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Vlachakis D, Papakonstantinou E, Mitsis T, Pierouli K, Diakou I, Chrousos G, Bacopoulou F. Molecular mechanisms of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and potential anti-COVID19 pharmacological targets since the outbreak of the pandemic. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111805. [PMID: 33038452 PMCID: PMC7543766 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has emerged as a severe threat against public health and global economies. COVID-19, the disease caused by this virus, is highly contagious and has led to an ongoing pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 affects, mainly, the respiratory system, with most severe cases primarily showcasing acute respiratory distress syndrome. Currently, no targeted therapy exists, and since the number of infections and death toll keeps rising, it has become a necessity to study possible therapeutic targets. Antiviral drugs can target various stages of the viral infection, and in the case of SARS-CoV-2, both structural and non-structural proteins have been proposed as potential drug targets. This review focuses on the most researched SARS-CoV-2 proteins, their structure, function, and possible therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Vlachakis
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, Athens, 11855, Greece; University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, 8 Levadias Street, Athens, 11527, Greece; Lab of Molecular Endocrinology, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou Street, Athens, 11527, Greece; Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Eleni Papakonstantinou
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, Athens, 11855, Greece
| | - Thanasis Mitsis
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, Athens, 11855, Greece
| | - Katerina Pierouli
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, Athens, 11855, Greece
| | - Io Diakou
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, Athens, 11855, Greece
| | - George Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, 8 Levadias Street, Athens, 11527, Greece; Lab of Molecular Endocrinology, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou Street, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Flora Bacopoulou
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, 8 Levadias Street, Athens, 11527, Greece.
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Colalto C. Volatile molecules for COVID-19: A possible pharmacological strategy? Drug Dev Res 2020; 81:950-968. [PMID: 32779824 PMCID: PMC7404447 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus disease with a higher incidence of bilateral pneumonia and pleural effusion. The high pulmonary tropism and contagiousness of the virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), have stimulated new approaches to combat its widespread diffusion. In developing new pharmacological strategies, the chemical characteristic of volatility can add therapeutic value to the hypothetical drug candidate. Volatile molecules are characterized by a high vapor pressure and are consequently easily exhaled by the lungs after ingestion. This feature could be exploited from a pharmacological point of view, reaching the site of action in an uncommon way but allowing for drug delivery. In this way, a hypothetical molecule for COVID-19 should have a balance between its lung exhalation characteristics and both antiviral and anti-inflammatory pharmacological action. Here, the feasibility, advantages, and disadvantages of a therapy based on oral administration of possible volatile drugs for COVID-19 will be discussed. Both aerosolized antiviral therapy and oral intake of volatile molecules are briefly reviewed, and an evaluation of 1,8-cineole is provided in view of a possible clinical use and also for asymptomatic COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Colalto
- Working Group “Pharmacognosy, Phytotherapy and Nutraceuticals”Italian Pharmacological SocietyMilanItaly
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253
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Gurung AB. In silico structure modelling of SARS-CoV-2 Nsp13 helicase and Nsp14 and repurposing of FDA approved antiviral drugs as dual inhibitors. GENE REPORTS 2020; 21:100860. [PMID: 32875166 PMCID: PMC7452913 DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The high mortality rate from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in humans and the lack of effective therapeutic regime for its treatment necessitates the identification of new antivirals. SARS-CoV-2 relies on non-structural proteins such as Nsp13 helicase and nsp14 which are the key components of the replication-transcription complex (RTC) to complete its infectious life cycle. Therefore, targeting these essential viral proteins with small molecules will most likely to halt the disease pathogenesis. The lack of experimental structures of these proteins deters the process of structure-based identification of their specific inhibitors. In the present study, the in silico models of SARS-CoV-2 nsp13 helicase and nsp14 protein were elucidated using a comparative homology modelling approach. These in silico model structures were validated using various parameters such as Ramachandran plot, Verify 3D score, ERRAT score, knowledge-based energy and Z-score. The in silico models were further used for virtual screening of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved antiviral drugs. Simeprevir (SMV), Paritaprevir (PTV) and Grazoprevir (GZR) were the common leads identified which show higher binding affinity to both nsp13 helicase and nsp14 as compared to the control inhibitors and therefore, they might be potential dual-target inhibitors. The leads also establish a network of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with the key residues lining the active site pockets. The present findings suggest that these FDA approved antiviral drugs can be subjected to repurposing against SARS-CoV-2 infection after verifying the in silico results through in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Key Words
- 3CLpro, 3C-like proteinase
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- DOPE, discrete optimized protein energy
- FDA approved antiviral drugs
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- GRAVY, grand average of hydropathicity
- GZR, Grazoprevir
- GpppA, Guanosine-P3-adenosine-5′,5′-triphosphate
- Homology modelling
- MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- Molecular docking
- N7-MTase, S-adenosyl methionine (SAM)-dependent (guanine-N7) methyltransferase
- Nsp13 helicase
- Nsp14
- Nsps, non-structural proteins
- PDB, protein data bank
- PLpro, papain-like proteinase
- PTV, Paritaprevir
- RMSD, root mean square deviation
- RTC, replication-transcription complex
- RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
- SAH, S-adenosyl homocysteine
- SARS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- SAVES, Structure Analysis and Verification Server
- SF, Sinefungin
- SMV, Simeprevir
- TMHs, transmembrane helices
- ZBD, zinc binding domain
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Bahadur Gurung
- Department of Basic Sciences and Social Sciences, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, Meghalaya, India
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254
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Galvan D, Effting L, Cremasco H, Adam Conte-Junior C. Can Socioeconomic, Health, and Safety Data Explain the Spread of COVID-19 Outbreak on Brazilian Federative Units? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8921. [PMID: 33266276 PMCID: PMC7730726 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Infinite factors can influence the spread of COVID-19. Evaluating factors related to the spread of the disease is essential to point out measures that take effect. In this study, the influence of 14 variables was assessed together by Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) of the type Self-Organizing Maps (SOM), to verify the relationship between numbers of cases and deaths from COVID-19 in Brazilian states for 110 days. The SOM analysis showed that the variables that presented a more significant relationship with the numbers of cases and deaths by COVID-19 were influenza vaccine applied, Intensive Care Unit (ICU), ventilators, physicians, nurses, and the Human Development Index (HDI). In general, Brazilian states with the highest rates of influenza vaccine applied, ICU beds, ventilators, physicians, and nurses, per 100,000 inhabitants, had the lowest number of cases and deaths from COVID-19, while the states with the lowest rates were most affected by the disease. According to the SOM analysis, other variables such as Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), tests, drugs, and Federal funds, did not have as significant effect as expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Galvan
- COVID-19 Research Group, Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-598, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-909, Brazil
- Nanotechnology Network, Carlos Chagas Filho Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro RJ 20020-000, Brazil
| | - Luciane Effting
- Chemistry Department, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina PR 86057-970, Brazil; (L.E.); (H.C.)
| | - Hágata Cremasco
- Chemistry Department, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina PR 86057-970, Brazil; (L.E.); (H.C.)
| | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- COVID-19 Research Group, Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-598, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-909, Brazil
- Nanotechnology Network, Carlos Chagas Filho Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro RJ 20020-000, Brazil
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255
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The Flood of COVID-19 Publications: a Word of Caution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 2:2511-2513. [PMID: 33263102 PMCID: PMC7694586 DOI: 10.1007/s42399-020-00656-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The entire world is currently experiencing difficult times with respect to physical, mental, and socio-economic health. The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) since early 2020 caught the world by surprise. While there are promising developments, to date, there is no available drug or vaccine, and researchers are working around the clock to develop a solution. Sadly, all these crucial efforts are being affected and, at times, misguided and derailed by the publication of fake articles by so-called researchers and perhaps the mismanagement by authentic and predatory journals. The problem is that genuine and good quality articles are getting lost in the crowd. More than ever, it is now the time to bring in stricter controls and to follow due diligence before allowing articles into the public domain. At the same time, it has become life-saving to separate the wheat from the chaff so that the genuine studies of first-hand experience of handling and management of COVID-19 patients, and authentic research is not submerged in this flood of unreliable publications.
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256
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Berretta M, Quagliariello V, Maurea N, Di Francia R, Sharifi S, Facchini G, Rinaldi L, Piezzo M, Manuela C, Nunnari G, Montopoli M. Multiple Effects of Ascorbic Acid against Chronic Diseases: Updated Evidence from Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121182. [PMID: 33256059 PMCID: PMC7761324 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe disease commonly manifests as a systemic inflammatory process. Inflammation is associated withthe enhanced production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and with a marked reduction in the plasma concentrations of protective antioxidant molecules. This imbalance gives rise to oxidative stress, which is greater in patients with more severe conditions such as sepsis, cancer, cardiovascular disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and burns. In these patients, oxidative stress can trigger cell, tissue, and organ damage, thus increasing morbidity and mortality. Ascorbic acid (ASC) is a key nutrient thatserves as an antioxidant and a cofactor for numerous enzymatic reactions. However, humans, unlike most mammals, are unable to synthesize it. Consequently, ASC must be obtained through dietary sources, especially fresh fruit and vegetables. The value of administering exogenous micronutrients, to reestablish antioxidant concentrations in patients with severe disease, has been recognized for decades. Despite the suggestion that ASC supplementation may reduce oxidative stress and prevent several chronic conditions, few large, randomized clinical trials have tested it in patients with severe illness. This article reviews the recent literature on the pharmacological profile of ASC and the role of its supplementation in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Berretta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Vincenzo Quagliariello
- Division of Cardiology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori—IRCCS Fondazione “G. Pascale”, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (V.Q.); (N.M.)
| | - Nicola Maurea
- Division of Cardiology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori—IRCCS Fondazione “G. Pascale”, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (V.Q.); (N.M.)
| | - Raffaele Di Francia
- Italian Association of Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Diagnostics (IAPharmagen), 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Saman Sharifi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy; (S.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Gaetano Facchini
- Division of Medical Oncology, “S. Maria delle Grazie” Hospital—ASL Napoli 2 Nord, 80126 Pozzuoli, Italy;
| | - Luca Rinaldi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Michela Piezzo
- Division of Breast Medical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori—IRCCS Fondazione “G. Pascale”, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Ceccarelli Manuela
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Nunnari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy;
| | - Monica Montopoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy; (S.S.); (M.M.)
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257
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Demiroz A, Aydin S, Yalcin CE, Arslan H. Risk Assessment of Surgical Interventions Performed on Non-Infected Patients During COVID-19 Pandemic. Cureus 2020; 12:e11682. [PMID: 33391918 PMCID: PMC7769734 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A number and a variety of surgical interventions were highly affected by the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Most of the elective operations were discontinued with the fear of exacerbating the disease in patients and spreading it among healthcare professionals. Objective The objective of this study was to report postoperative rates of COVID-19 in patients who underwent emergency and urgent surgery during the pandemic and to determine a safe algorithm in order to propose an ideal approach for surgeries. Patients and methods A total of 162 patients being operated upon emergency or urgent causes between March 11 and May 31 2020 were included in the study. Safety measures advised by the World Health Organization were applied. The patients' operative data and postoperative COVID-19 status were recorded and statistically evaluated. Results Surgical interventions were required for skin cancer, upper extremity trauma, soft tissue infections, maxillofacial trauma, lower extremity trauma and other causes. Local anesthesia was used for 127 patients (78.4%). General anesthesia was used for 28 patients (17,3%). Two of 162 patients contracted COVID-19 postoperatively on days 15 and 21, respectively. No statistical significance was found between surgery and anesthesia types regarding COVID-19 risk. Conclusion It appears that emergency and urgent surgeries can be performed safely. However, this relies upon adequate safety measures being taken with regards to screening for COVID-19 antigen positivity in patients preoperatively. Further evidence is required to determine the safety of elective surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anıl Demiroz
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Servet Aydin
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Can Ege Yalcin
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Hakan Arslan
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, TUR
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258
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Interaction of synthetic antimicrobial peptides of the Hylin a1 family with models of eukaryotic structures: Zwitterionic membranes and DNA. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 24:100827. [PMID: 33195825 PMCID: PMC7644857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been appointed as a possible alternative to traditional antibiotics in face of pathogens increasing resistance to conventional drugs. Hylin a1 (IFGAILPLALGALKNLIK), an AMP extracted from the skin secretion of a South American frog, Hypsiboas albopunctatus, was found to show a strong cytotoxicity against bacteria and fungus, but also a considerable hemolytic action. Considering the toxicity of the peptide in eukaryotic cells, this work focuses on investigating the effects of the interaction of the Hylin a1 analogues W6Hya1, D0W6Hya1 and K0W6Hya1 with models of eukaryotic structures, namely zwitterionic liposomes of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and calf-thymus DNA (CT DNA). Through intrinsic Trp fluorescence we determined that the peptide affinity for fluid DPPC bilayers follows the decreasing order: D0W6Hya1 (+2) > W6Hya1 (+3) » K0W6Hya1 (+4). Fluorescence data also indicate that the Trp residue in the more positively charged peptide, K0W6Hya1, is less deep in the bilayer than the residue in the other two peptides. This finding is supported by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data, which shows that both D0W6Hya1 and W6Hya1 disturb DPPC gel-fluid transition slightly more effectively than K0W6Hya1. DPPC DSC profiles are homogeneously disturbed by the three peptides, probably related to peptide-membrane diffusion. Surprisingly, the peptide that displays the lowest affinity for PC membranes and is located at the more superficial position in the bilayer, K0W6Hya1, is the most efficient in causing formation of pores on the membrane, as attested by carboxyfluorescein leakage assays. The three peptides were found to interact with CT DNA, with a deep penetration of the Trp residue into hydrophobic pockets of the double helix, as indicated by the significant blue shift on the Trp fluorescence, and the displacement of DNA-bound ethidium bromide by the peptides. The experiments of DNA electrophoresis confirm that Hylin peptides bind DNA in a concentration-dependent manner, inducing complete DNA retardation at the relative AMP/plasmid DNA weight ratio of ~17. These findings could help to better understand the AMPs toxic effects on eukaryotic cells, thus contributing to the design of healthier therapeutic agents. AMP Hylin a1 analogues bind to both a model of eukaryotic membrane and DNA. The most cationic peptide has lowest affinity to PC vesicle and shallower binding. Peptide lower bilayer affinity is related to greater vesicle disruption and leakage. •AMP hylin a1 analogues deep penetrate into hydrophobic pockets of CT-DNA double helix.
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259
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Alsalme A, Pooventhiran T, Al-Zaqri N, Rao DJ, Rao SS, Thomas R. Modelling the structural and reactivity landscapes of tucatinib with special reference to its wavefunction-dependent properties and screening for potential antiviral activity. J Mol Model 2020; 26:341. [PMID: 33200284 PMCID: PMC7668570 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04603-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HER-2 type breast cancer is one of the most aggressive malignancies found in women. Tucatinib is recently developed and approved as a potential medicine to fight this disease. In this manuscript, we present the gross structural features of this compound and its reactivity and wave function properties using computational simulations. Density functional theory was used to optimise the ground state geometry of the molecule and molecular docking was used to predict biological activity. As the electrons interact with electromagnetic radiations, electronic excitations between different energy levels are analysed in detail using time-dependent density functional theory. Various intermolecular and intermolecular interactions are analysed and reaction sites for attacking electrophiles and nucleophiles identified. Information entropy calculations show that the compound is inherently stable. Docking with COVID-19 proteins show docking score of − 9.42, − 8.93, − 8.45 and − 8.32 kcal/mol respectively indicating high interaction between the drug and proteins. Hence, this is an ideal candidate to study repurposing of existing drugs to combat the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alsalme
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - T Pooventhiran
- Department of Chemistry, St. Berchmans College (Autonomous), Changanassery, Kerala, India
| | - Nabil Al-Zaqri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - D Jagadeeswara Rao
- Department of Physics, Dr. Lankapalli Bullayya College, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Renjith Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, St. Berchmans College (Autonomous), Changanassery, Kerala, India.
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Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 cell entry depends on angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane serine protease 2 and is blocked in cell culture by camostat mesylate, a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Whether camostat mesylate is able to lower disease burden in coronavirus disease 2019 sepsis is currently unknown. Design Retrospective observational case series. Setting Patient treated in ICU of University hospital Göttingen, Germany. Patients Eleven critical ill coronavirus disease 2019 patients with organ failure were treated in ICU. Interventions Compassionate use of camostat mesylate (six patients, camostat group) or hydroxychloroquine (five patients, hydroxychloroquine group). Measurements and Main Results Clinical courses were assessed by Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment score at days 1, 3, and 8. Further, viral load, oxygenation, and inflammatory markers were determined. Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment score was comparable between camostat and hydroxychloroquine groups upon ICU admission. During observation, the Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment score decreased in the camostat group but remained elevated in the hydroxychloroquine group. The decline in disease severity in camostat mesylate treated patients was paralleled by a decline in inflammatory markers and improvement of oxygenation. Conclusions The severity of coronavirus disease 2019 decreased upon camostat mesylate treatment within a period of 8 days and a similar effect was not observed in patients receiving hydroxychloroquine. Camostat mesylate thus warrants further evaluation within randomized clinical trials.
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261
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Nagoor Meeran MF, Sharma C, Goyal SN, Kumar S, Ojha S. CB2 receptor-selective agonists as candidates for targeting infection, inflammation, and immunity in SARS-CoV-2 infections. Drug Dev Res 2020; 82:7-11. [PMID: 33190277 PMCID: PMC7753678 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is a deadly disease afflicting millions. The pandemic continues affecting population due to nonavailability of drugs and vaccines. The pathogenesis and complications of infection mainly involve hyperimmune-inflammatory responses. Thus, therapeutic strategies rely on repurposing of drugs aimed at reducing infectivity and inflammation and modulate immunity favourably. Among, numerous therapeutic targets, the endocannabinoid system, particularly activation of cannabinoid type-2 receptors (CB2R) emerged as an important one to suppress the hyperimmune-inflammatory responses. Recently, potent antiinflammatory, antiviral and immunomodulatory properties of CB2R selective ligands of endogenous, plant, and synthetic origin were showed mediating CB2R selective functional agonism. CB2R activation appears to regulate numerous signaling pathways to control immune-inflammatory mediators including cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, prostanoids, and eicosanoids. Many CB2R ligands also exhibit off-target effects mediating activation of PPARs, opioids, and TRPV, suggestive of adjuvant use with existing drugs that may maximize efficacy synergistically and minimize therapeutic doses to limit adverse/ side effects. We hypothesize that CB2R agonists, due to immunomodulatory, antiinflammatory, and antiviral properties may show activity against COVID-19. Based on the organoprotective potential, relative safety, lack of psychotropic effects, and druggable properties, CB2R selective ligands might make available promising candidates for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Nagoor Meeran
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box - 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Charu Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box - 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sameer N Goyal
- Shri Vile Parle Kelvani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, Maharashtra, 424 001, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Division of Hematology, Division of Nephrology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box - 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Al-Zaqri N, Pooventhiran T, Alharthi FA, Bhattacharyya U, Thomas R. Structural investigations, quantum mechanical studies on proton and metal affinity and biological activity predictions of selpercatinib. J Mol Liq 2020; 325:114765. [PMID: 33746318 PMCID: PMC7957184 DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer of the lungs and thyroid is particularly difficult to manage and treat. Notably, selpercatinib has recently been suggested as an effective drug to combat these diseases. The entire world is currently tackling the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-19 virus. Numerous pharmaceuticals have been evaluated for the management of the disease caused by SARS-CoV-19 (i.e., COVID-19). In this study, selpercatinib was proposed as a potential inhibitor of different SARS-CoV-19 proteins. Several intriguing effects of the molecule were found during the conducted computational investigations. Selpercatinib could effectively act as a proton sponge and exhibited high proton affinity in solution. Moreover, it was able to form complexes with metal ions in aqueous solutions. Specifically, the compound displayed high affinity towards zinc ions, which are important for the prevention of virus multiplication inside human cells. However, due to their charge, zinc ions are not able to pass the lipid bilayer and enter the cell. Thus, it was determined that selpercatinib could act as an ionophore, effectively transporting active zinc ions into cells. Furthermore, various quantum mechanical analyses, including energy studies, evaluation of the reactivity parameters, examination of the electron localisation and delocalisation properties, as well as assessment of the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties and information entropy, were conducted herein. The performed docking studies (docking scores -9.3169, -9.1002, -8.1853 and -8.1222 kcal mol-1) demonstrated that selpercatinib strongly bound with four isolated SARS-CoV-2 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Al-Zaqri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Ibb University, P. O. Box 70270, Ibb, Yemen
| | - T Pooventhiran
- Department of Chemistry, St. Berchmans College (Autonomous), Changanassery, Kerala, India
| | - Fahad A Alharthi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Utsab Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry, St. Berchmans College (Autonomous), Changanassery, Kerala, India
| | - Renjith Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, St. Berchmans College (Autonomous), Changanassery, Kerala, India
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263
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Szkaradkiewicz-Karpińska AK, Szkaradkiewicz A. Towards a more effective strategy for COVID-19 prevention (Review). Exp Ther Med 2020; 21:33. [PMID: 33262819 PMCID: PMC7690340 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
At the end of 2019, a new disease, similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated with SARS-CoV was reported in Wuhan, China. It was quickly discovered that the etiological factor of the new disease (COVID-19) was a previously unknown SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The global spread of of COVID-19 has lead to the declaration of a pandemic status in 2019-2020 as declared by the World Health Organization and Public Health Emergency of International Concern. SARS-CoV-2 characterizes with high epidemic potential and is effectively disseminated between humans. SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are closely related pathogens. Their prime route of distribution is air-droplet transmission. Combating infectious diseases disseminated by inhalation is very difficult, and mainly relies on the use of vaccines. However, despite the lack of an effective anti-SARS-CoV vaccine and specific antiviral drugs, the strict sanitary procedures proved to be sufficient to stop the SARS epidemic in June 2003. However, epidemic research has indicated that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted in humans significantly more effectively than SARS-CoV; therefore, the COVID-19 pandemic continues to expand. This indicates that the so far anti-epidemic activities to control COVID-19 are insufficient. In the current review, the possibility of using interferon α (IFN-α) as a preventive agent of COVID-19 is discussed. The current data concerning anti-COVID-19 vaccines and specific drugs against SARS-CoV-2 are also discussed. The aim of the current review is to contribute to the introduction of a more efficient strategy in the protection of the human population against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Szkaradkiewicz-Karpińska
- Department of Preclinical Conservative Dentistry and Preclinical Endodontics, University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Szkaradkiewicz
- Institute of Health and Physical Culture, State Higher Vocational School, 64-100 Leszno, Poland
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264
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Sarkar B, Ullah MA, Araf Y, Rahman MS. Engineering a novel subunit vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 by exploring immunoinformatics approach. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2020; 21:100478. [PMID: 33200088 PMCID: PMC7656168 DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2020.100478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As the number of infections and deaths caused by the recent COVID-19 pandemic is increasing dramatically day-by-day, scientists are rushing towards developing possible countermeasures to fight the deadly virus, SARS-CoV-2. Although many efforts have already been put forward for developing potential vaccines; however, most of them are proved to possess negative consequences. Therefore, in this study, immunoinformatics methods were exploited to design a novel epitope-based subunit vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2, targeting four essential proteins of the virus i.e., spike glycoprotein, nucleocapsid phosphoprotein, membrane glycoprotein, and envelope protein. The highly antigenic, non-allergenic, non-toxic, non-human homolog, and 100% conserved (across other isolates from different regions of the world) epitopes were used for constructing the vaccine. In total, fourteen CTL epitopes and eighteen HTL epitopes were used to construct the vaccine. Thereafter, several in silico validations i.e., the molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation (including the RMSF and RMSD studies), and immune simulation studies were also performed which predicted that the designed vaccine should be quite safe, effective, and stable within the biological environment. Finally, in silico cloning and codon adaptation studies were also conducted to design an effective mass production strategy of the vaccine. However, more in vitro and in vivo studies are required on the predicted vaccine to finally validate its safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishajit Sarkar
- COVID Research Cell (CRC), Wazed Miah Science Research Centre (WMSRC), Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Asad Ullah
- COVID Research Cell (CRC), Wazed Miah Science Research Centre (WMSRC), Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yusha Araf
- COVID Research Cell (CRC), Wazed Miah Science Research Centre (WMSRC), Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shahedur Rahman
- COVID Research Cell (CRC), Wazed Miah Science Research Centre (WMSRC), Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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265
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Singh DD, Han I, Choi EH, Yadav DK. Recent Advances in Pathophysiology, Drug Development and Future Perspectives of SARS-CoV-2. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:580202. [PMID: 33240881 PMCID: PMC7677140 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.580202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic is a rapidly transmitting and highly pathogenic disease. The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to the surface of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptors along the upper respiratory tract and intestinal epithelial cells. SARS-CoV-2 patients develop acute respiratory distress, lymphocytic myocarditis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, lymphocytic infiltration, and other serious complications. A SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis is conducted using quantitative reverse-transcription PCR and computed tomography (CT) imaging. In addition, IgM or IgG antibodies are used to identify acute and convalescent illness. Recent clinical data have been generated by health workers and researchers and have shown that there is an urgent requirement in the effective clinical and treatment of patients, as well as other developments for dealing with SARS-CoV-2 infection. A broad spectrum of clinical trials of different vaccines and drug treatment has been evaluated for use against SARS-CoV-2. This review includes the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia as a way to recognize and eliminate any barriers that affect rapid patient care and public health management against the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic based on the natural history of the disease, its transmission, pathogenesis, immune response, epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical presentation, possible treatment, drug and vaccine development, prevention, and future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desh Deepak Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Ihn Han
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dharmendra K. Yadav
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, South Korea
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266
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Abstract
The unprecedented pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) demands effective treatment for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The infection of SARS-CoV-2 critically depends on diverse viral or host proteases, which mediate viral entry, viral protein maturation, as well as the pathogenesis of the viral infection. Endogenous and exogenous agents targeting for proteases have been proved to be effective toward a variety of viral infections ranging from HIV to influenza virus, suggesting protease inhibitors as a promising antiviral treatment for COVID-19. In this Review, we discuss how host and viral proteases participated in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 as well as the prospects and ongoing clinical trials of protease inhibitors as treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binquan Luan
- Computational
Biological Center, IBM Thomas J. Watson
Research, Yorktown
Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Tien Huynh
- Computational
Biological Center, IBM Thomas J. Watson
Research, Yorktown
Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - Xuemei Cheng
- Department
of Physics, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010, United States
| | - Ganhui Lan
- Covance,
Inc., 206 Carnegie Center
Drive, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Hao-Ran Wang
- Neoland
Biosciences, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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267
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Soni VK, Mehta A, Ratre YK, Tiwari AK, Amit A, Singh RP, Sonkar SC, Chaturvedi N, Shukla D, Vishvakarma NK. Curcumin, a traditional spice component, can hold the promise against COVID-19? Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 886:173551. [PMID: 32931783 PMCID: PMC7832734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The severity of the recent pandemic and the absence of any specific medication impelled the identification of existing drugs with potential in the treatment of Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Curcumin, known for its pharmacological abilities especially as an anti-inflammatory agent, can be hypothesized as a potential candidate in the therapeutic regimen. COVID-19 has an assorted range of pathophysiological consequences, including pulmonary damage, elevated inflammatory response, coagulopathy, and multi-organ damage. This review summarizes the several evidences for the pharmacological benefits of curcumin in COVID-19-associated clinical manifestations. Curcumin can be appraised to hinder cellular entry, replication of SARS-CoV-2, and to prevent and repair COVID-19-associated damage of pneumocytes, renal cells, cardiomyocytes, hematopoietic stem cells, etc. The modulation and protective effect of curcumin on cytokine storm-related disorders are also discussed. Collectively, this review provides grounds for its clinical evaluation in the therapeutic management of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar Soni
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, 495009, India
| | - Arundhati Mehta
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, 495009, India
| | - Yashwant Kumar Ratre
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, 495009, India
| | - Atul Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Zoology, Bhanwar Singh Porte Government Science College, Pendra, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Ajay Amit
- Department of Forensic Science, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, 495009, India
| | - Rajat Pratap Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, 495009, India
| | - Subash Chandra Sonkar
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Maulana Azad Medical College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Navaneet Chaturvedi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry Welcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE26AW, UK; School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University (IIT-BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Dhananjay Shukla
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, 495009, India.
| | - Naveen Kumar Vishvakarma
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, 495009, India.
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268
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Hong TS, Gonzalez J, Nahass RG, Brunetti L. Impact of Hydroxychloroquine on Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PHARMACY 2020; 8:E208. [PMID: 33167571 PMCID: PMC7711623 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8040208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused significant health and economic havoc around the globe. One of the early agents targeted for repurposing to treat and prevent COVID-19 was hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). In this systematic review and meta-analysis, HCQ is evaluated for its potential role in decreasing mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and medRxiv databases using combinations of the terms "COVID-19", "SARS-CoV-2", "coronavirus", "hydroxychloroquine", and "mortality". Articles were selected for further review based on the content of their abstracts. Studies were excluded if they were of poor methodological quality, were not based in the inpatient setting, or did not have available data to assess the primary outcome of death between patients treated with HCQ versus standard of care. Once the final dataset was compiled, a meta-analysis using the random-effects model was performed. Our search identified 14 studies involving 24,780 patients of whom 12,707 patients were on HCQ alone or in combination with other adjuvant therapies. HCQ alone or in combination with other drugs did not significantly decrease mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 (odds ratio [OR], 0.95; 95% CI, 0.72-1.26; p = 0.732; I2 = 91.05). Similar findings were observed in all subgroup analyses. HCQ did not significantly impact mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Additional well-designed studies are essential due to the heterogeneity in available studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S. Hong
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (T.S.H.); (J.G.)
| | - Jimmy Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (T.S.H.); (J.G.)
- Jersey Shore University Hospital, Neptune, NJ 07753, USA
| | - Ronald G. Nahass
- Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital Somerset, Somerville, NJ 08876, USA;
- IDCare, Hillsborough, NJ 08844, USA
| | - Luigi Brunetti
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (T.S.H.); (J.G.)
- Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital Somerset, Somerville, NJ 08876, USA;
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269
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Lam S, Lombardi A, Ouanounou A. COVID-19: A review of the proposed pharmacological treatments. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 886:173451. [PMID: 32768505 PMCID: PMC7406477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The emerging pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents an unprecedented challenge for healthcare systems globally. The clinical course of COVID-19 and its ability to rapidly create widespread infection has major implications, warranting vigorous infection prevention and control measures. As the confirmed number of cases has surpassed 5.6 million worldwide and continues to grow, the potential severity of the disease and its deadly complications requires urgent development of novel therapeutic agents to both prevent and treat COVID-19. Although vaccines and specific drug therapies have yet to be discovered, ongoing research and clinical trials are being conducted to investigate the efficacy of repurposed drugs for treating COVID-19. In the present review, the drug candidates that have been suggested to treat COVID-19 will be discussed. These include anti-viral agents (remdesivir, ribavirin, lopinavir-ritonavir, favipiravir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, oseltamivir, umifenovir), immunomodulatory agents (tocilizumab, interferons, plasma transfusions), and adjunctive agents (azithromycin, corticosteroids), among other miscellaneous agents. The mechanisms of action and further pharmacological properties will be explored, with a particular focus on the evidence-based safety and efficacy of each agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lam
- Faculty of Dentistry at the University of Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Aviv Ouanounou
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Pharmacology & Preventive Dentistry), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Canada.
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270
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Haji Abdolvahab M, Moradi-Kalbolandi S, Zarei M, Bose D, Majidzadeh-A K, Farahmand L. Potential role of interferons in treating COVID-19 patients. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107171. [PMID: 33221168 PMCID: PMC7608019 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The recently public health crises in the world is emerged by spreading the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) also named COVID-19. The virus is originated in bats and transported to humans via undefined intermediate animals. This virus can produce from weak to severe respiratory diseases including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), pneumonia and even death in patients. The COVID-19 disease is distributed by inhalation via contaminated droplets or contact with infected environment. The incubation time is from 2 to 14 day and the symptoms are typically fever, sore throat, cough, malaise, fatigue, breathlessness among others. It needs to be considered that many infected people are asymptomatic. Developing various immunological and virological methods to diagnose this disease is supported by several laboratories. Treatment is principally supportive; however, there are several agents that are using in treating of COVID-19 patients. Interferons (IFNs) have shown to be crucial in fighting with COVID-19 disease and can be a suitable candidate in treatment of these patients. Combination therapy can be more effective than monotherapy to cure this disease. Prevention necessitates to be performed by isolation of suspected people and home quarantine as well as taking care to infected people with mild or strict disease at hospitals. As the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has accelerated, developing effective therapy is an urgent requirement to battle the virus and prevent further pandemic. In this manuscript we reviewed available information about SARS-CoV-2 and probable therapies for COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Haji Abdolvahab
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1517964311, Iran
| | - Shima Moradi-Kalbolandi
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1517964311, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Center for Mitochondrial & Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Deepanwita Bose
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keivan Majidzadeh-A
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1517964311, Iran
| | - Leila Farahmand
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1517964311, Iran.
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271
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Shanmugam A, Muralidharan N, Velmurugan D, Gromiha MM. Therapeutic Targets and Computational Approaches on Drug Development for COVID-19. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:2210-2220. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200710105507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
World Health Organization declared coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS
coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) as pandemic. Its outbreak started in China in Dec 2019 and rapidly spread
all over the world. SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 800,000 people and caused about 35,000 deaths
so far, moreover, no approved drugs are available to treat COVID-19. Several investigations have been
carried out to identify potent drugs for COVID-19 based on drug repurposing, potential novel compounds
from ligand libraries, natural products, short peptides, and RNAseq analysis. This review is focused
on three different aspects; (i) targets for drug design (ii) computational methods to identify lead
compounds and (iii) drugs for COVID-19. It also covers the latest literature on various hit molecules
proposed by computational methods and experimental techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusuya Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Vinayaka Mission’s KirupanandaVariyar Engineering College, Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem – 636308, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nisha Muralidharan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai – 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Devadasan Velmurugan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai - 600025, India
| | - M. Michael Gromiha
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai – 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
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272
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Segrelles-Calvo G, de S Araújo GR, Frases S. Systemic mycoses: a potential alert for complications in COVID-19 patients. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:1405-1413. [PMID: 33085538 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As the global COVID-19 pandemic spreads worldwide, new challenges arise in the clinical landscape. The need for reliable diagnostic methods, treatments and vaccines for COVID-19 is the major worldwide urgency. While these goals are especially important, the growing risk of co-infections is a major threat not only to the health systems but also to patients' lives. Although there is still not enough published statistical data, co-infections in COVID-19 patients found that a significant number of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 developed secondary systemic mycoses that led to serious complications and even death. This review will discuss some of these important findings with the major aim to warn the population about the high risk of concomitant systemic mycoses in individuals weakened by COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Segrelles-Calvo
- Servicio de Neumologia, Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Biomedica Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid, España
| | - Glauber R de S Araújo
- Laboratorio de Biofísica de Fungos. Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Susana Frases
- Laboratorio de Biofísica de Fungos. Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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273
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Froldi G, Dorigo P. Endothelial dysfunction in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Gender and age influences. Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:110015. [PMID: 32592919 PMCID: PMC7305765 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several risk factors are associated with a worse outcome for COVID-19 patients; the most recognized are demographic characteristics such as older age and male gender, and pre-existing cardiovascular conditions. About the latter, hypertension and coronary heart disease are among the most common comorbidities recorded in infected patients, together with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Data from Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS, Italy) show that more than 68.3% of patients had hypertension, 28.2% ischemic heart disease, 22.5% atrial fibrillation, while 30.1% T2DM. Several authors suggested that cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus are linked to endothelial dysfunction, and all of them are strictly related to aging. Considering the impact of the gender on the COVID-19 epidemic, even if confirmed cases from each nation are changing every day, epidemiological data clearly evidence that in men the infection causes worse outcomes compared to women. In Italy, up to 21 May, in the age range of 60-89 years, male deaths were 63.9% of total cases. The reason behind this difference between genders appears not clear; however, the diversity in sex-hormones and styles of life are believed to play a role in the patient's susceptibility to severe SARS-CoV-2 outcomes. It is known that the activation of endothelial estrogen receptors increases NO and decreases ROS, protecting the vascular system from angiotensin II-mediated vasoconstriction, inflammation, and ROS production. During the pandemic, joining forces is vital; thus, as people help doctors by limiting their displacements out of their houses avoiding hence the spread of the infection, doctors help patients to overcome severe SARS-CoV-2 infections by using multiple pharmacological approaches. In this context, the preservation of endothelial function and the mitigation of vascular inflammation are prominent targets, essential to reduce severe outcomes also in male older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmina Froldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (DSF), University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Paola Dorigo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (DSF), University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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274
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Zubiaur P, Koller D, Saiz‐Rodríguez M, Navares‐Gómez M, Abad‐Santos F. Important Pharmacogenetic Information for Drugs Prescribed During the SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19). Clin Transl Sci 2020; 13:1023-1033. [PMID: 32936528 PMCID: PMC7719396 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome virus-2 pandemic began, causing the coronavirus disease 2019. A vast variety of drugs is being used off-label as potential therapies. Many of the repurposed drugs have clinical pharmacogenetic guidelines available with therapeutic recommendations when prescribed as indicated on the drug label. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of pharmacogenetic biomarkers available for these drugs, which may help to prescribe them more safely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Zubiaur
- Clinical Pharmacology DepartmentHospital Universitario de La PrincesaInstituto Teófilo HernandoUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP)MadridSpain
- UICEC Hospital Universitario de La PrincesaPlataforma SCReN (Spanish Clinical Research Network)Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP)MadridSpain
| | - Dora Koller
- Clinical Pharmacology DepartmentHospital Universitario de La PrincesaInstituto Teófilo HernandoUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP)MadridSpain
| | - Miriam Saiz‐Rodríguez
- Clinical Pharmacology DepartmentHospital Universitario de La PrincesaInstituto Teófilo HernandoUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP)MadridSpain
- Research UnitFundación Burgos por la Investigación de la SaludHospital Universitario de BurgosBurgosSpain
| | - Marcos Navares‐Gómez
- Clinical Pharmacology DepartmentHospital Universitario de La PrincesaInstituto Teófilo HernandoUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP)MadridSpain
| | - Francisco Abad‐Santos
- Clinical Pharmacology DepartmentHospital Universitario de La PrincesaInstituto Teófilo HernandoUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM)Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP)MadridSpain
- UICEC Hospital Universitario de La PrincesaPlataforma SCReN (Spanish Clinical Research Network)Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP)MadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
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275
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Shi N, Liu B, Liang N, Ma Y, Ge Y, Yi H, Wo H, Gu H, Kuang Y, Tang S, Zhao Y, Tong L, Liu S, Zhao C, Chen R, Bai W, Fan Y, Shi Z, Li L, Liu J, Gu H, Zhi Y, Wang Z, Li Y, Li H, Wang J, Jiao L, Tian Y, Xiong Y, Huo R, Zhang X, Bai J, Chen H, Chen L, Feng Q, Guo T, Hou Y, Hu G, Hu X, Hu Y, Huang J, Huang Q, Huang S, Ji L, Jin H, Lei X, Li C, Wu G, Li J, Li M, Li Q, Li X, Liu H, Liu J, Liu Z, Ma Y, Mao Y, Mo L, Na H, Wang J, Song F, Sun S, Wang D, Wang M, Wang X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wu W, Wu L, Xiao Y, Xie H, Xu H, Xu S, Xue R, Yang C, Yang K, Yang P, Yuan S, Zhang G, Zhang J, Zhang L, Zhao S, Zhao W, Zheng K, Zhou Y, Zhu J, Zhu T, Li G, Wang W, Zhang H, Wang Y, Wang Y. Association between early treatment with Qingfei Paidu decoction and favorable clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19: A retrospective multicenter cohort study. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105290. [PMID: 33181320 PMCID: PMC7833425 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic has been almost controlled in China under a series of policies, including "early diagnosis and early treatment". This study aimed to explore the association between early treatment with Qingfei Paidu decoction (QFPDD) and favorable clinical outcomes. In this retrospective multicenter study, we included 782 patients (males, 56 %; median age 46) with confirmed COVID-19 from 54 hospitals in nine provinces of China, who were divided into four groups according to the treatment initiation time from the first date of onset of symptoms to the date of starting treatment with QFPDD. The primary outcome was time to recovery; days of viral shedding, duration of hospital stay, and course of the disease were also analyzed. Compared with treatment initiated after 3 weeks, early treatment with QFPDD after less than 1 week, 1-2 weeks, or 2-3 weeks had a higher likelihood of recovery, with adjusted hazard ratio (HR) (95 % confidence interval [CI]) of 3.81 (2.65-5.48), 2.63 (1.86-3.73), and 1.92 (1.34-2.75), respectively. The median course of the disease decreased from 34 days to 24 days, 21 days, and 18 days when treatment was administered early by a week (P < 0.0001). Treatment within a week was related to a decrease by 1-4 days in the median duration of hospital stay compared with late treatment (P<0.0001). In conclusion, early treatment with QFPDD may serve as an effective strategy in controlling the epidemic, as early treatment with QFPDD was associated with favorable outcomes, including faster recovery, shorter time to viral shedding, and a shorter duration of hospital stay. However, further multicenter, prospective studies with a larger sample size should be conducted to confirm the benefits of early treatment with QFPDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Shi
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Liang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Youwen Ge
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Honggang Yi
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongmei Wo
- School of Health Policy and Management, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Heng Gu
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Kuang
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaowen Tang
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Tong
- Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sihong Liu
- Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Renbo Chen
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiguo Bai
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yipin Fan
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhan Shi
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Gu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Zhi
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifei Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingya Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liwen Jiao
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaxin Tian
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yibai Xiong
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruili Huo
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangfeng Bai
- Department of Infectious Disease, Yulin Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Chen
- President's Office, The First Hospital of Qiqiha, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Liying Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shangluo Central Hospital, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiao Feng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The People's Hospital of QiTaiHe, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tuanmao Guo
- Department of Scientific Research, Xianyang Central Hospital, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong Hou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui, China
| | - Guifen Hu
- Department of Infectious Disease, HePing Hospital Affiliated to ChangZhi Medical College, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaomei Hu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Langfang Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Hebei, China
| | - Yunhong Hu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xingtai Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Hebei, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The People's Hospital of GuangXi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi, China
| | - Qiuhua Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The People's Hospital of GuangXi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi, China
| | - Shaozhen Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Fangchenggang, Guangxi, China
| | - Liang Ji
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Mianyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
| | - Haihao Jin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liuzhou People's Hospital, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao Lei
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Yan'an Second People's Hospital, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guihui Wu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jike Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Minqing Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dazhou Central Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Quntang Li
- Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianyong Li
- The Second People's Hospital of Neijiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongde Liu
- Shijiazhuang Fifth Hospital, Hebei, China
| | - Jinping Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Fourth People's Hospital of Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhang Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Hospital of Suihua City, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuting Ma
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ya Mao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Ankang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liufen Mo
- Beihai Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi, China
| | - Hui Na
- Department of Infectious Disease, Harbin Infectious Disease Hospital, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jingwei Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Harbin Infectious Disease Hospital, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Fangli Song
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Third People's Hospital of Linfen, Shanxi, China
| | - Sheng Sun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei, China
| | - Dongting Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Datong Fourth Hospital, Shanxi, China
| | - Mingxuan Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suining Central Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Jinzhong Infectious Disease Hospital, Shanxi, China
| | - Yinzhen Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Jincheng People's Hospital, Shanxi, China
| | - Yudong Wang
- Hengshui Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Hebei, China
| | - Wei Wu
- President's Office, Hanzhong Central Hospital, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lanping Wu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shuozhou People's Hospital, Shanxi, China
| | - Yanhua Xiao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Mudanjiang Kangan Hospital, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Haijun Xie
- Department of Infectious Disease, Xinzhou People's Hospital, Shanxi, China
| | - Hongming Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Daqing Second Hospital, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shoufang Xu
- Jiamusi Infectious Disease Hospital, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ruixia Xue
- Department of Infectious Disease, Yuncheng Second Hospital, Shanxi, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hanzhong Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kaijun Yang
- Department of Medical Administration, The Third People's Hospital of Yangquan, Shanxi, China
| | - Puye Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shaanxi Infectious Disease Hospital, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shengli Yuan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiakou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei, China
| | - Gongqi Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baoji Central Hospital, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinbo Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Xi'an Chest Hospital, Shaanxi, China
| | - Linsong Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hospital (T·C·M) Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, China
| | - Shusen Zhao
- Qiqihar Institute for The Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Heilongjiang, China
| | | | - Kai Zheng
- Fenyang Hospital of Shanxi Province, Shanxi, China
| | - Yingchun Zhou
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shuangyashan People's Hospital, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Junteng Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Putian College, Fujian, China
| | - Tianqing Zhu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Greater Khingan Range People's Hospital, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guangxi Li
- Guang anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Huamin Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yanping Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yongyan Wang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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276
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Chowdhury MA, Hossain N, Kashem MA, Shahid MA, Alam A. Immune response in COVID-19: A review. J Infect Public Health 2020; 13:1619-1629. [PMID: 32718895 PMCID: PMC7359800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system protects against viruses and diseases and produces antibodies to kill pathogens. This review presents a brief overview of the immune system regarding its protection of the human body from COVID-19; illustrates the process of the immune system, how it works, and its mechanism to fight virus; and presents information on the most recent COVID-19 treatments and experimental data. Various types of potential challenges for the immunes system are also discussed. At the end of the article, foods to consume and avoid are suggested, and physical exercise is encouraged. This article can be used worldwide as a state of the art in this critical moment for promising alternative solutions related to surviving the coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh.
| | - Nayem Hossain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Bangladesh.
| | - Mohammod Abul Kashem
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur, Gazipur 1707,Bangladesh.
| | - Md Abdus Shahid
- Department of Textile Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur, Gazipur 1707, Bangladesh.
| | - Ashraful Alam
- University of South Asia, House 76 & 78, Rd No.14, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
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277
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Miri SM, Noorbakhsh F, Mohebbi SR, Ghaemi A. Higher prevalence of asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 in children, claims and clues. J Med Virol 2020; 92:2257-2259. [PMID: 32470174 PMCID: PMC7283682 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seyed Reza Mohebbi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver DiseasesShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Amir Ghaemi
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory VirusesPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
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278
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Marinova E, Dabov D, Zdravkov Y. Ophthalmic complaints in face-mask wearing: prevalence, treatment, and prevention with a potential protective effect against SARS-CoV-2. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1838323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Marinova
- Department of Ophthalmology, Alexandrovska University Hospital, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dimitar Dabov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Alexandrovska University Hospital, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Yani Zdravkov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Alexandrovska University Hospital, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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279
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Silva TF, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Sanfelice RA, Gonçalves MD, da Silva Bortoleti BT, Detoni MB, Rodrigues ACJ, Carloto ACM, Concato VM, Siqueira EDS, Costa IN, Pavanelli WR, Conchon-Costa I, Miranda-Sapla MM. A 21st Century Evil: Immunopathology and New Therapies of COVID-19. Front Immunol 2020; 11:562264. [PMID: 33193331 PMCID: PMC7652766 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.562264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been classified as a global threat, affecting millions of people and killing thousands. It is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which emerged at the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China, quickly spreading worldwide. COVID-19 is a disease with symptoms that range from fever and breathing difficulty to acute respiratory distress and death, critically affecting older patients and people with previous comorbidities. SARS-CoV-2 uses the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and mainly spreads through the respiratory tract, which it then uses to reach several organs. The immune system of infected patients has been demonstrated to suffer important alterations, such as lymphopenia, exhausted lymphocytes, excessive amounts of inflammatory monocytes and macrophages, especially in the lungs, and cytokine storms, which may contribute to its severity and difficulty of establishing an effective treatment. Even though no specific treatment is currently available, several studies have been investigating potential therapeutic strategies, including the use of previously approved drugs and immunotherapy. In this context, this review addresses the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the patient's host immune system during infection, in addition to discussing the main immunopathological mechanisms involved in the development of the disease and potential new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylon Felipe Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Raquel Arruda Sanfelice
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Manoela Daiele Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Biotransformation and Phytochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Center of Exact Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Barbosa Detoni
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Jacob Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Amanda Cristina Machado Carloto
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Virgínia Márcia Concato
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Elaine da Silva Siqueira
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Idessania Nazareth Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Milena Menegazzo Miranda-Sapla
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer—LIDNC, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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280
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Sheehan SA, Hamilton KL, Retzbach EP, Balachandran P, Krishnan H, Leone P, Goldberg GS. Evidence that Maackia amurensis seed lectin (MASL) exerts pleiotropic actions on oral squamous cells to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease progression. RESEARCH SQUARE 2020:rs.3.rs-93851. [PMID: 33106801 PMCID: PMC7587785 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-93851/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 was declared an international public health emergency in January, and a pandemic in March of 2020. There are over 23 million confirmed COVID-19 cases that have cause over 800 thousand deaths worldwide as of August 19th, 2020. COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. SARS-CoV-2 presents a surface "spike" protein that binds to the ACE2 receptor to infect host cells. In addition to the respiratory tract, SARS-Cov-2 can also infect cells of the oral mucosa, which also express the ACE2 receptor. The spike and ACE2 proteins are highly glycosylated with sialic acid modifications that direct viral-host interactions and infection. Maackia amurensis seed lectin (MASL) has a strong affinity for sialic acid modified proteins and can be used as an antiviral agent. Here, we report that MASL targets the ACE2 receptor, decreases ACE2 expression and glycosylation, suppresses binding of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and decreases expression of inflammatory mediators by oral epithelial cells that cause ARDS in COVID-19 patients. This work identifies MASL as an agent with potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 related inflammatory syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Sheehan
- Department of Molecular Biology, and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Kelly L. Hamilton
- Department of Molecular Biology, and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Edward P. Retzbach
- Department of Molecular Biology, and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Premalatha Balachandran
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Harini Krishnan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University Stony Brook, NY 11794-8661, USA
| | - Paola Leone
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Cell and Gene Therapy Center, and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Gary S. Goldberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
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281
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Inflammation as a Driver of Prostate Cancer Metastasis and Therapeutic Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102984. [PMID: 33076397 PMCID: PMC7602551 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in men, with a high mortality rate when disease progresses to metastasis and therapeutic resistance. Evidence implicates inflammation as a driver of prostate cancer risk and has a significant impact on processes in the tumor microenvironment that facilitate progression to advanced therapeutically resistant disease. In this review, we discuss the sources of inflammation in the prostate, the functional contribution of the critical inflammatory effectors to prostate cancer initiation and metastatic progression, and the therapeutic challenges that they impose on treatment of advanced disease and overcoming therapeutic resistance. Full understanding of the role of inflammation in prostate cancer progression to advanced metastatic disease and tumor relapse will aid in the development of personalized predictive biomarkers and therapy to reduce the burden and mortality in prostate cancer patients. Abstract Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy among men, and progression to metastasis and the emergence of therapeutically resistant disease confers a high mortality rate. Growing evidence implicates inflammation as a driver of prostate cancer development and progression, resulting in increased cancer risk for prostate cancer. Population-based studies revealed that the use of antinflammatory drugs led to a 23% risk reduction prostate cancer occurrence, a negative association that was stronger in men who specifically used COX-2 inhibitors. Furthermore, patients that were taking aspirin had a 21% reduction in prostate cancer risk, and further, long-term users of daily low dose aspirin had a 29% prostate cancer risk reduction as compared to the controls. Environmental exposure to bacterial and viral infections, exposure to mutagenic agents, and genetic variations predispose the prostate gland to inflammation, with a coordinated elevated expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TGF-β). It is the dynamics within the tumor microenvironment that empower these cytokines to promote survival and growth of the primary tumor and facilitate disease progression by navigating the immunoregulatory network, phenotypic epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, anoikis resistance, and metastasis. In this review, we discuss the sources of inflammation in the prostate, the functional contribution of the critical inflammatory effectors to prostate cancer initiation and metastatic progression, and the therapeutic challenges that they impose on treatment of advanced disease and overcoming therapeutic resistance. Growing mechanistic evidence supports the significance of inflammation in localized prostate cancer, and the systemic impact of the process within the tumor microenvironment on disease progression to advanced therapeutically-resistant prostate cancer. Rigorous exploitation of the role of inflammation in prostate cancer progression to metastasis and therapeutic resistance will empower the development of precise biomarker signatures and effective targeted therapeutics to reduce the clinical burden and lethal disease in the future.
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282
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Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic classification of Tunisian SARS-CoV-2 strains from patients of the Military Hospital in Tunis. Virus Genes 2020; 56:767-771. [PMID: 33034798 PMCID: PMC7545018 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01795-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, two complete genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 were obtained from nasal swab samples of Tunisian SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive patients using nanopore sequencing. The virus genomes of two of the patients examined, a Tunisian soldier returning from a mission in Morocco and a member of another Tunisian family, showed significant differences in analyses of the total genome and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Phylogenetic relationships with known SARS-CoV-2 genomes in the African region, some European and Middle Eastern countries and initial epidemiological conclusions indicate that the introduction of SARS-CoV-2 into Tunisia from two independent sources was travel-related.
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283
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Ahluwalia M, Givertz MM, Mehra MR. A proposed strategy for management of immunosuppression in heart transplant patients with COVID-19. Clin Transplant 2020; 34:e14032. [PMID: 32621523 PMCID: PMC7361140 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is limited experience in management of orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) patients with COVID‐19. In this study, we present our initial experience using a standardized management algorithm. Data collection was performed on OHT patients with COVID‐19 after March 10, 2020 (declaration of state of emergency in Massachusetts). Among the 358 OHT patients currently followed at our program, 5 patients (1.4%) tested positive for COVID‐19 (median age 50 years [IQR, 49‐58], duration post‐OHT 21 years [IQR, 6‐25], and 4 of 5 [80%] were men). Among the 5 OHT patients, 2 of 5 (20%) had mild disease and had no change in baseline immunosuppression therapy. Two of 5 (20%) had moderate disease and received remdesivir as part of a clinical trial and reduced immunosuppression therapy. One patient (20%) died prior to presenting to the hospital, consistent with 20% case fatality rate. Four patients (80%) are doing well 4 weeks post‐discharge. In this small cohort of OHT patients with COVID‐19, we report a 1.4% COVID‐19 infection rate and 20% case fatality rate. All OHT patients managed under our clinical management algorithm had good short‐term outcomes. Further study to estimate the true risk profile of OHT patients and validate the proposed management strategy is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Ahluwalia
- Center for Advanced Heart Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael M Givertz
- Center for Advanced Heart Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mandeep R Mehra
- Center for Advanced Heart Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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284
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Rapamycin as a potential repurpose drug candidate for the treatment of COVID-19. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 331:109282. [PMID: 33031791 PMCID: PMC7536130 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The novel human coronavirus-2 (HCoV-2), called SARS-CoV-2, is the causative agent of Coronavirus Induced Disease (COVID-19) and has spread causing a global pandemic. Currently, there is no vaccine to prevent infection nor any approved drug for the treatment. The development of a new drug is time-consuming and cannot be relied on as a solution in combatting the immediate global challenge. In such a situation, the drug repurposing becomes an attractive solution to identify the potential of COVID-19 treatment by existing drugs, which are approved for other indications. Here, we review the potential use of rapamycin, an mTOR (Mammalian Target of Rapamycin) inhibitor that can be repurposed at low dosages for the treatment of COVID-19. Rapamycin inhibits protein synthesis, delays aging, reduces obesity in animal models, and inhibits activities or expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-2, IL-6 and, IL-10. Overall, the use of rapamycin can help to control viral particle synthesis, cytokine storms and contributes to fight the disease by its anti-aging and anti-obesity effects. Since, rapamycin targets the host factors and not viral machinery, it represents a potent candidate for the treatment of COVID-19 than antiviral drugs as its efficacy is less likely to be dampened with high mutation rate of viral RNA. Additionally, the inhibitory effect of rapamycin on cell proliferation may aid in reducing viral replication. Therefore, by drug repurposing, low dosages of rapamycin can be tested for the potential treatment of COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 infection. Rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor can be repurposed for treatment of COVID-19. Rapamycin inhibits protein synthesis, pro-inflammatory cytokines and delays aging. Rapamycin action targeted on host factors and not viral machinery. Rapamycin act on cell proliferation may aid in reducing viral replication.
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285
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Mélo Silva Júnior MLD, Souza LMAD, Dutra REMC, Valente RGDM, Melo TS. Review on therapeutic targets for COVID-19: insights from cytokine storm. Postgrad Med J 2020; 97:391-398. [PMID: 33008960 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been caused the greatest pandemic of our century. Many of the deaths related to it are due to a systemic inflammatory response, which has been called 'cytokine storm'. OBJECTIVES We developed a comprehensive review of the pathophysiology mechanisms of COVID-19 and of the rationale for drugs and therapeutics that have been tested in clinical trials. METHODS A narrative review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, SciELO, Bireme, Google Scholar and ClinicalTrials. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 has evolutive mechanisms that made it spread all around the globe, as a higher latency period and a lesser lethality than other coronaviruses. SARS-CoV-2 causes a delay in the innate immune response and it disarranges the immune system leading to an overwhelming inflammatory reaction (the 'cytokine storm'). In this scenario, high levels of interleukins (IL), notably IL-6 and IL-1, create a positive feedback of chemokines and immune responses, and powers pulmonary and systemic tissue damage, leading to capillary leakage and SARS, the main cause of death in patients with COVID-19. On 17 July 2020, there were 1450 entries on ClinicalTrials.gov of ongoing studies on COVID-19. The mechanisms of the main therapeutic approaches were comprehensively reviewed throughout the text. Therapies focus on blocking viral entry (remdesivir, umifenovir, among others) and blocking of immune system for cytokine storm control (IL-1 and IL-6 inhibitors, glucocorticoids, convalescent plasma, among others). CONCLUSIONS Understanding of action mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 enables us to direct efforts on effective therapeutic targets. This comprehensive review helps to interpret the clinical results of the several trials ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thayanara Silva Melo
- Dentistry post-graduation program, Universidade Federal De Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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286
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Pashaei M, Rezaei N. Immunotherapy for SARS-CoV-2: potential opportunities. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:1111-1116. [PMID: 32762581 PMCID: PMC7441764 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1807933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnoosh Pashaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Junaid K, Ejaz H, Abdalla AE, Abosalif KOA, Ullah MI, Yasmeen H, Younas S, Hamam SSM, Rehman A. Effective Immune Functions of Micronutrients against SARS-CoV-2. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2992. [PMID: 33003648 PMCID: PMC7599934 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The third coronavirus outbreak in the last two decades has caused significant damage to the world's economy and community health. The highly contagious COVID-19 infection has affected millions of people to date and has led to hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide. Aside from the highly infectious nature of SARS-CoV-2, the lack of a treatment or vaccine has been the main reason for its spread. Thus, it has become necessary to find alternative methods for controlling SARS-CoV-2. For the present review, we conducted an online search for different available nutrition-based therapies for previously known coronavirus infections and RNA-based virus infections as well as general antiviral therapies. These treatments have promise for combating COVID-19, as various nutrients and minerals play direct and indirect roles in the control and prevention of this newly emerged viral infection. The patients' nutritional status with COVID-19 must be analyzed before administering any treatment, and nutritional supplements should be given to the affected individuals along with routine treatment. We suggest a potential interventional role of nutrients to strengthen the immune system against the emerging infection caused by COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashaf Junaid
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia; (H.E.); (A.E.A.); (K.O.A.A.); (M.I.U.)
| | - Hasan Ejaz
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia; (H.E.); (A.E.A.); (K.O.A.A.); (M.I.U.)
| | - Abualgasim Elgaili Abdalla
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia; (H.E.); (A.E.A.); (K.O.A.A.); (M.I.U.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman 14415, Sudan
| | - Khalid O. A. Abosalif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia; (H.E.); (A.E.A.); (K.O.A.A.); (M.I.U.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman 14415, Sudan
| | - Muhammad Ikram Ullah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia; (H.E.); (A.E.A.); (K.O.A.A.); (M.I.U.)
| | - Humaira Yasmeen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Women University Multan, Multan 60000, Pakistan;
| | - Sonia Younas
- Department of Pathology, Tehsil Headquarter Hospital Kamoke, District Gujranwala, Kamoke 50661, Pakistan;
| | - Sanaa S. M. Hamam
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-koom 32511, Egypt;
- Department of Microbiology, King Abdulaziz Specialist Hospital, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan;
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288
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Xiao T, Lu J, Zhang J, Johnson RI, McKay LGA, Storm N, Lavine CL, Peng H, Cai Y, Rits-Volloch S, Lu S, Quinlan BD, Farzan M, Seaman MS, Griffiths A, Chen B. A trimeric human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as an anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent in vitro. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32995768 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.18.301952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Effective intervention strategies are urgently needed to control the COVID-19 pandemic. Human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a carboxypeptidase that forms a dimer and serves as the cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2. It is also a key negative regulator of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), conserved in mammals, which modulates vascular functions. We report here the properties of a trimeric ACE2 variant, created by a structure-based approach, with binding affinity of ~60 pM for the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2, while preserving the wildtype peptidase activity as well as the ability to block activation of angiotensin II receptor type 1 in the RAS. Moreover, the engineered ACE2 potently inhibits infection of SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture. These results suggest that engineered, trimeric ACE2 may be a promising anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent for treating COVID-19.
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289
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Arvinte C, Singh M, Marik PE. Serum Levels of Vitamin C and Vitamin D in a Cohort of Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients of a North American Community Hospital Intensive Care Unit in May 2020: A Pilot Study. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2020; 8:100064. [PMID: 32964205 PMCID: PMC7499070 DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has placed an enormous and growing burden on the population and health infrastructure, warranting innovative ways to mitigate risk of contracting and developing severe forms of this disease. A growing body of literature raises the issue of vitamin C and vitamin D as a risk-assessment tool, and therapeutic option, in COVID-19. Objective The objective of this pilot study was to measure serum vitamin C and vitamin D levels in a cohort of patients with critical COVID-19 illness in our community hospital ICU, correlate with other illness risk factors (age, BMI, HgbA1c, smoking status), generate hypotheses, and suggest further therapeutic intervention studies. Method This pilot study included all 21 critically ill COVID-19 patients hospitalized in May 2020 in the ICU of North Suburban Medical Center, Thornton, Colorado, in whose care the principal investigator (C.A.) was involved. We measured patients' serum vitamin C and vitamin D levels, and standard risk factors like age, BMI, HbA1c, and smoking status. Variables in this study were gauged using descriptive statistics. Results Of 21 critically ill COVID-19 patients (15 males and 6 females, 17 Hispanic and 4 Caucasian, of median age 61 years, range 20-94), there were 11 survivors.Serum levels of vitamin C and vitamin D were low in most of our critically ill COVID-19 ICU patients.Older age and low vitamin C level appeared co-dependent risk factors for mortality from COVID-19 in our sample.Insulin resistance and obesity were prevalent in our small cohort, but smoking was not. Conclusion Our pilot study found low serum levels of vitamin C and vitamin D in most of our critically ill COVID-19 ICU patients. Older age and low vitamin C level appeared co-dependent risk factors for mortality. Many were also insulin-resistant or diabetic, overweight or obese, known as independent risk factors for low vitamin C and vitamin D levels, and for COVID-19.These findings suggest the need to further explore whether caring for COVID-19 patients ought to routinely include measuring and correcting serum vitamin C and vitamin D levels, and whether treating critically ill COVID-19 warrants acute parenteral vitamin C and vitamin D replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Arvinte
- Intensivist & Pulmonologist, North Suburban Medical Center, Thornton, Colorado 80229, USA
| | - Maharaj Singh
- Research Assistant Professor, Biostatistics, Research and Graduate Studies, Marquette University, School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA.,Biostatistician Senior, Advocate Aurora Research Institute, Advocate Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53233, USA
| | - Paul E Marik
- Chief, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507, USA
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290
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Zhang W, Lv Y, Yang J, Chen Y, He Y, Huang J. Study Design Characteristics and Pharmacological Mechanisms in International Clinical Trials Registry Platform: Registered Clinical Trials on Antiviral Drugs for COVID-19. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:3803-3813. [PMID: 32982184 PMCID: PMC7509319 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s272442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the pharmacological mechanisms of antiviral drugs against the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the study designs in clinical trials registered with the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP). METHODS Clinical trials involving antiviral drugs for treating COVID-19 were retrieved from the ICTRP database. For each trial, the study design, number of participants, primary endpoints, source register, antiviral mechanism, and results were evaluated. RESULTS On June 10, 2020, 145 eligible clinical trials were retrieved from the ICTRP, of which 99 (68.3%) were randomized trials, 109 (75.2%) were parallel assignment trials, 38 (26.2%) were double or single blinded, 130 (89.7%) involved two groups, and 75 (51.6%) included more than 100 participants; and clinical improvement or recovery and virus-negative conversion were the two most common endpoints, accounting for 40.7% and 18.6%, respectively. The drugs were divided according to the antiviral mechanism into HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors (PIs), hepatitis C virus NS3 PIs, and anti-influenza drugs. CONCLUSION The design characteristics of clinical trials of antiviral drugs for treating COVID-19 as well as the mechanism of action and antiviral efficacy of the drugs were evaluated in this study. The results of these trials could constitute a reference for future clinical trials to be executed on COVID-19 treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Zhang
- Center for Drug Clinical Research, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinghua Lv
- Center for Drug Clinical Research, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Yang
- Center for Drug Clinical Research, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunhui Chen
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu610075, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingchun He
- Center for Drug Clinical Research, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jihan Huang
- Center for Drug Clinical Research, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai201203, People’s Republic of China
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291
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Chhetri A, Chettri S, Rai P, Mishra DK, Sinha B, Brahman D. Synthesis, characterization and computational study on potential inhibitory action of novel azo imidazole derivatives against COVID-19 main protease (M pro: 6LU7). J Mol Struct 2020; 1225:129230. [PMID: 32963413 PMCID: PMC7499073 DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Six azo imidazole derivatives have been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic and analytical tools. Inhibitory potential against main protease (6LU7) have been investigated using computational techniques. Binding energy of the ligands has found in the range −6.7 Kcal/mole to −8.1 Kcal/mole. The order of the ligands towards the protein 6LU7 are L5> L4≈L6>L1>L2>L3.
A series of six novel imidazole anchored azo-imidazole derivatives (L1-L6) have been prepared by the simple condensation reaction of azo-coupled ortho-vaniline precursor with amino functionalised imidazole derivative and the synthesized derivatives (L1-L6) have been characterized by different analytical and spectroscopic techniques. Molecular docking studies were carried out to ascertain the inhibitory action of studied ligands (L1-L6) against the Main Protease (6LU7) of novel coronavirus (COVID-19). The result of the docking of L1-L6 showed a significant inhibitory action against the Main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 and the binding energy (ΔG) values of the ligands (L1-L6) against the protein 6LU7 have found to be -7.7 Kcal/mole (L1), -7.4 Kcal/mole (L2), -6.7 Kcal/mole (L3), -7.9 Kcal/mole (L4), -8.1 Kcal/mole (L5) and -7.9 Kcal/mole (L6). Pharmacokinetic properties (ADME) of the ligands (L1-L6) have also been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Chhetri
- Department of Microbiology, St. Joseph's College, Darjeeling-734104, India
| | - Sailesh Chettri
- Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph's College, Darjeeling-734104, India
| | - Pranesh Rai
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling-734013, India
| | - Dipu Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling-734013, India
| | - Biswajit Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling-734013, India
| | - Dhiraj Brahman
- Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph's College, Darjeeling-734104, India
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Jamwal S, Gautam A, Elsworth J, Kumar M, Chawla R, Kumar P. An updated insight into the molecular pathogenesis, secondary complications and potential therapeutics of COVID-19 pandemic. Life Sci 2020; 257:118105. [PMID: 32687917 PMCID: PMC7366108 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an unprecedented disease caused by highly pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 and characterized by extreme respiratory deterrence, pneumonia and immune damage. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the sequence similarity of SARS-CoV-2 with other SARS-like bat viruses. The primary source and intermediate host are not yet confirmed, although transmission from human to human is universally confirmed. The new SARS-CoV-2 virus reaches cells via ACE-2 and subsequently down-regulates ACE-2, leaving angiotensin II unbalanced in affected organs primarily in the lungs, heart, brain, and kidneys. As reported recently, numerous secondary complications i.e., neurological, nephrological, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, immune, and hepatic complications, are associated with COVID-19 infection along with prominent respiratory disease including pneumonia. Extensive research work on recently discovered SARS-CoV-2 is in the pipeline to clarify pathogenic mechanisms, epidemiological features, and identify new drug targets that will lead to the development of successful strategies for prevention and treatment. There are currently no appropriate scientifically approved vaccines/drugs for COVID-19. Nonetheless, few broad-spectrum antiviral drugs, azithromycin were tested against COVID-19 in clinical trials, and finally, FDA approved emergency use of remdesivir in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Additionally, administration of convalescent plasma obtained from recovered COVID-19 patients to infected COVID-19 patients reduces the viral burden via immunomodulation. This review analysis therefore concentrates primarily on recent discoveries related to COVID-19 pathogenesis along with a full description of the structure, genome, and secondary complication associated with SARS-CoV-2. Finally, a short and brief clinical update has been provided concerning the development of therapeutic medications and vaccines to counter COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Jamwal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Akash Gautam
- Center for Neural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - John Elsworth
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Mandeep Kumar
- University of Genoa, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Viale Cembrano 4, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rakesh Chawla
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, Punjab, India
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151001, India.
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293
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Shibabaw T, Molla MD, Teferi B, Ayelign B. Role of IFN and Complements System: Innate Immunity in SARS-CoV-2. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:507-518. [PMID: 32982366 PMCID: PMC7490109 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s267280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical role of the innate immune system has been confirmed in driving local and systemic inflammation and the cytokine release storm in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This dysregulated immune response is focused on interferon (IFN) and complement activation, which are crucial for the development of metabolic inflammation, local lung tissue damage, and systemic multi-organ failure. IFNs control viral infections by inducing expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) that restrict distinct steps of viral replication. Therefore, in this review article, we propose the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2-associated acute respiratory disease syndrome, and assess treatment options by considering IFNs and by targeting IFN-antagonist SARS-CoV-2 virulent gene products. Furthermore, we elaborate on the mechanism of the amplified complement-mediated inflammatory cytokine storm, and propose an antiviral and immunotherapeutic strategy against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tewodros Shibabaw
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Meseret Derbew Molla
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Banchamlak Teferi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Birhanu Ayelign
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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294
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Machhi J, Herskovitz J, Senan AM, Dutta D, Nath B, Oleynikov MD, Blomberg WR, Meigs DD, Hasan M, Patel M, Kline P, Chang RCC, Chang L, Gendelman HE, Kevadiya BD. The Natural History, Pathobiology, and Clinical Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 Infections. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 15:359-386. [PMID: 32696264 PMCID: PMC7373339 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09944-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2, is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus with epithelial cell and respiratory system proclivity. Like its predecessor, SARS-CoV, COVID-19 can lead to life-threatening disease. Due to wide geographic impact affecting an extremely high proportion of the world population it was defined by the World Health Organization as a global public health pandemic. The infection is known to readily spread from person-to-person. This occurs through liquid droplets by cough, sneeze, hand-to-mouth-to-eye contact and through contaminated hard surfaces. Close human proximity accelerates SARS-CoV-2 spread. COVID-19 is a systemic disease that can move beyond the lungs by blood-based dissemination to affect multiple organs. These organs include the kidney, liver, muscles, nervous system, and spleen. The primary cause of SARS-CoV-2 mortality is acute respiratory distress syndrome initiated by epithelial infection and alveolar macrophage activation in the lungs. The early cell-based portal for viral entry is through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor. Viral origins are zoonotic with genomic linkages to the bat coronaviruses but without an identifiable intermediate animal reservoir. There are currently few therapeutic options, and while many are being tested, although none are effective in curtailing the death rates. There is no available vaccine yet. Intense global efforts have targeted research into a better understanding of the epidemiology, molecular biology, pharmacology, and pathobiology of SARS-CoV-2. These fields of study will provide the insights directed to curtailing this disease outbreak with intense international impact. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Jonathan Herskovitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Ahmed M Senan
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 20095, China
| | - Debashis Dutta
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Barnali Nath
- Viral Immunology Lab, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Maxim D Oleynikov
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Wilson R Blomberg
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Douglas D Meigs
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Milankumar Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Peter Kline
- SARS-CoV-2 Patient Survivor, Chicago, IL, 60204, USA
| | - Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Linda Chang
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Bhavesh D Kevadiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA.
- Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.
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295
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Rudrapal M, Khairnar SJ, Borse LB, Jadhav AG. Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19): An Updated Review. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2020; 70:389-400. [PMID: 32746481 PMCID: PMC7516369 DOI: 10.1055/a-1217-2397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The current outbreak of novel Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a major pandemic situation and a catastrophe for humans. COVID-19 is a severe infectious disease particularly of the respiratory system characterized by fatal complications such as severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS), pneumonia, cardiac arrhythmia, kidney failure/ multiple organ failure and even death. Since its discovery, the SARS-CoV-2 has spread across 213 countries or territories, causing more than 8.5 million people with a rising death toll over 5.5 million people (as of June 2020, WHO). In fact, the current looming crisis of COVID-19 has become an increasingly serious concern to public health. It has affected lives of millions of people with severe impact on health systems and economies globally. Since there are no specific drugs and/or vaccines available so far, combating COVID-19 remains to be a major challenging task. Therefore, development of potential and effective treatment regimens (prophylactic/therapeutic) is urgently required which could resolve the issue. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the coronavirus, disease epidemiology, clinical manifestations and risk factors, replication of the virus, pathophysiology and host immune responses of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The therapeutic interventions and prophylactic measures along with precautionary measures are the frontline approaches that could be undertaken in order to control and prevent the spread of the deadly and highly contagious COVID-19 are also detailed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithun Rudrapal
- Sandip Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sandip Foundation, Nashik,
Maharashtra, India
| | - Shubham J. Khairnar
- Sandip Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sandip Foundation, Nashik,
Maharashtra, India
| | - Laxmikant B. Borse
- Sandip Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sandip Foundation, Nashik,
Maharashtra, India
| | - Anil G. Jadhav
- Sandip Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sandip Foundation, Nashik,
Maharashtra, India
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296
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Gangopadhyay KK, Sinha B, Ghosal S. "Compliance of the Indian National Task Force guidelines for COVID-19 recommendation by Indian doctors - A survey". Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14:1413-1418. [PMID: 32755844 PMCID: PMC7381897 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS As the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic unravels rapidly, there is a glut of confusing and divergent scientific information emanating from differing sources, including the Indian National Task Force for COVID-19. Thus, a web-based survey was conducted to decipher the approach of Indian doctors to the various options for treatment of COVID-19. METHODS A web-based questionnaire among one lakh doctors across India through email and social media was circulated. After data quality and internal validation, 826 responses were included for analysis. Basic demographic and comparative analysis were performed using the Python3.8.2 software (Windows 10 64 bit, USA). RESULTS Amongst all the states of India most respondents hailed from the top ten affected states. Overall 76.15% of doctors would either prescribe or consider prescribing hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) as prophylaxis for health-care providers (HCP). Doctors with experience of managing COVID-19 were more likely to advocate use of HCQ as prophylaxis for HCP (χ2 = 4.357, P = 0.037). Intensivists were more likely to advocate HCQ as prophylaxis (χ2 = 14.588, P < 0.001) as well as for management of mild to moderate COVID-19 (χ2 = 3.91, P = 0.048). In COVID-19, 65.8% doctors overwhelmingly preferred using anti-viral agents in severe cases, continuing ACEi/ARB (60.9%), and routinely screening for COVID-19 as a pre-operative strategy (73.85%). CONCLUSIONS Indian doctors are largely following the scientific guidance provided by Indian National Task Force for COVID-19 and would consider prescribing HCQ as prophylaxis for COVID-19. They would also consider using it in mild to moderate COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Kumar Gangopadhyay
- Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Fortis Hospital, Peerless Hospital, 730, Eastern Metropolitan Bypass, Kolkata, India.
| | - Binayak Sinha
- Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Fortis Hospital, AMRI Hospital, 730, Eastern Metropolitan Bypass, 700107, Kolkata, India.
| | - Samit Ghosal
- Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Nightingale Hospital, 11, Shakespeare Sarani, Midleton Row, Kolkata, 700071, India.
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297
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Sinclair G, Johnstone P, Hatiboglu MA. Considerations for future novel human-infecting coronavirus outbreaks. Surg Neurol Int 2020; 11:260. [PMID: 33024598 PMCID: PMC7533083 DOI: 10.25259/sni_191_2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Up until, June 13, 2020, >7,500,000 cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and >400,000 deaths, across 216 countries, have been confirmed by the World Health Organization (WHO). With reference to the two previous beta-CoV outbreaks (SARS-CoV and middle east respiratory syndrome [MERS]), this paper examines the pathophysiological and clinical similarities seen across all three CoVs, with a special interest in the neuroinvasive capability and subsequent consequences for patients with primary or metastatic brain tumors. More widely, we examine the lessons learned from the management of such large-scale crises in the past, specifically looking at the South Korean experience of MERS and the subsequent shift in disaster management response to SARS-CoV-2, based on prior knowledge gained. We assess the strategies with which infection prevention and control can, or perhaps should, be implemented to best contain the spread of such viruses in the event of a further likely outbreak in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Sinclair
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bezmialem Vakif University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey,
- Department of Oncology, North Middlesex University Hospital, London, United Kingdom,
| | - Philippa Johnstone
- Department of Oncology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mustafa Aziz Hatiboglu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bezmialem Vakif University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey,
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298
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Kuindersma M, Spronk PE. Ketanserin as potential additive drug to improve V/Q mismatch in COVID-19? CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2020; 24:526. [PMID: 32859243 PMCID: PMC7453366 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03257-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Kuindersma
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Gelre Hospitals, Albert Schweitzerlaan 31, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands.
| | - P E Spronk
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Gelre Hospitals, Albert Schweitzerlaan 31, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands.,Expertise center for Intensive care Rehabilitation Apeldoorn (ExpIRA), Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
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299
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Leipe J, Hoyer BF, Iking-Konert C, Schulze-Koops H, Specker C, Krüger K. [SARS-CoV-2 & rheumatic disease : Consequences of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic for patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases. A comparison of the recommendations for action of rheumatological societies and risk assessment of different antirheumatic treatments]. Z Rheumatol 2020; 79:686-691. [PMID: 32845393 PMCID: PMC7448266 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-020-00878-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The recommendations of the German Society of Rheumatology (DGRh) update, which update and expand the guidance on the management of patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases in view of SARS-CoV‑2 created at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, correspond in many points with the recommendations for action of the American (ACR) and European (EULAR) societies, but also differ in some points. Therefore, this article discusses the core recommendations of the DGRh update on the prevention of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19, the risk assessment for inflammatory rheumatic diseases and the use of antirheumatic treatments in the context and in comparison to the ACR and EULAR recommendations, and provides an overview of the risk assessment of individual antirheumatic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Leipe
- Sektion Rheumatologie, Medizinische Klinik V, Universitätsklinikum Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Deutschland. .,Sektion Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Deutschland.
| | - B F Hoyer
- Abteilung für Rheumatologie, 1. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätskrankenhaus Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Deutschland
| | - C Iking-Konert
- III. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik Sektion Rheumatologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - H Schulze-Koops
- Sektion Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Deutschland
| | - C Specker
- Klinik für Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Essen, Deutschland
| | - K Krüger
- Rheumatologisches Praxiszentrum München, München, Deutschland
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300
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SARS CoV-2: a review of current treatment regimens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 5. [PMID: 34192215 PMCID: PMC7434002 DOI: 10.1097/grh.0000000000000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
SARS CoV-2, otherwise known as Corona virus 2019 (COVID-19) has left >300,000 dead without a definitive cure in sight. Significant research has been conducted regarding the use of currently available pharmacotherapies and multiple clinical trials are underway to bring new treatments to market. While supportive treatment remains the standard of care, additional therapeutic regimens including antivirals, monoclonal antibodies, antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, immunoenhancers, vitamins, systemic steroids, inhalants, anticoagulants, and convalescent plasma are showing promise.
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