251
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Park S, Kim DH, Yang JH, Lee JY, Lim SH. Increased Flavonol Levels in Tobacco Expressing AcFLS Affect Flower Color and Root Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1011. [PMID: 32033022 PMCID: PMC7037354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The onion (Allium cepa L.) flavonol synthase (AcFLS-HRB) gene, encoding an enzyme responsible for flavonol biosynthesis in yellow onion, was recently identified and enzymatically characterized. Here, we performed an in vivo feeding assay involving bacterial expression of AcFLS-HRB and observed that it exhibited both flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) and FLS activity. Transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) expressing AcFLS-HRB produced lighter-pink flowers compared to wild-type plants. In transgenic petals, AcFLS-HRB was highly expressed at the mRNA and protein levels, and most AcFLS-HRB protein accumulated in the insoluble microsomal fractions. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that flavonol levels increased but anthocyanin levels decreased in transgenic petals, indicating that AcFLS-HRB is a functional gene in planta. Gene expression analysis showed the reduced transcript levels of general phenylpropanoid biosynthetic genes and flavonoid biosynthetic genes in AcFLS-HRB overexpressed tobacco petals. Additionally, transgenic tobacco plants at the seedling stages showed increased primary root and root hair length and enhanced quercetin signals in roots. Exogenous supplementation with quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) led to the same phenotypic changes in root growth, suggesting that rutin is the causal compound that promotes root growth in tobacco. Therefore, augmenting flavonol levels affects both flower color and root growth in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sun-Hyung Lim
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, JeonJu 54874, Korea; (S.P.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-H.Y.); (J.-Y.L.)
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252
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Li Y, Yu T, Wu T, Wang R, Wang H, Du H, Xu X, Xie D, Xu X. The dynamic transcriptome of pepper (Capsicum annuum) whole roots reveals an important role for the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway in root resistance to Phytophthora capsici. Gene 2020; 728:144288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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253
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Sun X, Li L, Pei J, Liu C, Huang LF. Metabolome and transcriptome profiling reveals quality variation and underlying regulation of three ecotypes for Cistanche deserticola. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:253-269. [PMID: 31845304 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00944-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cistanche deserticola is a plant used both as food and medicine. We are interested in understanding how C. deserticola responds to environmental conditions. Samples were collected from three ecotypes grown in saline-alkali land, grassland and sandy land. Transcriptome and metabolome analysis were performed by using RNA-seq and LC-ESI-MS/MS. Among 578 metabolites identified, 218, 209 and 215 compounds were found differentially produced among the three ecotypes. Particularly, 2'-acetylacteoside, belonging to phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs) is the most significantly differentially produced with a VIP > 0.5 and fold change > 2, representing a potential chemical marker to distinguish the three ecotypes. RNA-Seq analysis revealed 52,043 unigenes, and 947, 632 and 97 of them were found differentially expressed among the three ecotypes. Analysis of the correlation between the metabolome profiles and transcriptome profiles among three ecotypes identified that the 12 key genes related to PhGs biosynthesis were differentially expressed. Particularly, the expression of PAL, ALDH and GOT genes were significantly up-regulated in saline-alkali land compared to the other two. In summary, we found PhGs content was higher in saline-alkali land compared with other ecotypes. This is likely due to the up-regulation of the PhGs biosynthetic genes in response to the saline-alkali conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Tradition Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Key Research Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection, Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lin Li
- Engineering Research Center of Tradition Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Key Research Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection, Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jin Pei
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 61137, Sichuan, China.
| | - Chang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Tradition Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Key Research Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection, Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Lin-Fang Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Tradition Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Key Research Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection, Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 61137, Sichuan, China.
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254
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Zhang P, Zheng F, Chen L, Lu X, Tian W. CIP elicitors on the defense response of A. macrocephala and its related gene expression analysis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 245:153107. [PMID: 31881440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant-derived elicitor is a new type of plant vaccine developed in the contemporary era, and it has safe and broad application prospects in organic agriculture. Research on defense mechanisms triggered by elicitor has become a hot topic in recent years. The Chrysanthemum indicum polysaccharide (CIP) obtained by separation and purification from Chrysanthemum indicum was used as an elicitor in this work. This elicitor has been shown to be effective in Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (A. macrocephala) against Sclerotium rolfsii sacc (S. rolfsii) infection and soil-borne diseases. However, the mechanism of induced disease resistance has not been elucidated. In this research, we study the CIP-induced A. macrocephala defense response from the level of signal molecules and the defensive enzyme gene expression. Several defense responses to CIP treatment have been found in A. macrocephala, including early hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and increased phytoalexin (PA) content. In addition, CIP significantly increased the activity of related defense enzymes in A. macrocephala. RT-qPCR analysis showed that defense-related genes such as polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) were up-regulated after CIP treatment. To obtain the sequence of the defense enzyme gene, we are the first to provide a public and comprehensive A. macrocephala database by transcriptome sequencing. These results together demonstrate that CIP triggers defense responses in A. macrocephala. Our research not only provides further research on immune mechanism between plant and elicitor, but also sheds new light on strategy for biocontrol in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifeng Zhang
- Department of Forestry and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Forest Culture Cultivation Base, Natural Medicine Laboratory, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, PR China
| | - Fang Zheng
- Department of Forestry and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Forest Culture Cultivation Base, Natural Medicine Laboratory, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Forestry and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Forest Culture Cultivation Base, Natural Medicine Laboratory, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Lu
- Department of Forestry and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Forest Culture Cultivation Base, Natural Medicine Laboratory, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, PR China
| | - Wei Tian
- Department of Forestry and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Forest Culture Cultivation Base, Natural Medicine Laboratory, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, PR China.
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255
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Lala S. Enhancement of secondary metabolites in Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell plants treated with copper-based nanoparticles in vivo. IET Nanobiotechnol 2020; 14:78-85. [PMID: 31935682 PMCID: PMC8675962 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2019.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aims to document the effect of starch-stabilised copper-based nanoparticles (CuNPs) on the biosynthesis of pharmaceutically valuable secondary metabolites, especially saponins, of the reputed nootropic herb Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell. CuNPs were synthesised chemically by the reduction of cupric sulphate pentahydrate with ascorbic acid using starch as the capping agent. They were characterised by UV-visible spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and zeta potential. The nanoparticles consisted of cuprous oxide and metallic copper, were approximately spherical, polydispersed with diameter <20 nm. Hydroponically grown B. monnieri plants were treated in vivo with the CuNPs between the concentrations of 0-100 mg l-1. Spectrophotometric estimation of the total contents of saponins, alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids and DPPH radical scavenging capacity from the methanolic extracts of the whole plants showed a hormetic increase in the content of secondary metabolites in a concentration-dependent manner from 5 mg l-1 until it declined at toxic metabolic concentration. This was accompanied by an increase in ROS markers hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde as well as a hormetic effect on activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase and antioxidant enzymes catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. CuNPs at sub-toxic concentrations were found to enhance secondary metabolism and antioxidant capacity in Bacopa monnieri through ROS-mediated defence response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchaita Lala
- Department of Botany, Sarsuna College (University of Calcutta), 4/HB/A, Ho Chi Minh Sarani, Sarsuna Satellite Township, Kolkata-700061, India.
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256
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Cramer GR, Cochetel N, Ghan R, Destrac-Irvine A, Delrot S. A sense of place: transcriptomics identifies environmental signatures in Cabernet Sauvignon berry skins in the late stages of ripening. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:41. [PMID: 31992236 PMCID: PMC6986057 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grape berry ripening is influenced by climate, the main component of the "terroir" of a place. Light and temperature are major factors in the vineyard that affect berry development and fruit metabolite composition. RESULTS To better understand the effect of "place" on transcript abundance during the late stages of berry ripening, Cabernet Sauvignon berries grown in Bordeaux and Reno were compared at similar sugar levels (19 to 26 °Brix (total soluble solids)). Day temperatures were warmer and night temperatures were cooler in Reno. °Brix was lower in Bordeaux berries compared to Reno at maturity levels considered optimum for harvest. RNA-Seq analysis identified 5528 differentially expressed genes between Bordeaux and Reno grape skins at 22°Brix. Weighted Gene Coexpression Network Analysis for all expressed transcripts for all four °Brix levels measured indicated that the majority (75%) of transcript expression differed significantly between the two locations. Top gene ontology categories for the common transcript sets were translation, photosynthesis, DNA metabolism and catabolism. Top gene ontology categories for the differentially expressed genes at 22°Brix involved response to stimulus, biosynthesis and response to stress. Some differentially expressed genes encoded terpene synthases, cell wall enzymes, kinases, transporters, transcription factors and photoreceptors. Most circadian clock genes had higher transcript abundance in Bordeaux. Bordeaux berries had higher transcript abundance with differentially expressed genes associated with seed dormancy, light, auxin, ethylene signaling, powdery mildew infection, phenylpropanoid, carotenoid and terpenoid metabolism, whereas Reno berries were enriched with differentially expressed genes involved in water deprivation, cold response, ABA signaling and iron homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS Transcript abundance profiles in the berry skins at maturity were highly dynamic. RNA-Seq analysis identified a smaller (25% of total) common core set of ripening genes that appear not to depend on rootstock, vineyard management, plant age, soil and climatic conditions. Much of the gene expression differed between the two locations and could be associated with multiple differences in environmental conditions that may have affected the berries in the two locations; some of these genes may be potentially controlled in different ways by the vinegrower to adjust final berry composition and reach a desired result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R. Cramer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 USA
| | - Noé Cochetel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 USA
| | - Ryan Ghan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 USA
| | - Agnès Destrac-Irvine
- UMR Ecophysiology and Grape Functional Genomics, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, University of Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Serge Delrot
- UMR Ecophysiology and Grape Functional Genomics, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, University of Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
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257
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Huang W, Wang Y, Li X, Zhang Y. Biosynthesis and Regulation of Salicylic Acid and N-Hydroxypipecolic Acid in Plant Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:31-41. [PMID: 31863850 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) has long been known to be essential for basal defense and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). N-Hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP), a recently discovered plant metabolite, also plays a key role in SAR and to a lesser extent in basal resistance. Following pathogen infection, levels of both compounds are dramatically increased. Analysis of SA- or SAR-deficient mutants has uncovered how SA and NHP are biosynthesized. The completion of the SA and NHP biosynthetic pathways in Arabidopsis allowed better understanding of how they are regulated. In this review, we discuss recent progress on SA and NHP biosynthesis and their regulation in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Huang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yiran Wang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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258
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Yoo H, Greene GH, Yuan M, Xu G, Burton D, Liu L, Marqués J, Dong X. Translational Regulation of Metabolic Dynamics during Effector-Triggered Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:88-98. [PMID: 31568832 PMCID: PMC6946852 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that global translational reprogramming is an early activation event in pattern-triggered immunity, when plants recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns. However, it is not fully known whether translational regulation also occurs in subsequent immune responses, such as effector-triggered immunity (ETI). In this study, we performed genome-wide ribosome profiling in Arabidopsis upon RPS2-mediated ETI activation and discovered that specific groups of genes were translationally regulated, mostly in coordination with transcription. These genes encode enzymes involved in aromatic amino acid, phenylpropanoid, camalexin, and sphingolipid metabolism. The functional significance of these components in ETI was confirmed by genetic and biochemical analyses. Our findings provide new insights into diverse translational regulation of plant immune responses and demonstrate that translational coordination of metabolic gene expression is an important strategy for ETI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Yoo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - George H Greene
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Meng Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Centre of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Guoyong Xu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Derek Burton
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Lijing Liu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jorge Marqués
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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259
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Kim JI, Zhang X, Pascuzzi PE, Liu CJ, Chapple C. Glucosinolate and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis are linked by proteasome-dependent degradation of PAL. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:154-168. [PMID: 31408530 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce several hundreds of thousands of secondary metabolites that are important for adaptation to various environmental conditions. Although different groups of secondary metabolites are synthesized through unique biosynthetic pathways, plants must orchestrate their production simultaneously. Phenylpropanoids and glucosinolates are two classes of secondary metabolites that are synthesized through apparently independent biosynthetic pathways. Genetic evidence has revealed that the accumulation of glucosinolate intermediates limits phenylpropanoid production in a Mediator Subunit 5 (MED5)-dependent manner. To elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying this process, we analyzed the transcriptomes of a suite of Arabidopsis thaliana glucosinolate-deficient mutants using RNAseq and identified misregulated genes that are rescued by the disruption of MED5. The expression of a group of Kelch Domain F-Box genes (KFBs) that function in PAL degradation is affected in glucosinolate biosynthesis mutants and the disruption of these KFBs restores phenylpropanoid deficiency in the mutants. Our study suggests that glucosinolate/phenylpropanoid metabolic crosstalk involves the transcriptional regulation of KFB genes that initiate the degradation of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, which catalyzes the first step of the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway. Nevertheless, KFB mutant plants remain partially sensitive to glucosinolate pathway mutations, suggesting that other mechanisms that link the two pathways also exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Im Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Xuebin Zhang
- BECS, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Biology Department, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Pete E Pascuzzi
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Libraries and School of Information Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chang-Jun Liu
- BECS, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Biology Department, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Clint Chapple
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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260
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Tobar M, Fiore N, Pérez-Donoso AG, León R, Rosales IM, Gambardella M. Divergent molecular and growth responses of young "Cabernet Sauvignon" ( Vitis vinifera) plants to simple and mixed infections with Grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:2. [PMID: 31908805 PMCID: PMC6938478 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine rupestris stem pitting associated virus (GRSPaV) is one of the most widely distributed viruses; even so, little is known about its effect on Vitis vinifera. To provide new insights, the effects of single and mixed GRSPaV infections on the V. vinifera cultivar "Cabernet Sauvignon" were studied by evaluating growth parameters, such as measurements of the total plant length, the number and distance of internodes and the number of leaves per shoot. In addition, parameters relating to gas exchange, i.e., the stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, internal CO2 concentration and leaf transpiration, were also assessed. All the measurements were performed in one- and two-year-old plants with a single GRSPaV infection or mixed infections of GRSPaV and Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV). The results show that the plant phytosanitary status did not significantly alter the growth and gas exchange parameters in one-year-old plants. However, in two-year-old plants, single GRSPaV infections increased shoot elongation, which was accompanied by the overexpression of genes associated with the gibberellic acid response pathway. The gas exchange parameters of these plants were negatively affected, despite exhibiting higher LHCII gene expression. Plants with mixed infections did not have modified growth parameters, although they presented a greater reduction in the primary photosynthetic parameters evaluated with no change in LHCII expression. The results presented here confirm the co-evolution hypothesis for V. vinifera and GRSPaV during the early stages of plant development, and they provide new evidence about the effects of GRSPaV and GFLV co-infections on the "Cabernet Sauvignon" cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Tobar
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Vicuña Mackena 4860, Macul, Santiago, 7820436 Chile
| | - N. Fiore
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Avenida Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago, 8820808 Chile
| | - A. G. Pérez-Donoso
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Vicuña Mackena 4860, Macul, Santiago, 7820436 Chile
| | - R. León
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Vicuña Mackena 4860, Macul, Santiago, 7820436 Chile
| | - I. M. Rosales
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Vicuña Mackena 4860, Macul, Santiago, 7820436 Chile
| | - M. Gambardella
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Vicuña Mackena 4860, Macul, Santiago, 7820436 Chile
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261
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Zhang D, Song YH, Dai R, Lee TG, Kim J. Aldoxime Metabolism Is Linked to Phenylpropanoid Production in Camelina sativa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:17. [PMID: 32117366 PMCID: PMC7025560 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce diverse secondary metabolites. Although each metabolite is made through its respective biosynthetic pathway, plants coordinate multiple biosynthetic pathways simultaneously. One example is an interaction between glucosinolate and phenylpropanoid pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana. Glucosinolates are defense compounds made primarily from methionine and tryptophan, while phenylpropanoids are made from phenylalanine. Recent studies have shown that the accumulation of glucosinolate intermediate such as indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx) or its derivatives represses phenylpropanoid production via the degradation of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) functioning at the entry point of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Given that IAOx is a precursor of other bioactive compounds other than glucosinolates and that the phenylpropanoid pathway is present in most plants, we hypothesized that this interaction is relevant to other species. Camelina sativa is an oil crop and produces camalexin from IAOx. We enhanced IAOx production in Camelina by overexpressing Arabidopsis CYP79B2 which encodes an IAOx-producing enzyme. The overexpression of AtCYP79B2 results in increased auxin content and its associated morphological phenotypes in Camelina but indole glucosinolates were not detected in Camelina wild type as well as the overexpression lines. However, phenylpropanoid contents were reduced in AtCYP79B2 overexpression lines suggesting a link between aldoxime metabolism and phenylpropanoid production. Interestingly, the expression of PALs was not affected in the overexpression lines although PAL activity was reduced. To test if PAL degradation is involved in the crosstalk, we identified F-box genes functioning in PAL degradation through a phylogenetic study. A total of 459 transcript models encoding kelch-motifs were identified from the Camelina sativa database. Among them, the expression of CsKFBs involved in PAL degradation is up-regulated in the transgenic lines. Our results suggest a link between aldoxime metabolism and phenylpropanoid production in Camelina and that the molecular mechanism behind the crosstalk is conserved in Arabidopsis and Camelina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingpeng Zhang
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yeong Hun Song
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ru Dai
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Tong Geon Lee
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jeongim Kim
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeongim Kim,
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262
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Barros J, Dixon RA. Plant Phenylalanine/Tyrosine Ammonia-lyases. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:66-79. [PMID: 31679994 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic amino acid deaminases are key enzymes mediating carbon flux from primary to secondary metabolism in plants. Recent studies have uncovered a tyrosine ammonia-lyase that contributes to the typical characteristics of grass cell walls and contributes to about 50% of the total lignin synthesized by the plant. Grasses are currently preferred bioenergy feedstocks and lignin is the most important limiting factor in the conversion of plant biomass to liquid biofuels, as well as being an abundant renewable carbon source that can be industrially exploited. Further research on the structure, evolution, regulation, and biological function of functionally distinct ammonia-lyases has multiple implications for improving the economics of the agri-food and biofuel industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Barros
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
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Khan A, Kamran M, Imran M, Al-Harrasi A, Al-Rawahi A, Al-Amri I, Lee IJ, Khan AL. Silicon and salicylic acid confer high-pH stress tolerance in tomato seedlings. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19788. [PMID: 31874969 PMCID: PMC6930214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55651-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkalinity is a known threat to crop plant growth and production, yet the role of exogenous silicon (Si) and salicylic acid (SA) application has been largely unexplored. Here, we sought to understand the beneficial impacts of Si and SA on tomato seedlings during high-pH (9.0) stress. Results showed that Si- and SA-treated plants displayed higher biomass, chlorophyll contents, relative leaf water and better root system than none-treated plants under alkaline conditions. Both Si and SA counteracted the alkaline stress-induced oxidative damage by lowering the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation. The major antioxidant defence enzyme activities were largely stimulated by Si and SA, and these treatments caused significantly increased K+ and lowered Na+ concentrations in shoot and root under stress. Moreover, Si and SA treatments modulated endogenous SA levels and dramatically decreased abscisic acid levels in both shoot and root. Additionally, key genes involved in Si uptake, SA biosynthesis, the antioxidant defence system and rhizosphere acidification were up-regulated in Si and SA treatments under alkaline conditions. These results demonstrate that Si and SA play critical roles in improving alkaline stress tolerance in tomato seedlings, by modifying the endogenous Na+ and K+ contents, regulating oxidative damage and key genes and modulating endogenous hormone levels. These findings will help to broaden our understanding regarding the physiological and molecular mechanisms associated with the alkaline soil tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, 616, Oman
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- Plant Transport and Signalling Lab, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Imran
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, 616, Oman.
| | - Ahmed Al-Rawahi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, 616, Oman
| | - Issa Al-Amri
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, 616, Oman
| | - In-Jung Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Abdul Latif Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, 616, Oman.
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264
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He Y, Li R, Lin F, Xiong Y, Wang L, Wang B, Guo J, Hu C. Transcriptome Changes Induced by Different Potassium Levels in Banana Roots. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E11. [PMID: 31861661 PMCID: PMC7020221 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Potassium plays an important role in enhancing plant resistance to biological and abiotic stresses and improving fruit quality. To study the effect of potassium nutrient levels on banana root growth and its regulation mechanism, four potassium concentrations were designed to treat banana roots from no potassium to high potassium. The results indicated that K2 (3 mmol/L K2SO4) treatment was a relatively normal potassium concentration for the growth of banana root, and too high or too low potassium concentration was not conducive to the growth of banana root. By comparing the transcriptome data in each treatment in pairs, 4454 differentially expressed genes were obtained. There were obvious differences in gene function enrichment in root systems treated with different concentrations of potassium. Six significant expression profiles (profile 0, 1, 2, 7, 9 and 13) were identified by STEM analysis. The hub genes were FKF1, HsP70-1, NRT1/PTR5, CRY1, and ZIP11 in the profile 0; CYP51 in profile 1; SOS1 in profile 7; THA, LKR/SDH, MCC, C4H, CHI, F3'H, 2 PR1s, BSP, TLP, ICS, RO, chitinase and peroxidase in profile 9. Our results provide a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the gene regulation network in banana roots under different potassium stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingdui He
- College of Resource and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (F.L.); (Y.X.); (L.W.); (B.W.)
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ruimei Li
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China;
| | - Fei Lin
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (F.L.); (Y.X.); (L.W.); (B.W.)
| | - Ying Xiong
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (F.L.); (Y.X.); (L.W.); (B.W.)
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China;
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Lixia Wang
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (F.L.); (Y.X.); (L.W.); (B.W.)
| | - Bizun Wang
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (F.L.); (Y.X.); (L.W.); (B.W.)
| | - Jianchun Guo
- College of Resource and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China;
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Chengxiao Hu
- College of Resource and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
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265
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"Salicylic Acid Mutant Collection" as a Tool to Explore the Role of Salicylic Acid in Regulation of Plant Growth under a Changing Environment. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246365. [PMID: 31861218 PMCID: PMC6941003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) has a crucial role in plant physiology. Its role is best described in the context of plant response to pathogen attack. During infection, SA is rapidly accumulated throughout the green tissues and is important for both local and systemic defences. However, some genetic/metabolic variations can also result in SA overaccumulation in plants, even in basal conditions. To date, more than forty Arabidopsis thaliana mutants have been described as having enhanced endogenous SA levels or constitutively activated SA signalling pathways. In this study, we established a collection of mutants containing different SA levels due to diverse genetic modifications and distinct gene functions. We chose prototypic SA-overaccumulators (SA-OAs), such as bon1-1, but also “non-typical” ones such as exo70b1-1; the selection of OA is accompanied by their crosses with SA-deficient lines. Here, we extensively studied the plant development and SA level/signalling under various growth conditions in soil and in vitro, and showed a strong negative correlation between rosette size, SA content and PR1/ICS1 transcript signature. SA-OAs (namely cpr5, acd6, bon1-1, fah1/fah2 and pi4kβ1β2) had bigger rosettes under high light conditions, whereas WT plants did not. Our data provide new insights clarifying a link between SA and plant behaviour under environmental stresses. The presented SA mutant collection is thus a suitable tool to shed light on the mechanisms underlying trade-offs between growth and defence in plants.
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266
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An R2R3 MYB transcription factor confers brown planthopper resistance by regulating the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase pathway in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 117:271-277. [PMID: 31848246 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902771116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown planthopper (BPH) is one of the most destructive insects affecting rice (Oryza sativa L.) production. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is a key enzyme involved in plant defense against pathogens, but the role of PAL in insect resistance is still poorly understood. Here we show that expression of the majority of PALs in rice is significantly induced by BPH feeding. Knockdown of OsPALs significantly reduces BPH resistance, whereas overexpression of OsPAL8 in a susceptible rice cultivar significantly enhances its BPH resistance. We found that OsPALs mediate resistance to BPH by regulating the biosynthesis and accumulation of salicylic acid and lignin. Furthermore, we show that expression of OsPAL6 and OsPAL8 in response to BPH attack is directly up-regulated by OsMYB30, an R2R3 MYB transcription factor. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the phenylpropanoid pathway plays an important role in BPH resistance response, and provide valuable targets for genetic improvement of BPH resistance in rice.
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267
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Li X, Huang L, He Y, Xie C, Zhan F, Zu Y, Sheng J, Li Y. Effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on the interaction between rice and Magnaporthe oryzae in Yuanyang terrace. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:2965-2976. [PMID: 31657369 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00556g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation affected the growth of rice and Magnaporthe oryzae, and changed the interactions between them. Increased UV-B radiation (5.0 kJ m-2 d-1) on rice leaves in a Yuanyang terrace was conducted before, during, and after infection of the leaves with Magnaporthe oryzae. The relationship between rice blast and UV-B radiation on the disease resistance of rice and the pathogenicity of M. oryzae was studied, and the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on the interactions between rice and M. oryzae were analysed. The results indicated the following: (1) enhanced UV-B radiation significantly reduced the rice blast disease index, but as infection progressed, the inhibitory effect of UV-B radiation on the disease was weakened. (2) UV-B radiation treatment before infection with M. oryzae (UV-B + M.) significantly increased the activity of the enzymes related to disease resistance (phenylalanine ammonia lyase, lipoxygenase, chitinase, and β-1,3-glucanase), and the plants exhibited light-induced resistance. (3) Exposure to UV-B radiation after M. oryzae infection (M. + UV-B) did not induce disease course-related protein (PR) activity, but the content of soluble sugar increased. The osmotic stress caused by pathogenic fungi infection was alleviated by active accumulation of soluble sugar; due to this lack of nutrients, it was difficult for the rice blast fungus to grow. (4) Enhanced UV-B radiation significantly inhibited the production of conidia by M. oryzae, and the expression of the pathogenic genes Chitinase, MGP1, MAGB, and CPKA was significantly downregulated. The pathogenicity of M. oryzae was reduced by UV-B radiation. The resistance of rice leaves was weakened by simultaneous exposure to UV-B radiation and M. oryzae (UV-B/M.). Hence, UV-B radiation can weaken the infectivity of M. oryzae, improve the resistance of traditional rice, and contain the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
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268
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Torrens-Spence MP, Bobokalonova A, Carballo V, Glinkerman CM, Pluskal T, Shen A, Weng JK. PBS3 and EPS1 Complete Salicylic Acid Biosynthesis from Isochorismate in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:1577-1586. [PMID: 31760159 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important phytohormone mediating both local and systemic defense responses in plants. Despite over half a century of research, how plants biosynthesize SA remains unresolved. In Arabidopsis, a major part of SA is derived from isochorismate, a key intermediate produced by the isochorismate synthase, which is reminiscent of SA biosynthesis in bacteria. Whereas bacteria employ an isochorismate pyruvate lyase (IPL) that catalyzes the turnover of isochorismate to pyruvate and SA, plants do not contain an IPL ortholog and generate SA from isochorismate through an unknown mechanism. Combining genetic and biochemical approaches, we delineated the SA biosynthetic pathway downstream of isochorismate in Arabidopsis. We found that PBS3, a GH3 acyl adenylase-family enzyme important for SA accumulation, catalyzes ATP- and Mg2+-dependent conjugation of L-glutamate primarily to the 8-carboxyl of isochorismate and yields the key SA biosynthetic intermediate, isochorismoyl-glutamate A. Moreover, we discovered that EPS1, a BAHD acyltransferase-family protein with a previously implicated role in SA accumulation upon pathogen attack, harbors a noncanonical active site and an unprecedented isochorismoyl-glutamate A pyruvoyl-glutamate lyase activity that produces SA from the isochorismoyl-glutamate A substrate. Together, PBS3 and EPS1 form a two-step metabolic pathway to produce SA from isochorismate in Arabidopsis, which is distinct from how SA is biosynthesized in bacteria. This study closes a major knowledge gap in plant SA metabolism and would help develop new strategies for engineering disease resistance in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anastassia Bobokalonova
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Valentina Carballo
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Tomáš Pluskal
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Amber Shen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jing-Ke Weng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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269
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Li G, Wang H, Cheng X, Su X, Zhao Y, Jiang T, Jin Q, Lin Y, Cai Y. Comparative genomic analysis of the PAL genes in five Rosaceae species and functional identification of Chinese white pear. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8064. [PMID: 31824757 PMCID: PMC6894436 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) plays an important role in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites regulating plant growth response. To date, the evolutionary history of the PAL family in Rosaceae plants remains unclear. In this study, we identified 16 PAL homologous genes in five Rosaceae plants (Pyrus bretschneideri, Fragaria vesca, Prunus mume, Prunus persica, and Malus × domestica). We classified these PALs into three categories based on phylogenetic analysis, and all PALs were distributed on 13 chromosomes. We tracked gene duplication events and performed sliding window analysis. These results revealed the evolution of PALs in five Rosaceae plants. We predicted the promoter of the PbPALs by PLANT CARE online software, and found that the promoter region of both PbPAL1 and PbPAL3 have at least one AC element. The results of qRT-PCR analysis found that PbPAL1 and PbPAL2 were highly expressed in the stems and roots, while expression level of PbPAL3 was relatively low in different tissues. The expression of PbPAL1 and PbPAL2 increased firstly and then decreased at different developmental periods of pear fruit. Among them, the expression of PbPAL1 reached the highest level 55 days after flowering. Three PbPALs were induced by abiotic stress to varying degrees. We transfected PbPAL1 and PbPAL2 into Arabidopsis thaliana, which resulted in an increase in lignin content and thickening of the cell walls of intervascular fibres and xylem cells. In summary, this research laid a foundation for better understanding the molecular evolution of PALs in five Rosaceae plants. Furthermore, the present study revealed the role of PbPALs in lignin synthesis, and provided basic data for regulating lignin synthesis and stone cells development in pear plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Li
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Han Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xueqiang Su
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Taoshan Jiang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qin Jin
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yi Lin
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yongping Cai
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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270
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Kachewar NR, Gupta V, Ranjan A, Patel HK, Sonti RV. Overexpression of OsPUB41, a Rice E3 ubiquitin ligase induced by cell wall degrading enzymes, enhances immune responses in Rice and Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:530. [PMID: 31783788 PMCID: PMC6884774 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) induce plant immune responses and E3 ubiquitin ligases are known to play important roles in regulating plant defenses. Expression of the rice E3 ubiquitin ligase, OsPUB41, is enhanced upon treatment of leaves with Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) secreted CWDEs such as Cellulase and Lipase/Esterase. However, it is not reported to have a role in elicitation of immune responses. RESULTS Expression of the rice E3 ubiquitin ligase, OsPUB41, is induced when rice leaves are treated with either CWDEs, pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or pathogens. Overexpression of OsPUB41 leads to induction of callose deposition, enhanced tolerance to Xoo and Rhizoctonia solani infection in rice and Arabidopsis respectively. In rice, transient overexpression of OsPUB41 leads to enhanced expression of PR genes and SA as well as JA biosynthetic and response genes. However, in Arabidopsis, ectopic expression of OsPUB41 results in upregulation of only JA biosynthetic and response genes. Transient overexpression of either of the two biochemically inactive mutants (OsPUB41C40A and OsPUB41V51R) of OsPUB41 in rice and stable transgenics in Arabidopsis ectopically expressing OsPUB41C40A failed to elicit immune responses. This indicates that the E3 ligase activity of OsPUB41 protein is essential for induction of plant defense responses. CONCLUSION The results presented here suggest that OsPUB41 is possibly involved in elicitation of CWDE triggered immune responses in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vishal Gupta
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007 India
| | - Ashish Ranjan
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007 India
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Hitendra Kumar Patel
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007 India
| | - Ramesh V. Sonti
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007 India
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067 India
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271
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González-García Y, López-Vargas ER, Cadenas-Pliego G, Benavides-Mendoza A, González-Morales S, Robledo-Olivo A, Alpuche-Solís ÁG, Juárez-Maldonado A. Impact of Carbon Nanomaterials on the Antioxidant System of Tomato Seedlings. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5858. [PMID: 31766644 PMCID: PMC6929022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato is one of the most economically important vegetables worldwide and is constantly threatened by various biotic and abiotic stress factors reducing the quality and quantity in the production of this crop. As an alternative to mitigate stress in plants, carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) have been used in agricultural areas. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the antioxidant responses of tomato seedlings to the application via foliar and drench of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene (GP). Different doses (10, 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 mg L-1) and a control were evaluated. The results showed that the fresh and dry root weight increased with the application of CNMs. Regarding the antioxidant responses of tomato seedlings, the application of CNMs increased the content of phenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, glutathione, photosynthetic pigments, activity of the enzyme's ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase as well as the content of proteins. Therefore, the use of carbon-based nanomaterials could be a good alternative to induce tolerance to different stress in tomato crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda González-García
- Doctorado en Ciencias en Agricultura Protegida, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Coahuila 25315, Mexico; (Y.G.-G.); (E.R.L.-V.)
| | - Elsy Rubisela López-Vargas
- Doctorado en Ciencias en Agricultura Protegida, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Coahuila 25315, Mexico; (Y.G.-G.); (E.R.L.-V.)
| | | | | | - Susana González-Morales
- CONACyT- Departamento de Horticultura, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Coahuila 25315, Mexico;
| | - Armando Robledo-Olivo
- Departamento de Alimentos, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Coahuila 25315, Mexico;
| | - Ángel Gabriel Alpuche-Solís
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78216, Mexico;
| | - Antonio Juárez-Maldonado
- Departamento de Botánica, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Coahuila 25315, Mexico
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272
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Otto M, Wynands B, Lenzen C, Filbig M, Blank LM, Wierckx N. Rational Engineering of Phenylalanine Accumulation in Pseudomonas taiwanensis to Enable High-Yield Production of Trans-Cinnamate. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:312. [PMID: 31824929 PMCID: PMC6882275 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial biocatalysis represents a promising alternative for the production of a variety of aromatic chemicals, where microorganisms are engineered to convert a renewable feedstock under mild production conditions into a valuable chemical building block. This study describes the rational engineering of the solvent-tolerant bacterium Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120 toward accumulation of L-phenylalanine and its conversion into the chemical building block t-cinnamate. We recently reported rational engineering of Pseudomonas toward L-tyrosine accumulation by the insertion of genetic modifications that allow both enhanced flux and prevent aromatics degradation. Building on this knowledge, three genes encoding for enzymes involved in the degradation of L-phenylalanine were deleted to allow accumulation of 2.6 mM of L-phenylalanine from 20 mM glucose. The amino acid was subsequently converted into the aromatic model compound t-cinnamate by the expression of a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) from Arabidopsis thaliana. The engineered strains produced t-cinnamate with yields of 23 and 39% Cmol Cmol−1 from glucose and glycerol, respectively. Yields were improved up to 48% Cmol Cmol−1 from glycerol when two enzymes involved in the shikimate pathway were additionally overexpressed, however with negative impact on strain performance and reproducibility. Production titers were increased in fed-batch fermentations, in which 33.5 mM t-cinnamate were produced solely from glycerol, in a mineral medium without additional complex supplements. The aspect of product toxicity was targeted by the utilization of a streamlined, genome-reduced strain, which improves upon the already high tolerance of P. taiwanensis VLB120 toward t-cinnamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Otto
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1: Biotechnology), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Benedikt Wynands
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1: Biotechnology), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christoph Lenzen
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Melanie Filbig
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lars M Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nick Wierckx
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1: Biotechnology), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
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273
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Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase family is closely associated with response to phosphate deficiency in rice. Genes Genomics 2019; 42:67-76. [PMID: 31736007 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00879-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) catalyzes the first step in the biosynthetic phenylpropanoid pathway (PPP) via deamination of phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid, a precursor for the lignin and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways. Although its role is well-established in various plants, the functional significance of PAL genes in rice remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE This study aims to find out the global feature of rice PAL genes associated with phosphate use efficiency. METHODS To identify the biological functions of individual rice PAL genes, we performed meta-expression profiling analysis based on phylogenomics of rice PAL genes and confirmed the expression patterns using Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). RESULTS We identified nine genes that were remarkably up-regulated during long-term phosphate (Pi) starvation and recovery processes through RNA-Seq data analysis. Expression patterns of the nine rice PAL genes under Pi starvation were further confirmed by qPCR, indicating that the function of PAL genes is strongly associated with Pi starvation response in rice. CONCLUSION Our study reports the functional significance of rice PAL genes involved in adaptation to low Pi growth conditions and provides useful information to improve Pi use efficiency in crop plant.
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274
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Wang X, Wu Z, Bao W, Hu H, Chen M, Chai T, Wang H. Identification and evaluation of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR analysis in Polygonum cuspidatum based on transcriptome data. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:498. [PMID: 31726985 PMCID: PMC6854638 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2108-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polygonum cuspidatum of the Polygonaceae family is a traditional medicinal plant with many bioactive compounds that play important roles in human health and stress responses. Research has attempted to identify biosynthesis genes and metabolic pathways in this species, and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) has commonly been used to detect gene expression because of its speed, sensitivity, and specificity. However, no P. cuspidatum reference genes have been identified, which hinders gene expression studies. Here, we aimed to identify suitable reference genes for accurate and reliable normalization of P. cuspidatum RT-qPCR data. RESULTS Twelve candidate reference genes, including nine common (ACT, TUA, TUB, GAPDH, EF-1γ, UBQ, UBC, 60SrRNA, and eIF6A) and three novel (SKD1, YLS8, and NDUFA13), were analyzed in different tissues (root, stem, and leaf) without treatment and in leaves under abiotic stresses (salt, ultraviolet [UV], cold, heat, and drought) and hormone stimuli (abscisic acid [ABA], ethylene [ETH], gibberellin [GA3], methyl jasmonate [MeJA], and salicylic acid [SA]). Expression stability in 65 samples was calculated using the △CT method, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder. Two reference genes (NDUFA13 and EF-1γ) were sufficient to normalize gene expression across all sample sets. They were also the two most stable genes for abiotic stresses and different tissues, whereas NDUFA13 and SKD1 were the top two choices for hormone stimuli. Considering individual experimental sets, GAPDH was the top-ranked gene under ABA, ETH, and GA3 treatments, while 60SrRNA showed good stability under MeJA and cold treatments. ACT, UBC, and TUB were suitable genes for drought, UV, and ABA treatments, respectively. TUA was not suitable because of its considerable variation in expression under different conditions. The expression patterns of PcPAL, PcSTS, and PcMYB4 under UV and SA treatments and in different tissues normalized by stable and unstable reference genes demonstrated the suitability of the optimal reference genes. CONCLUSIONS We propose NDUFA13 and EF-1γ as reference genes to normalize P. cuspidatum expression data. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic study of reference genes in P. cuspidatum which could help advance molecular biology research in P. cuspidatum and allied species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenqi Bao
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongyan Hu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mo Chen
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tuanyao Chai
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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275
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Li L, Wang F, Li X, Peng Y, Zhang H, Hey S, Wang G, Wang J, Gu R. Comparative analysis of the accelerated aged seed transcriptome profiles of two maize chromosome segment substitution lines. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216977. [PMID: 31710606 PMCID: PMC6844465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed longevity is one of the most essential characteristics of seed quality. Two chromosome segment substitution lines, I178 and X178, which show significant differences in seed longevity, were subjected to transcriptome sequencing before and after five days of accelerated aging (AA) treatments. Compared to the non-aging treatment, 286 and 220 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified after 5 days of aging treatment in I178 and X178, respectively. Of these DEGs, 98 were detected in both I178 and X178, which were enriched in Gene Ontology (GO) terms of the cellular component of the nuclear part, intracellular part, organelle and membrane. Only 86 commonly downregulated genes were enriched in GO terms of the carbohydrate derivative catabolic process. Additionally, transcriptome analysis of alternative splicing (AS) events in I178 and X178 showed that 63.6% of transcript isoforms occurred AS in all samples, and only 1.6% of transcript isoforms contained 169 genes that exhibited aging-specific AS arising after aging treatment. Combined with the reported QTL mapping result, 7 DEGs exhibited AS after aging treatment, and 13 DEGs in mapping interval were potential candidates that were directly or indirectly related to seed longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Seed Science and Technology Research Center, Beijing Innovation Center for Seed Technology (MOA), Beijing Key Laboratory for Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Seed Science and Technology Research Center, Beijing Innovation Center for Seed Technology (MOA), Beijing Key Laboratory for Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuhui Li
- Seed Science and Technology Research Center, Beijing Innovation Center for Seed Technology (MOA), Beijing Key Laboratory for Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yixuan Peng
- Seed Science and Technology Research Center, Beijing Innovation Center for Seed Technology (MOA), Beijing Key Laboratory for Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Stefan Hey
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Guoying Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Seed Science and Technology Research Center, Beijing Innovation Center for Seed Technology (MOA), Beijing Key Laboratory for Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JW); (RG)
| | - Riliang Gu
- Seed Science and Technology Research Center, Beijing Innovation Center for Seed Technology (MOA), Beijing Key Laboratory for Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JW); (RG)
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276
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Xu X, Pan J, He M, Tian H, Qi X, Xu Q, Chen X. Transcriptome profiling reveals key genes related to astringency during cucumber fruit development. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:390. [PMID: 31656728 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1922-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to provide quantitative data on the catechin contents and underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms in cucumber during fruit development. The dynamic changes in the total catechin contents and RNA-seq-based transcriptome profiling of the flesh and peel of the cucumber cultivar 'YanBai', which is strongly astringent, were examined at three key developmental stages 3, 6 and 9 days post-pollination. The total catechin content decreased as cucumber fruit developed and was significantly lower in the flesh than in the peel. In total, 5092 and 4004 genes were found to be differently expressed in the peel and flesh, respectively. Based on a functional annotation, eight structural genes encode enzymes involved in the catechin biosynthesis pathway. Three genes encoding 4-coumarate-CoA ligases, two genes encoding chalcone isomerases, two genes encoding dihydroflavonol-4-reductase and one gene each encoding a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase were identified as affecting the catechin content of cucumber. The transcriptome data also revealed the significance of transcription factors, including WD40-repeat proteins, MYB and bHLH, in regulating catechin biosynthesis. These findings help increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling catechin biosynthesis and astringency development in cucumber fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Xu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Jiawei Pan
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Min He
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Henglu Tian
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaohua Qi
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Qiang Xu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Xuehao Chen
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
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277
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Hou L, Wang L, Wu X, Gao W, Zhang J, Huang C. Expression patterns of two pal genes of Pleurotus ostreatus across developmental stages and under heat stress. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:231. [PMID: 31655558 PMCID: PMC6815457 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1594-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.24) is the first key enzyme in the phenylpropanoid pathway. The pal gene has been widely studied in plants and participates in plant growth, development and defense systems. However, in Pleurotus ostreatus, the biological functions of pal during organismal development and exposure to abiotic stress have not been reported. Results In this study, we cloned and characterized the pal1 (2232 bp) and pal2 (2244 bp) genes from the basidiomycete P. ostreatus CCMSSC 00389. The pal1 and pal2 genes are interrupted by 6 and 10 introns, respectively, and encode proteins of 743 and 747 amino acids, respectively. Furthermore, prokaryotic expression experiments showed that PAL enzymes catalyzed the conversion of L-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid. The function of pal1 and pal2 was determined by constructing overexpression (OE) and RNA interference (RNAi) strains. The results showed that the two pal genes had similar expression patterns during different developmental stages. The expression of pal genes was higher in the reproductive growth stage than in the vegetative growth stage. And the interference of pal1 and pal2 delayed the formation of primordia. The results of heat stress assays showed that the RNAi-pal1 strains had enhanced mycelial tolerance to high temperature, while the RNAi-pal2 strains had enhanced mycelial resistance to H2O2. Conclusions These results indicate that two pal genes may play a similar role in the development of P. ostreatus fruiting bodies, but may alleviate stress through different regulatory pathways under heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludan Hou
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lining Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiangli Wu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jinxia Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chenyang Huang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China.
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278
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Yuan W, Jiang T, Du K, Chen H, Cao Y, Xie J, Li M, Carr JP, Wu B, Fan Z, Zhou T. Maize phenylalanine ammonia-lyases contribute to resistance to Sugarcane mosaic virus infection, most likely through positive regulation of salicylic acid accumulation. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1365-1378. [PMID: 31487111 PMCID: PMC6792131 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) is a pathogen of worldwide importance that causes dwarf mosaic disease on maize (Zea mays). Until now, few maize genes/proteins have been shown to be involved in resistance to SCMV. In this study, we characterized the role of maize phenylalanine ammonia-lyases (ZmPALs) in accumulation of the defence signal salicylic acid (SA) and in resistance to virus infection. SCMV infection significantly increased SA accumulation and expression of SA-responsive pathogenesis-related protein genes (PRs). Interestingly, exogenous SA treatment decreased SCMV accumulation and enhanced resistance. Both reverse transcription-coupled quantitative PCR and RNA-Seq data confirmed that expression levels of at least four ZmPAL genes were significantly up-regulated upon SCMV infection. Knockdown of ZmPAL expression led to enhanced SCMV infection symptom severity and virus multiplication, and simultaneously resulted in decreased SA accumulation and PR gene expression. Intriguingly, application of exogenous SA to SCMV-infected ZmPAL-silenced maize plants decreased SCMV accumulation, showing that ZmPALs are required for SA-mediated resistance to SCMV infection. In addition, lignin measurements and metabolomic analysis showed that ZmPALs are also involved in SCMV-induced lignin accumulation and synthesis of other secondary metabolites via the phenylpropanoid pathway. In summary, our results indicate that ZmPALs are required for SA accumulation in maize and are involved in resistance to virus infection by limiting virus accumulation and moderating symptom severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Agro‐BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Tong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro‐BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Kaitong Du
- State Key Laboratory for Agro‐BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agro‐BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Yanyong Cao
- Cereal Crops InstituteHenan Academy of Agricultural ScienceZhengzhou450002China
| | - Jipeng Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Agro‐BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Mengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agro‐BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - John P. Carr
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Boming Wu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Agro‐BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Agro‐BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
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279
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Sun S, Xiong XP, Zhu Q, Li YJ, Sun J. Transcriptome Sequencing and Metabolome Analysis Reveal Genes Involved in Pigmentation of Green-Colored Cotton Fibers. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4838. [PMID: 31569469 PMCID: PMC6801983 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Green-colored fiber (GCF) is the unique raw material for naturally colored cotton textile but we know little about the pigmentation process in GCF. Here we compared transcriptomes and metabolomes of 12, 18 and 24 days post-anthesis (DPA) fibers from a green fiber cotton accession and its white-colored fiber (WCF) near-isogenic line. We found a total of 2047 non-redundant metabolites in GCF and WCF that were enriched in 80 pathways, including those of biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid, cutin, suberin, and wax. Most metabolites, particularly sinapaldehyde, of the phenylpropanoid pathway had a higher level in GCF than in WCF, consistent with the significant up-regulation of the genes responsible for biosynthesis of those metabolites. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of genes differentially expressed between GCF and WCF was used to uncover gene-modules co-expressed or associated with the accumulation of green pigments. Of the 16 gene-modules co-expressed with fiber color or time points, the blue module associated with G24 (i.e., GCF at 24 DPA) was of particular importance because a large proportion of its genes were significantly up-regulated at 24 DPA when fiber color was visually distinguishable between GCF and WCF. A total of 56 hub genes, including the two homoeologous Gh4CL4 that could act in green pigment biosynthesis, were identified among the genes of the blue module that are mainly involved in lipid metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, RNA transcription, signaling, and transport. Our results provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying pigmentation of green fibers and clues for developing cottons with stable green colored fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Bei 5 Road, Shihezi 832003, China.
| | - Xian-Peng Xiong
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Bei 5 Road, Shihezi 832003, China.
| | - Qianhao Zhu
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra 2601, Australia.
| | - Yan-Jun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Bei 5 Road, Shihezi 832003, China.
| | - Jie Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Bei 5 Road, Shihezi 832003, China.
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280
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Qin Y, Torp AM, Glauser G, Pedersen C, Rasmussen SK, Thordal-Christensen H. Barley isochorismate synthase mutant is phylloquinone-deficient, but has normal basal salicylic acid level. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1671122. [PMID: 31559895 PMCID: PMC6804694 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1671122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important signaling hormone in plant immunity. It can be synthesized by either the phenylpropanoid pathway or the isochorismate pathway, but mutant studies of this have been scarce in other species than Arabidopsis. Here we identified a mutation that introduced a stop-codon early in the barley gene for isochorismate synthase (ICS). We found that homozygous ics plants wilted if not sprayed with 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, a precursor of phylloquinone, also synthesized via the isochorismate pathway. Interestingly, ics had unchanged SA, suggesting that the basal level of SA is synthesized via the phenylpropanoid pathway. Previous studies have failed seeing increased SA levels in barley after attack by the powdery mildew fungus, Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (Bgh), and indeed, we saw no changes in the interaction of ics with this fungus. Overall, we hope this mutant will be useful for other studies of SA in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qin
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Maria Torp
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gaëtan Glauser
- Institute of Biology, Neuchâtel Platform Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Pedersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren K. Rasmussen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Thordal-Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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281
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Lee MH, Jeon HS, Kim SH, Chung JH, Roppolo D, Lee HJ, Cho HJ, Tobimatsu Y, Ralph J, Park OK. Lignin-based barrier restricts pathogens to the infection site and confers resistance in plants. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101948. [PMID: 31559647 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019101948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria invade plant tissues and proliferate in the extracellular space. Plants have evolved the immune system to recognize and limit the growth of pathogens. Despite substantial progress in the study of plant immunity, the mechanism by which plants limit pathogen growth remains unclear. Here, we show that lignin accumulates in Arabidopsis leaves in response to incompatible interactions with bacterial pathogens in a manner dependent on Casparian strip membrane domain protein (CASP)-like proteins (CASPLs). CASPs are known to be the organizers of the lignin-based Casparian strip, which functions as a diffusion barrier in roots. The spread of invading avirulent pathogens is prevented by spatial restriction, which is disturbed by defects in lignin deposition. Moreover, the motility of pathogenic bacteria is negatively affected by lignin accumulation. These results suggest that the lignin-deposited structure functions as a physical barrier similar to the Casparian strip, trapping pathogens and thereby terminating their growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hwi Seong Jeon
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seu Ha Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Hee Chung
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Daniele Roppolo
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hye-Jung Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Joo Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yuki Tobimatsu
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry, and US Department of Energy's Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ohkmae K Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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282
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Cao Y, Li X, Jiang L. Integrative Analysis of the Core Fruit Lignification Toolbox in Pear Reveals Targets for Fruit Quality Bioengineering. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090504. [PMID: 31540505 PMCID: PMC6770946 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Stone cell content is an important factor affecting pear fruit flavor. Lignin, a major component of pear stone cells, hinders the quality and value of commercial fruit. The completion of the Chinese white pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) genome sequence provides an opportunity to perform integrative analysis of the genes encoding the eleven protein families (i.e., PAL, C4H, 4CL, HCT, C3H, CSE, CCoAOMT, CCR, F5H, COMT, and CAD) in the phenylpropanoid pathway. Here, a systematic study based on expression patterns and phylogenetic analyses was performed to identify the members of each gene family potentially involved in the lignification in the Chinese white pear. The phylogenetic analysis suggested that 35 P. bretschneideri genes belong to bona fide lignification clade members. Compared to other plants, some multigene families are expanded by tandem gene duplication, such as HCT, C3H, COMT, and CCR. RNA sequencing was used to study the expression patterns of the genes in different tissues, including leaf, petal, bud, sepal, ovary, stem, and fruit. Eighteen genes presented a high expression in fruit, indicating that these genes may be involved in the biosynthesis of lignin in pear fruit. Similarly to what has been observed for Populus trichocarpa, a bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) experiment indicated that P. bretschneideri C3H and C4H might also interact with each other to regulate monolignol biosynthesis in P. bretschneideri, ultimately affecting the stone cell content in pear fruits. The identification of the major genes involved in lignin biosynthesis in pear fruits provides the basis for the development of strategies to improve fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Lan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China.
- School of Economics and Law, Chaohu University, Hefei 238000, China.
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283
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Pokotylo I, Kravets V, Ruelland E. Salicylic Acid Binding Proteins (SABPs): The Hidden Forefront of Salicylic Acid Signalling. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4377. [PMID: 31489905 PMCID: PMC6769663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a phytohormone that plays important roles in many aspects of plant life, notably in plant defenses against pathogens. Key mechanisms of SA signal transduction pathways have now been uncovered. Even though details are still missing, we understand how SA production is regulated and which molecular machinery is implicated in the control of downstream transcriptional responses. The NPR1 pathway has been described to play the main role in SA transduction. However, the mode of SA perception is unclear. NPR1 protein has been shown to bind SA. Nevertheless, NPR1 action requires upstream regulatory events (such as a change in cell redox status). Besides, a number of SA-induced responses are independent from NPR1. This shows that there is more than one way for plants to perceive SA. Indeed, multiple SA-binding proteins of contrasting structures and functions have now been identified. Yet, all of these proteins can be considered as candidate SA receptors and might have a role in multinodal (decentralized) SA input. This phenomenon is unprecedented for other plant hormones and is a point of discussion of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Pokotylo
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Université Paris-Est, UPEC, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Volodymyr Kravets
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Eric Ruelland
- Université Paris-Est, UPEC, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, 94010 Créteil, France.
- CNRS, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, UMR 7618, 94010 Créteil, France.
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284
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Wu Z, Han S, Zhou H, Tuang ZK, Wang Y, Jin Y, Shi H, Yang W. Cold stress activates disease resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana through a salicylic acid dependent pathway. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2645-2663. [PMID: 31087367 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to short-term cold stress influences disease resistance by mechanisms that remain poorly characterized. The molecular basis of cold-activated immunity was therefore investigated in Arabidopsis thaliana inoculated with the bacterial pathogen Pst DC3000, using a transcriptomic analysis. Exposure to cold stress for 10 hr was sufficient to activate immunity, as well as H2 O2 accumulation and callose deposition. Transcriptome changes induced by the 10-hr cold treatment were similar to those caused by pathogen infection, including increased expression of the salicylic acid (SA) pathway marker genes, PR2 and PR5, and genes playing positive roles in defence against (hemi)-biotrophs. In contrast, transcripts encoding jasmonic acid (JA) pathway markers such as PR4 and MYC2 and transcripts with positive roles in defence against necrotrophs were less abundant following the 10-hr cold treatment. Cold-activated immunity was dependent on SA, being partially dependent on NPR1 and ICS1/SID2. In addition, transcripts encoding SA biosynthesis enzymes such as ICS2, PAL1, PAL2, and PAL4 (but not ICS1/SID2) and MES9 were more abundant, whereas GH3.5/WES1 and SOT12 transcripts that encode components involved in SA modification were less abundant following cold stress treatment. These findings show that cold stress cross-activates innate immune responses via a SA-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjiang Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 43009, P.R. China
| | - Shiming Han
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 43009, P.R. China
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui, 553004, P.R. China
| | - Hedan Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 43009, P.R. China
| | - Za Khai Tuang
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 43009, P.R. China
| | - Yizhong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 43009, P.R. China
| | - Ye Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 43009, P.R. China
| | - Huazhong Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 43009, P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409, Texas, USA
| | - Wannian Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 43009, P.R. China
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285
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Plant Fibers and Phenolics: A Review on Their Synthesis, Analysis and Combined Use for Biomaterials with New Properties. FIBERS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fib7090080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Devising environmental-friendly processes in biotechnology is a priority in the current economic scenario. We are witnessing a constant and steady push towards finding sustainable solutions to societal challenges by promoting innovation-driven activities minimizing the environmental impact and valorizing natural resources. In bioeconomy, plants are among the most important renewable sources of both fibers (woody and cellulosic) and phytochemicals, which find applications in many industrial sectors, spanning from the textile, to the biocomposite, medical, nutraceutical, and pharma sectors. Given the key role of plants as natural sources of (macro)molecules, we here provide a compendium on the use of plant fibers functionalized/impregnated with phytochemicals (in particular phenolic extracts). The goal is to review the various applications of natural fibers functionalized with plant phenolics and to valorize those plants that are source of both fibers and phytochemicals.
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286
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Shen X, Hu Z, Xiang X, Xu L, Cao J. Overexpression of a stamen-specific R2R3-MYB gene BcMF28 causes aberrant stamen development in transgenic Arabidopsis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 518:726-731. [PMID: 31472956 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In flowering plants, stamen development is a complex multistage process, which is highly regulated by a series of transcription factors. In this study, BcMF28, which encodes a R2R3-MYB transcription factor, was isolated from Brassica campestris. BcMF28 is localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm, and acts as a transcriptional activator. Quantitative real-time PCR and promoter activity analysis revealed that BcMF28 was predominately expressed in inflorescences. The expression of BcMF28 was specifically detected in tapetum, developing microspores, anther endothecium, and filaments during late stamen development. The overexpression of BcMF28 in Arabidopsis resulted in aberrant stamen development, including filament shortening, anther indehiscence, and pollen abortion. Detailed analysis of anther development in transgenic plants revealed that the degeneration of septum and stomium did not occur, and endothecium lignification was affected. Furthermore, the expression levels of genes involved in the phenylpropanoid metabolism pathway were altered in BcMF28-overexpressing transgenic plants. Our results suggest that BcMF28 plays an important regulatory role during late stamen development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Shen
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Ziwei Hu
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Xun Xiang
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Liai Xu
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Jiashu Cao
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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287
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Lu L, Ji L, Shi R, Li S, Zhang X, Guo Q, Wang C, Qiao L. Dextran as an elicitor of phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis in tomato fruit against gray mold infection. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 225:115236. [PMID: 31521274 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-1,3-glucan is often synthesized on the surface of pathogenic filamentous fungi cell walls to block pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) generation by host plant enzymes and the subsequent immune system response of the plant. Here, Botrytis cinerea susceptibility was assessed in tomato fruit to determine whether the fruit could recognize this camouflage and mount an immune response to it. The results showed that local mechanical wounds treated with dextran and laminarin, except amylopectin, could locally and then systemically activate disease resistance against B. cinerea infection in tomato fruit. Dextran treatment effectively elicited fruit callose deposition and phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis to a greater extent than α-glucanase activity relative to the mock group surface wounds. Enzymatic hydrolysis of this polysaccharide provided some help in improving host disease resistance. Taken together, these results demonstrate that tomato fruit can perceive α-1,3-glucan as a kind of PAMPs but have limited ability to degrade it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laifeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Lifeng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Ruixi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Shuhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan Province 650500, PR China
| | - Qingbin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Changlu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Liping Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
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288
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Hartmann M, Zeier J. N-hydroxypipecolic acid and salicylic acid: a metabolic duo for systemic acquired resistance. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 50:44-57. [PMID: 30927665 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has established that the pipecolate pathway, a three-step biochemical sequence from l-lysine to N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP), is central for plant systemic acquired resistance (SAR). NHP orchestrates SAR establishment in concert with the immune signal salicylic acid (SA). Here, we outline the biochemistry of NHP formation from l-Lys and address novel progress on SA biosynthesis in Arabidopsis and other plant species. In Arabidopsis, the pathogen-inducible pipecolate and salicylate pathways are activated by common and distinct regulatory elements and mutual interactions between both metabolic branches exist. The mode of action of NHP in SAR involves direct induction of SAR gene expression, signal amplification, priming for enhanced defense activation and positive interplay with SA signaling to ensure elevated plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hartmann
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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289
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Zhang Y, Li X. Salicylic acid: biosynthesis, perception, and contributions to plant immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 50:29-36. [PMID: 30901692 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) has emerged as a key plant defense hormone with critical roles in different aspects of plant immunity. Analysis of Arabidopsis mutants revealed complex regulation of pathogen-induced SA biosynthesis. Studies on SA-insensitive mutants led to the identification of the SA receptors and how SA regulates defense gene expression. Consistent with its critical roles in plant immunity, SA is required for the assembly of a normal root microbiome and various pathogen effectors have evolved to target components of SA biosynthesis or signaling. This review discusses recent advances in SA biology, focusing in particular on the regulation of SA biosynthesis and SA perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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290
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Cloning, Characterization and Expression of the Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Gene (PaPAL) from Spruce Picea asperata. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10080613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is the crucial enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway, which plays an important role in plant disease resistance. To understand the function of PAL in Picea asperata, in this study, the full-length cDNA sequence of the PAL gene from this species was isolated and named PaPAL. The gene contains a 2160-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 720 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 78.7 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point of 5.88. The deduced PaPAL protein possesses the specific signature motif (GTITASGDLVPLSYIA) of phenylalanine ammonia-lyases. Multiple alignment analysis revealed that PaPAL has high identity with other plant PALs. The tertiary structure of PaPAL was predicted using PcPAL from Petroselinum crispum as a template, and the results suggested that PaPAL may have a similar function to that of PcPAL. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis indicated that PaPAL has a close relationship with other PALs from the Pinaceae species. The optimal expression condition of recombinant PaPAL in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) was 0.2 mM IPTG (isopropyl β-D-thiogalactoside) at 16 °C for 4 h, and the molecular weight of recombinant PaPAL was found to be approximately 82 kDa. Recombinant PaPAL was purified and exhibited high PAL activity at optimal conditions of pH 8.6 and 60 °C. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) showed the PaPAL gene to be expressed in all tissues of P. asperata tested, with the highest expression level in the needles. The PaPAL gene was induced by the pathogen (Lophodermium piceae), which caused needle cast disease, indicating that it might be involved in defense against needle cast disease. These results provide a basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms of the PAL gene in the process of P. asperata disease resistance.
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291
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Kim JY, Swanson RT, Alvarez MI, Johnson TS, Cho KH, Clark DG, Colquhoun TA. Down regulation of p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase in petunia uniquely alters the profile of emitted floral volatiles. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8852. [PMID: 31221970 PMCID: PMC6586934 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45183-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Petunia × hybrida cv ‘Mitchell Diploid’ floral volatile benzenoid/phenylpropanoid (FVBP) biosynthesis ultimately produces floral volatiles derived sequentially from phenylalanine, cinnamic acid, and p-coumaric acid. In an attempt to better understand biochemical steps after p-coumaric acid production, we cloned and characterized three petunia transcripts with high similarity to p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C3H), hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT), and caffeoyl shikimate esterase (CSE). Transcript accumulation of PhC3H and PhHCT was highest in flower limb tissue during open flower stages. PhCSE transcript accumulation was also highest in flower limb tissue, but it was detected earlier at initial flower opening with a bell-shaped distribution pattern. Down regulation of endogenous PhC3H transcript resulted in altered transcript accumulation of many other FVBP network transcripts, a reduction in floral volatiles, and the emission of a novel floral volatile. Down regulation of PhHCT transcript did not have as large of an effect on floral volatiles as was observed for PhC3H down regulation, but eugenol and isoeugenol emissions were significantly reduced on the downstream floral volatiles. Together these results indicate that PhC3H is involved in FVBP biosynthesis and the reduction of PhC3H transcript influences FVBP metabolism at the network level. Additional research is required to illustrate PhHCT and PhCSE functions of petunia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Young Kim
- Environmental Horticulture Department, Plant Innovation Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Robert T Swanson
- Environmental Horticulture Department, Plant Innovation Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Maria I Alvarez
- Environmental Horticulture Department, Plant Innovation Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Timothy S Johnson
- Environmental Horticulture Department, Plant Innovation Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Keun H Cho
- Environmental Horticulture Department, Plant Innovation Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - David G Clark
- Environmental Horticulture Department, Plant Innovation Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Thomas A Colquhoun
- Environmental Horticulture Department, Plant Innovation Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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292
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Salicylic Acid Signals Plant Defence against Cadmium Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122960. [PMID: 31216620 PMCID: PMC6627907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA), as an enigmatic signalling molecule in plants, has been intensively studied to elucidate its role in defence against biotic and abiotic stresses. This review focuses on recent research on the role of the SA signalling pathway in regulating cadmium (Cd) tolerance in plants under various SA exposure methods, including pre-soaking, hydroponic exposure, and spraying. Pretreatment with appropriate levels of SA showed a mitigating effect on Cd damage, whereas an excessive dose of exogenous SA aggravated the toxic effects of Cd. SA signalling mechanisms are mainly associated with modification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in plant tissues. Then, ROS, as second messengers, regulate a series of physiological and genetic adaptive responses, including remodelling cell wall construction, balancing the uptake of Cd and other ions, refining the antioxidant defence system, and regulating photosynthesis, glutathione synthesis and senescence. These findings together elucidate the expanding role of SA in phytotoxicology.
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293
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Responses of Tomato Plants under Saline Stress to Foliar Application of Copper Nanoparticles. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8060151. [PMID: 31167436 PMCID: PMC6630798 DOI: 10.3390/plants8060151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The tomato crop has great economic and nutritional importance; however, it can be adversely affected by salt stress. The objective of this research is to quantify the agronomic and biochemical responses of tomato plants developed under salt stress with the foliar application of copper nanoparticles. Four treatments were evaluated: foliar application of copper nanoparticles (250 mg L−1) with or without salt stress (50 mM NaCl), salt stress, and an absolute control. Saline stress caused severe damage to the development of tomato plants; however, the damage was mitigated by the foliar application of copper nanoparticles, which increased performance and improved the Na+/K+ ratio. The content of Cu increased in the tissues of tomato plants under salinity with the application of Cu nanoparticles, which increased the phenols (16%) in the leaves and the content of vitamin C (80%), glutathione (GSH) (81%), and phenols (7.8%) in the fruit compared with the control. Similarly, the enzyme activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) increased in leaf tissue by 104%, 140%, 26%, 8%, and 93%, respectively. Foliar spraying of copper nanoparticles on tomatoes under salinity appears to induce stress tolerance to salinity by stimulating the plant’s antioxidant mechanisms.
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294
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Oshima M, Taniguchi Y, Akasaka M, Abe K, Ichikawa H, Tabei Y, Tanaka J. Development of a visible marker trait based on leaf sheath-specific anthocyanin pigmentation applicable to various genotypes in rice. BREEDING SCIENCE 2019; 69:244-254. [PMID: 31481833 PMCID: PMC6711742 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.18151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To overcome a limitation to the breeding of autogamous crops, recurrent selection using transgenic male sterility (RSUTMS) has been proposed. In this system, negatively or positively selectable marker traits are required along with dominant transgenic male sterility. Anthocyanin pigmentation is an excellent marker trait. Two regulatory genes for MYB and bHLH and a structural gene for DFR are required for anthocyanin pigmentation in rice. Therefore, to apply anthocyanin pigmentation as a marker trait in various rice genotypes, coordinated expression of the three genes is required. In this study, we developed a leaf sheath-specific promoter and introduced three genes-DFR and C1/Myb, driven by the 35S promoter, and OsB2/bHLH, driven by the leaf sheath-specific promoter-into the rice genome. Leaf sheath-specific pigmentation was confirmed in all seven genotypes tested, which included japonica and indica cultivars. Analysis of genome sequence data from 25 cultivars showed that the strategy of conferring leaf sheath-specific anthocyanin pigmentation by introduction of these three genes would be effective for a wide range of genotypes and will be applicable to RSUTMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Oshima
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO,
2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602,
Japan
| | - Yojiro Taniguchi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO,
2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602,
Japan
| | - Maiko Akasaka
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO,
2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518,
Japan
| | - Kiyomi Abe
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO,
2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602,
Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ichikawa
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO,
2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602,
Japan
| | - Yutaka Tabei
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO,
2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602,
Japan
| | - Junichi Tanaka
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO,
2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518,
Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba,
2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518,
Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
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295
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Pazhany AS, Henry RJ. Genetic Modification of Biomass to Alter Lignin Content and Structure. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adhini S. Pazhany
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia
- ICAR - Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, 641 007 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Robert J. Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia
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296
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Rodziewicz P, Chmielewska K, Sawikowska A, Marczak Ł, Łuczak M, Bednarek P, Mikołajczak K, Ogrodowicz P, Kuczyńska A, Krajewski P, Stobiecki M. Identification of drought responsive proteins and related proteomic QTLs in barley. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2823-2837. [PMID: 30816960 PMCID: PMC6506773 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a major abiotic stress that negatively influences crop yield. Breeding strategies for improved drought resistance require an improved knowledge of plant drought responses. We therefore applied drought to barley recombinant inbred lines and their parental genotypes shortly before tillering. A large-scale proteomic analysis of leaf and root tissue revealed proteins that respond to drought in a genotype-specific manner. Of these, Rubisco activase in chloroplast, luminal binding protein in endoplasmic reticulum, phosphoglycerate mutase, glutathione S-transferase, heat shock proteins and enzymes involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis showed strong genotype×environment interactions. These data were subjected to genetic linkage analysis and the identification of proteomic QTLs that have potential value in marker-assisted breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Rodziewicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61–704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Klaudia Chmielewska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61–704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Aneta Sawikowska
- Institute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60–479 Poznań, Poland
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Marczak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61–704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Magdalena Łuczak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61–704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Bednarek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61–704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Mikołajczak
- Institute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60–479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Ogrodowicz
- Institute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60–479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Anetta Kuczyńska
- Institute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60–479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Krajewski
- Institute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60–479 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: or
| | - Maciej Stobiecki
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61–704 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: or
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297
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Battat M, Eitan A, Rogachev I, Hanhineva K, Fernie A, Tohge T, Beekwilder J, Aharoni A. A MYB Triad Controls Primary and Phenylpropanoid Metabolites for Pollen Coat Patterning. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:87-108. [PMID: 30755473 PMCID: PMC6501115 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The pollen wall is a complex, durable structure essential for plant reproduction. A substantial portion of phenylpropanoids (e.g. flavonols) produced by pollen grain tapetal cells are deposited in the pollen wall. Transcriptional regulation of pollen wall formation has been studied extensively, and a specific regulatory mechanism for Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) pollen flavonol biosynthesis has been postulated. Here, metabolome and transcriptome analyses of anthers from mutant and overexpression genotypes revealed that Arabidopsis MYB99, a putative ortholog of the petunia (Petunia hybrida) floral scent regulator ODORANT1 (ODO1), controls the exclusive production of tapetum diglycosylated flavonols and hydroxycinnamic acid amides. We discovered that MYB99 acts in a regulatory triad with MYB21 and MYB24, orthologs of emission of benzenoids I and II, which together with ODO1 coregulate petunia scent biosynthesis genes. Furthermore, promoter-activation assays showed that MYB99 directs precursor supply from the Calvin cycle and oxidative pentose-phosphate pathway in primary metabolism to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis by controlling TRANSKETOLASE2 expression. We provide a model depicting the relationship between the Arabidopsis MYB triad and structural genes from primary and phenylpropanoid metabolism and compare this mechanism with petunia scent control. The discovery of orthologous protein triads producing related secondary metabolites suggests that analogous regulatory modules exist in other plants and act to regulate various branches of the intricate phenylpropanoid pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maor Battat
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Asa Eitan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ilana Rogachev
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Kati Hanhineva
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alisdair Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jules Beekwilder
- Plant Research International, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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298
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Jia Y, Ma Y, Zou P, Cheng G, Zhou J, Cai S. Effects of Different Oligochitosans on Isoflavone Metabolites, Antioxidant Activity, and Isoflavone Biosynthetic Genes in Soybean ( Glycine max) Seeds during Germination. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:4652-4661. [PMID: 30933513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b07300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Five oligochitosans with increasing degrees of polymerization (DPs), i.e., from chitotriose to chitoheptaose, were examined to clarify the structure-bioactivity relationship between the DPs of oligochitosans and their effects on the isoflavone metabolites, total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC, respectively), and antioxidant activity of soybean ( Glycine max) seeds during germination. Oligochitosans of different DPs exhibited varying influences on the TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activities of soybean seeds. Chitohexaose exerted a strong effect and significantly increased the aforementioned parameters in soybean seeds 72 h after germination. Genistin, malonylgenistin, and genistein were the main isoflavones found, and the genistin and genistein contents were significantly enhanced by 67.32% and 131.38%, respectively, after chitohexaose treatment. Several critical genes involved in the isoflavone biosynthesis (i.e., PAL, CHS, CHI, IFS) of soybeans treated with and without chitohexaose were analyzed, and results suggested that chitohexaose application could dramatically stimulate the transcription of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Jia
- Yunnan Institute of Food Safety , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , Yunnan Province 650500 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology , Hebei Agricultural University , Baoding , Hebei Province 071001 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zou
- Marine Agriculture Research Center , Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Qingdao , Shandong Province 266101 , People's Republic of China
| | - Guiguang Cheng
- Yunnan Institute of Food Safety , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , Yunnan Province 650500 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiexin Zhou
- Yunnan Institute of Food Safety , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , Yunnan Province 650500 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shengbao Cai
- Yunnan Institute of Food Safety , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , Yunnan Province 650500 , People's Republic of China
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299
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Liu M, Li W, Zhao G, Fan X, Long H, Fan Y, Shi M, Tan X, Zhang L. New Insights of Salicylic Acid Into Stamen Abortion of Female Flowers in Tung Tree ( Vernicia fordii). Front Genet 2019; 10:316. [PMID: 31024626 PMCID: PMC6460477 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tung tree (Vernicia fordii), an economically important woody oil plant, is a monoecious and diclinous species with male and female flowers on the same inflorescence. The extremely low proportion of female flowers leads to low fruit yield in tung orchards. The female flower normally develops along with stamen abortion; otherwise sterile ovules will be produced. However, little knowledge is known about the molecular basis of the female flower development in tung tree. In this study, integrated analyses of morphological and cytological observations, endogenous phytohormone assay and RNA-seq were conducted to understand the molecular mechanism of the female flower development in tung tree. Cytological observation suggested that the abortion of stamens in female flowers (SFFs) belongs to the type of programmed cell death (PCD), which was caused by tapetum degeneration at microspore mother cell stage. A total of 1,366 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in female flowers by RNA-seq analysis, of which 279 (20.42%) DEGs were significantly enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, and plant hormone signal transduction. Stage-specific transcript identification detected dynamically expressed genes of important transcription regulators in female flowers that may be involved in PCD and floral organ development. Gene expression patterns revealed that 17 anther and pollen development genes and 37 PCD-related genes might be involved in the abortion of SFF. Further analyses of phytohormone levels and co-expression networks suggested that salicylic acid (SA) accumulation could trigger PCD and inhibit the development of SFF in tung tree. This study provides new insights into the role of SA in regulating the abortion of SFF to develop normal female flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.,Key Lab of Non-wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Wenying Li
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.,Key Lab of Non-wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Guang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.,Key Lab of Non-wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoming Fan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.,Key Lab of Non-wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Hongxu Long
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.,Key Lab of Non-wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Yanru Fan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.,Key Lab of Non-wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Mingwang Shi
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaofeng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.,Key Lab of Non-wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.,Key Lab of Non-wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
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300
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Ma ZH, Li WF, Mao J, Li W, Zuo CW, Zhao X, Dawuda MM, Shi XY, Chen BH. Synthesis of light-inducible and light-independent anthocyanins regulated by specific genes in grape 'Marselan' ( V. vinifera L.). PeerJ 2019; 7:e6521. [PMID: 30842905 PMCID: PMC6398381 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanin is an important parameter for evaluating the quality of wine grapes. However, the effects of different light intensities on anthocyanin synthesis in grape berry skin and its regulation mechanisms are still unclear. In this experiment, clusters of wine grape cv. ‘Marselan’ were bagged using fruit bags with different light transmittance of 50%, 15%, 5%, and 0, designated as treatment A, B, C and D, respectively. Fruits that were not bagged were used as the control, designated as CK. The anthocyanin composition and concentration, as well as gene expression profiles in the berry skin were determined. The results showed that the degree of coloration of the berry skin reduced with the decrease of the light transmittance, and the veraison was postponed for 10 days in D when compared with the CK. Total anthocyanin concentration in the berry skin treated with D decreased by 51.50% compared with CK at the harvest stage. A total of 24 and 21 anthocyanins were detected in CK and D, respectively. Among them, Malvidin-3-O-coumaroylglucoside (trans), which showed a significant positive correlation with the total concentration of anthocyanins at the harvest stage (r = 0.775) and was not detected in D, was presumed to be light-induced anthocyanin. Other anthocyanins which were both synthesized in CK and D were considered to be light-independent anthocyanins. Among them, Malvidin-3-O-coumaroylglucoside (cis) and Malvidin-3-O-acetylglucoside were typical representatives. Remarkably, the synthesis of light-inducible anthocyanins and light-independent anthocyanins were regulated by different candidate structural genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis pathway and members of MYB and bHLH transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Huan Ma
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wen-Fang Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juan Mao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Cun-Wu Zuo
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | | | | | - Bai-Hong Chen
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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