251
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Sayyad Z, Vishwakarma S, Dave TV, Naik MN, Radha V, Kaur I, Swarup G. Human primary retinal cells as an in-vitro model for investigating defective signalling caused by OPTN mutants associated with glaucoma. Neurochem Int 2021; 148:105075. [PMID: 34023378 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Studies carried out on the pathogenesis of glaucoma using murine cell lines and animal models require to be validated in human cells. Therefore, we explored the possibility of using human primary retinal cells (hPRCs) in culture as a model for molecular studies and testing of potential therapeutic drugs. For this purpose, central retinal tissue, obtained from the enucleated eyes of patients with anterior staphyloma, was digested with trypsin and grown in a medium containing supplements (basic fibroblast growth factor and fetal bovine serum). hPRCs at passage 1 and 2, show expression of either GFAP, a glial cell marker, or β-III tubulin, a retinal ganglion cell (RGC)-specific marker. But at passages 3-5 nearly all of hPRCs express several RGC-specific markers (Brn3 proteins, Thy-1, β-III tubulin, RBPMS and NeuN) but not GFAP. Expression of these markers indicated that these cells may have functional properties of RGCs. As RGCs are sensitive to glaucoma-associated mutants of OPTN, we analysed the survival of hPRCs upon overexpression of OPTN mutants. Glaucoma-associated mutants, E50K-OPTN and M98K-OPTN, induced significantly higher cell death in hPRCs compared to WT-OPTN, whereas an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-associated mutant, E478G-OPTN, did not. TBK1 inhibitor Amlexanox protected hPRCs from E50K-OPTN and M98K-OPTN induced cell death. M98K-OPTN induced cell death was suppressed by inhibitors of CaMKKβ and AMPK in hPRCs as well as in 661W, a mouse cell line that expresses several markers of RGCs and RGC precursor cells. Our results suggest that hPRCs under appropriate culture condition show RGC-like properties. These cells can be used to explore the molecular mechanisms of cell death relevant for glaucoma pathogenesis and for testing of cytoprotective compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuberwasim Sayyad
- CSIR- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Sushma Vishwakarma
- Prof Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Tarjani Vivek Dave
- Prof Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Milind N Naik
- Prof Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vegesna Radha
- CSIR- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Inderjeet Kaur
- Prof Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Ghanshyam Swarup
- CSIR- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500007, India.
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252
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Nakamura N, Honjo M, Yamagishi R, Kurano M, Yatomi Y, Watanabe S, Aihara M. Neuroprotective role of sphingolipid rheostat in excitotoxic retinal ganglion cell death. Exp Eye Res 2021; 208:108623. [PMID: 34022173 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The glutamate excitotoxicity has been suggested as a factor involved in the loss of retinal neuronal cells, including retinal ganglion cell (RGC), in various retinal degenerative diseases including ischemia-reperfusion injury, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. Excitotoxic RGC death is caused not only by direct damage to RGCs but also by indirect damage due to the inflammation of retinal glial cells. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and ceramides are bioactive sphingolipids which have been shown to possess important physiological roles in cellular survival and apoptosis, and the balance between S1P and ceramide, sphingolipid rheostat, has been suggested to be important for determining cellular fate. Therefore, we conducted the present study to clarify the neuroprotective role of sphingolipid rheostat in excitotoxic RGC death in vivo and in vitro. Acute RGC death was induced by intravitreal N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) injection in the mouse. The mRNA expression of sphingosine kinase (SphK1/SphK2) was examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The expressions of SphK1/2, S1P, S1P-receptor (S1PR), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Iba1, and CD31 were examined by immunostaining. Retinal sphingolipids and ceramides were quantified by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The neuroprotective effect of the sphingosine kinase inhibitor (SKI) on RGC death was assessed by RGC count and Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay. Further, the in vitro effect of SKI was investigated using rat primary cultured RGCs and glial cells. In addition, MG5 cells and A1 cells, which were mouse microglia and astrocyte cell-line, were also used. The expression of cleaved-caspase-3, GFAP, and Iba1 in RGCs, primary glial cells, MG5 cells, and A1 cells was assessed by immunostaining. NMDA injection resulted in mRNA upregulation of SphK1; however, SphK2 was reduced in the mouse retina. SphKs, S1P, S1PR1, S1PR2, and GFAP expression increased in the early-stage NMDA group, whereas S1P and GFAP were higher in the late-stage NMDA + SKI group. In the NMDA group, S1P expression was lower whereas sphingosine, C20, C22, and C24 ceramides showed higher levels. The proportion of very-long-chain ceramide was elevated in the NMDA group but reduced in the NMDA + SKI group. SKI treatment significantly increased RGC survival in retinal wholemount analysis and decreased apoptosis in the ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer. In vitro, SKI suppressed excitotoxic RGC death, cleaved-caspase-3 expression, and activated glial cells. The findings in the present study provide the first evidence demonstrating the involvement of sphingolipid rheostat in the neuroprotection against excitotoxic RGC death. Therefore, regulation of sphingolipid rheostat might serve as a potential therapy for retinal degenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Nakamura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Vision Research, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Megumi Honjo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Reiko Yamagishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Kurano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumiko Watanabe
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Aihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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253
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Caridi B, Doncheva D, Sivaprasad S, Turowski P. Galectins in the Pathogenesis of Common Retinal Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:687495. [PMID: 34079467 PMCID: PMC8165321 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.687495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases of the retina are major causes of visual impairment and blindness in developed countries and, due to an ageing population, their prevalence is continually rising. The lack of effective therapies and the limitations of those currently in use highlight the importance of continued research into the pathogenesis of these diseases. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a major role in driving vascular dysfunction in retinal disease and has therefore become a key therapeutic target. Recent evidence also points to a potentially similarly important role of galectins, a family of β-galactoside-binding proteins. Indeed, they have been implicated in regulating fundamental processes, including vascular hyperpermeability, angiogenesis, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress, all of which also play a prominent role in retinopathies. Here, we review direct evidence for pathological roles of galectins in retinal disease. In addition, we extrapolate potential roles of galectins in the retina from evidence in cancer, immune and neuro-biology. We conclude that there is value in increasing understanding of galectin function in retinal biology, in particular in the context of the retinal vasculature and microglia. With greater insight, recent clinical developments of galectin-targeting drugs could potentially also be of benefit to the clinical management of many blinding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Caridi
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dilyana Doncheva
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sobha Sivaprasad
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patric Turowski
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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254
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Zhu Y, Huang R, Wu Z, Song S, Cheng L, Zhu R. Deep learning-based predictive identification of neural stem cell differentiation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2614. [PMID: 33972525 PMCID: PMC8110743 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) into neurons is proposed to be critical in devising potential cell-based therapeutic strategies for central nervous system (CNS) diseases, however, the determination and prediction of differentiation is complex and not yet clearly established, especially at the early stage. We hypothesize that deep learning could extract minutiae from large-scale datasets, and present a deep neural network model for predictable reliable identification of NSCs fate. Remarkably, using only bright field images without artificial labelling, our model is surprisingly effective at identifying the differentiated cell types, even as early as 1 day of culture. Moreover, our approach showcases superior precision and robustness in designed independent test scenarios involving various inducers, including neurotrophins, hormones, small molecule compounds and even nanoparticles, suggesting excellent generalizability and applicability. We anticipate that our accurate and robust deep learning-based platform for NSCs differentiation identification will accelerate the progress of NSCs applications. The differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) into neurons is a critical part in devising potential cell-based therapeutic strategies for central nervous system diseases but NSCs fate determination and prediction is problematic. Here, the authors present a deep neural network model for predictable reliable identification of NSCs fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Zhu
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Tongji University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiqi Huang
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Tongji University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhourui Wu
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Tongji University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Simin Song
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Tongji University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Cheng
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Tongji University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Tongji University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
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255
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Elevated dimethylarginine, ATP, cytokines, metabolic remodeling involving tryptophan metabolism and potential microglial inflammation characterize primary open angle glaucoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9766. [PMID: 33963197 PMCID: PMC8105335 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89137-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma of which primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) constitutes 75%, is the second leading cause of blindness. Elevated intra ocular pressure and Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) dysfunction are hallmarks of POAG. We analyzed clinical data, cytokine profile, ATP level, metabolomics and GEO datasets to identify features unique to POAG. N9 microglial cells are used to gain mechanistic insights. Our POAG cohort showed elevated ATP in aqueous humor and cytokines in plasma. Metabolomic analysis showed changes in 21 metabolites including Dimethylarginine (DMAG) and activation of tryptophan metabolism in POAG. Analysis of GEO data sets and previously published proteomic data sets bins genes into signaling and metabolic pathways. Pathways from reanalyzed metabolomic data from literature significantly overlapped with those from our POAG data. DMAG modulated purinergic signaling, ATP secretion and cytokine expression were inhibited by N-Ethylmaleimide, NO donors, BAPTA and purinergic receptor inhibitors. ATP induced elevated intracellular calcium level and cytokines expression were inhibited by BAPTA. Metabolomics of cell culture supernatant from ATP treated sets showed metabolic deregulation and activation of tryptophan metabolism. DMAG and ATP induced IDO1/2 and TDO2 were inhibited by N-Ethylmaleimide, sodium nitroprusside and BAPTA. Our data obtained from clinical samples and cell culture studies reveal a strong association of elevated DMAG, ATP, cytokines and activation of tryptophan metabolism with POAG. DMAG mediated ATP signaling, inflammation and metabolic remodeling in microglia might have implications in management of POAG.
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256
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Nian S, Lo ACY, Mi Y, Ren K, Yang D. Neurovascular unit in diabetic retinopathy: pathophysiological roles and potential therapeutical targets. EYE AND VISION 2021; 8:15. [PMID: 33931128 PMCID: PMC8088070 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-021-00239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), one of the common complications of diabetes, is the leading cause of visual loss in working-age individuals in many industrialized countries. It has been traditionally regarded as a purely microvascular disease in the retina. However, an increasing number of studies have shown that DR is a complex neurovascular disorder that affects not only vascular structure but also neural tissue of the retina. Deterioration of neural retina could precede microvascular abnormalities in the DR, leading to microvascular changes. Furthermore, disruption of interactions among neurons, vascular cells, glia and local immune cells, which collectively form the neurovascular unit, is considered to be associated with the progression of DR early on in the disease. Therefore, it makes sense to develop new therapeutic strategies to prevent or reverse retinal neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation and impaired cell-cell interactions of the neurovascular unit in early stage DR. Here, we present current perspectives on the pathophysiology of DR as a neurovascular disease, especially at the early stage. Potential novel treatments for preventing or reversing neurovascular injuries in DR are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Nian
- Department of Pathology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Amy C Y Lo
- Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yajing Mi
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Kai Ren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
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257
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Duarte JN. Neuroinflammatory Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neurodegeneration in Glaucoma. J Ophthalmol 2021; 2021:4581909. [PMID: 33953963 PMCID: PMC8064803 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4581909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact mechanism of retinal ganglion cell loss in the pathogenesis of glaucoma is yet to be understood. Mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction have been linked to Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy and autosomal dominant optic atrophy, as well as to brain neurodegenerative diseases. Recent evidence shows that, in conditions where mitochondria are damaged, a sustained inflammatory response and downstream pathological inflammation may ensue. Mitochondrial damage has been linked to the accumulation of age-related mitochondrial DNA mutations and mitochondrial dysfunction, possibly through aberrant reactive oxygen species production and defective mitophagy. The present review focuses on how mitochondrial dysfunction may overwhelm the ability of neurons and glial cells to adequately maintain homeostasis and how mitochondria-derived DAMPs trigger the immune system and induce neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao N. Duarte
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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258
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Abbasi M, Gupta VK, Chitranshi N, Gupta V, Ranjbaran R, Rajput R, Pushpitha K, KB D, You Y, Salekdeh GH, Parton RG, Mirzaei M, Graham SL. Inner retinal injury in experimental glaucoma is prevented upon AAV mediated Shp2 silencing in a caveolin dependent manner. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:6154-6172. [PMID: 33995651 PMCID: PMC8120201 DOI: 10.7150/thno.55472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SH2 domain containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 (Shp2; PTPN11) regulates several intracellular pathways downstream of multiple growth factor receptors. Our studies implicate that Shp2 interacts with Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) protein in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and negatively regulates BDNF/TrkB signaling. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of shp2 silencing in the RGCs in glaucomatous conditions. Methods: Shp2 was silenced in the Cav-1 deficient mice and the age matched wildtype littermates using adeno-associated viral (AAV) constructs. Shp2 expression modulation was performed in an acute and a chronic mouse model of experimental glaucoma. AAV2 expressing Shp2 eGFP-shRNA under a strong synthetic CAG promoter was administered intravitreally in the animals' eyes. The contralateral eye received AAV-eGFP-scramble-shRNA as control. Animals with Shp2 downregulation were subjected to either microbead injections or acute ocular hypertension experimental paradigm. Changes in inner retinal function were evaluated by measuring positive scotopic threshold response (pSTR) while structural and biochemical alterations were evaluated through H&E staining, western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis of the retinal tissues. Results: A greater loss of pSTR amplitudes was observed in the WT mice compared to Cav-1-/- retinas in both the models. Silencing of Shp2 phosphatase imparted protection against inner retinal function loss in chronic glaucoma model in WT mice. The functional rescue also translated to structural preservation of ganglion cell layer in the chronic glaucoma condition in WT mice which was not evident in Cav-1-/- mice retinas. Conclusions: This study indicates that protective effects of Shp2 ablation under chronic experimental glaucoma conditions are dependent on Cav-1 in the retina, suggesting in vivo interactions between the two proteins.
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259
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Liu S, Zhou M, Ruan Z, Wang Y, Chang C, Sasaki M, Rajaram V, Lemoff A, Nambiar K, Wang JE, Hatanpaa KJ, Luo W, Dawson TM, Dawson VL, Wang Y. AIF3 splicing switch triggers neurodegeneration. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:25. [PMID: 33853653 PMCID: PMC8048367 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00442-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), as a mitochondrial flavoprotein, plays a fundamental role in mitochondrial bioenergetics that is critical for cell survival and also mediates caspase-independent cell death once it is released from mitochondria and translocated to the nucleus under ischemic stroke or neurodegenerative diseases. Although alternative splicing regulation of AIF has been implicated, it remains unknown which AIF splicing isoform will be induced under pathological conditions and how it impacts mitochondrial functions and neurodegeneration in adult brain. METHODS AIF splicing induction in brain was determined by multiple approaches including 5' RACE, Sanger sequencing, splicing-specific PCR assay and bottom-up proteomic analysis. The role of AIF splicing in mitochondria and neurodegeneration was determined by its biochemical properties, cell death analysis, morphological and functional alterations and animal behavior. Three animal models, including loss-of-function harlequin model, gain-of-function AIF3 knockin model and conditional inducible AIF splicing model established using either Cre-loxp recombination or CRISPR/Cas9 techniques, were applied to explore underlying mechanisms of AIF splicing-induced neurodegeneration. RESULTS We identified a nature splicing AIF isoform lacking exons 2 and 3 named as AIF3. AIF3 was undetectable under physiological conditions but its expression was increased in mouse and human postmortem brain after stroke. AIF3 splicing in mouse brain caused enlarged ventricles and severe neurodegeneration in the forebrain regions. These AIF3 splicing mice died 2-4 months after birth. AIF3 splicing-triggered neurodegeneration involves both mitochondrial dysfunction and AIF3 nuclear translocation. We showed that AIF3 inhibited NADH oxidase activity, ATP production, oxygen consumption, and mitochondrial biogenesis. In addition, expression of AIF3 significantly increased chromatin condensation and nuclear shrinkage leading to neuronal cell death. However, loss-of-AIF alone in harlequin or gain-of-AIF3 alone in AIF3 knockin mice did not cause robust neurodegeneration as that observed in AIF3 splicing mice. CONCLUSIONS We identified AIF3 as a disease-inducible isoform and established AIF3 splicing mouse model. The molecular mechanism underlying AIF3 splicing-induced neurodegeneration involves mitochondrial dysfunction and AIF3 nuclear translocation resulting from the synergistic effect of loss-of-AIF and gain-of-AIF3. Our study provides a valuable tool to understand the role of AIF3 splicing in brain and a potential therapeutic target to prevent/delay the progress of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiqiao Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Zhi Ruan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Calvin Chang
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Masayuki Sasaki
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Veena Rajaram
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Andrew Lemoff
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Kalyani Nambiar
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Jennifer E. Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Kimmo J. Hatanpaa
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Weibo Luo
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Ted M. Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Valina L. Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Yingfei Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Departments of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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260
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Peters CW, Maguire CA, Hanlon KS. Delivering AAV to the Central Nervous and Sensory Systems. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:461-474. [PMID: 33863599 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As gene therapy enters mainstream medicine, it is more important than ever to have a grasp of exactly how to leverage it for maximum benefit. The development of new targeting strategies and tools makes treating patients with genetic diseases possible. Many Mendelian disorders are amenable to gene replacement or correction. These often affect post-mitotic tissues, meaning that a single stably expressing therapy can be applied. Recent years have seen the development of a large number of novel viral vectors for delivering specific therapies. These new vectors - predominately recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) variants - target nervous tissues with differing efficiencies. This review gives an overview of current gene therapies in the brain, ear, and eye, and describes the optimal approaches, depending on cell type and transgene. Overall, this work aims to serve as a primer for gene therapy in the central nervous and sensory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole W Peters
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Casey A Maguire
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Killian S Hanlon
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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261
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Trinh M, Kalloniatis M, Nivison-Smith L. Radial Peripapillary Capillary Plexus Sparing and Underlying Retinal Vascular Impairment in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:2. [PMID: 33792619 PMCID: PMC8024775 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.4.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine location-specific retinal vascular changes in intermediate age-related macular degeneration (iAMD) using age-matched, high-density en face optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) cluster analysis. Methods En face OCTA images of the 6 × 6 mm macular area were retrospectively acquired from 60 iAMD eyes and 60 age-matched normal eyes and then subdivided into 126 × 126 (47.62 × 47.62 µm) grids within the superficial and deep vascular complex. Grid-wise vessel perfusion (VP) were compared between iAMD and normal eyes from the corresponding 10-yearly age cohort, forming difference plots. Difference plots were further separated by normative topographical map spatial clusters (C1-6), derived from normaldatabase eyes (n = 236, 20–81 years old). Results Overall difference plots showed decreased VP in the superficial (−12.19%) and deep vascular complex (−6.44%) of iAMD compared to normal eyes (P < 0.0001 both comparisons). Cluster-based difference plots highlighted nonuniform changes in the superficial vascular complex, with sparing of VP at the nasal macula (corresponding to the radial peripapillary capillary plexus) versus decreased VP toward the temporal macula and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) (C1–6 all comparisons P < 0.0001, except C1 vs. C2P > 0.99 and C4 vs. C5P = 0.11). The deep vascular complex displayed diffusely decreased VP, greater at the FAZ (P < 0.0001). Conclusions High-density en face OCTA cluster analysis suggests relative sparing of the radial peripapillary capillary plexus and impairment of underlying retinal vasculature, supporting potential anterograde transsynaptic degeneration in iAMD. These location-specific data may better guide future diagnostic and management protocol of iAMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Trinh
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Kalloniatis
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lisa Nivison-Smith
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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262
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Iglesias-Osma MC, Blanco EJ, Carretero-Hernández M, Catalano-Iniesta L, García-Barrado MJ, Sánchez-Robledo V, Blázquez JL, Carretero J. The lack of Irs2 induces changes in the immunocytochemical expression of aromatase in the mouse retina. Ann Anat 2021; 239:151726. [PMID: 33798691 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Insulin receptor substrate (Irs) belongs to a family of proteins that mediate the intracellular signaling of insulin and IGF-1. Insulin receptor substrate 2 (Irs2) is necessary for retinal function, since its failure in Irs2-deficient mice in hyperglycemic situation promotes photoreceptor degeneration and visual dysfunction, like in diabetic retinopathy. The expression of P450 aromatase, which catalyzes androgen aromatization to form 17ß-estradiol, increases in some neurodegenerative diseases thus promoting the local synthesis of neuroestrogens that exert relevant neuroprotective functions. Aromatase is also expressed in neurons and glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS), including the retina. To further understand the role of Irs2 at the retinal level, we performed an immunocytochemical study in adult normoglycemic Irs2-deficient mice. For this aim, the retinal immunoexpression of neuromodulators, such as aromatase, glutamine synthetase (GS), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was analyzed, joint to a morphometric and planimetric study of the retinal layers. Comparing with wild-type (WT) control mice, the Irs2-knockout (Irs2-KO) animals showed a significant increase in the immunopositivity to aromatase in almost all of the retinal layers. Besides, Irs2-KO mice exhibited a decreased immunopositive reaction for GS and TH, in Müller and amacrine cells, respectively; morphological variations were also found in these retinal cell types. Furthermore, the retina of Irs2-KO mice displayed alterations in the structural organization, and a generalized decrease in the retinal thickness was observed in each of the layers, except for the inner nuclear layer. Our findings suggest that the absence of Irs2 induces retinal neurodegenerative changes in Müller and amacrine cells that are unrelated to hyperglycemia. Accordingly, in the Irs2-KO mice, the increased retinal immunocytochemical reactivity of aromatase could be associated with an attempt to repair such neural retina injuries by promoting local neuroprotective mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmen Iglesias-Osma
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Enrique J Blanco
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marta Carretero-Hernández
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Leonardo Catalano-Iniesta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria Jose García-Barrado
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Virginia Sánchez-Robledo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Blázquez
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jose Carretero
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain.
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263
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Fu Z, Qiu C, Cagnone G, Tomita Y, Huang S, Cakir B, Kotoda Y, Allen W, Bull E, Akula JD, Joyal JS, Hellström A, Talukdar S, Smith LEH. Retinal glial remodeling by FGF21 preserves retinal function during photoreceptor degeneration. iScience 2021; 24:102376. [PMID: 33937726 PMCID: PMC8079476 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The group of retinal degenerations, retinitis pigmentosa (RP), comprises more than 150 genetic abnormalities affecting photoreceptors. Finding degenerative pathways common to all genetic abnormalities may allow general treatment such as neuroprotection. Neuroprotection may include enhancing the function of cells that directly support photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelial cells, and Müller glia. Treatment with fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a neuroprotectant, from postnatal week 4-10, during rod and cone loss in P23H mice (an RP model) with retinal degeneration, preserved photoreceptor function and normalized Müller glial cell morphology. Single-cell transcriptomics of retinal cells showed that FGF21 receptor Fgfr1 was specifically expressed in Müller glia/astrocytes. Of all retinal cells, FGF21 predominantly affected genes in Müller glia/astrocytes with increased expression of axon development and synapse formation pathway genes. Therefore, enhancing retinal glial axon and synapse formation with neurons may preserve retinal function in RP and may suggest a general therapeutic approach for retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,The Manton Center for Orphan Disease, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chenxi Qiu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Therapeutics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gael Cagnone
- Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc H3A 0C4, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Qc H3A 0C4, Canada
| | - Yohei Tomita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shuo Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bertan Cakir
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yumi Kotoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William Allen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Edward Bull
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James D Akula
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jean-Sébastien Joyal
- Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc H3A 0C4, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Qc H3A 0C4, Canada
| | - Ann Hellström
- Section for Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Saswata Talukdar
- Cardiometabolic Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lois E H Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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264
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Xia X, Teotia P, Patel H, Van Hook MJ, Ahmad I. Chemical induction of neurogenic properties in mammalian Müller glia. STEM CELLS (DAYTON, OHIO) 2021; 39:1081-1090. [PMID: 33764634 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Müller glia (MG), cells that maintain homeostasis in the retina, are dormant stem cells that can regenerate neurons upon injury. However, the regenerative property of MG, which is reproducibly displayed in the lower vertebrates, is not readily observed in the mammals even upon forced expression of regulatory genes or exposure to growth factors. Here, we demonstrate a reproducible unmasking of the neurogenic properties of enriched rodent MG by serial exposure to different combinations of small molecules. The enriched MG, in response to changing culture conditions, silenced glia-specific genes and acquired transcriptional signature of neurons, accompanied by upregulation of genes known to regulate neuronal potential of MG. The MG-derived neurons expressed immunoreactivities corresponding to neuronal proteins and displayed electrophysiological features of immature neurons. Our study presents a proof of principle of pharmacological activation of neurogenic properties of mammalian MG, which may be utilized for therapeutic regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Pooja Teotia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Hiren Patel
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Matthew J Van Hook
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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265
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Yao MD, Zhu Y, Zhang QY, Zhang HY, Li XM, Jiang Q, Yan B. CircRNA expression profile and functional analysis in retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Genomics 2021; 113:1482-1490. [PMID: 33771636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is involved in the pathogenesis of many vision-threatening diseases. circRNAs act as key players in gene regulation and human diseases. However, the global circRNA expression profile in retinal I/R injury has not been fully uncovered. Herein, we established a murine model of retinal I/R injury and performed circRNA microarrays to identify I/R-related circRNAs. 1265 differentially expressed circRNAs were identified between I/R retinas and normal retinas. Notably, the detection of cWDR37 level in aqueous humor could discriminate glaucoma patients from cataract patients (AUC = 0.9367). cWdr37 silencing protected against hypoxic stress- or oxidative stress-induced retinal ganglion cell (RGC) injury. cWdr37 silencing alleviated IR-induced retinal neurodegeneration as shown by increased NeuN staining, reduced retinal reactive gliosis, and decreased retinal apoptosis. Collectively, this study provides a novel insight into the pathogenesis of retinal I/R injury. cWdr37 is a promising target for the diagnosis or treatment of I/R-related ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Di Yao
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiu-Yang Zhang
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui-Ying Zhang
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiu-Miao Li
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Jiang
- The Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Biao Yan
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.
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266
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Raiders S, Black EC, Bae A, MacFarlane S, Klein M, Shaham S, Singhvi A. Glia actively sculpt sensory neurons by controlled phagocytosis to tune animal behavior. eLife 2021; 10:63532. [PMID: 33759761 PMCID: PMC8079151 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glia in the central nervous system engulf neuron fragments to remodel synapses and recycle photoreceptor outer segments. Whether glia passively clear shed neuronal debris or actively prune neuron fragments is unknown. How pruning of single-neuron endings impacts animal behavior is also unclear. Here, we report our discovery of glia-directed neuron pruning in Caenorhabditis elegans. Adult C. elegans AMsh glia engulf sensory endings of the AFD thermosensory neuron by repurposing components of the conserved apoptotic corpse phagocytosis machinery. The phosphatidylserine (PS) flippase TAT-1/ATP8A functions with glial PS-receptor PSR-1/PSR and PAT-2/α-integrin to initiate engulfment. This activates glial CED-10/Rac1 GTPase through the ternary GEF complex of CED-2/CrkII, CED-5/DOCK180, CED-12/ELMO. Execution of phagocytosis uses the actin-remodeler WSP-1/nWASp. This process dynamically tracks AFD activity and is regulated by temperature, the AFD sensory input. Importantly, glial CED-10 levels regulate engulfment rates downstream of neuron activity, and engulfment-defective mutants exhibit altered AFD-ending shape and thermosensory behavior. Our findings reveal a molecular pathway underlying glia-dependent engulfment in a peripheral sense-organ and demonstrate that glia actively engulf neuron fragments, with profound consequences on neuron shape and animal sensory behavior. Neurons are tree-shaped cells that receive information through endings connected to neighbouring cells or the environment. Controlling the size, number and location of these endings is necessary to ensure that circuits of neurons get precisely the right amount of input from their surroundings. Glial cells form a large portion of the nervous system, and they are tasked with supporting, cleaning and protecting neurons. In humans, part of their duties is to ‘eat’ (or prune) unnecessary neuron endings. In fact, this role is so important that defects in glial pruning are associated with conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease. Yet it is still unknown how pruning takes place, and in particular whether it is the neuron or the glial cell that initiates the process. To investigate this question, Raiders et al. enlisted the common laboratory animal Caenorhabditis elegans, a tiny worm with a simple nervous system where each neuron has been meticulously mapped out. First, the experiments showed that glial cells in C. elegans actually prune the endings of sensory neurons. Focusing on a single glia-neuron pair then revealed that the glial cell could trim the endings of a living neuron by redeploying the same molecular machinery it uses to clear dead cell debris. Compared to this debris-clearing activity, however, the glial cell takes a more nuanced approach to pruning: specifically, it can adjust the amount of trimming based on the activity load of the neuron. When Raiders et al. disrupted the glial pruning for a single temperature-sensing neuron, the worm lost its normal temperature preferences; this demonstrated how the pruning activity of a single glial cell can be linked to behavior. Taken together the experiments showcase how C. elegans can be used to study glial pruning. Further work using this model could help to understand how disease emerges when glial cells cannot perform their role, and to spot the genetic factors that put certain individuals at increased risk for neurological and sensory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Raiders
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Erik Calvin Black
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Andrea Bae
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States.,Cellular Imaging Shared Resources, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Stephen MacFarlane
- Department of Physics and Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, United States
| | - Mason Klein
- Department of Physics and Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, United States
| | - Shai Shaham
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Aakanksha Singhvi
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, United States.,Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, United States
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267
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García-Bermúdez MY, Freude KK, Mouhammad ZA, van Wijngaarden P, Martin KK, Kolko M. Glial Cells in Glaucoma: Friends, Foes, and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Front Neurol 2021; 12:624983. [PMID: 33796062 PMCID: PMC8007906 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.624983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, affecting ~80 million people by 2020 (1, 2). The condition is characterized by a progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons accompanied by visual field loss. The underlying pathophysiology of glaucoma remains elusive. Glaucoma is recognized as a multifactorial disease, and lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only treatment that has been shown to slow the progression of the condition. However, a significant number of glaucoma patients continue to go blind despite intraocular pressure-lowering treatment (2). Thus, the need for alternative treatment strategies is indisputable. Accumulating evidence suggests that glial cells play a significant role in supporting RGC function and that glial dysfunction may contribute to optic nerve disease. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the role of glial cells in the pathophysiology of glaucoma. A particular focus is on the dynamic and essential interactions between glial cells and RGCs and potential therapeutic approaches to glaucoma by targeting glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristine K Freude
- Department for Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zaynab A Mouhammad
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter van Wijngaarden
- Center for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Keith K Martin
- Center for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
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268
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Dahl TM, Reed M, Gerstner CD, Ying G, Baehr W. Effect of conditional deletion of cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain DYNC1H1 on postnatal photoreceptors. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248354. [PMID: 33705456 PMCID: PMC7951903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein (dynein 1), a major retrograde motor of eukaryotic cells, is a 1.4 MDa protein complex consisting of a pair of heavy chains (DYNC1H1) and a set of heterodimeric noncatalytic accessory components termed intermediate, light intermediate and light chains. DYNC1H1 (4644 amino acids) is the dynein backbone encoded by a gene consisting of 77 exons. We generated a floxed Dync1h1 allele that excises exons 24 and 25 and truncates DYNC1H1 during Six3Cre-induced homologous recombination. Truncation results in loss of the motor and microtubule-binding domain. Dync1h1F/F;Six3Cre photoreceptors degenerated rapidly within two postnatal weeks. In the postnatal day 6 (P6) Dync1h1F/F;Six3Cre central retina, outer and inner nuclear layers were severely disorganized and lacked a recognizable outer plexiform layer (OPL). Although the gene was effectively silenced by P6, DYNC1H1 remnants persisted and aggregated together with rhodopsin, PDE6 and centrin-2-positive centrosomes in the outer nuclear layer. As photoreceptor degeneration is delayed in the Dync1h1F/F;Six3Cre retina periphery, retinal lamination and outer segment elongation are in part preserved. DYNC1H1 strongly persisted in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) beyond P16 suggesting lack of clearance of the DYNC1H1 polypeptide. This persistence of DYNC1H1 allows horizontal, rod bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells to survive past P12. The results show that cytoplasmic dynein is essential for retina lamination, nuclear positioning, vesicular trafficking of photoreceptor membrane proteins and inner/outer segment elaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffanie M. Dahl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Utah Health Science Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Michelle Reed
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Utah Health Science Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Cecilia D. Gerstner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Utah Health Science Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Guoxin Ying
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Utah Health Science Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Wolfgang Baehr
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Utah Health Science Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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269
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McNerney C, Johnston RJ. Thyroid hormone signaling specifies cone photoreceptor subtypes during eye development: Insights from model organisms and human stem cell-derived retinal organoids. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 116:51-90. [PMID: 33752828 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Cones are the color-detecting photoreceptors of the vertebrate eye. Cones are specialized into subtypes whose functions are determined by the expression of color-sensitive opsin proteins. Organisms differ greatly in the number and patterning of cone subtypes. Despite these differences, thyroid hormone is an important regulator of opsin expression in most vertebrates. In this chapter, we outline how the timing of thyroid hormone signaling controls cone subtype fates during retinal development. We first examine our current understanding of cone subtype specification in model organisms and then describe advances in human stem cell-derived organoid technology that identified mechanisms controlling development of the human retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina McNerney
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Robert J Johnston
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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270
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Ruzafa N, Pereiro X, Fonollosa A, Araiz J, Acera A, Vecino E. Plasma Rich in Growth Factors (PRGF) Increases the Number of Retinal Müller Glia in Culture but Not the Survival of Retinal Neurons. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:606275. [PMID: 33767620 PMCID: PMC7985077 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.606275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) is a subtype of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) that stimulates tissue regeneration and may promote neuronal survival. It has been employed in ophthalmology to achieve tissue repair in some retinal pathologies, although how PRGF acts in the retina is still poorly understood. As a part of the central nervous system, the retina has limited capacity for repair capacity following damage, and retinal insult can provoke the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), potentially producing irreversible blindness. RGCs are in close contact with glial cells, such as Müller cells, that help maintain homeostasis in the retina. In this study, the aim was to determine whether PRGF can protect RGCs and whether it increases the number of Müller cells. Therefore, PRGF were tested on primary cell cultures of porcine RGCs and Müller cells, as well as on co-cultures of these two cell types. Moreover, the inflammatory component of PRGF was analyzed and the cytokines in the different PRGFs were quantified. In addition, we set out to determine if blocking the inflammatory components of PRGF alters its effect on the cells in culture. The presence of PRGF compromises RGC survival in pure cultures and in co-culture with Müller cells, but this effect was reversed by heat-inactivation of the PRGF. The detrimental effect of PRGF on RGCs could be in part due to the presence of cytokines and specifically, to the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines that compromise their survival. However, other factors are likely to be present in the PRGF that have a deleterious effect on the RGCs since the exposure to antibodies against these cytokines were insufficient to protect RGCs. Moreover, PRGF promotes Müller cell survival. In conclusion, PRGF hinders the survival of RGCs in the presence or absence of Müller cells, yet it promotes Müller cell survival that could be the reason of retina healing observed in the in vivo treatments, with some cytokines possibly implicated. Although PRGF could stimulate tissue regeneration, further studies should be performed to evaluate the effect of PRGF on neurons and the implication of its potential inflammatory role in such processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Ruzafa
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Begiker-Ophthalmology Research Group, Cruces Hospital, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Xandra Pereiro
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Begiker-Ophthalmology Research Group, Cruces Hospital, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alex Fonollosa
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Begiker-Ophthalmology Research Group, Cruces Hospital, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Javier Araiz
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Arantxa Acera
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Elena Vecino
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Begiker-Ophthalmology Research Group, Cruces Hospital, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Bilbao, Spain
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271
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Latina V, Giacovazzo G, Cordella F, Balzamino BO, Micera A, Varano M, Marchetti C, Malerba F, Florio R, Ercole BB, La Regina F, Atlante A, Coccurello R, Di Angelantonio S, Calissano P, Amadoro G. Systemic delivery of a specific antibody targeting the pathological N-terminal truncated tau peptide reduces retinal degeneration in a mouse model of Alzheimer's Disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:38. [PMID: 33750467 PMCID: PMC7942014 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01138-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Retina and optic nerve are sites of extra-cerebral manifestations of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein are detected in eyes from AD patients and transgenic animals in correlation with inflammation, reduction of synapses, visual deficits, loss of retinal cells and nerve fiber. However, neither the pathological relevance of other post-translational tau modifications-such as truncation with generation of toxic fragments-nor the potential neuroprotective action induced by their in vivo clearance have been investigated in the context of AD retinal degeneration. We have recently developed a monoclonal tau antibody (12A12mAb) which selectively targets the neurotoxic 20-22 kDa NH2-derived peptide generated from pathological truncation at the N-terminal domain of tau without cross-reacting with its full-length normal protein. Previous studies have shown that 12A12mAb, when intravenously (i.v.)-injected into 6-month-old Tg2576 animals, markedly improves their AD-like, behavioural and neuropathological syndrome. By taking advantage of this well-established tau-directed immunization regimen, we found that 12A12mAb administration also exerts a beneficial action on biochemical, morphological and metabolic parameters (i.e. APP/Aβ processing, tau hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation, synaptic proteins, microtubule stability, mitochondria-based energy production, neuronal death) associated with ocular injury in the AD phenotype. These findings prospect translational implications in the AD field by: (1) showing for the first time that cleavage of tau takes part in several pathological changes occurring in vivo in affected retinas and vitreous bodies and that its deleterious effects are successfully antagonized by administration of the specific 12A12mAb; (2) shedding further insights on the tight connections between neurosensory retina and brain, in particular following tau-based immunotherapy. In our view, the parallel response we detected in this preclinical animal model, both in the eye and in the hippocampus, following i.v. 12A12mAb injection opens novel diagnostic and therapeutic avenues for the clinical management of cerebral and extracerebral AD signs in human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Latina
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Giacovazzo
- IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Fosso del Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Cordella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Bijorn Omar Balzamino
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS - Fondazione Bietti, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo, 6, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Micera
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS - Fondazione Bietti, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo, 6, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Varano
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS - Fondazione Bietti, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo, 6, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Marchetti
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Malerba
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Florio
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Bruni Ercole
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Federico La Regina
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Atlante
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM)-CNR, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Coccurello
- IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Fosso del Fiorano 64-65, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Institute for Complex System (ISC)-CNR, Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Angelantonio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Calissano
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Amadoro
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
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272
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Fabbri R, Saracino E, Treossi E, Zamboni R, Palermo V, Benfenati V. Graphene glial-interfaces: challenges and perspectives. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:4390-4407. [PMID: 33599662 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07824g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanosheets are mechanically strong but flexible, electrically conductive and bio-compatible. Thus, due to these unique properties, they are being intensively studied as materials for the next generation of neural interfaces. Most of the literature focused on optimizing the interface between these materials and neurons. However, one of the most common causes of implant failure is the adverse inflammatory reaction of glial cells. These cells are not, as previously considered, just passive and supportive cells, but play a crucial role in the physiology and pathology of the nervous system, and in the interaction with implanted electrodes. Besides providing structural support to neurons, glia are responsible for the modulation of synaptic transmission and control of central and peripheral homeostasis. Accordingly, knowledge on the interaction between glia and biomaterials is essential to develop new implant-based therapies for the treatment of neurological disorders, such as epilepsy, brain tumours, and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. This work provides an overview of the emerging literature on the interaction of graphene-based materials with glial cells, together with a complete description of the different types of glial cells and problems associated with them. We believe that this description will be important for researchers working in materials science and nanotechnology to develop new active materials to interface, measure and stimulate these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Fabbri
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (CNR-ISOF), via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
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273
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Ruzafa N, Pereiro X, Fonollosa A, Araiz J, Acera A, Vecino E. The Effect of Plasma Rich in Growth Factors on Microglial Migration, Macroglial Gliosis and Proliferation, and Neuronal Survival. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:606232. [PMID: 33716738 PMCID: PMC7953148 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.606232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) is a subtype of platelet-rich plasma that has being employed in the clinic due to its capacity to accelerate tissue regeneration. Autologous PRGF has been used in ophthalmology to repair a range of retinal pathologies with some efficiency. In the present study, we have explored the role of PRGF and its effect on microglial motility, as well as its possible pro-inflammatory effects. Organotypic cultures from adult pig retinas were used to test the effect of the PRGF obtained from human as well as pig blood. Microglial migration, as well as gliosis, proliferation and the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The cytokines present in these PRGFs were analyzed by multiplex ELISA. In addition, we set out to determine if blocking some of the inflammatory components of PRGF alter its effect on microglial migration. In organotypic cultures, PRGF induces microglial migration to the outer nuclear layers as a sign of inflammation. This phenomenon could be due to the presence of several cytokines in PRGF that were quantified here, such as the major pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα. Heterologous PRGF (human) and longer periods of cultured (3 days) induced more microglia migration than autologous porcine PRGF. Moreover, the migratory effect of microglia was partially mitigated by: 1) heat inactivation of the PRGF; 2) the presence of dexamethasone; or 3) anti-cytokine factors. Furthermore, PRGF seems not to affect gliosis, proliferation or RGC survival in organotypic cultures of adult porcine retinas. PRGF can trigger an inflammatory response as witnessed by the activation of microglial migration in the retina. This can be prevented by using autologous PRGF or if this is not possible due to autoimmune diseases, by mitigating its inflammatory effect. In addition, PRGF does not increase either the proliferation rate of microglial cells or the survival of neurons. We cannot discard the possible positive effect of microglial cells on retinal function. Further studies should be performed to warrant the use of PRGF on the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Ruzafa
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group (GOBE, www-ehu.eus/GOBE), Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Begiker-Ophthalmology Research Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Cruces Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Xandra Pereiro
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group (GOBE, www-ehu.eus/GOBE), Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Begiker-Ophthalmology Research Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Cruces Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alex Fonollosa
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group (GOBE, www-ehu.eus/GOBE), Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Begiker-Ophthalmology Research Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Cruces Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Javier Araiz
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group (GOBE, www-ehu.eus/GOBE), Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Begiker-Ophthalmology Research Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Cruces Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Arantxa Acera
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group (GOBE, www-ehu.eus/GOBE), Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Elena Vecino
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group (GOBE, www-ehu.eus/GOBE), Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Begiker-Ophthalmology Research Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Cruces Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
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274
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Aydın R, Barış M, Durmaz-Engin C, Al-Aswad LA, Blumberg DM, Cioffi GA, Liebmann JM, Tezel TH, Tezel G. Early localized alterations of the retinal inner plexiform layer in association with visual field worsening in glaucoma patients. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247401. [PMID: 33630899 PMCID: PMC7906339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a chronic neurodegenerative disease of the optic nerve and a leading cause of irreversible blindness, worldwide. While the experimental research using animal models provides growing information about cellular and molecular processes, parallel analysis of the clinical presentation of glaucoma accelerates the translational progress towards improved understanding, treatment, and clinical testing of glaucoma. Optic nerve axon injury triggers early alterations of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) synapses with function deficits prior to manifest RGC loss in animal models of glaucoma. For testing the clinical relevance of experimental observations, this study analyzed the functional correlation of localized alterations in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), where RGCs establish synaptic connections with retinal bipolar and amacrine cells. Participants of the study included a retrospective cohort of 36 eyes with glaucoma and a control group of 18 non-glaucomatous subjects followed for two-years. The IPL was analyzed on consecutively collected macular SD-OCT scans, and functional correlations with corresponding 10–2 visual field scores were tested using generalized estimating equations (GEE) models. The GEE-estimated rate of decrease in IPL thickness (R = 0.36, P<0.001) and IPL density (R = 0.36, P<0.001), as opposed to unchanged or increased IPL thickness or density, was significantly associated with visual field worsening at corresponding analysis locations. Based on multivariate logistic regression analysis, this association was independent from the patients’ age, the baseline visual field scores, or the baseline thickness or alterations of retinal nerve fiber or RGC layers (P>0.05). These findings support early localized IPL alterations in correlation with progressing visual field defects in glaucomatous eyes. Considering the experimental data, glaucoma-related increase in IPL thickness/density might reflect dendritic remodeling, mitochondrial redistribution, and glial responses for synapse maintenance, but decreased IPL thickness/density might correspond to dendrite atrophy. The bridging of experimental data with clinical findings encourages further research along the translational path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukiye Aydın
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Mine Barış
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Ceren Durmaz-Engin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Lama A. Al-Aswad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Dana M. Blumberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - George A. Cioffi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Liebmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Tongalp H. Tezel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Gülgün Tezel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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275
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Ghosh S, Liu H, Yazdankhah M, Stepicheva N, Shang P, Vaidya T, Hose S, Gupta U, Calderon MJ, Hu MW, Nair AP, Weiss J, Fitting CS, Bhutto IA, Gadde SGK, Naik NK, Jaydev C, Lutty GA, Handa JT, Jayagopal A, Qian J, Sahel JA, Rajasundaram D, Sergeev Y, Zigler JS, Sethu S, Watkins S, Ghosh A, Sinha D. βA1-crystallin regulates glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function in mouse retinal astrocytes by modulating PTP1B activity. Commun Biol 2021; 4:248. [PMID: 33627831 PMCID: PMC7904954 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01763-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
βA3/A1-crystallin, a lens protein that is also expressed in astrocytes, is produced as βA3 and βA1-crystallin isoforms by leaky ribosomal scanning. In a previous human proteome high-throughput array, we found that βA3/A1-crystallin interacts with protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), a key regulator of glucose metabolism. This prompted us to explore possible roles of βA3/A1-crystallin in metabolism of retinal astrocytes. We found that βA1-crystallin acts as an uncompetitive inhibitor of PTP1B, but βA3-crystallin does not. Loss of βA1-crystallin in astrocytes triggers metabolic abnormalities and inflammation. In CRISPR/cas9 gene-edited βA1-knockdown (KD) mice, but not in βA3-knockout (KO) mice, the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic retinopathy (DR)-like phenotype is exacerbated. Here, we have identified βA1-crystallin as a regulator of PTP1B; loss of this regulation may be a new mechanism by which astrocytes contribute to DR. Interestingly, proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) patients showed reduced βA1-crystallin and higher levels of PTP1B in the vitreous humor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Ghosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Meysam Yazdankhah
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nadezda Stepicheva
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peng Shang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tanuja Vaidya
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bengaluru, India
| | - Stacey Hose
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Urvi Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael Joseph Calderon
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ming-Wen Hu
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Joseph Weiss
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christopher S Fitting
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Imran A Bhutto
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Naveen Kumar Naik
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bengaluru, India
| | - Chaitra Jaydev
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bengaluru, India
| | - Gerard A Lutty
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James T Handa
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Jiang Qian
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Institut de la Vision, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Dhivyaa Rajasundaram
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yuri Sergeev
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J Samuel Zigler
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Swaminathan Sethu
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bengaluru, India
| | - Simon Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Arkasubhra Ghosh
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bengaluru, India
| | - Debasish Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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276
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Inada M, Xu H, Takeuchi M, Ito M, Chen M. Microglia increase tight-junction permeability in coordination with Müller cells under hypoxic condition in an in vitro model of inner blood-retinal barrier. Exp Eye Res 2021; 205:108490. [PMID: 33607076 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Microglia and Müller cells (MCs) are believed to be critically involved in hypoxia-induced blood-retinal barrier (BRB) disruption, which is a major pathogenic factor of various retinopathies. However, the underlying mechanism remains poorly defined. The inner BRB (iBRB) is primarily formed of microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) with tight junction (TJ), which are surrounded and supported by retinal glial cells. We developed a novel in vitro iBRB model sheet by sandwiching Transwell membrane with layered mouse brain microvascular ECs (bEnd.3) and mouse retinal MCs (QMMuC-1) on each side of the membrane. Using this model, we tested the hypothesis that under hypoxic condition, activated microglia produce inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, which may promote vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production from MCs, leading to TJ disruption. The iBRB model cell sheets were exposed to 1% oxygen for 6 h with or without mouse brain microglia (BV2) or IL-1β. TJ structure and function were examined by zonula occludens (ZO)-1 immunostaining and fluorescein isothiocyanate permeability assay, respectively. Relative gene expression of IL-1β in BV2 under normoxic and hypoxic conditions was examined by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. VEGF protein concentration in QMMuC-1 supernatants was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The bEnd.3 cell sheet incubated with BV2 in hypoxic condition or with IL-1β in normoxic condition showed abnormal localization of ZO-1 and aberrated barrier function. Under normoxic condition, EC-MC iBRB model cell sheet showed lower permeability than bEnd.3 cell sheet. Under hypoxic conditions, the barrier function of EC-MC iBRB model cell sheet was more deteriorated compared to bEnd.3 cell sheet. Under hypoxic condition, incubation of EC-MC iBRB model cell sheet with BV2 cells or IL-1β significantly increased barrier permeability, and hypoxia-treated BV2 cells expressed significantly higher levels of IL-1β mRNA. Incubation of QMMuC-1 with IL-1β increased VEGF production. These results suggest that under hypoxic condition, microglia are activated to release proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β that promote VEGF production from MCs, leading to disruption of iBRB function. Modulating microglia and MCs function may be a novel approach to treat hypoxia-induced retinal BRB dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Inada
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-0042, Japan; Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Heping Xu
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Masaru Takeuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-0042, Japan
| | - Masataka Ito
- Department of Developmental Anatomy, National Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-0042, Japan.
| | - Mei Chen
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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277
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Sen M, Bassetto M, Poulhes F, Zelphati O, Ueffing M, Arango-Gonzalez B. Efficient Ocular Delivery of VCP siRNA via Reverse Magnetofection in RHO P23H Rodent Retina Explants. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020225. [PMID: 33562020 PMCID: PMC7914601 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of synthetic RNA for research purposes as well as RNA-based therapy and vaccination has gained increasing importance. Given the anatomical seclusion of the eye, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-induced gene silencing bears great potential for targeted reduction of pathological gene expression that may allow rational treatment of chronic eye diseases in the future. However, there is yet an unmet need for techniques providing safe and efficient siRNA delivery to the retina. We used magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and magnetic force (Reverse Magnetofection) to deliver siRNA/MNP complexes into retinal explant tissue, targeting valosin-containing protein (VCP) previously established as a potential therapeutic target for autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP). Safe and efficient delivery of VCP siRNA was achieved into all retinal cell layers of retinal explants from the RHO P23H rat, a rodent model for adRP. No toxicity or microglial activation was observed. VCP silencing led to a significant decrease of retinal degeneration. Reverse Magnetofection thus offers an effective method to deliver siRNA into retinal tissue. Used in combination with retinal organotypic explants, it can provide an efficient and reliable preclinical test platform of RNA-based therapy approaches for ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Sen
- Centre of Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marco Bassetto
- OZ Biosciences, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, CEDEX 9, 13288 Marseille, France; (M.B.); (F.P.); (O.Z.)
| | - Florent Poulhes
- OZ Biosciences, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, CEDEX 9, 13288 Marseille, France; (M.B.); (F.P.); (O.Z.)
| | - Olivier Zelphati
- OZ Biosciences, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, CEDEX 9, 13288 Marseille, France; (M.B.); (F.P.); (O.Z.)
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Centre of Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
- Correspondence: (M.U.); (B.A.-G.)
| | - Blanca Arango-Gonzalez
- Centre of Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
- Correspondence: (M.U.); (B.A.-G.)
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278
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Alam K, Akhter Y. The Impacts of Unfolded Protein Response in the Retinal Cells During Diabetes: Possible Implications on Diabetic Retinopathy Development. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:615125. [PMID: 33613197 PMCID: PMC7886690 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.615125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a vision-threatening, chronic, and challenging eye disease in the diabetic population. Despite recent advancements in the clinical management of diabetes, DR remains the major cause of blindness in working-age adults. A better understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of DR development will aid in identifying therapeutic targets. Emerging pieces of evidence from recent research in the field of ER stress have demonstrated a close association between unfolded protein response (UPR)-associated cellular activities and DR development. In this minireview article, we shall provide an emerging understating of how UPR influences DR pathogenesis at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiser Alam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
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279
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Griffin SM, McDonald HR, Johnson RN, Jumper JM, Fu AD, Cunningham ET, Lee K, Ng CC, Lujan BJ. FINGERPRINT SIGN OF THE HENLE FIBER LAYER. Retina 2021; 41:381-386. [PMID: 32604343 PMCID: PMC7959252 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000002875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the appearance of concentric, fingerprint-like waves within the Henle fiber layer (HFL) using en face optical coherence tomography in patients with tractional pathologies of the retina. METHODS Retrospective analysis of six eyes of six patients imaged by optical coherence tomography with volumetric slabs positioned at the level of the HFL. RESULTS Optical coherence tomography data from six patients with tractional vitreoretinal pathology were reviewed. Concentric, fingerprint-like microwaves were visualized through en face optical coherence tomography in all six study eyes at the level of the HFL. This finding resembled the finding of HFL waves previously noted histopathologically from force exerted on this layer. CONCLUSION In retinal pathologies in which specific physical forces act on the retina, volumetric optical coherence tomography may permit visualization of en face concentric, fingerprint-like hyperreflective rings within the HFL. This "fingerprint sign" may represent a biomechanical consequence of traction on the retina and allow clinical decision making based on improved recognition of the existence of such traction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane M. Griffin
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - H. Richard McDonald
- West Coast Retina Medical Group, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Ophthalmology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Robert N. Johnson
- West Coast Retina Medical Group, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Ophthalmology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - J. Michael Jumper
- West Coast Retina Medical Group, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Ophthalmology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Arthur D. Fu
- West Coast Retina Medical Group, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Ophthalmology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Emmett T. Cunningham
- West Coast Retina Medical Group, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Department of Ophthalmology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
- The Francis I Proctor Foundation, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kiang Lee
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Caleb C. Ng
- West Coast Retina Medical Group, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Ophthalmology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
| | - Brandon J. Lujan
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- West Coast Retina Medical Group, San Francisco, CA
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280
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Development of a zebrafish screening model for diabetic retinopathy induced by hyperglycemia: Reproducibility verification in animal model. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 135:111201. [PMID: 33421732 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at creating a zebrafish screening model for diabetic retinopathy, and evaluated the effects of aflibercept, which is being used to treated diabetic retinopathy. A morphological change occurred at 160 mM of glucose. The survival and hatching rate decreased in a dose-dependent manner. In the 130 mM glucose group, the retinal vessel diameter was more than double that in the normal group. The zebrafish embryo morphology changed in 200 μg/mL and 400 μg/mL at aflibercept. The survival and hatching rate decrease at 400 μg/mL. Aflibercept 100 μg/mL was a nontoxic and effective dose for the zebrafish diabetic retinopathy model. The expression of diabetic retinopathy inflammatory markers was increased in hyperglycemia. But the inflammation was improved by aflibercept in the zebrafish eye. In a zebrafish diabetic retinopathy model, the diameters of retinal vessels were reduced after treatment with aflibercept, and molecular biological and histopathological efficacy was confirmed. This model can serve for screening of new drug candidates for treatment of in diabetic retinopathy.
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281
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Horton WB, Barrett EJ. Microvascular Dysfunction in Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiometabolic Disease. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:29-55. [PMID: 33125468 PMCID: PMC7846151 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review takes an inclusive approach to microvascular dysfunction in diabetes mellitus and cardiometabolic disease. In virtually every organ, dynamic interactions between the microvasculature and resident tissue elements normally modulate vascular and tissue function in a homeostatic fashion. This regulation is disordered by diabetes mellitus, by hypertension, by obesity, and by dyslipidemia individually (or combined in cardiometabolic disease), with dysfunction serving as an early marker of change. In particular, we suggest that the familiar retinal, renal, and neural complications of diabetes mellitus are late-stage manifestations of microvascular injury that begins years earlier and is often abetted by other cardiometabolic disease elements (eg, hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia). We focus on evidence that microvascular dysfunction precedes anatomic microvascular disease in these organs as well as in heart, muscle, and brain. We suggest that early on, diabetes mellitus and/or cardiometabolic disease can each cause reversible microvascular injury with accompanying dysfunction, which in time may or may not become irreversible and anatomically identifiable disease (eg, vascular basement membrane thickening, capillary rarefaction, pericyte loss, etc.). Consequences can include the familiar vision loss, renal insufficiency, and neuropathy, but also heart failure, sarcopenia, cognitive impairment, and escalating metabolic dysfunction. Our understanding of normal microvascular function and early dysfunction is rapidly evolving, aided by innovative genetic and imaging tools. This is leading, in tissues like the retina, to testing novel preventive interventions at early, reversible stages of microvascular injury. Great hope lies in the possibility that some of these interventions may develop into effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Horton
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine
| | - Eugene J Barrett
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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282
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Gimeno-Hernández R, Cantó A, Fernández-Carbonell A, Olivar T, Hernández-Rabaza V, Almansa I, Miranda M. Thioredoxin Delays Photoreceptor Degeneration, Oxidative and Inflammation Alterations in Retinitis Pigmentosa. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:590572. [PMID: 33424600 PMCID: PMC7785808 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.590572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited ocular disorder with no effective treatment. RP onset and progression trigger a cascade of retinal disorders that lead to the death of photoreceptors. After photoreceptors death, neuronal, glial and vascular remodeling can be observed in the retina. The purpose of this study was to study if thioredoxin (TRX) administration is able to decrease photoreceptor death in an animal model of RP (rd1 mouse), but also if it is able to modulate the retinal oxidative stress, glial and vascular changes that can be observed as the disease progresses. Wild type and rd1 mice received several doses of TRX. After treatment, animals were euthanized at postnatals days 11, 17, or 28. Glutathione (GSH) and other thiol compounds were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Glial fibrilary acidic protein (GFAP) and anti-ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) were studied by immunohistochemistry. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hepatic growth factor (HGF) expression were determined by western blot. TRX administration significantly diminished cell death in rd1 mouse retinas and increased GSH retinal concentrations at postnatal day 11 (PN11). TRX was also able to reverse glial alterations at PN11 and PN17. No alterations were observed in retinal VEGF and HGF expression in rd1 mice. In conclusion, TRX treatment decreases photoreceptor death in the first stages of RP and this protective effect may be due in part to the GSH system activation and to a partially decrease in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Gimeno-Hernández
- Departamento Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antolin Cantó
- Departamento Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Angel Fernández-Carbonell
- Departamento Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Olivar
- Departamento Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Hernández-Rabaza
- Departamento Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Almansa
- Departamento Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Miranda
- Departamento Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
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283
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Gao H, A L, Huang X, Chen X, Xu H. Müller Glia-Mediated Retinal Regeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2342-2361. [PMID: 33417229 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02274-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Müller glia originate from neuroepithelium and are the principal glial cells in the retina. During retinal development, Müller glia are one of the last cell types to be born. In lower vertebrates, such as zebrafish, Müller glia possess a remarkable capacity for retinal regeneration following various forms of injury through a reprogramming process in which endogenous Müller glia proliferate and differentiate into all types of retinal cells. In mammals, Müller glia become reactive in response to damage to protect or to further impair retinal function. Although mammalian Müller glia have regenerative potential, it is limited as far as repairing damaged retina. Lessons learned from zebrafish will help reveal the critical mechanisms involved in Müller glia reprogramming. Progress has been made in triggering Müller glia to reprogram and generate functional neurons to restore vision in mammals indicating that Müller glia reprogramming may be a promising therapeutic strategy for human retinal diseases. This review comprehensively summarizes the mechanisms related to retinal regeneration in model animals and the critical advanced progress made in Müller glia reprogramming in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Luodan A
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiaona Huang
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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284
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Yamagata M, Yan W, Sanes JR. A cell atlas of the chick retina based on single-cell transcriptomics. eLife 2021; 10:e63907. [PMID: 33393903 PMCID: PMC7837701 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal structure and function have been studied in many vertebrate orders, but molecular characterization has been largely confined to mammals. We used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to generate a cell atlas of the chick retina. We identified 136 cell types plus 14 positional or developmental intermediates distributed among the six classes conserved across vertebrates - photoreceptor, horizontal, bipolar, amacrine, retinal ganglion, and glial cells. To assess morphology of molecularly defined types, we adapted a method for CRISPR-based integration of reporters into selectively expressed genes. For Müller glia, we found that transcriptionally distinct cells were regionally localized along the anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, and central-peripheral retinal axes. We also identified immature photoreceptor, horizontal cell, and oligodendrocyte types that persist into late embryonic stages. Finally, we analyzed relationships among chick, mouse, and primate retinal cell classes and types. Our results provide a foundation for anatomical, physiological, evolutionary, and developmental studies of the avian visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Yamagata
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Wenjun Yan
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Joshua R Sanes
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
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285
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Tribble JR, Kokkali E, Otmani A, Plastino F, Lardner E, Vohra R, Kolko M, André H, Morgan JE, Williams PA. When Is a Control Not a Control? Reactive Microglia Occur Throughout the Control Contralateral Pathway of Retinal Ganglion Cell Projections in Experimental Glaucoma. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:22. [PMID: 33510961 PMCID: PMC7804521 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.1.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Animal models show retinal ganglion cell (RGC) injuries that replicate features of glaucoma and the contralateral eye is commonly used as an internal control. There is significant crossover of RGC axons from the ipsilateral to the contralateral side at the level of the optic chiasm, which may confound findings when damage is restricted to one eye. The effect of unilateral glaucoma on neuroinflammatory damage to the contralateral pathway of RGC projections has largely been unexplored. Methods Ocular hypertensive glaucoma was induced unilaterally or bilaterally in the rat and RGC neurodegenerative events were assessed. Neuroinflammation was quantified in the retina, optic nerve head, optic nerve, lateral geniculate nucleus, and superior colliculus by high-resolution imaging, and in the retina by flow cytometry and protein arrays. Results After ocular hypertensive stress, peripheral monocytes enter the retina and microglia become reactive. This effect is more marked in animals with bilateral ocular hypertensive glaucoma. In rats where glaucoma was induced unilaterally, there was significant microglia activation in the contralateral (control) eye. Microglial activation extended into the optic nerve and terminal visual thalami, where it was similar across hemispheres in unilateral ocular hypertension. Conclusions These data suggest that caution is warranted when using the contralateral eye as a control and in comparing visual thalami in unilateral models of glaucoma. Translational Relevance The use of a contralateral eye as a control may confound the discovery of human-relevant mechanism and treatments in animal models. We also identify neuroinflammatory protein responses that warrant further investigation as potential disease-modifiable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Tribble
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eirini Kokkali
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Amin Otmani
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Flavia Plastino
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Lardner
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rupali Vohra
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pathobiological Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helder André
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James E. Morgan
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Pete A. Williams
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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286
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Abstract
Normal retina and its cell layers are essential for processing visual stimuli, and loss of its integrity has been documented in many disease processes. The numbers and the axonal processes of retinal ganglion cells are reduced substantially in glaucoma, leading to vision loss and blindness. Similarly, selective loss of photoreceptors in age-related macular degeneration and hereditary retinal dystrophies also results in the compromise of visual acuity. Development of genetically modified mice has led to increased understanding of the pathogenesis of many retinal diseases. Similarly, in this digital era, usage of modalities to quantify the retinal cell loss has grown exponentially leading to a better understanding of the suitability of animal models to study human retinal diseases. These quantification modalities provide valuable quantifiable data in studying pathogenesis and disease progression. This review will discuss the immunohistochemical markers for various retinal cells, available automated tools to quantify retinal cells, and present an example of retinal ganglion cell quantification using HALO image analysis platform. Additionally, we briefly review retinal cell types and subtypes, salient features of retina in various laboratory animal species, and a few of the main disease processes that affect retinal cell numbers in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henry Chen
- 7845Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Ying Hu
- 7845Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Oliver C Turner
- Novartis, 98557Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Preclinical Safety, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Olulanu H Aina
- 426218Janssen Pharmaceutical Company of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA, USA
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287
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Zeng S, Zhang T, Madigan MC, Fernando N, Aggio-Bruce R, Zhou F, Pierce M, Chen Y, Huang L, Natoli R, Gillies MC, Zhu L. Interphotoreceptor Retinoid-Binding Protein (IRBP) in Retinal Health and Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:577935. [PMID: 33328889 PMCID: PMC7710524 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.577935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP), also known as retinol binding protein 3 (RBP3), is a lipophilic glycoprotein specifically secreted by photoreceptors. Enriched in the interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM) and recycled by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), IRBP is essential for the vision of all vertebrates as it facilitates the transfer of retinoids in the visual cycle. It also helps to transport lipids between the RPE and photoreceptors. The thiol-dependent antioxidant activity of IRBP maintains the delicate redox balance in the normal retina. Thus, its dysfunction is suspected to play a role in many retinal diseases. We have reviewed here the latest research on IRBP in both retinal health and disease, including the function and regulation of IRBP under retinal stress in both animal models and the human retina. We have also explored the therapeutic potential of targeting IRBP in retinal diseases. Although some technical barriers remain, it is possible that manipulating the expression of IRBP in the retina will rescue or prevent photoreceptor degeneration in many retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxue Zeng
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michele C Madigan
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nilisha Fernando
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Riemke Aggio-Bruce
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia.,The Australian National University Medical School, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew Pierce
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yingying Chen
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lianlin Huang
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia.,The Australian National University Medical School, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Mark C Gillies
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ling Zhu
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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288
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Rodrigues FSC, Campos A, Martins J, Ambrósio AF, Campos EJ. Emerging Trends in Nanomedicine for Improving Ocular Drug Delivery: Light-Responsive Nanoparticles, Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles, and Contact Lenses. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:6587-6597. [PMID: 33320633 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vision is the most dominant of our senses, and it is crucial in every stage of our lives. Ocular diseases, regardless of whether they cause vision impairment or not, lead to personal and financial hardships. The anatomy and physiology of the eye strongly limit the efficacy of current ocular drug delivery strategies. Nanotechnology has been the ground for the development of powerful strategies in several fields, namely in medicine. This review highlights emerging nanotechnology-based solutions for improving ocular drug delivery and thus the bioavailability and efficacy of drugs. We focus our review on ambitious but promising approaches currently emerging to leverage the efficacy of nanoparticle-based systems in ocular therapy: (i) light-responsive nanoparticles, which enable spatiotemporal control of drug release; (ii) mesoporous silica nanoparticles, which offer high surface area-to-volume ratio, simple surface modification, good biocompatibility, and improved bioavailability; and (iii) contact lenses, which serve as a compliant method of nanoparticles use and as drug delivery systems for the treatment of ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia S C Rodrigues
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Campos
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar Leiria E.P.E., 2410-197 Leiria, Portugal.,ciTechCare, Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2410-541 Leiria, Portugal
| | - João Martins
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal.,Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal.,Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Elisa J Campos
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal.,Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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289
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Intravitreal Injection of Liposomes Loaded with a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Promotes Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival in a Mouse Model of Optic Nerve Crush. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239297. [PMID: 33291226 PMCID: PMC7730870 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Various neuroprotective agents have been studied for the treatment of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) diseases, but issues concerning the side effects of systemically administered drugs and the short retention time of intravitreally injected drugs limit their clinical applications. The current study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of intravitreally injected trichostatin A (TSA)-loaded liposomes in a mouse model of optic nerve crush (ONC) and determine whether TSA-loaded liposomes have therapeutic potential in RGC diseases. The histone deacetylase inhibitor, TSA, was incorporated into polyethylene glycolylated liposomes. C57BL/6J mice were treated with an intravitreal injection of TSA-loaded liposomes and liposomes loaded with a lipophilic fluorescent dye for tracking, immediately after ONC injury. The expression of macroglial and microglial cell markers (glial fibrillary acidic protein and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1), RGC survival, and apoptosis were assessed. We found that the liposomes reached the inner retina. Their fluorescence was detected for up to 10 days after the intravitreal injection, with peak intensity at 3 days postinjection. Intravitreally administered TSA-loaded liposomes significantly decreased reactive gliosis and RGC apoptosis and increased RGC survival in a mouse model of ONC. Our results suggest that TSA-loaded liposomes may help in the treatment of various RGC diseases.
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290
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Jin M, Li X, Yan F, Chen W, Jiang L, Zhang X. The effects of low-color-temperature dual-primary-color light-emitting diodes on three kinds of retinal cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 214:112099. [PMID: 33285486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Long-term illumination of the retina with blue-light-excited phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes (LEDs) may result in decreased retinal function, even if the levels of blue light emitted are low. New low-color-temperature dual-primary-color LEDs have been developed that are composed of only two LED chips: a red chip and a yellow chip. These LEDs are expected to become a new type of healthy lighting source because they do not emit blue light, they lack phosphor, and they solve the problem of low efficiency encountered with phosphor-converted low-color-temperature LEDs. Many studies have indicated that these new low-color-temperature LEDs are likely to have therapeutic effects. However, the biological safety of these LEDs needs to be explored before the therapeutic effects are explored. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of the new low-color-temperature LEDs and fluorescent white LEDs on three types of retinal cells. We observed that the viability and numbers of retinal cells decreased gradually with increasing LED color temperature. The new low-color-temperature LEDs caused less death and adverse effects on proliferation than the fluorescent white LEDs. After irradiation with high-color-temperature LEDs, the expression of Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1) was decreased and discontinuous in ARPE-19 cells; the stress protein hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) was upregulated in R28 cells; and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin were upregulated in rMC-1 cells. We therefore conclude that the new white LEDs cause almost no damage to retinal cells and reduce the potential human health risks of chronic exposure to fluorescent white LEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jin
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Disease, 463 Bayi Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Xiongfeng Li
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Disease, 463 Bayi Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Disease, 463 Bayi Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Weixin Chen
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Disease, 463 Bayi Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Queen Mary School of Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330046, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Disease, 463 Bayi Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China.
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291
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Factors Associated with Changes in Retinal Layers Following Acute Optic Neuritis: A Longitudinal Study Using Optical Coherence Tomography. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9123857. [PMID: 33260991 PMCID: PMC7760276 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9123857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze longitudinal changes in retinal microstructures following acute optic neuritis and to identify the factors that affect those changes using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). Forty-eight eyes of 37 patients with a first episode of optic neuritis and 48 eyes of 48 healthy controls were enrolled. Patients underwent serial OCT and visual function testing for more than six months. Individual layers from macular OCT were segmented with an automated algorithm. The total retinal layer (TRL), nerve fiber layer (NFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL) and inner plexiform layer (IPL) of optic neuritis eyes showed significant thinning with time over 6–15 months (p < 0.001 for all). The outer nuclear layer (ONL) showed a later decrease in thickness (p = 0.007). The outer retinal layer (ORL) showed an increase (p = 0.007) in thickness at two to five months which was sustained over time. Low visual acuity and neuromyelitis optica (NMO) immunoglobulin (Ig) G were associated with changes in the thickness of the GCL, IPL, and ONL over time (p < 0.05 for all). Low visual acuity was also associated with changes in the thickness of the NFL over time (p = 0.033). Dynamic changes of retinal microstructures varied according to the retinal layer examined after an optic neuritis attack. Initial visual acuity and NMO-IgG were found to be significant factors affecting the changes in thickness of each retinal layer. These results will lead to a better understanding of the pathologic changes that occur in eyes with optic neuritis.
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292
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Comparative lipidomic analysis of mammalian retinal ganglion cells and Müller glia in situ and in vitro using High-Resolution Imaging Mass Spectrometry. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20053. [PMID: 33208898 PMCID: PMC7674471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to better understand retinal physiology, alterations to which underlie some ocular diseases, we set out to establish the lipid signature of two fundamental cell types in the retina, Müller Glia and Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs). Moreover, we compared the lipid signature of these cells in sections (in situ), as well as after culturing the cells and isolating their cell membranes (in vitro). The lipidome of Müller glia and RGCs was analyzed in porcine retinal sections using Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Imaging Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-IMS). Isolated membranes, as well as whole cells from primary cell cultures of RGCs and Müller glia, were printed onto glass slides using a non-contact microarrayer (Nano Plotter), and a LTQ-Orbitrap XL analyzer was used to scan the samples in negative ion mode, thereafter identifying the RGCs and Müller cells immunohistochemically. The spectra acquired were aligned and normalized against the total ion current, and a statistical analysis was carried out to select the lipids specific to each cell type in the retinal sections and microarrays. The peaks of interest were identified by MS/MS analysis. A cluster analysis of the MS spectra obtained from the retinal sections identified regions containing RGCs and Müller glia, as confirmed by immunohistochemistry in the same sections. The relative density of certain lipids differed significantly (p-value ≤ 0.05) between the areas containing Müller glia and RGCs. Likewise, different densities of lipids were evident between the RGC and Müller glia cultures in vitro. Finally, a comparative analysis of the lipid profiles in the retinal sections and microarrays identified six peaks that corresponded to a collection of 10 lipids characteristic of retinal cells. These lipids were identified by MS/MS. The analyses performed on the RGC layer of the retina, on RGCs in culture and using cell membrane microarrays of RGCs indicate that the lipid composition of the retina detected in sections is preserved in primary cell cultures. Specific lipid species were found in RGCs and Müller glia, allowing both cell types to be identified by a lipid fingerprint. Further studies into these specific lipids and of their behavior in pathological conditions may well help identify novel therapeutic targets for ocular diseases.
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293
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Sterling JK, Adetunji MO, Guttha S, Bargoud AR, Uyhazi KE, Ross AG, Dunaief JL, Cui QN. GLP-1 Receptor Agonist NLY01 Reduces Retinal Inflammation and Neuron Death Secondary to Ocular Hypertension. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108271. [PMID: 33147455 PMCID: PMC7660987 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness and is characterized by the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Recent studies have implicated pro-inflammatory microglia, macrophages, and A1 astrocytes in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. The role of pro-inflammatory, neurotoxic A1 astrocytes in glaucoma is just beginning to be explored. Using a mouse model of glaucoma, we demonstrate that ocular hypertension is sufficient to trigger production of C1q, interleukin-1α (IL-1α), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), three cytokines necessary and sufficient to drive the formation of A1 astrocytes. Upregulation of these cytokines occurs first in CD11b+ CD11c+ cells followed by CD11b+ CD11c- cells. Ablation of this pathway, by either genetic deletions of C1qa, IL-1α, and TNF-α, or treatment with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist NLY01, reduces A1 astrocyte transformation and RGC death. Together, these results highlight a neuroinflammatory mechanism of glaucomatous neurodegeneration that can be therapeutically targeted by NLY01 administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob K Sterling
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Modupe O Adetunji
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Samyuktha Guttha
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Albert R Bargoud
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Katherine E Uyhazi
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ahmara G Ross
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joshua L Dunaief
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Qi N Cui
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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294
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Freude KK, Saruhanian S, McCauley A, Paterson C, Odette M, Oostenink A, Hyttel P, Gillies M, Haukedal H, Kolko M. Enrichment of retinal ganglion and Müller glia progenitors from retinal organoids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells - possibilities and current limitations. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:1171-1183. [PMID: 33178399 PMCID: PMC7596448 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i10.1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal organoids serve as excellent human-specific disease models for conditions affecting otherwise inaccessible retinal tissue from patients. They permit the isolation of key cell types affected in various eye diseases including retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and Müller glia.
AIM To refine human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) differentiated into three-dimensional (3D) retinal organoids to generate sufficient numbers of RGCs and Müller glia progenitors for downstream analyses.
METHODS In this study we described, evaluated, and refined methods with which to generate Müller glia and RGC progenitors, isolated them via magnetic-activated cell sorting, and assessed their lineage stability after prolonged 2D culture. Putative progenitor populations were characterized via quantitative PCR and immunocytochemistry, and the ultrastructural composition of retinal organoid cells was investigated.
RESULTS Our study confirms the feasibility of generating marker-characterized Müller glia and RGC progenitors within retinal organoids. Such retinal organoids can be dissociated and the Müller glia and RGC progenitor-like cells isolated via magnetic-activated cell sorting and propagated as monolayers.
CONCLUSION Enrichment of Müller glia and RGC progenitors from retinal organoids is a feasible method with which to study cell type-specific disease phenotypes and to potentially generate specific retinal populations for cell replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Karla Freude
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Group of Stem Cell Models for Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Section for Pathobiological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Sarkis Saruhanian
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Alanna McCauley
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Group of Stem Cell Models for Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Section for Pathobiological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Colton Paterson
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Group of Stem Cell Models for Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Section for Pathobiological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Madeleine Odette
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Group of Stem Cell Models for Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Section for Pathobiological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Annika Oostenink
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Group of Stem Cell Models for Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Section for Pathobiological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Poul Hyttel
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Group of Stem Cell Models for Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Section for Pathobiological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Mark Gillies
- Save Sight Institute, South Block, Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney 2000, Australia
| | - Henriette Haukedal
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Group of Stem Cell Models for Studies of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Section for Pathobiological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Glostrup 2600, Denmark
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295
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PPARα Agonist Oral Therapy in Diabetic Retinopathy. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8100433. [PMID: 33086679 PMCID: PMC7589723 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an eye condition that develops after chronically poorly-managed diabetes, and is presently the main cause for blindness on a global scale. Current treatments for DR such as laser photocoagulation, topical injection of corticosteroids, intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents and vitreoretinal surgery are only applicable at the late stages of DR and there are possibilities of significant adverse effects. Moreover, the forms of treatment available for DR are highly invasive to the eyes. Safer and more effective pharmacological treatments are required for DR treatment, in particular at an early stage. In this review, we cover recently investigated promising oral pharmacotherapies, the methods of which are safer, easier to use, patient-friendly and pain-free, in clinical studies. We especially focus on peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor alpha (PPARα) agonists in which experimental evidence suggests PPARα activation may be closely related to the attenuation of vascular damages, including lipid-induced toxicity, inflammation, an excess of free radical generation, endothelial dysfunction and angiogenesis. Furthermore, oral administration of selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha modulator (SPPARMα) agonists may induce hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 expression, indirectly resulting in retinal protection in animal studies. Our review will enable more comprehensive approaches for understanding protective roles of PPARα for the prevention of DR development.
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296
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Baudouin C, Kolko M, Melik-Parsadaniantz S, Messmer EM. Inflammation in Glaucoma: From the back to the front of the eye, and beyond. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 83:100916. [PMID: 33075485 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of glaucoma is complex, multifactorial and not completely understood. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and/or impaired retinal blood flow may cause initial optic nerve damage. In addition, age-related oxidative stress in the retina concurrently with chronic mechanical and vascular stress is crucial for the initiation of retinal neurodegeneration. Oxidative stress is closely related to cell senescence, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation, which are involved in glaucoma progression. Accumulating evidence from animal glaucoma models and from human ocular samples suggests a dysfunction of the para-inflammation in the retinal ganglion cell layer and the optic nerve head. Moreover, quite similar mechanisms in the anterior chamber could explain the trabecular meshwork dysfunction and the elevated IOP in primary open-angle glaucoma. On the other hand, ocular surface disease due to topical interventions is the most prominent and visible consequence of inflammation in glaucoma, with a negative impact on filtering surgery failure, topical treatment efficacy, and possibly on inflammation in the anterior segment. Consequently, glaucoma appears as an outstanding eye disease where inflammatory changes may be present to various extents and consequences along the eye structure, from the ocular surface to the posterior segment, and the visual pathway. Here we reviewed the inflammatory processes in all ocular structures in glaucoma from the back to the front of the eye and beyond. Our approach was to explain how para-inflammation is necessary to maintain homoeostasis, and to describe abnormal inflammatory findings observed in glaucomatous patients or in animal glaucoma models, supporting the hypothesis of a dysregulation of the inflammatory balance toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Possible anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches in glaucoma are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Baudouin
- Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, IHU Foresight, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de La Vision, Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
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297
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The cells involved in the pathological process of diabetic retinopathy. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110818. [PMID: 33053509 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy(DR) is an expanding global health problem, the exact mechanism of which has not yet been clarified clearly, new insights into retinal physiology indicate that diabetes-induced retinal dysfunction may be viewed as an impairment of the retinal neurovascular unit, including retinal ganglion cells, glial cells, endothelial cells, pericytes, and retinal pigment epithelium. Different retinal cells have unique structure and functions, while the interactions among which are less known. Cells are the basic unit of organism structure and function, their impairment could lead to abnormal physiological functions and even organ disorder. Considering the body is multi-dimension and the complexity of DR, one point or a single type of cell can't be used to illustrate the mechanism of occurrence and development of DR. In this review, we provided a systematic and comprehensive elaboration of the cells that are involved in the process of DR. We underlined the importance of considering the neurovascular unit, not just retinal vascular and neural cells, in understanding the pathophysiology of DR. Our studies provided a better understanding of the pathological process in DR and provide a theoretical basis for further research.
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298
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Optical coherence tomographic features of macular telangiectasia type 2: Korean Macular Telangiectasia Type 2 Study-Report No. 1. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16594. [PMID: 33024250 PMCID: PMC7538897 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We analysed the imaging findings of macular telangiectasia (MacTel) type 2 in Korea using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and investigated their relationship with visual acuity and clinical stages. A retrospective multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted in six tertiary hospitals in Korea and included 129 patients. We analysed all the SD-OCT images encompassing the macular area. Hyporeflective cavities (77.7%) were the most frequently detected abnormalities in SD-OCT. Disruption of the external limiting membrane, ellipsoid zone, and interdigitation zone were found in 67 (40.4%), 87 (52.4%), and 94 eyes (56.6%), respectively. Four eyes (2.4%) had lamellar macular hole, and five eyes (3.0%) full-thickness macular hole. Neovascularisation, either subretinal or intraretinal, was found in 14 eyes (8.4%). Eyes with outer retinal hyperreflective band disruption had lower visual acuity than those without them. The presented characteristic clinical features of OCT in MacTel type 2 can not only aid in differentiating this disease from others but are also helpful for better judgement of the disease stage in daily clinical practice. Inner retinal hyporeflective cavities without outer retinal abnormalities on SD-OCT, although classified as severity scale 3, could be considered a relatively early stage in the disease process in terms of vision.
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299
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Zhang CJ, Ma Y, Jin ZB. The road to restore vision with photoreceptor regeneration. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108283. [PMID: 33010290 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroretinal diseases are the predominant cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, mainly due to photoreceptor loss. Currently, there are no radical treatments to fully reverse the degeneration or even stop the disease progression. Thus, it is urgent to develop new biological therapeutics for these diseases on the clinical side. Stem cell-based treatments have become a promising therapeutic for neuroretinal diseases through the replacement of damaged cells with photoreceptors and some allied cells. To date, considerable efforts have been made to regenerate the diseased retina based on stem cell technology. In this review, we overview the current status of stem cell-based treatments for photoreceptor regeneration, including the major cell sources derived from different stem cells in pre-clinical or clinical trial stages. Additionally, we discuss herein the major challenges ahead for and potential new strategy toward photoreceptor regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jun Zhang
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Ya Ma
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China.
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300
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Van Hove I, De Groef L, Boeckx B, Modave E, Hu TT, Beets K, Etienne I, Van Bergen T, Lambrechts D, Moons L, Feyen JHM, Porcu M. Single-cell transcriptome analysis of the Akimba mouse retina reveals cell-type-specific insights into the pathobiology of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia 2020; 63:2235-2248. [PMID: 32734440 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes and a leading cause of visual impairment and blindness. Despite recent advances, our understanding of its pathophysiology remains incomplete. The aim of this study was to provide deeper insight into the complex network of molecular and cellular changes that underlie diabetic retinopathy by systematically mapping the transcriptional changes that occur in the different cellular compartments of the degenerating diabetic mouse retina. METHODS Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on retinal tissue from 12-week-old wild-type and Akimba (Ins2Akita×Vegfa+/-) mice, which are known to replicate features of clinical diabetic retinopathy. This resulted in transcriptome data for 9474 retinal cells, which could be annotated to eight distinct retinal cell types. Using STRING analysis, we studied differentially expressed gene networks in neuronal, glial and immune cell compartments to create a comprehensive view on the pathological changes that occur in the Akimba retina. Using subclustering analysis, we further characterised macroglial and inflammatory cell subpopulations. Prominent findings were confirmed at the protein level using immunohistochemistry, western blotting and ELISA. RESULTS At 12 weeks, the Akimba retina was found to display degeneration of rod photoreceptors and presence of inflammatory cells, identified by subclustering analysis as monocyte, macrophage and microglial populations. Analysis of differentially expressed genes in the rod, cone, bipolar cell and macroglial compartments indicated changes in cell metabolism and ribosomal gene expression, gliosis, activation of immune system pathways and redox and metal ion dyshomeostasis. Experiments at the protein level supported a metabolic shift from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase), activation of microglia/macrophages (isolectin-B4), metal ion and oxidative stress response (metallothionein and haem oxygenase-1) and reactive macroglia (glial fibrillary acidic protein and S100) in the Akimba retina, compared with wild-type mice. Our single-cell approach also indicates macroglial subpopulations with distinct fibrotic, inflammatory and gliotic profiles. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our study identifies molecular pathways underlying inflammatory, metabolic and oxidative stress-mediated changes in the Akimba mouse model of diabetic retinopathy and distinguishes distinct functional subtypes of inflammatory and macroglial cells. DATA AVAILABILITY RNA-seq data have been deposited in the ArrayExpress database at EMBL-EBI ( www.ebi.ac.uk/arrayexpress ) under accession number E-MTAB-9061. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Van Hove
- Oxurion NV, Gaston Geenslaan 1, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies De Groef
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 61, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Boeckx
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elodie Modave
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Karen Beets
- Oxurion NV, Gaston Geenslaan 1, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Diether Lambrechts
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 61, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Michaël Porcu
- Oxurion NV, Gaston Geenslaan 1, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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