251
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Ogino N, Miyagawa K, Kusanaga M, Hayashi T, Minami S, Oe S, Honma Y, Harada M. Involvement of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase-mediated calcium flux in the protective effect of oleic acid against lipotoxicity in hepatocytes. Exp Cell Res 2019; 385:111651. [PMID: 31568762 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Elevated free fatty acids, particularly saturated ones such as palmitic acid, may play an important role in the lipotoxic mechanism of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Saturated fatty acids induce autophagy dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress leading to apoptosis in hepatocytes. However, unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, are nontoxic and can even prevent saturated fatty acid-induced toxicity in vitro. Although emerging evidence has suggested that ER calcium flux disruption in hepatocytes is involved in NAFLD pathogenesis, the roles of fatty acids in autophagy and ER calcium flux still remain unclear. We demonstrated that oleic acid ameliorated palmitic acid-induced autophagy arrest and ER stress in parallel with ER calcium depletion in hepatocytes. Moreover, we found that the effect of oleic acid against autophagy arrest was reversed by the pharmacological inhibition of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA), which influxes calcium to ER. These data suggest that SERCA-mediated ER calcium flux is greatly involved in fatty acid-induced lipotoxicity in hepatocytes, and the prevention of ER calcium depletion may restore saturated fatty acid-induced autophagy arrest in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Ogino
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
| | - Koichiro Miyagawa
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Masashi Kusanaga
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Tsuguru Hayashi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Sota Minami
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Shinji Oe
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yuichi Honma
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Masaru Harada
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
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252
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Zheng S, Ma J. A Systematic Review of Gastrointestinal Manifestations in Diabetic Nephropathy. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH AND HYPOTHESIS IN MEDICINE 2019; 000:1-10. [DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2019.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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253
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High-Fat Feeding in Time-Dependent Manner Affects Metabolic Routes Leading to Nervonic Acid Synthesis in NAFLD. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153829. [PMID: 31387306 PMCID: PMC6695804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by excessive lipid accumulation in the liver. The disturbances in the fatty acid composition of stored lipids are more important than the lipid species itself, which may influence the overall effect caused by these molecules. Thus, uncovering time-dependent changes in the fatty acid composition of accumulated lipid fractions after a high fat diet seems to be a new marker of NAFLD occurrence. The experiments were conducted on high fat fed Wistar rats. The blood and liver samples were collected at the end of each experimental week and used to assess the content of lipid fractions and their fatty acid composition by gas liquid chromatography. The expression of proteins from lipid metabolism pathways and of fatty acid exporting proteins were detected by Western blotting. In the same high fat feeding period, decreased de novo lipogenesis, increased β-oxidation and lipid efflux were demonstrated. The observed effects may be the first liver protective mechanisms against lipotoxicity. Nevertheless, such effects were still not sufficient to prevent the liver from proinflammatory lipid accumulation. Moreover, the changes in liver metabolic pathways caused the plasma nervonic acid concentration in sphingomyelin to decrease simultaneously with NAFLD development, which may be a steatosis occurrence prognostic marker.
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254
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Elvira-Torales LI, García-Alonso J, Periago-Castón MJ. Nutritional Importance of Carotenoids and Their Effect on Liver Health: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8070229. [PMID: 31330977 PMCID: PMC6681007 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8070229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of carotenoids has beneficial effects on health, reducing the risk of certain forms of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and macular degeneration, among others. The mechanism of action of carotenoids has not been clearly identified; however, it has been associated with the antioxidant capacity of carotenoids, which acts against reactive oxygen species and inactivating free radicals, although it has also been shown that carotenoids modulate gene expression. Dietary carotenoids are absorbed and accumulated in the liver and other organs, where they exert their beneficial effects. In recent years, it has been described that the intake of carotenoids can significantly reduce the risk of suffering from liver diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This disease is characterized by an imbalance in lipid metabolism producing the accumulation of fat in the hepatocyte, leading to lipoperoxidation, followed by oxidative stress and inflammation. In the first phases, the main treatment of NAFLD is to change the lifestyle, including dietary habits. In this sense, carotenoids have been shown to have a hepatoprotective effect due to their ability to reduce oxidative stress and regulate the lipid metabolism of hepatocytes by modulating certain genes. The objective of this review was to provide a description of the effects of dietary carotenoids from fruits and vegetables on liver health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Inés Elvira-Torales
- Department of Food Technology, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU), University Clinical Hospital "Virgen de la Arrixaca", University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain.
- Department of Food Engineering, Tierra Blanca Superior Technological Institute, Tierra Blanca 95180, Mexico.
| | - Javier García-Alonso
- Department of Food Technology, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU), University Clinical Hospital "Virgen de la Arrixaca", University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - María Jesús Periago-Castón
- Department of Food Technology, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU), University Clinical Hospital "Virgen de la Arrixaca", University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain.
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255
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Anjos S, Feiteira E, Cerveira F, Melo T, Reboredo A, Colombo S, Dantas R, Costa E, Moreira A, Santos S, Campos A, Ferreira R, Domingues P, Domingues MRM. Lipidomics Reveals Similar Changes in Serum Phospholipid Signatures of Overweight and Obese Pediatric Subjects. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:3174-3183. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Anjos
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eva Feiteira
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Tânia Melo
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry and CESAM and ECOMARE, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Andrea Reboredo
- Clinical Pathology, Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Simone Colombo
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rosa Dantas
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Costa
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Moreira
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia Santos
- Department of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Campos
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M. Rosário M. Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry and CESAM and ECOMARE, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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do Nascimento TC, Cazarin CB, Roberto Maróstica M, Risso ÉM, Amaya-Farfan J, Grimaldi R, Mercadante AZ, Jacob-Lopes E, Zepka LQ. Microalgae biomass intake positively modulates serum lipid profile and antioxidant status. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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257
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Kim M, Seol MH, Lee BC. The Effects of Poncirus fructus on Insulin Resistance and the Macrophage-Mediated Inflammatory Response in High Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122858. [PMID: 31212747 PMCID: PMC6628178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic low-grade inflammatory condition in which hypertrophied adipocytes and adipose tissue immune cells, mainly macrophages, contribute to increased circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Obesity-associated chronic low-grade systemic inflammation is considered a focal point and a therapeutic target in insulin resistance and metabolic diseases. We evaluate the effect of Poncirus fructus (PF) on insulin resistance and its mechanism based on inflammatory responses in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Mice were fed an HFD to induce obesity and then administered PF. Body weight, epididymal fat and liver weight, glucose, lipid, insulin, and histologic characteristics were evaluated to determine the effect of PF on insulin resistance by analyzing the proportion of macrophages in epididymal fat and liver and measured inflammatory gene expression. PF administration significantly decreased the fasting and postprandial glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, total-cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The epididymal fat tissue and liver showed a significant decrease of fat accumulation in histological analysis. PF significantly reduced the number of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs), F4/80+ Kupffer cells, and CD68+ Kupffer cells, increased the proportion of M2 phenotype macrophages, and decreased the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines. These results suggest that PF could be used to improve insulin resistance through modulation of macrophage-mediated inflammation and enhance glucose and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Kim
- Department of Cardiovascular and Neurologic Disease (Stroke Center), College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 23 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Mi Hyeon Seol
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Byung-Cheol Lee
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
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258
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Kalavalapalli S, Bril F, Guingab J, Vergara A, Garrett TJ, Sunny NE, Cusi K. Impact of exenatide on mitochondrial lipid metabolism in mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Endocrinol 2019; 241:293-305. [PMID: 31082799 DOI: 10.1530/joe-19-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exenatide (Exe) is a glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor agonist that enhances insulin secretion and is associated with induction of satiety with weight loss. As mitochondrial dysfunction and lipotoxicity are central features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), we tested whether Exe improved mitochondrial function in this setting. We studied C57BL/6J mice fed for 24 weeks either a control- or high-fructose, high-trans-fat (TFD)-diet (i.e., a NASH model previously validated by our laboratory). For the final 8 weeks, mice were treated with Exe (30 µg/kg/day) or vehicle. Mitochondrial metabolism was assessed by infusion of [13C3]propionate, [3,4-13C2]glucose and NMR-based 13C-isotopomer analysis. Exenatide significantly decreased fasting plasma glucose, free fatty acids and triglycerides, as well as adipose tissue insulin resistance. Moreover, Exe reduced 23% hepatic glucose production, 15% tri-carboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux, 20% anaplerosis and 17% pyruvate cycling resulting in a significant 31% decrease in intrahepatic triglyceride content (P = 0.02). Exenatide improved the lipidomic profile and decreased hepatic lipid byproducts associated with insulin resistance and lipotoxicity, such as diacylglycerols (TFD: 111 ± 13 vs Exe: 64 ± 13 µmol/g protein, P = 0.03) and ceramides (TFD: 1.6 ± 0.1 vs Exe: 1.3 ± 0.1 µmol/g protein, P = 0.03). Exenatide lowered expression of hepatic lipogenic genes (Srebp1C, Cd36) and genes involved in inflammation and fibrosis (Tnfa, Timp1). In conclusion, in a diet-induced mouse model of NASH, Exe ameliorates mitochondrial TCA cycle flux and significantly decreases insulin resistance, steatosis and hepatocyte lipotoxicity. This may have significant clinical implications to the potential mechanism of action of GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with NASH. Future studies should elucidate the relative contribution of direct vs indirect mechanisms at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srilaxmi Kalavalapalli
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Fernando Bril
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Joy Guingab
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ariana Vergara
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Timothy J Garrett
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Nishanth E Sunny
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth Cusi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Malcom Randall Veterans Administration Medical Center (VAMC), Gainesville, Florida, USA
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259
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He J, Ding J, Lai Q, Wang X, Li A, Liu S. Irbesartan Ameliorates Lipid Deposition by Enhancing Autophagy via PKC/AMPK/ULK1 Axis in Free Fatty Acid Induced Hepatocytes. Front Physiol 2019; 10:681. [PMID: 31191364 PMCID: PMC6548903 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Irbesartan has shown significant therapeutic effects in hypertensive patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). To determine the underlying mechanisms of its action, we established an in vitro model of NAFLD by treating human and mouse hepatocytes with free fatty acids (FFAs) and angiotensin (Ang) II. Irbesartan significantly reversed AngII/FFA-induced lipid deposition and mitochondrial dysfunction by restoring ATP production and the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and decreasing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory markers. In addition, irbesartan also increased the autophagy flux, in terms of increased numbers of autolysosomes and autophagosomes, and the upregulation and mitochondrial localization of the autophagic proteins Atg5 and LC3BII/I. Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and inhibition of the autophagic flux exacerbated mitochondrial dysfunction in the steatotic hepatocytes. Furthermore, AngII upregulated PKC which inhibited AMPK phosphorylation via direct interaction with the AngII receptor AT1-R. Irbesartan inhibited PKC and activated AMPK and its downstream effector ULK1, thereby inducing autophagy, decreasing lipid deposition, and restoring mitochondrial function. Taken together, irbesartan triggers autophagy via the PKC/AMPK/ULK1 axis to ameliorate the pathological changes in the steatotic hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuhua Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinke Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aimin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Side Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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260
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Pandak WM, Kakiyama G. The acidic pathway of bile acid synthesis: Not just an alternative pathway ☆. LIVER RESEARCH 2019; 3:88-98. [PMID: 32015930 PMCID: PMC6996149 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the prevalence of obesity, and metabolic syndromes (MS) such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), have dramatically increased. Bile acids play a major role in the digestion, absorption of nutrients, and the body's redistribution of absorbed lipids as a function of their chemistry and signaling properties. As a result, a renewed interest has developed in the bile acid metabolic pathways with the challenge of gaining insight into novel treatment approaches for this rapidly growing healthcare problem. Of the two major pathways of bile acid synthesis in the liver, the foremost role of the acidic (alternative) pathway is to generate and control the levels of regulatory oxysterols that help control cellular cholesterol and lipid homeostasis. Cholesterol transport to mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) by steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StarD1), and the subsequent 7α-hydroxylation of oxysterols by oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) are the key regulatory steps of the pathway. Recent observations suggest CYP7B1 to be the ultimate controller of cellular oxysterol levels. This review discusses the acidic pathway and its contribution to lipid, cholesterol, carbohydrate, and energy homeostasis. Additionally, discussed is how the acidic pathway's dysregulation not only leads to a loss in its ability to control cellular cholesterol and lipid homeostasis, but leads to inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA. (G. Kakiyama)
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261
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Jeznach-Steinhagen A, Ostrowska J, Czerwonogrodzka-Senczyna A, Boniecka I, Shahnazaryan U, Kuryłowicz A. Dietary and Pharmacological Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55050166. [PMID: 31137547 PMCID: PMC6571590 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55050166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in the developed world. Simple hepatic steatosis is mild, but the coexistence of steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Proper dietary and pharmacological treatment is essential for preventing NAFLD progression. The first-line treatment should include dietary intervention and increased physical activity. The diet should be based on the food pyramid, with a choice of products with low glycemic index, complex carbohydrates in the form of low-processed cereal products, vegetables, and protein-rich products. Usage of insulin-sensitizing substances, pro- and prebiotics, and vitamins should also be considered. Such a therapeutic process is intended to support both liver disease and obesity-related pathologies, including insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and blood hypertension. In the pharmacological treatment of NAFLD, apart from pioglitazone, there are new classes of antidiabetic drugs that are of value, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 analogs and sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 antagonists, while several other compounds that target different pathogenic pathways are currently being tested in clinical trials. Liver biopsies should only be considered when there is a lack of decline in liver enzymes after 6 months of the abovementioned treatment. Dietary intervention is recommended in all patients with NAFLD, while pharmacological treatment is recommended especially for those with NASH and showing significant fibrosis in a biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jeznach-Steinhagen
- Clinical Dietetics Department, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland.
- Diabetologic Outpatients Department, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Ostrowska
- Clinical Dietetics Department, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | - Iwona Boniecka
- Clinical Dietetics Department, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland.
- Department of General, Oncological, Metabolic and Thoracic Surgery, Military Institute of Aviation Medicine, 01-755 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Urszula Shahnazaryan
- Department of Internal Diseases and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Alina Kuryłowicz
- Department of Internal Diseases and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
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262
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Oikonomou KG, Tsai E, Sarpel D, Dieterich DT. Liver Disease in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Clin Liver Dis 2019; 23:309-329. [PMID: 30947879 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a main cause of morbidity and mortality. Liver-related morbidity and mortality can be caused by multiple etiologic factors, including opportunistic infections, direct and indirect effects of antiretrovirals, direct and indirect effects of HIV, and viral hepatitides. These factors present with varied liver pathophysiologic mechanisms that lead to abnormalities in liver enzymes and synthetic function test, followed by distinct clinical presentations. This article elucidates the direct effects on HIV in the liver and explores the diagnostic and management challenges in patients with HIV in the era of highly active antiretroviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina G Oikonomou
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustav L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
| | - Eugenia Tsai
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustav L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
| | - Dost Sarpel
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustav L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
| | - Douglas T Dieterich
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustav L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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263
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Fujii K, Ota Y, Nishiyama K, Kunitake H, Yamasaki Y, Tari H, Araki K, Arakawa T, Yamasaki M. Blueberry Leaf Polyphenols Prevent Body Fat Accumulation in Mice Fed High-fat, High-sucrose Diet. J Oleo Sci 2019; 68:471-479. [PMID: 30971641 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess18226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blueberry leaf is currently a popular dietary supplement. Effects of dietary blueberry leaf and its active components on body fat accumulation were examined. C57BL/6J mice were fed high-fat, high-sucrose diet with or without 3% blueberry leaf extract (BLEx) or 3% concentrated-polyphenolic BLEx (CP BLEx) for 8 weeks. Compared to mice fed a high-fat, high-sucrose diet without blueberry leaf, BLEx and CP BLEx significantly reduced body weight and adipose tissue weight gain. Adipocytes were also smaller and and liver lipid accumulatioin was significantly inhibited in mice fed either BLEx or CP BLEx. These effects tended to be more pronounced in mice fed CP BLEx compared to in mice fed BLEx. Together, results suggest that blueberry leaf inhibits body fat accumulation typically observed in mice fed a high-fat, high-sucrose diet, and that inhibition is attributable to polyphenolic components in leaf extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | - Yuma Ota
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | - Kazuo Nishiyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | - Hisato Kunitake
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | - Yumi Yamasaki
- Faculty of Regional Innovation, University of Miyazaki
| | | | | | | | - Masao Yamasaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
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264
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Esler WP, Bence KK. Metabolic Targets in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 8:247-267. [PMID: 31004828 PMCID: PMC6698700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence and diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is on the rise worldwide and currently has no FDA-approved pharmacotherapy. The increase in disease burden of NAFLD and a more severe form of this progressive liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), largely mirrors the increase in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) and reflects the hepatic manifestation of an altered metabolic state. Indeed, metabolic syndrome, defined as a constellation of obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and hypertension, is the major risk factor predisposing the NAFLD and NASH. There are multiple potential pharmacologic strategies to rebalance aspects of disordered metabolism in NAFLD. These include therapies aimed at reducing hepatic steatosis by directly modulating lipid metabolism within the liver, inhibiting fructose metabolism, altering delivery of free fatty acids from the adipose to the liver by targeting insulin resistance and/or adipose metabolism, modulating glycemia, and altering pleiotropic metabolic pathways simultaneously. Emerging data from human genetics also supports a role for metabolic drivers in NAFLD and risk for progression to NASH. In this review, we highlight the prominent metabolic drivers of NAFLD pathogenesis and discuss the major metabolic targets of NASH pharmacotherapy.
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Key Words
- acc, acetyl-coa carboxylase
- alt, alanine aminotransferase
- aso, anti-sense oligonucleotide
- ast, aspartate aminotransferase
- chrebp, carbohydrate response element binding protein
- ci, confidence interval
- dgat, diacylglycerol o-acyltransferase
- dnl, de novo lipogenesis
- fas, fatty acid synthase
- ffa, free fatty acid
- fgf, fibroblast growth factor
- fxr, farnesoid x receptor
- glp-1, glucagon-like peptide-1
- hdl, high-density lipoprotein
- homa-ir, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance
- ldl, low-density lipoprotein
- nafld, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- nas, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score
- nash, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- or, odds ratio
- pdff, proton density fat fraction
- ppar, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- sglt2, sodium glucose co-transporter 2
- srebp-1c, sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c
- t2d, type 2 diabetes
- t2dm, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- tg, triglyceride
- th, thyroid hormone
- thr, thyroid hormone receptor
- treg, regulatory t cells
- tzd, thiazolidinedione
- vldl, very low-density lipoprotein
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Esler
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kendra K Bence
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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Capsaicin Targets Lipogenesis in HepG2 Cells Through AMPK Activation, AKT Inhibition and PPARs Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071660. [PMID: 30987128 PMCID: PMC6480012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, a major risk factor for chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), represents a serious primary health problem worldwide. Dietary habits are of special interest to prevent and counteract the obesity and its associated metabolic disorders, including lipid steatosis. Capsaicin, a pungent compound of chili peppers, has been found to ameliorate diet-induced obesity in rodents and humans. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of capsaicin on hepatic lipogenesis and to delineate the underlying signaling pathways involved, using HepG2 cells as an experimental model. Cellular neutral lipids, stained with BODIPY493/503, were quantified by flow cytometry, and the protein expression and activity were determined by immunoblotting. Capsaicin reduced basal neutral lipid content in HepG2 cells, as well that induced by troglitazone or by oleic acid. This effect of capsaicin was prevented by dorsomorphin and GW9662, pharmacological inhibitors of AMPK and PPARγ, respectively. In addition, capsaicin activated AMPK and inhibited the AKT/mTOR pathway, major regulators of hepatic lipogenesis. Furthermore, capsaicin blocked autophagy and increased PGC-1α protein. These results suggest that capsaicin behaves as an anti-lipogenic compound in HepG2 cells.
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266
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Paquette M, Bernard S, Hegele RA, Baass A. Chylomicronemia: Differences between familial chylomicronemia syndrome and multifactorial chylomicronemia. Atherosclerosis 2019; 283:137-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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267
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Stefan N, Häring HU, Cusi K. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: causes, diagnosis, cardiometabolic consequences, and treatment strategies. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2019; 7:313-324. [PMID: 30174213 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(18)30154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing worldwide. In some patients with NAFLD, isolated steatosis can progress to advanced stages with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis, increasing the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, NAFLD is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of common disorders such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In this Review, we highlight novel concepts related to diagnosis, risk prediction, and treatment of NAFLD. First, because NAFLD is a heterogeneous disease, the advanced stages of which seem to be strongly affected by comorbidities such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, early use of reliable, non-invasive diagnostic tools is needed, particularly in patients with insulin resistance or diabetes, to allow the identification of patients at different disease stages. Second, although the strongest genetic risk alleles for NAFLD (ie, the 148Met allele in PNPLA3 and the 167Lys allele in TM6SF2) are associated with increased liver fat content and progression to NASH and cirrhosis, these alleles are also unexpectedly associated with an apparent protection from cardiovascular disease. If consistent across diverse populations, this discordance in NAFLD-related risk prediction between hepatic and extrahepatic disease might need to be accounted for in the management of NAFLD. Third, drug treatments assessed in NAFLD seem to differ with respect to cardiometabolic and antifibrotic efficacy, suggesting the need to better identify and tailor the most appropriate treatment approach, or to use a combination of approaches. These emerging concepts could contribute to the development of a multidisciplinary approach for endocrinologists and hepatologists working together in the management of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Stefan
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Centre Munich, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Centre for Diabetes Research, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Centre Munich, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Centre for Diabetes Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kenneth Cusi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Malcom Randall Veterans Administration, Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
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268
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Current Progress in Pharmacogenetics of Second-Line Antidiabetic Medications: Towards Precision Medicine for Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8030393. [PMID: 30901912 PMCID: PMC6463061 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8030393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision medicine is a scientific and medical practice for personalized therapy based on patients’ individual genetic, environmental, and lifestyle characteristics. Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics are also rapidly developing and expanding as a key element of precision medicine, in which the association between individual genetic variabilities and drug disposition and therapeutic responses are investigated. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia mainly associated with insulin resistance, with the risk of clinically important cardiovascular, neurological, and renal complications. The latest consensus report from the American Diabetes Association and European Association for the Study of Diabetes (ADA-EASD) on the management of T2D recommends preferential use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, and some dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors after initial metformin monotherapy for diabetic patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular or chronic kidney disease, and with risk of hypoglycemia or body weight-related problems. In this review article, we summarized current progress on pharmacogenetics of newer second-line antidiabetic medications in clinical practices and discussed their therapeutic implications for precision medicine in T2D management. Several biomarkers associated with drug responses have been identified from extensive clinical pharmacogenetic studies, and functional variations in these genes have been shown to significantly affect drug-related glycemic control, adverse reactions, and risk of diabetic complications. More comprehensive pharmacogenetic research in various clinical settings will clarify the therapeutic implications of these genes, which may be useful tools for precision medicine in the treatment and prevention of T2D and its complications.
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269
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Xu X, Zhu XP, Bai JY, Xia P, Li Y, Lu Y, Li XY, Gao X. Berberine alleviates nonalcoholic fatty liver induced by a high-fat diet in mice by activating SIRT3. FASEB J 2019; 33:7289-7300. [PMID: 30848932 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802316r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Berberine (BBR) shows promising effects in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by influencing various metabolic aspects. Inhibition of mitochondrial β-oxidation (β-OX) participates in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Silent mating-type information regulation 2 homolog 3 (SIRT3) has been reported to regulate mitochondrial β-OX by deacetylating its substrate, long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (LCAD). This study aimed to explore whether BBR can promote mitochondrial β-OX and the role of SIRT3 as well as the mechanisms underlying the effects of BBR on hepatic lipid metabolism in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). BBR can significantly improve systematic and hepatic lipid metabolism in HFD-fed mice. Metabolomics analysis revealed that β-OX was inhibited in HFD-induced mice, as indicated by the reduced production of short and medium carbon chain acyl-carnitines, the activated form of free fatty acids, via β-OX, which was reversed by BBR intervention. Exploration of the mechanism found that BBR intervention reversed the down-regulation of SIRT3 and decreased the LCAD hyperacetylation level in HFD-fed mice. SIRT3 knockout (KO) mice were used to identify the role of SIRT3 in the BBR's influence of β-OX. The beneficial effects of BBR on systemic and hepatic metabolism were profoundly attenuated in KO mice. Moreover, the promotive effect of BBR on β-OX in HFD-induced mice was partially abolished in KO mice. These results suggested that BBR alleviates HFD-induced inhibition of fatty acid β-OX partly through SIRT3-mediated LCAD deacetylation, which may provide a novel mechanism and support BBR as a promising therapeutic for NAFLD.-Xu, X., Zhu, X.-P., Bai, J.-Y., Xia, P., Li, Y., Lu, Y., Li, X.-Y., Gao, X. Berberine alleviates nonalcoholic fatty liver induced by a high-fat diet in mice by activating SIRT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Yun Bai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pu Xia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Xiao-Ying Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China; and
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270
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Portillo-Sanchez P, Bril F, Lomonaco R, Barb D, Orsak B, Bruder JM, Cusi K. Effect of pioglitazone on bone mineral density in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: A 36-month clinical trial. J Diabetes 2019; 11:223-231. [PMID: 30073778 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of pioglitazone on bone metabolism are unclear. This study evaluated the long-term effects of pioglitazone on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone metabolism in patients with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). METHODS Ninety-two patients with prediabetes or T2DM and biopsy-proven NASH with BMD and baseline biochemical bone measurements were included. Patients (mean [±SEM] age 51 ± 1 years, 71% male, mean body mass index 34.5 ± 0.5 kg/m2 ) were randomly assigned to pioglitazone (45 mg/day) or placebo for 18 months, followed by an 18-month open-label pioglitazone treatment phase. Baseline, 18- and 36-month evaluations included plasma vitamin D and bone turnover biomarker levels, and BMD measurements at the spine, femoral neck, total hip, and one-third radius. RESULTS After 18 months of pioglitazone treatment, there were no differences in BMD versus placebo at either the femoral neck (P =0.87), total hip (P =0.78), or one-third radius (P =0.44); however, bone density decreased at the level of the spine with pioglitazone (-3.5%; P =0.002). During the extension phase (18-36 months), patients had no further decreases in BMD or plasma biomarkers of bone turnover during pioglitazone treatment. No patient experienced a low-energy bone fracture. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of patients with prediabetes or T2DM with pioglitazone for up to 3 years was associated with decreased BMD at the level of the lumbar spine. This reduction in BMD at the lumbar spine at 18 months versus placebo suggests an early deleterious effect of pioglitazone on bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Portillo-Sanchez
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Malcom Randall Veterans Administration Medical Center (VAMC), Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Fernando Bril
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Malcom Randall Veterans Administration Medical Center (VAMC), Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Romina Lomonaco
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Malcom Randall Veterans Administration Medical Center (VAMC), Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Diana Barb
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Malcom Randall Veterans Administration Medical Center (VAMC), Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Beverly Orsak
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jan Marie Bruder
- Division of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Kenneth Cusi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Malcom Randall Veterans Administration Medical Center (VAMC), Gainesville, Florida, USA
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271
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Park SH, Han AL, Kim NH, Shin SR. Liver Histological Improvement After Administration of High-Dose Vitamin C in Guinea Pig with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2019; 88:263-269. [PMID: 30789804 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: Vitamin C is a strong antioxidant, and the health effects of vitamin C megadoses have not been validated despite the apparent health benefits. Therefore, the present study sought to confirm the effects of vitamin C megadoses. Materials and Methods : Four groups of six guinea pigs were used. Each group was fed one of the following diets for three weeks: normal diet, methionine choline-deficient diet, methionine choline-deficient diet + vitamin C megadose (MCD + vit C 2.5 g/kg/day), and methionine-choline deficient diet + ursodeoxycholic acid (MCD + UDCA 30 mg/kg/day). The MCD diet was given to induce nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and UDCA was used to treat nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Three weeks after initial diet administration, the results of biochemical tests and liver biopsy were compared between the groups. Results: The cytoplasm state was similar in the MCD + vit C and MCD + UDCA groups, exhibiting clearing of the cytoplasm and ballooning degeneration. However, macrovesicular steatosis was not observed in the MCD + vit C group. Aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase were elevated significantly following vitamin C administration. Conclusions: The present study confirmed that alone vitamin C megadoses are potential remedies for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, based on the liver biopsy results of guinea pigs that were unable to synthesize vitamin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hoon Park
- 2 Departments of Radiology Medicine, Medical Hospital, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - A Lum Han
- 1 Departments of Family Medicine, Medical hospital, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Hyung Kim
- 3 Departments of Oriental Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Ron Shin
- 1 Departments of Family Medicine, Medical hospital, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, Republic of Korea
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272
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Murga C, Arcones AC, Cruces-Sande M, Briones AM, Salaices M, Mayor F. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 (GRK2) as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:112. [PMID: 30837878 PMCID: PMC6390810 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is a central signaling node involved in the modulation of many G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and also displaying regulatory functions in other cell signaling routes. GRK2 levels and activity have been reported to be enhanced in patients or in preclinical models of several relevant pathological situations, such as heart failure, cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension, obesity and insulin resistance conditions, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and to contribute to disease progression by a variety of mechanisms related to its multifunctional roles. Therefore, targeting GRK2 by different strategies emerges as a potentially relevant approach to treat cardiovascular disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes, or NAFLD, pathological conditions which are frequently interconnected and present as co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Murga
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba C Arcones
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Cruces-Sande
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M Briones
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Salaices
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Mayor
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
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Black D, Brockbank S, Cruwys S, Goldenstein K, Hein P, Humphries B. The future R&D landscape in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:560-566. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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275
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Appleby RN, Moghul I, Khan S, Yee M, Manousou P, Neal TD, Walters JRF. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with dysregulated bile acid synthesis and diarrhea: A prospective observational study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211348. [PMID: 30682184 PMCID: PMC6347262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) may be associated with changes in bile acid (BA) metabolism. Hepatic BA production, measured by serum levels of the precursor 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4), is regulated by the farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR)-dependent ileal hormone fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19). Low FGF19 and high C4 are features of chronic BA diarrhea. Obeticholic acid, an FXR agonist, stimulates FGF19 and has shown therapeutic potential in both BA diarrhea and in NAFLD. We hypothesized there are associations of FGF19, C4 and BA diarrhea with NAFLD. Methods and findings 127 patients with known NAFLD were recruited prospectively. Clinical features, including metformin use, markers of NAFLD severity and BA synthesis were analyzed. The overall incidence of chronic diarrhea was 25%, with features of BA diarrhea in 12%. FGF19 negatively correlated with C4 (rs = -0.43, p = 0.001) and with alanine aminotransferase (rs = -0.22, p = 0.03), but not with either NAFLD fibrosis or Fibroscan scores. High C4 was associated with a higher NAFLD fibrosis score (p < 0.05), and with diarrhea (p = 0.001). The median NAFLD fibrosis score was higher in those with diarrhea (p = 0.002). Metformin use, in 44% overall, was particularly associated with diarrhea (in 36% vs 17%, p = 0.02), and a lower median FGF19 (74 vs 105 pg/mL, p < 0.05). Conclusions Increased hepatic BA production and diarrhea, but not low FGF19, were associated with increased NAFLD fibrosis score, indicating dysregulation of the FXR-FGF19 axis and suggesting hepatic FGF19 resistance. Metformin use was an important factor in a subgroup, lowering FGF19, and resulting in bile acid diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N. Appleby
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iman Moghul
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shahid Khan
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Yee
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pinelope Manousou
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Dew Neal
- Department of Biochemistry, Kings College Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julian R. F. Walters
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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276
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A cut-off value of shear wave speed to distinguish nonalcoholic steatohepatitis candidates. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019. [PMID: 30633176 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000013958]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To distinguish and characterize nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) candidates from among medical checkup visitor diagnosed with nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (mcNAFLDs).A cut-off value has not been established to differentiate NASH at the earliest stage in NAFLD.Shear wave speed (SWS) was measured in the livers of 480 mcNAFLDs. NASH candidates were screened out by adopting a statistically defined cut-off value of SWS and were characterized in terms of food preference.SWS ranged between 1.11 and 2.18 m/s and fit a Gaussian distribution (r = 0.98) with an average and SD of 1.324 and 0.0847 m/s, respectively, in 320/160 males/females 64.4 (interquartile range 57.3-69.4) years old. The average plus SD (1.41 m/s) screened out 82 (17.1%) NASH candidates, who were significantly older (66.8 vs. 64.1 years old, P = 0.001) and had higher fibrosis 4 index values (1.58 vs. 1.33, P < 0.0001) than the remaining mcNAFLDs. The number of patients with a BMI greater than 25 kg/m was 118 (29.6%) mcNAFLDs and 34 (41.5%) NASH candidates, with a significantly higher frequency in NASH candidates (P = 0.05). Obese patients preferentially ate fatty acids in general, while NASH candidates preferred to consume several long-chain unsaturated fatty acids irrespective of their BMI.These results suggest that NASH candidates who have a longer disease duration and pathological progression can be distinguished from mcNAFLDs by a statistically defined cut-off value of SWS. The defined value indicates that there are different food habitats associated with obesity and NAFLD progression.
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277
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Luo L, Fang K, Dan X, Gu M. Crocin ameliorates hepatic steatosis through activation of AMPK signaling in db/db mice. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:11. [PMID: 30621686 PMCID: PMC6325828 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0955-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely linked to obesity, type 2 diabetes and other metabolic disorders worldwide. Crocin is a carotenoid compound possessing various pharmacological activities. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect on fatty liver under diabetic and obese condition and to examine the possible role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling. Methods db/db mice were administrated with crocin and injected with LV-shAMPK or its negative control lentivirus. Metabolic dysfunction, lipogenesis and fatty acid-oxidation in liver were evaluated. Results In db/db mice, we found that oral administration of crocin significantly upregulated the phosphorylation of AMPK and downregulated the phosphorylation of mTOR in liver. Crocin reduced liver weight, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and liver triglyceride content, and attenuated morphological injury of liver in db/db mice. Crocin inhibited the mRNA expression of lipogenesis-associated genes, including sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, fatty acid synthase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1, and increased the mRNA expression of genes involved in the regulation of β-oxidation of fatty acids, including PPARα, acyl-CoA oxidase 1, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2. Moreover, treatment of crocin resulted in a amelioration of general metabolic disorder, as evidenced by decreased fasting blood glucose, reduced serum levels of insulin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and non-esterified fatty acid, and improved glucose intolerance. Crocin-induced protective effects against fatty liver and metabolic disorder were significantly blocked by lentivirus-mediated downregulation of AMPK. Conclusions The results suggest that crocin can inhibit lipogenesis and promote β-oxidation of fatty acids through activation of AMPK, leading to improvement of fatty liver and metabolic dysfunction. Therefore, crocin may be a potential promising option for the clinical treatment for NAFLD and associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, NO.1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Kai Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, NO.1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiaomeng Dan
- Hubei Institute For Drug Control, Wuhan, 430075, China
| | - Ming Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, NO.1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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278
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Current Models of Fatty Liver Disease; New Insights, Therapeutic Targets and Interventions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1134:33-58. [PMID: 30919331 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12668-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a spectrum of disorders ranging from simple steatosis to steatosis with inflammation and fibrosis. NAFLD is currently the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide, with a global prevalence of 25%, and is soon projected to be the leading cause for liver transplantation in the US. Alarmingly, few effective pharmacotherapeutic approaches are currently available to block or attenuate development and progression of NAFLD. Preclinical models are critical for unraveling the complex and multi-factorial etiology of NAFLD and for testing potential therapeutics. Here we review preclinical models that have been instrumental in highlighting molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of NAFLD and in facilitating early proof-of-concept investigations into novel intervention strategies.
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279
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Ratziu V, Ghabril M, Romero-Gomez M, Svegliati-Baroni G. Recommendations for Management and Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Transplantation 2019; 103:28-38. [PMID: 30300289 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of nonalcoholic liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing worldwide in conjunction with the epidemic increase in obesity and metabolic risk factors. Consequently, NAFLD has become a leading indication for liver transplantation. Although genetic factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, detrimental lifestyle trends favoring a calorically unrestricted diet rich in carbohydrates and unsaturated fat, prolonged sedentary periods or limited physical activity have major metabolic implications. In aggregate these physiological dysregulations constitute the main risk factors for the metabolic syndrome and NAFLD. The cornerstone of the treatment of NAFLD, is lifestyle changes, including modifications to diet and physical activity, to reduce body weight and liver fat, however adherence is notoriously poor and the epidemic of NAFLD continues to grow unimpeded. In the face of this unmet clinical need, the pharmacologic therapy of NAFLD has been expanding as the varied mechanistic pathways of NAFLD are elucidated. Beyond these approaches to treating NAFLD, the prevention of other liver diseases is additionally important. Chief among these is alcoholic liver disease, and heavy use is detrimental irrespective of underlying NAFLD. However, the impact of mild to moderate alcohol use in patients with mild or nonadvanced forms NAFLD is undefined. This article summarizes the results of the International Liver Transplantation Society consensus meeting on NAFLD in liver transplantation. It describes the available evidence and provides consensus guidance on the lifestyle and pharmacologic therapies of NAFLD, and the consensus position on alcohol use in patients with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Ratziu
- Sorbonne Université, Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Marwan Ghabril
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Manuel Romero-Gomez
- University Hospital, Virgen del Rocio, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Sevilla, Spain
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280
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Suda T, Kanefuji T, Abe A, Nagayama I, Hoshi T, Morita S, Yagi K, Hatakeyama S, Hayatsu M, Hasegawa N, Terai S. A cut-off value of shear wave speed to distinguish nonalcoholic steatohepatitis candidates. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e13958. [PMID: 30633176 PMCID: PMC6336588 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000013958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To distinguish and characterize nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) candidates from among medical checkup visitor diagnosed with nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (mcNAFLDs).A cut-off value has not been established to differentiate NASH at the earliest stage in NAFLD.Shear wave speed (SWS) was measured in the livers of 480 mcNAFLDs. NASH candidates were screened out by adopting a statistically defined cut-off value of SWS and were characterized in terms of food preference.SWS ranged between 1.11 and 2.18 m/s and fit a Gaussian distribution (r = 0.98) with an average and SD of 1.324 and 0.0847 m/s, respectively, in 320/160 males/females 64.4 (interquartile range 57.3-69.4) years old. The average plus SD (1.41 m/s) screened out 82 (17.1%) NASH candidates, who were significantly older (66.8 vs. 64.1 years old, P = 0.001) and had higher fibrosis 4 index values (1.58 vs. 1.33, P < 0.0001) than the remaining mcNAFLDs. The number of patients with a BMI greater than 25 kg/m was 118 (29.6%) mcNAFLDs and 34 (41.5%) NASH candidates, with a significantly higher frequency in NASH candidates (P = 0.05). Obese patients preferentially ate fatty acids in general, while NASH candidates preferred to consume several long-chain unsaturated fatty acids irrespective of their BMI.These results suggest that NASH candidates who have a longer disease duration and pathological progression can be distinguished from mcNAFLDs by a statistically defined cut-off value of SWS. The defined value indicates that there are different food habitats associated with obesity and NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Suda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Uonuma Institute of Community Medicine, Niigata University
| | - Tsutomu Kanefuji
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Uonuma Institute of Community Medicine, Niigata University
| | | | - Itsuo Nagayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Uonuma Institute of Community Medicine, Niigata University
| | - Takahiro Hoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Uonuma Institute of Community Medicine, Niigata University
| | - Shinichi Morita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Uonuma Institute of Community Medicine, Niigata University
| | - Kazuyoshi Yagi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Uonuma Institute of Community Medicine, Niigata University
| | | | | | | | - Shuji Terai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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281
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Tan ECL, Tai MLS, Chan WK, Mahadeva S. Association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease evaluated by transient elastography with extracranial carotid atherosclerosis in a multiethnic Asian community. JGH OPEN 2018; 3:117-125. [PMID: 31061886 PMCID: PMC6487823 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Aim There is not much data on the association between non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and advanced fibrosis assessed using Fibroscan with carotid intima‐media thickness (CIMT) in the general population. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between NAFLD and advanced fibrosis, as diagnosed by Fibroscan, with an increased CIMT in the Malaysian population. Methods A cross‐sectional study of government officers and their family members attending a health screening at a public healthcare facility was conducted. All subjects underwent clinical evaluation, biochemical testing, anthropometry, ultrasound carotid Doppler, and Fibroscan examination. Results Data for 251 subjects were analyzed (mean age 47.1 ± 12.4 years, 74.1% male). Prevalence of NAFLD and advanced fibrosis were 57.4 and 17.5%, respectively. Independent factors associated with NAFLD were waist circumference (odds ratio [OR] = 1.077, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.038–1.118, P < 0.001) and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (OR = 1.039, 95% CI 1.005–1.074, P = 0.024). Independent factors associated with advanced fibrosis were male gender (OR = 4.847, 95% CI 1.369–17.155, P = 0.014) and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (OR = 1.057, 95% CI 1.003–1.113, P = 0.036). Prevalence of increased CIMT was 29.0%. Independent factor associated with increased CIMT was older age (OR = 1.146, 95% CI 1.067–1.231, P < 0.001). Of the subjects, 34.5% with NAFLD had increased CIMT compared to 19.1% of the subjects without NAFLD (P = 0.063). Advanced fibrosis was not associated with increased CIMT. Conclusions Prevalence of NAFLD, advanced liver fibrosis, and increased CIMT were high. NAFLD and advanced liver fibrosis appeared not to be associated with increased CIMT. However, a larger sample size is needed to demonstrate whether there is any association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Choon-Li Tan
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Mei-Ling Sharon Tai
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Wah-Kheong Chan
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Sanjiv Mahadeva
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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282
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Zhao Q, Xu H, Hong S, Song N, Xie J, Yan Z, Wang R, Yang P, Jiang X. Rapeseed Protein-Derived Antioxidant Peptide RAP Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Related Metabolic Disorders in Mice. Mol Pharm 2018; 16:371-381. [PMID: 30543441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rapeseed protein hydrolysates have recently shown in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, scant data exist about their in vivo activities. Here, we report that the peptide DHNNPQIR (hereinafter referred to as RAP-8), a bioactive peptide originated from rapeseed protein, exhibits excellent in vivo efficacy in mouse models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatic fibrosis. We demonstrated that RAP-8 significantly reduced hepatic steatosis and improved insulin resistance and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, RAP-8 showed markedly reduced hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, liver injury, and metabolic deterioration. In particular, RAP-8 directly suppressed fibrosis-associated gene expression, including α-smooth muscle actin (α-Sma) and collagen type I (Col-1α) in the liver of mice in vivo. In addtion, RAP-8 significantly decreased macrophage infiltration and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion. Finally, we found that RAP-8 administration significantly decreased oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in liver injury induced by CCl4. Therefore, our results suggest that RAP-8 could be available for treatment of NASH and NASH-related metabolic disorders as a potential therapeutic candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510000 , China
| | - Hongjiao Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510000 , China
| | - Sihua Hong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510000 , China
| | - Nazi Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510000 , China
| | - Junqiu Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510000 , China.,Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Zhibin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Pengyu Yang
- Innopep Inc. , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Xianxing Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510000 , China
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283
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Li X, Wang Z, Klaunig JE. Modulation of xenobiotic nuclear receptors in high-fat diet induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Toxicology 2018; 410:199-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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284
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Filippello A, Urbano F, Di Mauro S, Scamporrino A, Di Pino A, Scicali R, Rabuazzo AM, Purrello F, Piro S. Chronic Exposure to Palmitate Impairs Insulin Signaling in an Intestinal L-cell Line: A Possible Shift from GLP-1 to Glucagon Production. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3791. [PMID: 30487448 PMCID: PMC6321596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are characterized by insulin resistance and impaired glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion/function. Lipotoxicity, a chronic elevation of free fatty acids in the blood, could affect insulin-signaling in many peripheral tissues. To date, the effects of lipotoxicity on the insulin receptor and insulin resistance in the intestinal L-cells need to be elucidated. Moreover, recent observations indicate that L-cells may be able to process not only GLP-1 but also glucagon from proglucagon. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic palmitate exposure on insulin pathways, GLP-1 secretion and glucagon synthesis in the GLUTag L-cell line. Cells were cultured in the presence/absence of palmitate (0.5 mM) for 24 h to mimic lipotoxicity. Palmitate treatment affected insulin-stimulated GLP-1 secretion, insulin receptor phosphorylation and IRS-1-AKT pathway signaling. In our model lipotoxicity induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK 44/42) activation both in insulin stimulated and basal conditions and also up-regulated paired box 6 (PAX6) and proglucagon expression (Gcg). Interestingly, palmitate treatment caused an increased glucagon secretion through the up-regulation of prohormone convertase 2. These results indicate that a state of insulin resistance could be responsible for secretory alterations in L-cells through the impairment of insulin-signaling pathways. Our data support the hypothesis that lipotoxicity might contribute to L-cell deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Filippello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Francesca Urbano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Stefania Di Mauro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Scamporrino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Antonino Di Pino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Roberto Scicali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Agata Maria Rabuazzo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Francesco Purrello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Piro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Internal Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy.
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285
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Y Al-Okbi S, Mohamed DA, Abd-Elhady EE, Hussein AMS, Al-Siedy ESK. Comparative Study of Orange and its Main Bioactive Constituents as Remedy for Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver in Rats. Pak J Biol Sci 2018; 21:359-368. [PMID: 30417996 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2018.359.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is accused as inducer of both cardiovascular and chronic liver diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of combined freeze dried orange juice with its dried pulp supplemented with methionine, as functional food, in comparison to orange bioactive constituents, as parallel formula, in NAFLD rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Proximate composition, dietary fibers, minerals, total phenolics, fatty acids and phytosterols were determined in the orange functional food. The NAFLD was induced in rats through feeding high fructose diet. The prepared functional food and its parallel formula were evaluated in NAFLD rats through determination of liver fat and plasma lipid profile, malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-α, leptin, insulin and glucose as well as liver and kidney function with histopathological examination of the liver. Insulin resistance (IR) and total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein cholesterol were calculated. RESULTS Orange functional food was shown to contain 9.17% dietary fibers, 1.4% potassium, 1.4 phenolic content as mg gallic acid/g, oleic acid as the major fatty acid (29.75% of total fatty acids) and 11.97% phytosterols from unsaponifiable matter. The studied formulas produced reduction of liver and plasma lipids, inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers, IR and leptin with improving liver function and histopathology pointing to potential management of NAFLD. CONCLUSION Orange functional food and its parallel formula were promising in management of NAFLD; with superiority to orange functional food. Phenolic compounds, dietary fibers, phytosterols and mono and poly-unsaturated fatty acids could be responsible to the bioactivity of orange formula.
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286
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Ogawa Y, Yoneda M, Kobayashi T, Honda Y, Kessoku T, Imajo K, Saito S, Nakajima A. Present and emerging pharmacotherapies for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in adults. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2018; 20:69-82. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1543403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masato Yoneda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takaomi Kessoku
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kento Imajo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoru Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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287
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Wan S, Zhang L, Quan Y, Wei K. Resveratrol-loaded PLGA nanoparticles: enhanced stability, solubility and bioactivity of resveratrol for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease therapy. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:181457. [PMID: 30564426 PMCID: PMC6281916 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol (3, 4', 5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene, RSV), a nutraceutical, has recently attracted lots of attention because of its outstanding pharmacological potential. The effects of RSV on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remain inconclusive, although a wealth of research has been done. The major obstacle presented was RSV's poor bioavailability due to its poor aqueous solubility, chemical instability and intestinal metabolism. In this study, nanotechnology was used to encapsulate RSV to enhance its stability, water solubility and bioactivity, which can be used to treat NAFLD by HepG2 hepatocytes-induced in vitro. RSV-loaded poly (d, l-lactide-co-glycolide acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (RSV-PLGA-NPs) were prepared according to an oil/water (O/W) emulsion technique. The RSV-PLGA-NPs were of spherical morphology with an average size of 176.1 nm and a negative charge of -22.6 mV. These nanoparticles exhibited remarkable encapsulation efficiency (EE%) (97.25%) and drug loading (14.9%) for RSV. A sustained RSV release from RSV-PLGA-NPs could be achieved especially in acidic conditions when simulating transporting through the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, these nanoparticles were stable enough to store at 4°C for a least six months with unchanged EE%. Moreover, RSV-PLGA-NPs were more efficient in alleviating lipogenesis, promoting lipolysis and reducing hepatocellular proliferation than free RSV due to its improved stability, water solubility and bioactivity. These findings indicated that the RSV-PLGA-NPs provided superb and stable drug delivery with small particle size, high capsulation efficiency, well-controlled drug release, which greatly enhanced the stability, water solubility and bioactivity. Besides, the discovery that the inhibitory effect of RSV-PLGA-NPs on hepatocellular proliferation and lipid accumulation in steatotic HepG2 cells may provide a new way to study the mechanism of NAFLD. Therefore, RSV-PLGA-NPs have a promising potential for NAFLD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqian Wan
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Zhang
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, CAS, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyun Quan
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, CAS, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325011, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Wei
- School of Biological Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, CAS, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325011, People's Republic of China
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288
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Huang H, Lee SH, Sousa-Lima I, Kim SS, Hwang WM, Dagon Y, Yang WM, Cho S, Kang MC, Seo JA, Shibata M, Cho H, Belew GD, Bhin J, Desai BN, Ryu MJ, Shong M, Li P, Meng H, Chung BH, Hwang D, Kim MS, Park KS, Macedo MP, White M, Jones J, Kim YB. Rho-kinase/AMPK axis regulates hepatic lipogenesis during overnutrition. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:5335-5350. [PMID: 30226474 DOI: 10.1172/jci63562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for developing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is the most common form of chronic liver disease and is closely associated with insulin resistance, ultimately leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, knowledge of the intracellular regulators of obesity-linked fatty liver disease remains incomplete. Here we showed that hepatic Rho-kinase 1 (ROCK1) drives obesity-induced steatosis in mice through stimulation of de novo lipogenesis. Mice lacking ROCK1 in the liver were resistant to diet-induced obesity owing to increased energy expenditure and thermogenic gene expression. Constitutive expression of hepatic ROCK1 was sufficient to promote adiposity, insulin resistance, and hepatic lipid accumulation in mice fed a high-fat diet. Correspondingly, liver-specific ROCK1 deletion prevented the development of severe hepatic steatosis and reduced hyperglycemia in obese diabetic (ob/ob) mice. Of pathophysiological significance, hepatic ROCK1 was markedly upregulated in humans with fatty liver disease and correlated with risk factors clustering around NAFLD and insulin resistance. Mechanistically, we found that hepatic ROCK1 suppresses AMPK activity and a ROCK1/AMPK pathway is necessary to mediate cannabinoid-induced lipogenesis in the liver. Furthermore, treatment with metformin, the most widely used antidiabetes drug, reduced hepatic lipid accumulation by inactivating ROCK1, resulting in activation of AMPK downstream signaling. Taken together, our findings establish a ROCK1/AMPK signaling axis that regulates de novo lipogenesis, providing a unique target for treating obesity-related metabolic disorders such as NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Huang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Kinesiology and Physiology, East Carolina University, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inês Sousa-Lima
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Centro de Estudos de Doenҫas Crónicas (CEDOC), Chronic Disease Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sang Soo Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Won Min Hwang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yossi Dagon
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Won-Mo Yang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sungman Cho
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Min-Cheol Kang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ji A Seo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Munehiko Shibata
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hyunsoo Cho
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Getachew Debas Belew
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jinhyuk Bhin
- Center for Plant Aging Research and Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Bhavna N Desai
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Min Jeong Ryu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Minho Shong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Peixin Li
- Department of Kinesiology and Physiology, East Carolina University, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Comprehensive Surgery Medical and Health Center Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Meng
- Department of Comprehensive Surgery Medical and Health Center Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Byung-Hong Chung
- Department of Nutrition Science, Diabetes Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Daehee Hwang
- Center for Plant Aging Research and Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Min Seon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyong Soo Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Maria Paula Macedo
- Centro de Estudos de Doenҫas Crónicas (CEDOC), Chronic Disease Research Center, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Morris White
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Jones
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Young-Bum Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Cho CS, Park HW, Ho A, Semple IA, Kim B, Jang I, Park H, Reilly S, Saltiel AR, Lee JH. Lipotoxicity induces hepatic protein inclusions through TANK binding kinase 1-mediated p62/sequestosome 1 phosphorylation. Hepatology 2018; 68:1331-1346. [PMID: 29251796 PMCID: PMC6005718 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Obesity commonly leads to hepatic steatosis, which often provokes lipotoxic injuries to hepatocytes that cause nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH, in turn, is associated with the accumulation of insoluble protein aggregates that are composed of ubiquitinated proteins and ubiquitin adaptor p62/sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1). Formation of p62 inclusions in hepatocytes is the critical marker that distinguishes simple fatty liver from NASH and predicts a poor prognostic outcome for subsequent liver carcinogenesis. However, the molecular mechanism by which lipotoxicity induces protein aggregation is currently unknown. Here, we show that, upon saturated fatty acid-induced lipotoxicity, TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is activated and phosphorylates p62. TBK1-mediated p62 phosphorylation is important for lipotoxicity-induced aggregation of ubiquitinated proteins and formation of large protein inclusions in hepatocytes. In addition, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING), upstream regulators of TBK1, are involved in lipotoxic activation of TBK1 and subsequent p62 phosphorylation in hepatocytes. Furthermore, TBK1 inhibition prevented formation of ubiquitin-p62 aggregates not only in cultured hepatocytes, but also in mouse models of obesity and NASH. CONCLUSION These results suggest that lipotoxic activation of TBK1 and subsequent p62 phosphorylation are critical steps in the NASH pathology of protein inclusion accumulation in hepatocytes. This mechanism can provide an explanation for how hypernutrition and obesity promote the development of severe liver pathologies, such as steatohepatitis and liver cancer, by facilitating the formation of p62 inclusions. (Hepatology 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Seok Cho
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hwan-Woo Park
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Department of Cell Biology, Myunggok Medical Research Institute, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Allison Ho
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ian A. Semple
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Boyoung Kim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Insook Jang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Haeli Park
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shannon Reilly
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Institute for Diabetes and Metabolic Health, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alan R. Saltiel
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Institute for Diabetes and Metabolic Health, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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290
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Is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with the development of prostate cancer? A nationwide study with 10,516,985 Korean men. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201308. [PMID: 30231041 PMCID: PMC6145525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Growing evidence supports that prostate cancer (PCa) is a metabolic syndrome-related cancer, but the evidence is lacking regarding the association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and PCa. We aimed to investigate whether PCa is related with NAFLD in Korean adults. Methods Data from the National Health Insurance Corporation between 2009 and 2012 were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression method. NALFD was defined based on the fatty liver index (FLI) and hepatic steatosis index (HSI). Newly diagnosed PCa was identified using the claims data. Results NAFLD based on FLI and HSI was identified in 2,002,375 (19%) and 2,629,858 (25%) of 10,516,985 subjects, respectively. Each FLI ≥ 60 and HSI ≥ 36 was independently associated with the development of PCa after adjusting for other confounders (hazard ratio (HR) 1.09, 95% CI: 1.06–1.12 and HR 1.19, 95% CI: 1.16–1.23). The association was more prominent among those who were older (FLI, ≥ 65 years old and HSI, ≥ 40 years old), were not currently smoking, were presently consuming alcohol (< 30g/day) and had null components of metabolic syndrome than each counterpart. Non-obese persons with NAFLD defined by HSI had a higher risk of developing PCa than those with body mass index > 25 Kg/m2. Conclusions NAFLD defined by FLI or HSI may help identify high-risk individuals for developing PCa particular in the elderly, even in the absence of obesity or metabolic syndrome. Future studies on this topic should necessarily be repeated based on ultrasonographic findings.
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291
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Jaboticaba berry peel intake increases short chain fatty acids production and prevent hepatic steatosis in mice fed high-fat diet. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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292
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Hayakawa J, Wang M, Wang C, Han RH, Jiang ZY, Han X. Lipidomic analysis reveals significant lipogenesis and accumulation of lipotoxic components in ob/ob mouse organs. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 136:161-169. [PMID: 28110829 PMCID: PMC6203299 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To further understand the role of lipogenesis and lipotoxicity in the development of obesity and diabetes, lipidomes of various organs from ob/ob mice and their wild type controls were analyzed by shotgun lipidomics at 10, 12, and 16 weeks of age. We observed that the amounts of fatty acyl (FA) chains corresponding to those from de novo synthesis (e.g., 16:0, 16:1, and 18:1 FA) were substantially elevated in ob/ob mice, consistent with increased expression of genes and proteins involved in biosynthesis. Polyunsaturated fatty acid species were moderately increased in the examined tissues of ob/ob mice, since they can only be absorbed from diets or elongated from the ingested n-3 or n-6 FA. Different profiles of FA chains between ob/ob mouse liver and skeletal muscle reflect diverging lipogenesis pathways in these organs. Amounts of vaccenic acids (i.e., 18:1(n-7) FA) in 12- and 16-week ob/ob mouse liver were significantly increased compared to their controls, indicating enhanced de novo synthesis of this acid through 16:1(n-7) FA in the liver starting at 12 weeks of age. Coincidentally, synthesis of triacylglycerol from monoacylglycerol in the liver was also increased in ob/ob mice starting at 12 weeks of age, as revealed by simulation of triacylglycerol synthesis. Moreover, levels of lipotoxic lipid classes were significantly higher in ob/ob mice than their age-matched controls, supporting the notion that elevated lipotoxic components are tightly associated with insulin resistance in ob/ob mice. Taken together, the current study revealed that lipogenesis and lipotoxicity in ob/ob mice likely contribute to insulin resistance and provides great insights into the underlying mechanisms of diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hayakawa
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Miao Wang
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Rowland H Han
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Zhen Y Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA.
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293
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Zhuo JC, Cai DK, Xie KF, Gan HN, Li SS, Huang XJ, Huang D, Zhang CZ, Li RY, Chen YX, Zeng XH. Mechanism of YLTZ on glycolipid metabolism based on UPLC/TOF/MS metabolomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1097-1098:128-141. [PMID: 30241074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by dysfunction of glycolipid metabolism. YLTZ is used to treat hyperlipidemia, yet its hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic mechanism on T2DM are unknown. Thus, UPLC/TOF/MS was applied in this study to identify the potential bio-markers, and deduce the possible metabolic pathways. According to bio-indexes, the increased blood lipid levels, including TC, TG, LDL and FA, and the decreased HDL, the elevated glucose, reduced insulin level and impaired OGTT were observed in diabetic rat model. While YLTZ can decrease the lipid levels and glucose content, as well as increased insulin standards and improve OGTT. After data from UPLC/TOF/MS processed, 17 metabolites were obtained, including phospholipids (LPCs, PCs and PGP (18:1)), beta-oxidation production (HAA, VAG and CNE) and precursors (THA), bile acid (CA, CDCA and IDCA), hydrolysate of TG (MG (22:4)), glycometabolism (G6P), cholesterol-driven synthetics (ADO) and production of arachidonate acid (THETA). As a result, YLTZ was able to reduce LPCs, PCs, PGP (18:1), HAA, VAG, CNE, CA, ADO and THETA, as well as enhance MG (22:4) and G6P. After analyzing results, several metabolic pathways were deduced, which containing, cholesterol synthesis and elimination, FA beta-oxidation, TG hydrolysis, phospholipids synthesis, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and inflammation. Consequently, YLTZ performed to prohibit the FA beta-oxidation, synthesis of cholesterol and phospholipids, gluconeogenesis and inflammation level, as well as promote TG hydrolysis, glycolysis and blood circulation. Hence, applying metabonomics in TCM research can uncover its pharmacological edges, elucidating comprehensively that YLTZ has capacity of hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic and promoting blood circulation, matching the effect of removing blood stasis, eliminating phlegm and dampness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Cheng Zhuo
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China; Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of T.C.M., Guangzhou 510095, China; Guangdong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, China
| | - Da-Ke Cai
- Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of T.C.M., Guangzhou 510095, China; Guangdong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, China
| | - Kai-Feng Xie
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China; Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of T.C.M., Guangzhou 510095, China; Guangdong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, China
| | - Hai-Ning Gan
- Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of T.C.M., Guangzhou 510095, China; Guangdong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, China
| | - Sha-Sha Li
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Jun Huang
- Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of T.C.M., Guangzhou 510095, China; Guangdong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, China
| | - Dane Huang
- Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of T.C.M., Guangzhou 510095, China; Guangdong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, China
| | - Cheng-Zhe Zhang
- Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of T.C.M., Guangzhou 510095, China; Guangdong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, China
| | - Ru-Yue Li
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China; Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of T.C.M., Guangzhou 510095, China; Guangdong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, China
| | - Yu-Xing Chen
- Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of T.C.M., Guangzhou 510095, China; Guangdong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, China.
| | - Xiao-Hui Zeng
- Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of T.C.M., Guangzhou 510095, China; Guangdong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, China.
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294
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Hirata A, Sugiyama D, Kuwabara K, Hirata T, Tsutatani H, Funamoto M, Watanabe K, Miyamatsu N, Okamura T. Fatty liver index predicts incident diabetes in a Japanese general population with and without impaired fasting glucose. Hepatol Res 2018; 48:708-716. [PMID: 29341419 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Fatty liver is associated with the development of diabetes. However, to our knowledge, no study has examined the relationship between the fatty liver index (FLI), calculated scores of hepatic steatosis, and the development of diabetes among individuals without impaired fasting glucose (IFG). We aimed to examine whether FLI predicts the development of diabetes in individuals with and without IFG in a Japanese general population. METHODS We selected 1498 men and 2941 women who participated in Specific Health Checkups in Japan. We divided all participants into six groups according to tertiles of FLI (low, moderate, and high) and the presence or absence of IFG, by sex. We calculated hazard ratios for incident diabetes for each group using a Cox proportional hazard model, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS During a mean follow-up period of 3.0 years, 176 cases of diabetes in men and 320 cases in women were identified. Compared with the low FLI group without IFG, the high FLI group without IFG was significantly associated with incident diabetes in both men (hazard ratio, 1.90; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-3.36) and women (hazard ratio, 1.72; 95% confidence interval, 1.18-2.51). All IFG groups were significantly associated with incident diabetes regardless of FLI levels. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that FLI is associated with the development of diabetes regardless of sex and the presence or absence of IFG, and that it may be a useful predictor of future risk of incident diabetes even in individuals without IFG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Hirata
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sugiyama
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Kuwabara
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Hirata
- Center for Supercentenarian Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Naomi Miyamatsu
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tomonori Okamura
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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295
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Alisi A, Pampanini V, De Stefanis C, Panera N, Deodati A, Nobili V, Cianfarani S. Expression of insulin-like growth factor I and its receptor in the liver of children with biopsy-proven NAFLD. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201566. [PMID: 30063751 PMCID: PMC6067746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is one of the major complications of obesity, occurring already in pediatric age. Insulin like growth factor-I has been proposed as a potential therapeutic agent for its beneficial effect in experimental liver fibrosis. The aim of this work was to investigate the expression of insulin-like growth factor-I and its receptor in the liver of children with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and relate it to liver histological features. Methods 45 obese children and adolescents (14 females and 31 males) with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease were included. Insulin like growth factor-I and its receptor expression was evaluated in liver tissue by immunofluorescence and qPCR. Results The expression of insulin like growth factor-I and its receptor were significantly related to fibrosis and were higher in children with stage 3 fibrosis compared to stage 1 and 2 (p<0.001 and p = 0.007 respectively). mRNA of insulin like growth factor-I receptor was higher in more advanced stages of fibrosis (p<0.001). Furthermore, the expression of insulin like growth factor-I and its receptor in hepatic stellate cells, the cell type mostly involved in fibrosis progression, was significantly increased in stage 3 fibrosis compared to stage 1 (p = 0.01 and p = 0.008 respectively). Conclusions We demonstrated for the first time that insulin like growth factor-I and its receptor are upregulated in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. These findings give a new hint for the potential therapeutic use of insulin like growth factor-I in pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease complicated by liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Alisi
- Research Unit of Multifactorial Genetics and Epigenetics, “Bambino Gesù” Children’s Hospital–IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Pampanini
- NORDFERTIL Research Lab Stockholm, Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Nadia Panera
- Research Unit of Multifactorial Genetics and Epigenetics, “Bambino Gesù” Children’s Hospital–IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Deodati
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero “Bambino Gesù” Children’s Hospital–IRCCS, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Nobili
- Department of Pediatric- University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
- Hepato-Gastroenterology Disease Unit, “Bambino Gesù” Children’s Hospital–IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Cianfarani
- NORDFERTIL Research Lab Stockholm, Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero “Bambino Gesù” Children’s Hospital–IRCCS, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
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Mendez-Sanchez N, Cruz-Ramon VC, Ramirez-Perez OL, Hwang JP, Barranco-Fragoso B, Cordova-Gallardo J. New Aspects of Lipotoxicity in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2034. [PMID: 30011790 PMCID: PMC6073816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
NASH is becoming increasingly common worldwide because of the growing global prevalence of obesity and consequently NAFLD. Unfortunately, the mechanism of progression of NAFLD to NASH and then cirrhosis is not completely understood. Several factors, including insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress, lipotoxicity, and bile acid (BA) toxicity, have been reported to be associated with NASH progression. The release of fatty acids from dysfunctional and insulin-resistant adipocytes results in lipotoxicity, which is caused by the ectopic accumulation of triglyceride-derived toxic metabolites and the subsequent activation of inflammatory pathways, cellular dysfunction, and lipoapoptosis. Adipose tissue (AT), especially visceral AT, comprises multiple cell populations that produce adipokines and insulin-like growth factor, plus macrophages and other immune cells that stimulate the development of lipotoxic liver disease. These biomolecules have been recently linked with many digestive diseases and gastrointestinal malignancies such as hepatocellular carcinoma. This made us question what role lipotoxicity has in the natural history of liver fibrosis. Therefore, this review focuses on the close relationship between AT and NASH. A good comprehension of the pathways that are related to dysregulated AT, metabolic dysfunction, and hepatic lipotoxicity will result in the development of prevention strategies and promising therapeutics for patients with NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jessica P Hwang
- Department of General Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Beatriz Barranco-Fragoso
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Medical Center "20 Noviembre", 03229 Mexico City, Mexico.
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Development of NASH in Obese Mice is Confounded by Adipose Tissue Increase in Inflammatory NOV and Oxidative Stress. Int J Hepatol 2018; 2018:3484107. [PMID: 30057822 PMCID: PMC6051135 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3484107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the consequence of insulin resistance, fatty acid accumulation, oxidative stress, and lipotoxicity. We hypothesize that an increase in the inflammatory adipokine NOV decreases antioxidant Heme Oxygenase 1 (HO-1) levels in adipose and hepatic tissue, resulting in the development of NASH in obese mice. METHODS Mice were fed a high fat diet (HFD) and obese animals were administered an HO-1 inducer with or without an inhibitor of HO activity to examine levels of adipose-derived NOV and possible links between increased synthesis of inflammatory adipokines and hepatic pathology. RESULTS NASH mice displayed decreased HO-1 levels and HO activity, increased levels of hepatic heme, NOV, MMP2, hepcidin, and increased NAS scores and hepatic fibrosis. Increased HO-1 levels are associated with a decrease in NOV, improved hepatic NAS score, ameliorated fibrosis, and increases in mitochondrial integrity and insulin receptor phosphorylation. Adipose tissue function is disrupted in obesity as evidenced by an increase in proinflammatory molecules such as NOV and a decrease in adiponectin. Importantly, increased HO-1 levels are associated with a decrease of NOV, increased adiponectin levels, and increased levels of thermogenic and mitochondrial signaling associated genes in adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the metabolic abnormalities in NASH are driven by decreased levels of hepatic HO-1 that is associated with an increase in the adipose-derived proinflammatory adipokine NOV in our obese mouse model of NASH. Concurrently, induction of HO-1 provides protection against insulin resistance as seen by increased insulin receptor phosphorylation. Pharmacological increases in HO-1 associated with decreases in NOV may offer a potential therapeutic approach in preventing fibrosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the development of NASH.
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298
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Mechanisms of NAFLD development and therapeutic strategies. Nat Med 2018; 24:908-922. [PMID: 29967350 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2431] [Impact Index Per Article: 405.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There has been a rise in the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), paralleling a worldwide increase in diabetes and metabolic syndrome. NAFLD, a continuum of liver abnormalities from nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), has a variable course but can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Here we review the pathogenic and clinical features of NAFLD, its major comorbidities, clinical progression and risk of complications and in vitro and animal models of NAFLD enabling refinement of therapeutic targets that can accelerate drug development. We also discuss evolving principles of clinical trial design to evaluate drug efficacy and the emerging targets for drug development that involve either single agents or combination therapies intended to arrest or reverse disease progression.
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299
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Sakr HF, Hussein AM, Eid EA, AlKhateeb M. Possible mechanisms underlying fatty liver in a rat model of male hypogonadism: A protective role for testosterone. Steroids 2018; 135:21-30. [PMID: 29674209 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effects of testosterone (Test) deficiency and testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) on the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and associated peripheral insulin resistance (IR) in male rats and to illustrate the underlying mechanisms of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups as follows: 1) sham-operated group (n = 11), 2) ORCD-induced group (n = 9) exposed to orchidectomy (ORCD), achieved by complete surgical removal of testicles, and 3) ORCD + Test treated group (n = 10) (11 ng/mL Test propionate, 3x/week, S.C.). RESULTS Data revealed significant increases in final body, liver, visceral and subcutaneous fats weights with significant increases in fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels and HOMA-IR. Additionally, ORCD rats had higher UAC for measured glucose levels and insulin levels during OGTT and higher AUC for measured glucose levels during ITT. Interesting, higher serum and hepatic levels of TGs and CHOL and higher serum levels of LDL were seen in ORCD-induced rats. Mechanistically, significant increases in mRNA levels of SREBP-1, SREBP-2, ACC-1, FAS, HMGCOAR and HMGCOAS with significant increases in protein levels of both precursor and mature SREBP-1 and SREBP-2, PPAR-α, p-PPAR-α, CPT-1 and UCP-2 and significant lower protein levels p-AMPK and p-ACC-1 were detected in livers of ORCD rats. Test administration to ORCD-induced rats significantly ameliorated all of the above mentioned biochemical endpoints and reversed the effect of ORCD on mRNA and protein levels of these targets. In conclusion, Test deficiency could be an independent risk factor for the development of NAFLD by upregulation of lipid synthesis and disturb fatty acids oxidation whereas Test therapy is a protective strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein F Sakr
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman; Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Abdelaziz M Hussein
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; Internal Medicine Department, Delta University for Sciences and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt.
| | - Elsayed A Eid
- Internal Medicine Department, Delta University for Sciences and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud AlKhateeb
- Basic Medical Sciences Dept., College of Medicine at King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Haczeyni F, Yeh MM, Ioannou GN, Leclercq IA, Goldin R, Dan YY, Yu J, Teoh NC, Farrell GC. Mouse models of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A reflection on recent literature. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 33:1312-1320. [PMID: 29424123 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is strongly associated with overnutrition, insulin resistance, and predisposition to type 2 diabetes. To critically analyze the translational significance of currently used animal models of NASH, we reviewed articles published during the last 3 years that studied NASH pathogenesis using mouse models. Among 146 articles, 34 (23%) used models in which overnutrition was reported, and 36 (25%) demonstrated insulin resistance, with or without glucose intolerance. Half the articles contained no information on whether mice exhibited overnutrition or insulin resistance. While 75 papers (52%) reported > 2-fold increase of serum/plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) compared with controls, ALT levels were near normal or not reported in 48%. Liver pathology was assessed by a pathologist with an interest in liver pathology in 53% of articles published in gastroenterology/hepatology journals, versus 43-44% in other journals. While there appears to be a trend to use models that are potentially relevant to the pathogenesis of human NASH, journals currently publish data on mouse models in which overnutrition and insulin resistance do not occur, without ALT increase or appropriate analysis of NASH pathology. We recommend that investigators, reviewers, and journal editors carefully consider the validity of NASH models in current use and that moves are made to reach a consensus on what the minimal criteria should be.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahrettin Haczeyni
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School at the Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Matthew M Yeh
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - George N Ioannou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Isabelle A Leclercq
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robert Goldin
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yock Young Dan
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Narcissus C Teoh
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School at the Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Geoffrey C Farrell
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School at the Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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