 17.6) years, including 33 females (58.9%). The average threshold/discrimination/identification (TDI) score was 30.3 (SD, 6.4). In localization studies, OBP concentrations were significantly higher in OC than IT mucus (p = 0.006). Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A/p16INK4a), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2/MCP-1), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20/MIP-3a) all inversely correlated with overall TDI (all rho ≥ -0.479, p ≤ 0.004). Stem cell factor (SCF) correlated positively with overall TDI (rho = 0.510, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION Placement of Leukosorb paper is relatively site-specific for olfactory proteins and it is feasible to collect a variety of olfactory cleft proteins that correlate with olfactory function. Further study is required to determine mechanisms of OD in non-CRS subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Yoo
- Division of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Zachary M Soler
- Division of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Jennifer K Mulligan
- Division of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Kristina A Storck
- Division of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Jensine M Lamira
- Division of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Whitney N Pasquini
- Division of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Jonathan B Hill
- Division of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Tegan E Noonan
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC
| | | | - Rodney J Schlosser
- Division of Rhinology and Sinus Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC.,Department of Surgery, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC
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225
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Ganjaei KG, Soler ZM, Mappus ED, Worley ML, Rowan NR, Garcia GJM, Matthews LJ, Dubno JR, Eckert MA, Schlosser RJ. Radiologic changes in the aging nasal cavity. Rhinology 2019; 57:117-124. [PMID: 30352446 DOI: 10.4193/rhin18.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With an aging population, it is important to understand age-related anatomic changes in the nasal cavity and cribriform plate (CP) that may have clinical implications. METHODOLOGY Computed tomography (CT) scans obtained for non-rhinologic conditions were divided into a young cohort (N=35, 18-34 years old) and an older adult cohort (N=32, 80-99 years old). Intranasal airspace volumes and bony anatomy of the CP were manually segmented using OsiriX software. The CP was assessed for mean Hounsfield Units (HU) and percentage of olfactory foramina. Deformation based morphometry (DBM) was then performed on the same cohort and correlated with manual measurements. RESULTS Individual nasal cavity volumes increased 17-75% with age. Regression analysis of all scans revealed age to be the predominant variable influencing intranasal volume differences when controlling for sex and head size. Mean HU of the CP negatively correlated with age. No age-related differences in bone stenosis of olfactory foramina were identified. Automated DBM measurements of intranasal volumes, as well as CP and zygoma mean HU correlated with manual measurements. CONCLUSION Older subjects have a global increase in intranasal volumes and diffuse bone density loss in the CP. The clinical impact of age-related anatomic changes in the nasal cavity and CP requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia G Ganjaei
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ United States
| | - Zachary M Soler
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC United States
| | - Elliott D Mappus
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC United States
| | - Mitchell L Worley
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC United States
| | - Nicholas R Rowan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC United States
| | - Guilherme J M Garcia
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Lois J Matthews
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC United States
| | - Judy R Dubno
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC United States
| | - Mark A Eckert
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC United States
| | - Rodney J Schlosser
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC United States
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226
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Scaling Principles of Distributed Circuits. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2533-2540.e7. [PMID: 31327712 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Identifying shared quantitative features of a neural circuit across species is important for 3 reasons. Often expressed in the form of power laws and called scaling relationships [1, 2], they reveal organizational principles of circuits, make insights gleaned from model systems widely applicable, and explain circuit performance and function, e.g., visual circuits [3, 4]. The visual circuit is topographic [5, 6], wherein retinal neurons target and activate predictable spatial loci in primary visual cortex. The brain, however, contains many circuits, where neuronal targets and activity are unpredictable and distributed throughout the circuit, e.g., olfactory circuits, in which glomeruli (or mitral cells) in the olfactory bulb synapse with neurons distributed throughout the piriform cortex [7-10]. It is unknown whether such circuits, which we term distributed circuits, are scalable. To determine whether distributed circuits scale, we obtained quantitative descriptions of the olfactory bulb and piriform cortex in six mammals using stereology techniques and light microscopy. Two conserved features provide evidence of scalability. First, the number of piriform neurons n and bulb glomeruli g scale as n∼g3/2. Second, the average number of synapses between a bulb glomerulus and piriform neuron is invariant at one. Using theory and modeling, we show that these two features preserve the discriminatory ability and precision of odor information across the olfactory circuit. As both abilities depend on circuit size, manipulating size provides evolution with a way to adapt a species to its niche without designing developmental programs de novo. These principles might apply to other distributed circuits like the hippocampus.
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227
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Doty RL, Wylie C, Potter M, Beston R, Cope B, Majam K. Clinical validation of the olfactory detection threshold module of the Snap & Sniff® olfactory test system. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2019; 9:986-992. [PMID: 31283113 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantitative olfactory testing is essential to determine the validity and nature of a patient's complaint, accurately monitor changes in function over time (including influences of pharmacological, surgical, or immunological interventions), detect malingering, and establish disability compensation. This work describes the clinical validation of an advanced rapid odor detection threshold test that standardizes odorant delivery and eliminates unsanitary sniff bottles, the need for blindfolds, and the possibility of touching an odorant stimulus to the nose. METHODS Snap & Sniff® single-staircase phenyl ethyl alcohol detection thresholds (S&S-Ts) were assessed bilaterally in 736 patients with chemosensory complaints; 421 received both bilateral and unilateral testing. The results were correlated with scores from the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) and the Smell Threshold Test (STT), a widely-used standardized threshold test. Test-retest reliability data were obtained for 50 patients. RESULTS S&S-Ts were highly reliable (Spearman r = 0.84), correlated with the other olfactory test measures (rs > 0.65, ps < 0.0001), and required significantly shorter administration times than the STT (<10 minutes). Bilateral thresholds were systematically lower than unilateral thresholds, a phenomenon independent of presentation order but dependent upon the better functioning side of the nose. The S&S-Ts were sensitive to age and sex. No systematic left:right nasal side threshold differences were evident. CONCLUSION The present study validates the use of Snap & Sniff® technology in the clinic setting. High test-retest reliability and brief administration times were evident. The S&S-T test allows for a reliable, valid, inexpensive, and rapid clinical means for quantitatively assessing human olfactory sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Doty
- Smell & Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Crystal Wylie
- Smell & Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mark Potter
- Smell & Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Rachel Beston
- Smell & Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Brooke Cope
- Smell & Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kelsey Majam
- Smell & Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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228
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Tahmasebi R, Zehetmayer S, Stögmann E, Lehrner J. Awareness of Olfactory Dysfunction in Subjective Cognitive Decline, Mild Cognitive Decline, and Alzheimer’s Disease. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-019-09267-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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229
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Genva M, Kenne Kemene T, Deleu M, Lins L, Fauconnier ML. Is It Possible to Predict the Odor of a Molecule on the Basis of its Structure? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123018. [PMID: 31226833 PMCID: PMC6627536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory sense is the dominant sensory perception for many animals. When Richard Axel and Linda B. Buck received the Nobel Prize in 2004 for discovering the G protein-coupled receptors’ role in olfactory cells, they highlighted the importance of olfaction to the scientific community. Several theories have tried to explain how cells are able to distinguish such a wide variety of odorant molecules in a complex context in which enantiomers can result in completely different perceptions and structurally different molecules. Moreover, sex, age, cultural origin, and individual differences contribute to odor perception variations that complicate the picture. In this article, recent advances in olfaction theory are presented, and future trends in human olfaction such as structure-based odor prediction and artificial sniffing are discussed at the frontiers of chemistry, physiology, neurobiology, and machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Genva
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Tierry Kenne Kemene
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Magali Deleu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics at Interfaces, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Laurence Lins
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics at Interfaces, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Marie-Laure Fauconnier
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
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230
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Silva MDME, Viveiros CP, Kotsifas NJE, Duarte A, Dib E, Mercer PBS, Pessoa RR, Witt MCZ. Olfactory impairment in frontotemporal dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dement Neuropsychol 2019; 13:154-161. [PMID: 31285789 PMCID: PMC6601313 DOI: 10.1590/1980-57642018dn13-020003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) presents clinically in three variants: one behavioral and two with progressive primary aphasia - non-fluent/agrammatic and semantic. Defined by the degenerative process and cerebral atrophy, olfactory dysfunction occurs in up to 96% of previous FTD case series. Objective the present study aims to critically synthesize data about the relationship between FTD and olfactory impairment to analyze the usefulness of olfactory evaluation tests as a complementary element in early diagnosis. Methods a database search was performed using the keywords "olfactory OR smell OR olfaction AND frontotemporal dementia". We included studies that evaluated olfactory function in patients diagnosed with frontotemporal dementia, all subtypes, compared with age-matched healthy controls. For comparative purposes, the effect size was calculated using Cohen's D. The studies selected were categorized according to dementia variant and olfactory test type. A meta-analysis was performed using forest plots - homogeneity was evaluated by statistical tests (i2 and Cochran Q). Results ten articles met the inclusion criteria. Heterogeneity was classified as low for semantic dementia olfactory identification and behavioral variant olfactory discrimination groups (i2 = 0 and 3.4%, respectively) and as moderate for the behavioral variant olfactory identification group (i2 = 32.6%). Conclusion patients with the frontotemporal dementia behavioral variant seem to present with alterations in odor identification, but with preserved discrimination. Scent identification also seems to be impaired in semantic dementia. Therefore, we conclude that olfactory evaluation in these patients is possibly impacted by cognitive alterations and not by sensory deficits. Application of olfactory tests may prove important in differentiating prodromal states from other types of dementia with more pronounced olfactory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren de Moraes E Silva
- Neurology Department, Hospital da Cruz Vermelha Brasileira Filial Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alexia Duarte
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Evelyn Dib
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Ramina Pessoa
- Neurology Department, Hospital da Cruz Vermelha Brasileira Filial Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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231
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Norwood JN, Zhang Q, Card D, Craine A, Ryan TM, Drew PJ. Anatomical basis and physiological role of cerebrospinal fluid transport through the murine cribriform plate. eLife 2019; 8:44278. [PMID: 31063132 PMCID: PMC6524970 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows through the brain, transporting chemical signals and removing waste. CSF production in the brain is balanced by a constant outflow of CSF, the anatomical basis of which is poorly understood. Here, we characterized the anatomy and physiological function of the CSF outflow pathway along the olfactory sensory nerves through the cribriform plate, and into the nasal epithelia. Chemical ablation of olfactory sensory nerves greatly reduced outflow of CSF through the cribriform plate. The reduction in CSF outflow did not cause an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP), consistent with an alteration in the pattern of CSF drainage or production. Our results suggest that damage to olfactory sensory neurons (such as from air pollution) could contribute to altered CSF turnover and flow, providing a potential mechanism for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan N Norwood
- Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Qingguang Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - David Card
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Amanda Craine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Timothy M Ryan
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Patrick J Drew
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
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232
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Sampaio TB, Soares de Souza B, Roversi K, Schuh T, Poli A, Takahashi RN, Prediger RD. Temporal development of behavioral impairments in rats following locus coeruleus lesion induced by 6-hydroxydopamine: Involvement of β 3-adrenergic receptors. Neuropharmacology 2019; 151:98-111. [PMID: 30959019 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Noradrenergic degeneration in the locus coeruleus (LC) seems a convergent neuropathological marker of different neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, we investigated the temporal development of apoptotic signaling activation in the LC, noradrenergic dysfunction and behavioral impairments in rats following the noradrenergic lesion of the LC. For this purpose, the dopamine reuptake inhibitor nomifensine was administered 1 h before the stereotaxic bilateral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; 5, 10 or 20 μg/hem) into the LC. The behavioral and neurochemical analyses were performed at 7, 21 and 42 days after 6-OHDA injections. All doses of 6-OHDA induced neuronal death in LC, but only the highest dose (20 μg/hem) disrupted the motor function. 6-OHDA (5 μg/hem) injection induced short-term memory deficits in all periods, olfactory discrimination and long-term memory impairments at 7 days, and depressive-like behaviors at 21 and 42 days after injection. Moreover, 6-OHDA infusion increased Bax/Bcl2 ratio and caspase 3 levels, and decreased the dopamine β-hydroxylase immunocontent in the LC. Noradrenergic neurotransmission dysfunction was observed in the LC, olfactory bulb, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum. The intranasal (i.n.) noradrenaline (NA) infusion restored the impairments in the olfactory discrimination, short-term memory and depressive-like behavior of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. In addition, these effects were blocked by the prior i.n. infusion of the β3-adrenergic receptor antagonist SR59230A. These findings indicate that the 6-OHDA injection into the LC induced the apoptosis signaling activation, noradrenergic neurotransmission dysfunction and behavioral impairments that were restored via β3-adrenergic receptors activation mediated by the i.n. NA administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuane Bazanella Sampaio
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Bruna Soares de Souza
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Katiane Roversi
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Tayná Schuh
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Anicleto Poli
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Naoto Takahashi
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Rui Daniel Prediger
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Hung Y, Wijnhoven HAH, Visser M, Verbeke W. Appetite and Protein Intake Strata of Older Adults in the European Union: Socio-Demographic and Health Characteristics, Diet-Related and Physical Activity Behaviours. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040777. [PMID: 30987278 PMCID: PMC6521269 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable efforts have been directed towards stimulating healthy ageing regarding protein intake and malnutrition, yet large-scale consumer studies are scarce and fragmented. This study aims to profile older adults in the European Union (EU) according to appetite (poor/good) and protein intake (lower/higher) strata, and to identify dietary and physical activity behaviours. A survey with older (aged 65 years or above) adults (n = 1825) in five EU countries (Netherlands, United Kingdom, Finland, Spain and Poland) was conducted in June 2017. Four appetite and protein intake strata were identified based on simplified nutritional appetite questionnaire (SNAQ) scores (≤14 versus >14) and the probability of a protein intake below 1.0 g/kg adjusted BW/day (≥0.3 versus <0.3) based on the 14-item Pro55+ screener: "appi"-Poor appetite and lower level of protein intake (12.2%); "APpi"-Good appetite but lower level of protein intake (25.5%); "apPI"-Poor appetite but higher level of protein intake (14.8%); and "APPI"-Good appetite and higher level of protein intake (47.5%). The stratum of older adults with a poor appetite and lower level of protein intake (12.2%) is characterized by a larger share of people aged 70 years or above, living in the UK or Finland, having an education below tertiary level, who reported some or severe financial difficulties, having less knowledge about dietary protein and being fussier about food. This stratum also tends to have a higher risk of malnutrition in general, oral-health related problems, experience more difficulties in mobility and meal preparation, lower confidence in their ability to engage in physical activities in difficult situations, and a lower readiness to follow dietary advice. Two multivariate linear regression models were used to identify the behavioural determinants that might explain the probability of lower protein intake, stratified by appetite status. This study provides an overview and highlights the similarities and differences in the strata profiles. Recommendations for optimal dietary and physical activity strategies to prevent protein malnutrition were derived, discussed and tailored according to older adults' profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung Hung
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Hanneke A H Wijnhoven
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marjolein Visser
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Wim Verbeke
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Melis M, Sollai G, Masala C, Pisanu C, Cossu G, Melis M, Sarchioto M, Oppo V, Morelli M, Crnjar R, Hummel T, Tomassini Barbarossa I. Odor Identification Performance in Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease Is Associated With Gender and the Genetic Variability of the Olfactory Binding Protein. Chem Senses 2019; 44:311-318. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjz020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melania Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Giorgia Sollai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Carla Masala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Claudia Pisanu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cossu
- Neurology Service and Stroke Unit, A.O. Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marta Melis
- Neurology Service and Stroke Unit, A.O. Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Oppo
- Neurology Service and Stroke Unit, A.O. Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Micaela Morelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Roberto Crnjar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Drareni K, Dougkas A, Giboreau A, Laville M, Souquet PJ, Bensafi M. Relationship between food behavior and taste and smell alterations in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: A structured review. Semin Oncol 2019; 46:160-172. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Bathini P, Mottas A, Jaquet M, Brai E, Alberi L. Progressive signaling changes in the olfactory nerve of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 76:80-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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237
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Nakashima T, Katayama N, Sugiura S, Teranishi M, Suzuki H, Hirabayashi M, Ishida K, Nawa H. Olfactory Function in Persons with Cerebral Palsy. JOURNAL OF POLICY AND PRACTICE IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jppi.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Nakashima
- Ichinomiya Medical Treatment & Habilitation Center Ichinomiya, Aichi, 494‐0018 Japan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology
| | - Naomi Katayama
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyNagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Food ScienceNagoya Women's University
| | - Saiko Sugiura
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology
| | - Masaaki Teranishi
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyNagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hirokazu Suzuki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology
| | - Mayumi Hirabayashi
- Ichinomiya Medical Treatment & Habilitation Center Ichinomiya, Aichi, 494‐0018 Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Nawa
- Ichinomiya Medical Treatment & Habilitation Center Ichinomiya, Aichi, 494‐0018 Japan
- Department of Pediatric DentistrySchool of Dentistry, Aichi‐gakuin University
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238
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Uchida S, Ito Y, Kagitani F. Effects of nicotine on odor-induced increases in regional blood flow in the olfactory bulb in rats. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:425-431. [PMID: 30600444 PMCID: PMC10717050 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-018-00657-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation on the odor-induced blood flow response in the olfactory bulb. In urethane-anesthetized rats, odor stimulation (5% amyl acetate, 30 s) produced an increase in olfactory bulb blood flow (reaching 107% ± 3% of the pre-stimulus basal values), without changes in frontal cortical blood flow or mean arterial pressure. Intravenous injection of nicotine (30 μg/kg), a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, significantly augmented the odor-induced increase response of olfactory bulb blood flow, without changes in the basal blood flow level. The nicotine-induced augmentation of the olfactory bulb blood flow response to odor was negated by dihydro-β-erythroidine, an α4β2-preferring nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. Our results suggest that the activation of α4β2-like neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain potentiates an odor-induced blood flow response in the olfactory bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Uchida
- Department of Autonomic Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
| | - Yoshie Ito
- Department of Autonomic Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Fusako Kagitani
- Department of Autonomic Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
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239
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Hendrix P, Fischer G, Linnebach AC, Krug JB, Linsler S, Griessenauer CJ, Oertel J. Perioperative olfactory dysfunction in patients with meningiomas of the anteromedial skull base. Clin Anat 2019; 32:524-533. [PMID: 30702166 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction represents a main symptom in olfactory groove meningiomas (OGM). Besides this, olfactory function has been sparsely investigated in patients suffering from supratentorial meningiomas. Here, the authors explore pre- and postoperative variables associated with olfactory dysfunction in supratentorial meningioma patients. This is a retrospective study on supratentorial meningioma patients who underwent meningioma resection between January 2015 and January 2016. Preoperative and postoperative olfactory performance was quantified using a lateralized sniffin' stick odor identification test. Meningiomas affecting the olfactory system (n = 23) were compared to meningiomas in other locations among the control group (n = 40). Meningiomas that affected the olfactory system had odds of 3.6 and 3.7 in being associated with ipsilateral (lesional) and bilateral anosmia, respectively. Subgroup analysis revealed that meningiomas causing a midline shift across the frontal base and older age represented risk factors for preoperative anosmia. The odds of experiencing acquired postoperative ipsilateral anosmia were significantly increased in olfactory system affecting meningiomas (OR 11.1). Subgroup analysis highlighted OGMs to represent the predominant location associated with deterioration. General surgical complications predisposed patients to loss of contralateral (OR 12.3) and bilateral olfactory function (OR 27.8). Older age and meningiomas causing a midline shift across the frontal base predispose patients to preoperative olfactory dysfunction. Resection of OGMs and surgical complications are risk factors for postoperative olfactory deterioration to anosmia. Likely, olfactory dysfunction is underrecognized even in OGMs. In OGM surgery, however, preoperative lateralized testing might be critical to selecting an appropriate surgical route to preserve olfactory function. Clin. Anat. 32:524-533, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Hendrix
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Gerrit Fischer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Alan-Christopher Linnebach
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Julian B Krug
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Stefan Linsler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Christoph J Griessenauer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Geisinger, Danville, Pennsylvania.,Research Institute of Neurointervention, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Joachim Oertel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
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240
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Martinec Nováková L, Havlíček J. Time, Age, Gender, and Test Practice Effects on Children’s Olfactory Performance: a Two-Year Longitudinal Study. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-019-09260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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241
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Dintica CS, Marseglia A, Rizzuto D, Wang R, Seubert J, Arfanakis K, Bennett DA, Xu W. Impaired olfaction is associated with cognitive decline and neurodegeneration in the brain. Neurology 2019; 92:e700-e709. [PMID: 30651382 PMCID: PMC6382360 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000006919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We aimed to examine whether impaired olfaction is associated with cognitive decline and indicators of neurodegeneration in the brain of dementia-free older adults. Methods Within the Rush Memory and Aging Project, 380 dementia-free participants (mean age = 78 years) were followed for up to 15 years, and underwent MRI scans. Olfactory function was assessed using the Brief Smell Identification Test (B-SIT) at baseline, and categorized as anosmia (B-SIT <6), hyposmia (B-SIT 6–10 in men and 6–10.25 in women), and normal (B-SIT 10.25–12 in men and 10.5–12 in women). Cognitive function was annually assessed with a battery of 21 tests, from which composite scores were derived. Structural total and regional brain volumes were estimated. Data were analyzed using linear regression and mixed-effects models. Results At study entry, 138 (36.3%) had normal olfactory function, 213 (56.1%) had hyposmia, and 29 (7.6%) had anosmia. In multiadjusted mixed-effects models, hyposmia (β = −0.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.05 to −0.02) and anosmia (β = −0.13, 95% CI −0.16 to −0.09) were associated with faster rate of cognitive decline compared to normal olfaction. On MRI, impaired olfaction (hyposmia or anosmia) was related to smaller volumes of the hippocampus (β = −0.19, 95% CI −0.33 to −0.05), and in the entorhinal (β = −0.16, 95% CI −0.24 to −0.08), fusiform (β = −0.45, 95% CI −0.78 to −0.14), and middle temporal (β = −0.38, 95% CI −0.72 to −0.01) cortices. Conclusion Impaired olfaction predicts faster cognitive decline and might indicate neurodegeneration in the brain among dementia-free older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S Dintica
- From the Aging Research Center (C.S.D., A.M., D.R., R.W., J.S., W.X.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.S.), Psychology Division, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Engineering (K.A.), Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (K.A., D.A.B.), and Department of Neurological Sciences (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (W.X.), School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, China.
| | - Anna Marseglia
- From the Aging Research Center (C.S.D., A.M., D.R., R.W., J.S., W.X.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.S.), Psychology Division, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Engineering (K.A.), Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (K.A., D.A.B.), and Department of Neurological Sciences (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (W.X.), School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Debora Rizzuto
- From the Aging Research Center (C.S.D., A.M., D.R., R.W., J.S., W.X.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.S.), Psychology Division, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Engineering (K.A.), Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (K.A., D.A.B.), and Department of Neurological Sciences (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (W.X.), School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Rui Wang
- From the Aging Research Center (C.S.D., A.M., D.R., R.W., J.S., W.X.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.S.), Psychology Division, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Engineering (K.A.), Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (K.A., D.A.B.), and Department of Neurological Sciences (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (W.X.), School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Janina Seubert
- From the Aging Research Center (C.S.D., A.M., D.R., R.W., J.S., W.X.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.S.), Psychology Division, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Engineering (K.A.), Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (K.A., D.A.B.), and Department of Neurological Sciences (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (W.X.), School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Konstantinos Arfanakis
- From the Aging Research Center (C.S.D., A.M., D.R., R.W., J.S., W.X.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.S.), Psychology Division, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Engineering (K.A.), Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (K.A., D.A.B.), and Department of Neurological Sciences (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (W.X.), School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - David A Bennett
- From the Aging Research Center (C.S.D., A.M., D.R., R.W., J.S., W.X.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.S.), Psychology Division, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Engineering (K.A.), Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (K.A., D.A.B.), and Department of Neurological Sciences (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (W.X.), School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Weili Xu
- From the Aging Research Center (C.S.D., A.M., D.R., R.W., J.S., W.X.), Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (J.S.), Psychology Division, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Engineering (K.A.), Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (K.A., D.A.B.), and Department of Neurological Sciences (D.A.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (W.X.), School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, China.
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Abstract
Of the principal sensory systems (vision, olfaction, taste, hearing, and balance), olfaction is one of the oldest. This ubiquitous system has both peripheral and central subdivisions. The peripheral subdivision is comprised of the olfactory epithelium and nerve fascicles, whereas the central subdivision is made up of the olfactory bulb and its central connections. Humans lack the "accessory olfactory system" of many other mammals, exhibiting only a nonfunctioning vestige of its peripheral element, the vomeronasal organ. Compared to most mammals, major elements of the human olfactory system are reduced; for example, humans have fewer turbinates than many mammals, and their olfactory epithelia are found only on one or two of these structures and their adjacent surfaces. Nonetheless, humans retain a full complement of functional cellular elements including a regenerating population of olfactory sensory neurons. These neurons extend long ciliary processes into the mucus that form a mat of cilia on which the odorant receptors are located. The olfactory sensory neurons send their axons directly to synapse within the olfactory bulb. Mitral and tufted cells then relay impulses from the bulb to other brain regions. This chapter describes the general anatomy and microanatomy of the olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Smith
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, PA, United States.
| | - Kunwar P Bhatnagar
- Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States
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243
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Salazar I, Sanchez-Quinteiro P, Barrios AW, López Amado M, Vega JA. Anatomy of the olfactory mucosa. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 164:47-65. [PMID: 31604563 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63855-7.00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The classic notion that humans are microsmatic animals was born from comparative anatomy studies showing the reduction in the size of both the olfactory bulbs and the limbic brain relative to the whole brain. However, the human olfactory system contains a number of neurons comparable to that of most other mammals, and humans have exquisite olfactory abilities. Major advances in molecular and genetic research have resulted in the identification of extremely large gene families that express receptors for sensing odors. Such advances have led to a renaissance of studies focused on both human and nonhuman aspects of olfactory physiology and function. Evidence that olfactory dysfunction is among the earliest signs of a number of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders has led to considerable interest in the use of olfactory epithelial biopsies for potentially identifying such disorders. Moreover, the unique features of the olfactory ensheathing cells have made the olfactory mucosa a promising and unexpected source of cells for treating spinal cord injuries and other neural injuries in which cell guidance is critical. The olfactory system of humans and other primates differs in many ways from that of other species. In this chapter we provide an overview of the anatomy of not only the human olfactory mucosa but of mucosae from a range of mammals from which more detailed information is available. Basic information regarding the general organization of the olfactory mucosa, including its receptor cells and the large number of other cell types critical for their maintenance and function, is provided. Cross-species comparisons are made when appropriate. The polemic issue of the human vomeronasal organ in both the adult and fetus is discussed, along with recent findings regarding olfactory subsystems within the nose of a number of mammals (e.g., the septal organ and Grüneberg ganglion).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Salazar
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Unit of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Pablo Sanchez-Quinteiro
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Unit of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Arthur W Barrios
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology and Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Nacional Mayor of San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Manuel López Amado
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital La Coruña, La Coruña, Spain
| | - José A Vega
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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244
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Fluitman KS, Nadar HJ, Roos DS, Berendse HW, Keijser BJF, Nieuwdorp M, Ijzerman RG, Visser M. The Association of Olfactory Function with BMI, Appetite, and Prospective Weight Change in Dutch Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Nutr Health Aging 2019; 23:746-752. [PMID: 31560033 PMCID: PMC6768901 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-019-1241-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The olfactory decline that often accompanies aging is thought to contribute to undernutrition in older adults. It is believed to negatively affect eating pleasure, appetite, food intake and subsequently nutritional status. We have evaluated the associations of olfactory function with BMI, appetite and prospective weight change in a cohort of Dutch community-dwelling older adults. DESIGN Cross-sectional cohort study. PARTICIPANTS Dutch community-dwelling older adults from the ongoing Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA). Measurements and setting: In 2012-2013, the 40-item University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) was administered to 824 LASA participants to evaluate their olfactory function. Body weight, height, appetite, comorbidity, cognitive status and socio-demographic factors were also assessed. Follow-up weight was measured after three years. RESULTS 673 participants (aged 55-65 years) were included in the regression analyses. Median UPSIT-score was 33. When adjusted for potential confounders, lower UPSIT-score (indicative of poorer olfactory function) was not associated with poor appetite (OR = 1.062, p = 0.137) or prospective weight change (B = -0.027, p = 0.548). It was, however, associated with lower BMI in smokers (B = 0.178, p = 0.032), but not in non-smokers (B = -0.015, p = 0.732). CONCLUSION Lower olfactory function scores were associated with lower BMI in community-dwelling older adults who smoke, but not with appetite or prospective weight change. Therefore, smoking older adults with olfactory impairments may pose as a vulnerable group with respect to developing undernutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Fluitman
- Drs. K. S. Fluitman, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, E-mail: , Tel: +31(20)4440651
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245
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Abstract
The senses of smell and taste are largely underappreciated by laypersons and medical professionals alike. Unlike vision, hearing, balance, and touch, they are rarely evaluated quantitatively in the clinic, even though hundreds of thousands of persons seek medical help annually for disorders of these senses. Chemosensory disorders impact quality of life, including the flavor of foods and beverages, and compromise the ability to detect such environmental hazards as fires, leaking natural gas, and spoiled foodstuffs. Moreover, olfactory dysfunction can be a harbinger for Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases, and is known to triple the likelihood of mortality in older persons over the course of 4 or 5 years. Without accurate testing, one cannot establish the veracity of a patient's complaint, the probability of malingering, the impact of treatments, and whether the degree of dysfunction is normal relative to a patient's age and sex. This chapter provides basic information as to how to measure both the senses of smell and taste, as well as normative data for several clinical smell and taste tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center and Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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246
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Höglund E, Ekman S, Stuhr-Olsson G, Lundgren C, Albinsson B, Signäs M, Karlsson C, Rothenberg E, Wendin K. A meal concept designed for older adults - Small, enriched meals including dessert. Food Nutr Res 2018; 62:1572. [PMID: 30574052 PMCID: PMC6294839 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v62.1572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The population of older adults is growing and many are at risk of disease-related malnutrition. This is a serious condition which increases the risk for other diseases and distress, human suffering and puts a high load on health care costs. Meal concepts tailored to suit the needs of older adults are required to decrease the incidence of disease-related malnutrition. Objective To evaluate sensory perception regarding a concept of small, protein and energy-enriched multi-component meals designed according to the nutritional needs of older adults. Design A meal concept of small main courses with complementary desserts and protein and energy-enriched products was evaluated using triangle tests, hedonic evaluation and focus group discussion. Enriched sauces and meals were compared to corresponding commercial products regarding appearance, taste, consistency and overall acceptance. Results The concept of a small main course with a complementary dessert was generally perceived as positive by the target group. The acceptance scores for the enriched meals were generally lower than for the commercial meals, mainly owing to the packaging of the enriched meals which required covering the food in sauce. Enriched sauces contained approximately 90% more protein than the commercial sauces. However, protein enrichment affected the sensory properties of the sauces and they were perceived as thicker, creamier and less flavour-intensive. Conclusions A concept based on small, protein and energy-enriched meals supplemented with a dessert was considered suitable for increasing the energy and protein intakes of older adults provided that the method of enrichment ensures attractive sensorial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Höglund
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Agrifood and Bioscience, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Susanne Ekman
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Agrifood and Bioscience, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Berit Albinsson
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Agrifood and Bioscience, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Karin Wendin
- Food and Meal Science, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden.,Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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247
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Kurth F, Cherbuin N, Luders E. Age but no sex effects on subareas of the amygdala. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 40:1697-1704. [PMID: 30549129 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The amygdala, an anatomical composite of several nuclei that have been grouped anatomically and functionally into three major subareas, has been reported to decrease in size with increasing age and to differ in size between male and female brains. However, findings are rather inconsistent across existing studies, possibly reflecting differences in the cohorts examined or the approaches chosen to define and measure the dimensions of the amygdala. Here, we investigated possible effects of age and sex on the amygdala as well as age-by-sex interactions in 100 healthy subjects (50 men/50 women) aged 18-69 years. For this purpose, we enhanced conventional imaging-based information with microscopically defined cytoarchitectonic probabilities to discriminate between different subareas. We observed significant negative correlations between age and all subareas of the amygdala indicating decreases over time, but with subarea-specific trajectories. In addition, we detected a significant quadratic association with age for the left superficial subarea suggesting an accelerating volume loss over time. Such regional information may serve as a frame of reference in future studies, not only for normative samples but also potentially for clinical populations known to present with an atypical atrophy of the amygdala. There were no sex differences and no interactions between sex and age, suggesting that the size of the amygdala is similar in male and female brains (at least when properly accounting for total intracranial volume) and that its age-related decline follows a similar trajectory in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Kurth
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicolas Cherbuin
- Centre for Research on Ageing Health and Wellbeing, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Eileen Luders
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Research on Ageing Health and Wellbeing, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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248
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Godoy MDCL, Fornazieri MA, Doty RL, Pinna FDR, Farfel JM, Santos GBD, Molina M, Ferretti-Rebustini REL, Leite REP, Suemoto CK, Grinberg LT, Pasqualucci CAG, Voegels RL, Nitrini R, Jacob Filho W. Is Olfactory Epithelium Biopsy Useful for Confirming Alzheimer's Disease? Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2018; 128:184-192. [PMID: 30501500 DOI: 10.1177/0003489418814865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The clinical symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are preceded by a long asymptomatic period associated with "silent" deposition of aberrant paired helical filament (PHF)-tau and amyloid-beta proteins in brain tissue. Similar depositions have been reported within the olfactory epithelium (OE), a tissue that can be biopsied in vivo. The degree to which such biopsies are useful in identifying AD is controversial. This postmortem study had 3 main goals: first, to quantify the relative densities of AD-related proteins in 3 regions of the olfactory neuroepithelium, namely, the nasal septum, middle turbinate, and superior turbinate; second, to establish whether such densities are correlated among these epithelial regions as well as with semi-quantitative ratings of general brain cortex pathology; and third, to evaluate correlations between the protein densities and measures of antemortem cognitive function. METHODS Postmortem blocks of olfactory mucosa were obtained from 12 AD cadavers and 24 controls and subjected to amyloid-beta and PHF-tau immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We observed marked heterogeneity in the presence of the biomarkers of tau and amyloid-beta among the targeted olfactory epithelial regions. No significant difference was observed between the cadavers with AD and the controls regarding the concentration of these proteins in any of these epithelial regions. Only one correlation significant was evident, namely, that between the tau protein densities of the middle and the upper turbinate (r = .58, P = .002). CONCLUSION AD-related biomarker heterogeneity, which has not been previously demonstrated, makes comparisons across studies difficult and throws into question the usefulness of OE amyloid-beta and PHF-tau biopsies in detecting AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Aurélio Fornazieri
- Department of Surgery, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil, and Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lea T Grinberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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249
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Moon WJ, Park M, Hwang M, Kim JK. Functional MRI as an Objective Measure of Olfaction Deficit in Patients with Traumatic Anosmia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2018; 39:2320-2325. [PMID: 30409849 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE While posttraumatic anosmia is not uncommon, the olfactory function evaluation has strongly relied on subjective responses given by patients. We aimed to examine the utility of fMRI as an objective tool for diagnosing traumatic anosmia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixteen patients (11 men and 5 women; mean age, 42.2 ± 10.4 years) with clinically diagnosed traumatic anosmia and 19 healthy control subjects (11 men and 8 women; mean age, 29.3 ± 8.5 years) underwent fMRI during olfactory stimulation with citral (a pleasant odor) or β-mercaptoethanol (an unpleasant odor). All patients were subjected to a clinical olfactory functional assessment and nasal endoscopic exploration. Two-sample t tests were conducted with age as a covariate to examine group differences in brain activation responses to olfactory stimulation (false discovery rate-corrected P < .05). RESULTS Compared with healthy control subjects, patients with traumatic anosmia had reduced activation in the bilateral primary and secondary olfactory cortices and the limbic system in response to β-mercaptoethanol stimulation, whereas reduced activation was observed only in the left frontal subgyral region in response to citral stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Brain activation was decreased in the bilateral primary and secondary olfactory cortices as well as the limbic system in response to olfactory stimulation in patients with traumatic anosmia compared with healthy control subjects. These preliminary results may shed light on the potential of fMRI for the diagnosis of traumatic anosmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-J Moon
- Department of Radiology (W.-J.M., M.P.), Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - M Park
- Department of Radiology (W.-J.M., M.P.), Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - M Hwang
- GE Healthcare (M.H.), Seoul, Korea
| | - J K Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (J.K.K.), Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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250
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Jung HJ, Shin IS, Lee JE. Olfactory function in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: A meta-analysis. Laryngoscope 2018; 129:362-369. [PMID: 30565695 DOI: 10.1002/lary.27399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Olfactory function is altered in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD); therefore, it may serve as a useful tool for the early detection of MCI before its advancement to AD. The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate olfactory deficits in patients with MCI and AD. STUDY DESIGN Literature search. METHODS A search was conducted of the electronic databases PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science from their inception until 2017. We included original articles with adequate data on the identification, threshold, and/or discrimination of olfactory function in MCI or AD. The standard mean difference and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. The studies were weighted according to inverse variance estimates. The effect sizes were categorized as small [Cohen's d = 0.2], medium (d = 0.5), or large (d ≥ 0.8) based on these methods. Subgroup analyses were performed based on mean age and sex differences between the groups. RESULTS Twelve articles (reporting 21 effects) examining 563 patients with MCI and 788 patients with AD, were included in the meta-analysis. Compared to MCI, AD had moderate to large heterogeneous effects on olfactory function (Cohen's d = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.50, 0.78). Olfactory identification tests demonstrated larger effects (d = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.51, 0.91) than did tests of other olfactory domains. CONCLUSIONS Meta-analysis results revealed that olfactory identification was more profoundly impaired in patients with AD than in those with MCI. These findings suggest that a simple test of odor identification is valuable in differentiating individuals at a risk of AD. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 129:362-369, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hahn Jin Jung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - In-Soo Shin
- College of Education, Jeonju University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
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