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Olmo IG, Ferreira-Vieira TH, Ribeiro FM. Dissecting the Signaling Pathways Involved in the Crosstalk between Metabotropic Glutamate 5 and Cannabinoid Type 1 Receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:609-619. [PMID: 27338080 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.104372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor and the cannabinoid type 1 receptor are G protein-coupled receptors that are widely expressed in the central nervous system. Metabotropic glutamate 5 receptors, present at the postsynaptic site, are coupled to Gαq/11 proteins and display an excitatory response upon activation, whereas the cannabinoid type 1 receptor, mainly present at presynaptic terminals, is coupled to the Gi/o protein and triggers an inhibitory response. Recent studies suggest that the glutamatergic and endocannabinoid systems exhibit a functional interaction to modulate several neural processes. In this review, we discuss possible mechanisms involved in this crosstalk and its relationship with physiologic and pathologic conditions, including nociception, addiction, and fragile X syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella G Olmo
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Talita H Ferreira-Vieira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabiola M Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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302
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Owens RA, Ignatowska-Jankowska B, Mustafa M, Beardsley PM, Wiley JL, Jali A, Selley DE, Niphakis MJ, Cravatt BF, Lichtman AH. Discriminative Stimulus Properties of the Endocannabinoid Catabolic Enzyme Inhibitor SA-57 in Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 358:306-14. [PMID: 27307500 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.229492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas the inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) or monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), the respective major hydrolytic enzymes of N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), elicits no or partial substitution for Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in drug-discrimination procedures, combined inhibition of both enzymes fully substitutes for THC, as well as produces a constellation of cannabimimetic effects. The present study tested whether C57BL/6J mice would learn to discriminate the dual FAAH-MAGL inhibitor SA-57 (4-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-1-piperidinecarboxylic acid 2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl ester) from vehicle in the drug-discrimination paradigm. In initial experiments, 10 mg/kg SA-57 fully substituted for CP55,940 ((-)-cis-3-[2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl]-trans-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol), a high-efficacy CB1 receptor agonist in C57BL/6J mice and for AEA in FAAH (-/-) mice. Most (i.e., 23 of 24) subjects achieved criteria for discriminating SA-57 (10 mg/kg) from vehicle within 40 sessions, with full generalization occurring 1 to 2 hours postinjection. CP55,940, the dual FAAH-MAGL inhibitor JZL195 (4-nitrophenyl 4-(3-phenoxybenzyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate), and the MAGL inhibitors MJN110 (2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate) and JZL184 (4-[Bis(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)hydroxymethyl]-1-piperidinecarboxylic acid 4-nitrophenyl ester) fully substituted for SA-57. Although the FAAH inhibitors PF-3845 ((N-3-pyridinyl-4-[[3-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenyl]methyl]-1-piperidinecarboxamide) and URB597 (cyclohexylcarbamic acid 3'-(aminocarbonyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl ester) did not substitute for SA-57, PF-3845 produced a 2-fold leftward shift in the MJN110 substitution dose-response curve. In addition, the CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant blocked the generalization of SA-57, as well as substitution of CP55,940, JZL195, MJN110, and JZL184. These findings suggest that MAGL inhibition plays a major role in the CB1 receptor-mediated SA-57 training dose, which is further augmented by FAAH inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Owens
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (R.A.O., B.I.J., M.M., P.M.B., A.J., D.E.S., A.H.L.); RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.L.W.); and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N.; B.F.C.)
| | - Bogna Ignatowska-Jankowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (R.A.O., B.I.J., M.M., P.M.B., A.J., D.E.S., A.H.L.); RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.L.W.); and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N.; B.F.C.)
| | - Mohammed Mustafa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (R.A.O., B.I.J., M.M., P.M.B., A.J., D.E.S., A.H.L.); RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.L.W.); and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N.; B.F.C.)
| | - Patrick M Beardsley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (R.A.O., B.I.J., M.M., P.M.B., A.J., D.E.S., A.H.L.); RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.L.W.); and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N.; B.F.C.)
| | - Jenny L Wiley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (R.A.O., B.I.J., M.M., P.M.B., A.J., D.E.S., A.H.L.); RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.L.W.); and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N.; B.F.C.)
| | - Abdulmajeed Jali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (R.A.O., B.I.J., M.M., P.M.B., A.J., D.E.S., A.H.L.); RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.L.W.); and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N.; B.F.C.)
| | - Dana E Selley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (R.A.O., B.I.J., M.M., P.M.B., A.J., D.E.S., A.H.L.); RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.L.W.); and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N.; B.F.C.)
| | - Micah J Niphakis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (R.A.O., B.I.J., M.M., P.M.B., A.J., D.E.S., A.H.L.); RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.L.W.); and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N.; B.F.C.)
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (R.A.O., B.I.J., M.M., P.M.B., A.J., D.E.S., A.H.L.); RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.L.W.); and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N.; B.F.C.)
| | - Aron H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (R.A.O., B.I.J., M.M., P.M.B., A.J., D.E.S., A.H.L.); RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.L.W.); and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N.; B.F.C.)
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303
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Neuronal and Astrocytic Monoacylglycerol Lipase Limit the Spread of Endocannabinoid Signaling in the Cerebellum. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-NWR-0048-16. [PMID: 27182552 PMCID: PMC4865651 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0048-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are diffusible lipophilic molecules that may spread to neighboring synapses. Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is the principal enzyme that degrades the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Using knock-out mice in which MAGL is deleted globally or selectively in neurons and astrocytes, we investigated the extent to which neuronal and astrocytic MAGL limit the spread of 2-AG-mediated retrograde synaptic depression in cerebellar slices. A brief tetanic stimulation of parallel fibers in the molecular layer induced synaptically evoked suppression of excitation (SSE) in Purkinje cells, and both neuronal and astrocytic MAGL contribute to the termination of this form of endocannabinoid-mediated synaptic depression. The spread of SSE among Purkinje cells occurred only after global knock-out of MAGL or pharmacological blockade of either MAGL or glutamate uptake, but no spread was detected following neuron- or astrocyte-specific deletion of MAGL. The spread of endocannabinoid signaling was also influenced by the spatial pattern of synaptic stimulation, because it did not occur at spatially dispersed parallel fiber synapses induced by stimulating the granular layer. The tetanic stimulation of parallel fibers did not induce endocannabinoid-mediated synaptic suppression in Golgi cells even after disruption of MAGL and glutamate uptake, suggesting that heightened release of 2-AG by Purkinje cells does not spread the retrograde signal to parallel fibers that innervate Golgi cells. These results suggest that both neuronal and astrocytic MAGL limit the spatial diffusion of 2-AG and confer synapse-specificity of endocannabinoid signaling.
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304
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Yang H, Zhou J, Lehmann C. GPR55 - a putative "type 3" cannabinoid receptor in inflammation. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 27:297-302. [PMID: 26669245 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) shares numerous cannabinoid ligands with CB1 and CB2 receptors despite low homology with those classical cannabinoid receptors. The pharmacology of GPR55 is not yet fully elucidated; however, GPR55 utilizes a different signaling system and downstream cascade associated with the receptor. Therefore, GPR55 has emerged as a putative "type 3" cannabinoid receptor, establishing a novel class of cannabinoid receptor. Furthermore, the recent evidence of GPR55-CB1 and GPR55-CB2 heteromerization along with its broad distribution from central nervous system to peripheries suggests the importance of GPR55 in various cellular processes and pathologies and as a potential therapeutic target in inflammation.
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305
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Boorman E, Zajkowska Z, Ahmed R, Pariante CM, Zunszain PA. Crosstalk between endocannabinoid and immune systems: a potential dysregulation in depression? Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1591-604. [PMID: 26483037 PMCID: PMC4828487 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endocannabinoid (eCB) system, an endogenous lipid signaling system, appears to be dysregulated in depression. The role of endocannabinoids (eCBs) as potent immunomodulators, together with the accumulating support for a chronic low-grade inflammatory profile in depression, suggests a compelling hypothesis for a fundamental impairment in their intercommunication, in depression. OBJECTIVE We aim to review previous literature on individual associations between the immune and eCB systems and depression. It will focus on peripheral and central mechanisms of crosstalk between the eCB and immune systems. A potential dysregulation in this crosstalk will be discussed in the context of depression. RESULTS Investigations largely report a hypoactivity of the eCB system and increased inflammatory markers in individuals with depression. Findings depict a multifaceted communication whereby immunocompetent and eCB-related cells can both influence the suppression and enhancement of the other's activity in both the periphery and central nervous system. A dysregulation of the eCB system, as seen in depression, appears to be associated with central and peripheral concentrations of inflammatory agents implicated in the pathophysiology of this illness. CONCLUSION The eCB and immune systems have been individually associated with and implicated in pathogenic mechanisms of depression. Both systems tightly regulate the other's activity. As such, a dysregulation in this crosstalk has potential to influence the onset and maintenance of this neuropsychiatric illness. However, few studies have investigated both systems and depression conjointly. This review highlights the demand to consider joint eCB-immune interactions in the pathoetiology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Boorman
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Zuzanna Zajkowska
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rumsha Ahmed
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carmine M Pariante
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Patricia A Zunszain
- Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
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306
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Inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) enhances cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1815-22. [PMID: 26490035 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Tobacco smoking is still a major population health issue. The endocannabinoid system has been shown to control drug-seeking behaviors. There are two main endocannabinoids: anandamide degraded by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) degraded by monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). OBJECTIVES The role of MAGL has only been explored recently, and so far, no study have been performed to evaluate the effects of MAGL inhibitor on nicotine reinforcing properties and cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking. METHODS Here, we investigated the effects of the MAGL inhibitor JZL184 on nicotine self-administration under fixed and progressive-ratio schedules of reinforcement and on cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking in mice. We also evaluated the effects of JZL184 on food self-administration for possible non-specific effects. RESULTS JZL184 (0, 8, and 16 mg/kg) did not affect food taking, nicotine taking, or motivation for nicotine. MAGL inhibition by JZL184 (16 mg/kg) increased reinstatement of previously extinguished nicotine seeking induced by presentation of nicotine-associated cues, but did not produce reinstatement on its own. CONCLUSIONS This study implicates involvement of 2-AG in nicotine-seeking behaviors.
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307
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Systemic and spinal administration of FAAH, MAGL inhibitors and dual FAAH/MAGL inhibitors produce antipruritic effect in mice. Arch Dermatol Res 2016; 308:335-45. [PMID: 27126057 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-016-1649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The increase of endocannabinoid tonus by inhibiting fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) or monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) represents a promising therapeutic approach in a variety of disease to overcome serious central side effects of exocannabinoids. Recent studies reported that systemic administration of FAAH and MAGL inhibitors produce antipruritic action. Dual FAAH/MAGL inhibitors have also been described to get enhanced endocannabinoid therapeutic effect. In this study, we examined and compared dose-related antipruritic effects of systemic (intraperitoneal; ip) or intrathecal (it) administration of selective FAAH inhibitor PF-3845 (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg, i.p.; 1, 5, and 10 µg, i.t.), MAGL inhibitor JZL184 (4, 20, and 40 mg/kg, i.p.; 1, 5, and 10 µg, i.t.) and dual FAAH/MAGL inhibitor JZL195 (2, 5, and 20 mg/kg, i.p.; 1, 5, and 10 µg, i.t.) on serotonin (5-HT)-induced scratching model. Serotonin (25 μg) was injected intradermally in a volume of 50 μl into the rostral part of skin on the back of male Balb-C mice. Both systemic or intrathecal administration of PF-3845, JZL184 or JZL195 produced similar dose-dependent antipruritic effects. Our results suggest that endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes FAAH and MAGL are involved in pruritic process at spinal level. FAAH, MAGL or dual FAAH/MAGL inhibitors have promising antipruritic effects, at least, in part through spinal site of action.
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308
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Ramesh D, Schlosburg JE, Wiebelhaus JM, Lichtman AH. Marijuana dependence: not just smoke and mirrors. ILAR J 2016; 52:295-308. [PMID: 23382144 DOI: 10.1093/ilar.52.3.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) is the most commonly used illicit drug worldwide as well as in the Unites States. Prolonged use of marijuana or repeated administration of its primary psychoactive constituent, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), can lead to physical dependence in humans and laboratory animals. The changes that occur with repeated cannabis use include alterations in behavioral, physiological, and biochemical responses. A variety of withdrawal responses occur in cannabis-dependent individuals: anger, aggression, irritability, anxiety and nervousness, decreased appetite or weight loss, restlessness, and sleep difficulties with strange dreams. But the long half-life and other pharmacokinetic properties of THC result in delayed expression of withdrawal symptoms, and because of the lack of contiguity between drug cessation and withdrawal responses the latter are not readily recognized as a clinically relevant syndrome. Over the past 30 years, a substantial body of clinical and laboratory animal research has emerged supporting the assertion that chronic exposure to cannabinoids produces physical dependence and may contribute to drug maintenance in cannabis-dependent individuals. However, no medications are approved to treat cannabis dependence and withdrawal. In this review, we describe preclinical and clinical research that supports the existence of a cannabinoid withdrawal syndrome. In addition, we review research evaluating potential pharmacotherapies (e.g., THC, a variety of antidepressant drugs, and lithium) to reduce cannabis withdrawal responses and examine how expanded knowledge about the regulatory mechanisms in the endocannabinoid system may lead to promising new therapeutic targets.
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309
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Wang C, Placzek MS, Van de Bittner GC, Schroeder FA, Hooker JM. A Novel Radiotracer for Imaging Monoacylglycerol Lipase in the Brain Using Positron Emission Tomography. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:484-9. [PMID: 26694017 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is a serine hydrolase that hydrolyzes monoacylglycerols to glycerol and fatty acid and plays an important role in neuroinflammation. MAGL inhibitors are a class of molecules with therapeutic potential for human diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), in areas such as pain and inflammation, immunological disorders, and neurological and psychiatric conditions. Development of a noninvasive imaging probe would elucidate the distribution and functional roles of MAGL in the brain and accelerate medical research and drug discovery in this domain. Herein, we describe the synthesis and pilot rodent imaging of a novel MAGL imaging agent, [(11)C]SAR127303. Our imaging results demonstrate the high specificity, good selectivity, and appropriate kinetics and distribution of [(11)C]SAR127303, validating its utility for imaging MAGL in the brain. Our findings support the translational potential for human CNS MAGL imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changning Wang
- Athinoula
A. Martinos
Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Michael S. Placzek
- Athinoula
A. Martinos
Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Department of
Psychiatry, McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical
School, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, United States
| | - Genevieve C. Van de Bittner
- Athinoula
A. Martinos
Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Frederick A. Schroeder
- Athinoula
A. Martinos
Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Jacob M. Hooker
- Athinoula
A. Martinos
Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
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310
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Wilkerson JL, Ghosh S, Bagdas D, Mason BL, Crowe MS, Hsu KL, Wise LE, Kinsey SG, Damaj MI, Cravatt BF, Lichtman AH. Diacylglycerol lipase β inhibition reverses nociceptive behaviour in mouse models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:1678-92. [PMID: 26915789 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inhibition of diacylglycerol lipase (DGL)β prevents LPS-induced pro-inflammatory responses in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Thus, the present study tested whether DGLβ inhibition reverses allodynic responses of mice in the LPS model of inflammatory pain, as well as in neuropathic pain models. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Initial experiments examined the cellular expression of DGLβ and inflammatory mediators within the LPS-injected paw pad. DAGL-β (-/-) mice or wild-type mice treated with the DGLβ inhibitor KT109 were assessed in the LPS model of inflammatory pain. Additional studies examined the locus of action for KT109-induced antinociception, its efficacy in chronic constrictive injury (CCI) of sciatic nerve and chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain (CINP) models. KEY RESULTS Intraplantar LPS evoked mechanical allodynia that was associated with increased expression of DGLβ, which was co-localized with increased TNF-α and prostaglandins in paws. DAGL-β (-/-) mice or KT109-treated wild-type mice displayed reductions in LPS-induced allodynia. Repeated KT109 administration prevented the expression of LPS-induced allodynia, without evidence of tolerance. Intraplantar injection of KT109 into the LPS-treated paw, but not the contralateral paw, reversed the allodynic responses. However, i.c.v. or i.t. administration of KT109 did not alter LPS-induced allodynia. Finally, KT109 also reversed allodynia in the CCI and CINP models and lacked discernible side effects (e.g. gross motor deficits, anxiogenic behaviour or gastric ulcers). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest that local inhibition of DGLβ at the site of inflammation represents a novel avenue to treat pathological pain, with no apparent untoward side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Wilkerson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - S Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - D Bagdas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Experimental Animals Breeding and Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - B L Mason
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - M S Crowe
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - K L Hsu
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - L E Wise
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - S G Kinsey
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - M I Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - B F Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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311
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Selvaraju K, Gowsalya R, Vijayakumar R, Nachiappan V. MGL2/YMR210w encodes a monoacylglycerol lipase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:1174-86. [PMID: 26991558 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In silico analysis of the uncharacterized open reading frame YMR210w in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that it possesses both an α/β hydrolase domain (ABHD) and a typical lipase (GXSXG) motif. The purified protein displayed monoacylglycerol (MAG) lipase activity and preferred palmitoyl-MAG. Overexpression of YMR210w in the known MAG lipase mutant yju3Δ clearly revealed that the protein had MAG lipase activity, hence we named the ORF MGL2. Overexpression of YMR210w decreased the cellular triacylglycerol levels. Analysis of the overexpressed strains showed reduction in the lipid droplets number and size. Phenotype studies revealed that the double deletion yju3Δmgl2Δ displayed a growth defect that was partially restored by MGL2 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandasamy Selvaraju
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramachandran Gowsalya
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajendran Vijayakumar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vasanthi Nachiappan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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312
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an overview on drug targets and emerging pharmacological treatment options for chronic pain. RECENT FINDINGS Chronic pain poses an enormous socioeconomic burden for the more than 30% of people who suffer from it, costing over $600 billion per year in the USA. In recent years, there has been a surge in preclinical and clinical research endeavors to try to stem this epidemic. Preclinical studies have identified a wide array of potential targets, with some of the most promising translational research being performed on novel opioid receptors, cannabinoid receptors, selective ion channel blockers, cytokine inhibitors, nerve growth factor inhibitors, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists, glial cell inhibitors, and bisphosphonates. SUMMARY There are many obstacles for the development of effective medications to treat chronic pain, including the inherent challenges in identifying pathophysiological mechanisms, the overlap and multiplicity of pain pathways, and off-target adverse effects stemming from the ubiquity of drug target receptor sites and the lack of highly selective receptor ligands. Despite these barriers, the number and diversity of potential therapies have continued to grow, to include disease-modifying and individualized drug treatments.
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313
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Iannotti FA, Di Marzo V, Petrosino S. Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-related mediators: Targets, metabolism and role in neurological disorders. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 62:107-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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314
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Lack of hippocampal CB1 receptor desensitization by Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol in aged mice and by low doses of JZL 184. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2016; 389:603-12. [PMID: 26984820 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors may offer new therapeutic strategies, but the efficiency of CB1 receptor agonists may be impaired by tolerance development upon prolonged administration. We compared the influence of repeated administration of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 10 mg/kg on the motility and on basal and CB1 receptor-stimulated (35)S-GTPγS binding of adolescent and aged mice. Moreover, we determined the influence of JZL 184 (which inhibits the 2-arachidonoylglycerol, 2-AG, degrading enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase, MAGL) on (35)S-GTPγS binding and 2-AG levels of young adult mice. Mouse motility was tested in the open field. (35)S-GTPγS binding was studied in hippocampal membranes. THC and CP 55,940 were used as cannabinoid agonists in the behavioural and biochemical studies, respectively. 2-AG levels were quantified by liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring. The THC (10 mg/kg)-induced hypomotility was stronger in untreated than in THC-pretreated adolescent mice but similar in both treatment groups of aged mice. Basal and stimulated (35)S-GTPγS binding was decreased in membranes from THC-pretreated adolescent but not affected in membranes from aged mice. Treatment of young adult mice with JZL 184 (4, 10 and 40 mg/kg) for 14 days did not affect basal binding. Stimulated binding tended to be decreased by 25 % only in mice treated with JZL 184 (40 mg/kg). Hippocampal 2-AG level was increased by JZL 184 at 40 and 10 but not affected at 4 mg/kg. In conclusion, CB1 receptor tolerance does not occur in aged mice pretreated with THC and in young adult mice treated with a low dose of the MAGL inhibitor JZL 184.
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315
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Köfalvi A, Lemos C, Martín-Moreno AM, Pinheiro BS, García-García L, Pozo MA, Valério-Fernandes Â, Beleza RO, Agostinho P, Rodrigues RJ, Pasquaré SJ, Cunha RA, de Ceballos ML. Stimulation of brain glucose uptake by cannabinoid CB2 receptors and its therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2016; 110:519-529. [PMID: 26976670 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid CB2 receptors (CB2Rs) are emerging as important therapeutic targets in brain disorders that typically involve neurometabolic alterations. We here addressed the possible role of CB2Rs in the regulation of glucose uptake in the mouse brain. To that aim, we have undertaken 1) measurement of (3)H-deoxyglucose uptake in cultured cortical astrocytes and neurons and in acute hippocampal slices; 2) real-time visualization of fluorescently labeled deoxyglucose uptake in superfused hippocampal slices; and 3) in vivo PET imaging of cerebral (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake. We now show that both selective (JWH133 and GP1a) as well as non-selective (WIN55212-2) CB2R agonists, but not the CB1R-selective agonist, ACEA, stimulate glucose uptake, in a manner that is sensitive to the CB2R-selective antagonist, AM630. Glucose uptake is stimulated in astrocytes and neurons in culture, in acute hippocampal slices, in different brain areas of young adult male C57Bl/6j and CD-1 mice, as well as in middle-aged C57Bl/6j mice. Among the endocannabinoid metabolizing enzymes, the selective inhibition of COX-2, rather than that of FAAH, MAGL or α,βDH6/12, also stimulates the uptake of glucose in hippocampal slices of middle-aged mice, an effect that was again prevented by AM630. However, we found the levels of the endocannabinoid, anandamide reduced in the hippocampus of TgAPP-2576 mice (a model of β-amyloidosis), and likely as a consequence, COX-2 inhibition failed to stimulate glucose uptake in these mice. Together, these results reveal a novel general glucoregulatory role for CB2Rs in the brain, raising therapeutic interest in CB2R agonists as nootropic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Köfalvi
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Lemos
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana M Martín-Moreno
- Neurodegeneration Group, Department of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain; CIBERNED; Centre for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spain
| | - Bárbara S Pinheiro
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luis García-García
- CAI de Cartografía Cerebral, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Pozo
- CAI de Cartografía Cerebral, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, UCM, Madrid, Spain; PET Technology Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ângela Valério-Fernandes
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui O Beleza
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Agostinho
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; FMUC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J Rodrigues
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Susana J Pasquaré
- Neurodegeneration Group, Department of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), CONICET-Bahía Blanca and Universidad Nacional del Sur, Edificio E1, Camino La Carrindanga km 7, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; FMUC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - María L de Ceballos
- Neurodegeneration Group, Department of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain; CIBERNED; Centre for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spain.
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316
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Brindisi M, Maramai S, Gemma S, Brogi S, Grillo A, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Gabellieri E, Lamponi S, Saponara S, Gorelli B, Tedesco D, Bonfiglio T, Landry C, Jung KM, Armirotti A, Luongo L, Ligresti A, Piscitelli F, Bertucci C, Dehouck MP, Campiani G, Maione S, Ghelardini C, Pittaluga A, Piomelli D, Di Marzo V, Butini S. Development and Pharmacological Characterization of Selective Blockers of 2-Arachidonoyl Glycerol Degradation with Efficacy in Rodent Models of Multiple Sclerosis and Pain. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2612-32. [PMID: 26888301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report the discovery of compound 4a, a potent β-lactam-based monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) inhibitor characterized by an irreversible and stereoselective mechanism of action, high membrane permeability, high brain penetration evaluated using a human in vitro blood-brain barrier model, high selectivity in binding and affinity-based proteomic profiling assays, and low in vitro toxicity. Mode-of-action studies demonstrate that 4a, by blocking MGL, increases 2-arachidonoylglycerol and behaves as a cannabinoid (CB1/CB2) receptor indirect agonist. Administration of 4a in mice suffering from experimental autoimmune encephalitis ameliorates the severity of the clinical symptoms in a CB1/CB2-dependent manner. Moreover, 4a produced analgesic effects in a rodent model of acute inflammatory pain, which was antagonized by CB1 and CB2 receptor antagonists/inverse agonists. 4a also relieves the neuropathic hypersensitivity induced by oxaliplatin. Given these evidence, 4a, as MGL selective inhibitor, could represent a valuable lead for the future development of therapeutic options for multiple sclerosis and chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Brindisi
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena , via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Samuele Maramai
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena , via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sandra Gemma
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena , via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Simone Brogi
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena , via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Grillo
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena , via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Firenze , V.le G. Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Emanuele Gabellieri
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena , via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Lamponi
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena , via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Simona Saponara
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena , via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Beatrice Gorelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena , via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Daniele Tedesco
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna , Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Tommaso Bonfiglio
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genova , Viale Cembrano 4, Genova, 16148, Italy
| | - Christophe Landry
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), University of Artois , EA 2465, F62300 Lens, France
| | - Kwang-Mook Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California , Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Livio Luongo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", Second University of Napoli , 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessia Ligresti
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR , 80078 Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR , 80078 Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - Carlo Bertucci
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna , Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marie-Pierre Dehouck
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), University of Artois , EA 2465, F62300 Lens, France
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena , via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Department of Experimental Medicine, Division of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", Second University of Napoli , 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Firenze , V.le G. Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Anna Pittaluga
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genova , Viale Cembrano 4, Genova, 16148, Italy.,Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova , Viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California , Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR , 80078 Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena , via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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317
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Hartley ND, Gunduz-Cinar O, Halladay L, Bukalo O, Holmes A, Patel S. 2-arachidonoylglycerol signaling impairs short-term fear extinction. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e749. [PMID: 26926885 PMCID: PMC4872450 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairments in fear extinction are thought to be central to the psychopathology of posttraumatic stress disorder, and endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling has been strongly implicated in extinction learning. Here we utilized the monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor JZL184 to selectively augment brain 2-AG levels combined with an auditory cue fear-conditioning paradigm to test the hypothesis that 2-AG-mediated eCB signaling modulates short-term fear extinction learning in mice. We show that systemic JZL184 impairs short-term extinction learning in a CB1 receptor-dependent manner without affecting non-specific freezing behavior or the acquisition of conditioned fear. This effect was also observed in over-conditioned mice environmentally manipulated to re-acquire fear extinction. Cumulatively, the effects of JZL184 appear to be partly due to augmentation of 2-AG signaling in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA), as direct microinfusion of JZL184 into the BLA produced similar results. Moreover, we elucidate a short ~3-day temporal window during which 2-AG augmentation impairs extinction behavior, suggesting a preferential role for 2-AG-mediated eCB signaling in the modulation of short-term behavioral sequelae to acute traumatic stress exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Hartley
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - O Gunduz-Cinar
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - L Halladay
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - O Bukalo
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A Holmes
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Patel
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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318
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Zhang L, Kolaj M, Renaud LP. Endocannabinoid 2-AG and intracellular cannabinoid receptors modulate a low-threshold calcium spike-induced slow depolarizing afterpotential in rat thalamic paraventricular nucleus neurons. Neuroscience 2016; 322:308-19. [PMID: 26924019 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In rat paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PVT) neurons, activation of low-threshold calcium (Ca(2+)) channels triggers a low-threshold spike (LTS) which may be followed by slow afterpotentials that can dramatically influence action potential patterning. Using gluconate-based internal recording solutions, we investigated the properties of a LTS-induced slow afterdepolarization (sADP) observed in a subpopulation of PVT neurons recorded in brain slice preparations. This LTS-induced sADP required T-type Ca(2+) channel opening, exhibited variable magnitudes between neurons and a voltage dependency with a maximum near -50 mV. The area under the sADP remained stable during control monitoring, but displayed gradual suppression in media where strontium replaced Ca(2+). The sADP was suppressed following bath application of 2-APB or ML204, suggesting engagement of transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC)-like channels. Further investigation revealed a reversible suppression during bath applications of membrane permeable cannabinoid receptor (CBR) blockers rimonabant, AM630 or SR144528 suggesting the presence of both CB1Rs and CB2Rs. Similar results were achieved by intracellular, but not bath application of the membrane impermeant CB1R blocker hemopressin, suggesting an intracellular localization of CB1Rs. Data from pharmacologic manipulation of endocannabinoid biosynthetic pathways suggested 2-arachidonlyglycerol (2-AG) as the endogenous cannabinoid ligand, derived via hydrolysis of diacylglycerol (DAG), with the latter formed from the pathway involving phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase D and phosphatic acid phosphohydrolase. The sADP suppression observed during recordings with pipettes containing LY294002, a PI3-kinase inhibitor, suggested a role for PI3kinase in the translocation of these TRPC-like channels to the plasma membrane. Drug-induced attenuation of the availability of 2-AG influences the number of action potentials that surmount the LTS evoked in PVT neurons, implying an ongoing intracellular CBR modulation of neuronal excitability during LTS-induced bursting behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 725 Parkdale Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - M Kolaj
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 725 Parkdale Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - L P Renaud
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 725 Parkdale Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4E9, Canada.
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319
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Dotsey EY, Jung KM, Basit A, Wei D, Daglian J, Vacondio F, Armirotti A, Mor M, Piomelli D. Peroxide-Dependent MGL Sulfenylation Regulates 2-AG-Mediated Endocannabinoid Signaling in Brain Neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 22:619-28. [PMID: 26000748 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The second messenger hydrogen peroxide transduces changes in the cellular redox state by reversibly oxidizing protein cysteine residues to sulfenic acid. This signaling event regulates many cellular processes but has never been shown to occur in the brain. Here, we report that hydrogen peroxide heightens endocannabinoid signaling in brain neurons through sulfenylation of cysteines C201 and C208 in monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), a serine hydrolase that deactivates the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG) in nerve terminals. The results suggest that MGL sulfenylation may provide a presynaptic control point for 2-AG-mediated endocannabinoid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Y Dotsey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kwang-Mook Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, 3101 Gillespie NRF, Irvine, CA 92697-1275, USA
| | - Abdul Basit
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Don Wei
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, 3101 Gillespie NRF, Irvine, CA 92697-1275, USA
| | - Jennifer Daglian
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, 3101 Gillespie NRF, Irvine, CA 92697-1275, USA
| | | | - Andrea Armirotti
- Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, University of Parma, Parma 43100, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, 3101 Gillespie NRF, Irvine, CA 92697-1275, USA; Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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320
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Inhibition of Monoacylglycerol Lipase Activity Decreases Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion in INS-1 (832/13) Cells and Rat Islets. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149008. [PMID: 26867016 PMCID: PMC4750965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid signals derived from lipolysis and membrane phospholipids play an important role in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), though the exact secondary signals remain unclear. Previous reports have documented a stimulatory role of exogenously added mono-acyl-glycerol (MAG) on insulin secretion from cultured β-cells and islets. In this report we have determined effects of increasing intracellular MAG in the β-cell by inhibiting mono-acyl-glycerol lipase (MGL) activity, which catalyzes the final step in triacylglycerol breakdown, namely the hydrolysis of MAG to glycerol and free fatty acid (FA). To determine the role of MGL in GSIS, we used three different pharmacological agents (JZL184, MJN110 and URB602). All three inhibited GSIS and depolarization-induced insulin secretion in INS-1 (832/13). JZL184 significantly inhibited both GSIS and depolarization-induced insulin secretion in rat islets. JZL184 significantly decreased lipolysis and increased both mono- and diacyglycerol species in INS-1 cells. Analysis of the kinetics of GSIS showed that inhibition was greater during the sustained phase of secretion. A similar pattern was observed in the response of Ca2+ to glucose and depolarization but to a lesser degree suggesting that altered Ca2+ handling alone could not explain the reduction in insulin secretion. In addition, a significant reduction in long chain-CoA (LC-CoA) was observed in INS-1 cells at both basal and stimulatory glucose following inhibition of MGL. Our data implicate an important role for MGL in insulin secretion.
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321
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Aschauer P, Rengachari S, Lichtenegger J, Schittmayer M, Das KMP, Mayer N, Breinbauer R, Birner-Gruenberger R, Gruber CC, Zimmermann R, Gruber K, Oberer M. Crystal structure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae monoglyceride lipase Yju3p. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:462-70. [PMID: 26869448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Monoglyceride lipases (MGLs) are a group of α/β-hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of monoglycerides (MGs) into free fatty acids and glycerol. This reaction serves different physiological functions, namely in the last step of phospholipid and triglyceride degradation, in mammalian endocannabinoid and arachidonic acid metabolism, and in detoxification processes in microbes. Previous crystal structures of MGLs from humans and bacteria revealed conformational plasticity in the cap region of this protein and gave insight into substrate binding. In this study, we present the structure of a MGL from Saccharomyces cerevisiae called Yju3p in its free form and in complex with a covalently bound substrate analog mimicking the tetrahedral intermediate of MG hydrolysis. These structures reveal a high conservation of the overall shape of the MGL cap region and also provide evidence for conformational changes in the cap of Yju3p. The complex structure reveals that, despite the high structural similarity, Yju3p seems to have an additional opening to the substrate binding pocket at a different position compared to human and bacterial MGL. Substrate specificities towards MGs with saturated and unsaturated alkyl chains of different lengths were tested and revealed highest activity towards MG containing a C18:1 fatty acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Aschauer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Srinivasan Rengachari
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Joerg Lichtenegger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Matthias Schittmayer
- Research Unit Functional Proteomics and Metabolic Pathways, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria; Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Nicole Mayer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Research Unit Functional Proteomics and Metabolic Pathways, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria; Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Stiftingtalstrasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christian C Gruber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/3, 8010 Graz, Austria; ACIB - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Karl Gruber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/3, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Oberer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/3, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Doler C, Schweiger M, Zimmermann R, Breinbauer R. Chemical Genetic Approaches for the Investigation of Neutral Lipid Metabolism. Chembiochem 2016; 17:358-77. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Doler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Graz University of Technology; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Martina Schweiger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; University of Graz; Heinrichstrasse 31/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; University of Graz; Heinrichstrasse 31/II 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Graz University of Technology; Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
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323
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Quantitative analysis of arachidonic acid, endocannabinoids, N- acylethanolamines and steroids in biological samples by LCMS/MS: Fit to purpose. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1012-1013:215-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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324
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MA MUYUAN, BAI JIE, LING YE, CHANG WEILONG, XIE GENGCHEN, LI RUIDONG, WANG GUOBIN, TAO KAIXIONG. Monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor JZL184 regulates apoptosis and migration of colorectal cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:2850-6. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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325
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Kowada T, Maeda H, Kikuchi K. BODIPY-based probes for the fluorescence imaging of biomolecules in living cells. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 44:4953-72. [PMID: 25801415 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00030k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 852] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging techniques have been widely used to visualize biological molecules and phenomena. In particular, several studies on the development of small-molecule fluorescent probes have been carried out, because their fluorescence properties can be easily tuned by synthetic chemical modification. For this reason, various fluorescent probes have been developed for targeting biological components, such as proteins, peptides, amino acids, and ions, to the interior and exterior of cells. In this review, we cover advances in the development of 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY)-based fluorescent probes for biological studies over the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Kowada
- Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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326
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Buczynski MW, Herman MA, Hsu KL, Natividad LA, Irimia C, Polis IY, Pugh H, Chang JW, Niphakis MJ, Cravatt BF, Roberto M, Parsons LH. Diacylglycerol lipase disinhibits VTA dopamine neurons during chronic nicotine exposure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:1086-91. [PMID: 26755579 PMCID: PMC4743781 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1522672113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic nicotine exposure (CNE) alters synaptic transmission in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in a manner that enhances dopaminergic signaling and promotes nicotine use. The present experiments identify a correlation between enhanced production of the endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and diminished release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in the VTA following CNE. To study the functional role of on-demand 2-AG signaling in GABAergic synapses, we used 1,2,3-triazole urea compounds to selectively inhibit 2-AG biosynthesis by diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL). The potency and selectivity of these inhibitors were established in rats in vitro (rat brain proteome), ex vivo (brain slices), and in vivo (intracerebroventricular administration) using activity-based protein profiling and targeted metabolomics analyses. Inhibition of DAGL (2-AG biosynthesis) rescues nicotine-induced VTA GABA signaling following CNE. Conversely, enhancement of 2-AG signaling in naïve rats by inhibiting 2-AG degradation recapitulates the loss of nicotine-induced GABA signaling evident following CNE. DAGL inhibition reduces nicotine self-administration without disrupting operant responding for a nondrug reinforcer or motor activity. Collectively, these findings provide a detailed characterization of selective inhibitors of rat brain DAGL and demonstrate that excessive 2-AG signaling contributes to a loss of inhibitory GABAergic constraint of VTA excitability following CNE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Buczynski
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Melissa A Herman
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ku-Lung Hsu
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Luis A Natividad
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Cristina Irimia
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ilham Y Polis
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Holly Pugh
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jae Won Chang
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Micah J Niphakis
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Marisa Roberto
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Loren H Parsons
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037;
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327
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Wilkerson JL, Niphakis MJ, Grim TW, Mustafa MA, Abdullah RA, Poklis JL, Dewey WL, Akbarali H, Banks ML, Wise LE, Cravatt BF, Lichtman AH. The Selective Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibitor MJN110 Produces Opioid-Sparing Effects in a Mouse Neuropathic Pain Model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 357:145-56. [PMID: 26791602 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.229971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Serious clinical liabilities associated with the prescription of opiates for pain control include constipation, respiratory depression, pruritus, tolerance, abuse, and addiction. A recognized strategy to circumvent these side effects is to combine opioids with other antinociceptive agents. The combination of opiates with the primary active constituent of cannabis (Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol) produces enhanced antinociceptive actions, suggesting that cannabinoid receptor agonists can be opioid sparing. Here, we tested whether elevating the endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol through the inhibition of its primary hydrolytic enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), will produce opioid-sparing effects in the mouse chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve model of neuropathic pain. The dose-response relationships of i.p. administration of morphine and the selective MAGL inhibitor 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate (MJN110) were tested alone and in combination at equieffective doses for reversal of CCI-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. The respective ED50 doses (95% confidence interval) of morphine and MJN110 were 2.4 (1.9-3.0) mg/kg and 0.43 (0.23-0.79) mg/kg. Isobolographic analysis of these drugs in combination revealed synergistic antiallodynic effects. Acute antinociceptive effects of the combination of morphine and MJN110 required μ-opioid, CB1, and CB2 receptors. This combination did not reduce gastric motility or produce subjective cannabimimetic effects in the drug discrimination assay. Importantly, combinations of MJN110 and morphine given repeatedly (i.e., twice a day for 6 days) continued to produce antiallodynic effects with no evidence of tolerance. Taken together, these findings suggest that MAGL inhibition produces opiate-sparing events with diminished tolerance, constipation, and cannabimimetic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Wilkerson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (J.L.W., T.W.G., M.A.M., R.A.A., J.L.P., W.L.D., H.A., M.L.B., L.E.W., A.H.L.); and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N., B.F.C.)
| | - Micah J Niphakis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (J.L.W., T.W.G., M.A.M., R.A.A., J.L.P., W.L.D., H.A., M.L.B., L.E.W., A.H.L.); and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N., B.F.C.)
| | - Travis W Grim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (J.L.W., T.W.G., M.A.M., R.A.A., J.L.P., W.L.D., H.A., M.L.B., L.E.W., A.H.L.); and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N., B.F.C.)
| | - Mohammed A Mustafa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (J.L.W., T.W.G., M.A.M., R.A.A., J.L.P., W.L.D., H.A., M.L.B., L.E.W., A.H.L.); and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N., B.F.C.)
| | - Rehab A Abdullah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (J.L.W., T.W.G., M.A.M., R.A.A., J.L.P., W.L.D., H.A., M.L.B., L.E.W., A.H.L.); and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N., B.F.C.)
| | - Justin L Poklis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (J.L.W., T.W.G., M.A.M., R.A.A., J.L.P., W.L.D., H.A., M.L.B., L.E.W., A.H.L.); and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N., B.F.C.)
| | - William L Dewey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (J.L.W., T.W.G., M.A.M., R.A.A., J.L.P., W.L.D., H.A., M.L.B., L.E.W., A.H.L.); and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N., B.F.C.)
| | - Hamid Akbarali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (J.L.W., T.W.G., M.A.M., R.A.A., J.L.P., W.L.D., H.A., M.L.B., L.E.W., A.H.L.); and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N., B.F.C.)
| | - Matthew L Banks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (J.L.W., T.W.G., M.A.M., R.A.A., J.L.P., W.L.D., H.A., M.L.B., L.E.W., A.H.L.); and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N., B.F.C.)
| | - Laura E Wise
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (J.L.W., T.W.G., M.A.M., R.A.A., J.L.P., W.L.D., H.A., M.L.B., L.E.W., A.H.L.); and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N., B.F.C.)
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (J.L.W., T.W.G., M.A.M., R.A.A., J.L.P., W.L.D., H.A., M.L.B., L.E.W., A.H.L.); and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N., B.F.C.)
| | - Aron H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (J.L.W., T.W.G., M.A.M., R.A.A., J.L.P., W.L.D., H.A., M.L.B., L.E.W., A.H.L.); and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (M.J.N., B.F.C.)
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328
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Kiritoshi T, Ji G, Neugebauer V. Rescue of Impaired mGluR5-Driven Endocannabinoid Signaling Restores Prefrontal Cortical Output to Inhibit Pain in Arthritic Rats. J Neurosci 2016; 36:837-50. [PMID: 26791214 PMCID: PMC4719019 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4047-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) serves executive functions that are impaired in neuropsychiatric disorders and pain. Underlying mechanisms remain to be determined. Here we advance the novel concept that metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) fails to engage endocannabinoid (2-AG) signaling to overcome abnormal synaptic inhibition in pain, but restoring endocannabinoid signaling allows mGluR5 to increase mPFC output hence inhibit pain behaviors and mitigate cognitive deficits. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were made from layer V pyramidal cells in the infralimbic mPFC in rat brain slices. Electrical and optogenetic stimulations were used to analyze amygdala-driven mPFC activity. A selective mGluR5 activator (VU0360172) increased pyramidal output through an endocannabinoid-dependent mechanism because intracellular inhibition of the major 2-AG synthesizing enzyme diacylglycerol lipase or blockade of CB1 receptors abolished the facilitatory effect of VU0360172. In an arthritis pain model mGluR5 activation failed to overcome abnormal synaptic inhibition and increase pyramidal output. mGluR5 function was rescued by restoring 2-AG-CB1 signaling with a CB1 agonist (ACEA) or inhibitors of postsynaptic 2-AG hydrolyzing enzyme ABHD6 (intracellular WWL70) and monoacylglycerol lipase MGL (JZL184) or by blocking GABAergic inhibition with intracellular picrotoxin. CB1-mediated depolarization-induced suppression of synaptic inhibition (DSI) was also impaired in the pain model but could be restored by coapplication of VU0360172 and ACEA. Stereotaxic coadministration of VU0360172 and ACEA into the infralimbic, but not anterior cingulate, cortex mitigated decision-making deficits and pain behaviors of arthritic animals. The results suggest that rescue of impaired endocannabinoid-dependent mGluR5 function in the mPFC can restore mPFC output and cognitive functions and inhibit pain. Significance statement: Dysfunctions in prefrontal cortical interactions with subcortical brain regions, such as the amygdala, are emerging as important players in neuropsychiatric disorders and pain. This study identifies a novel mechanism and rescue strategy for impaired medial prefrontal cortical function in an animal model of arthritis pain. Specifically, an integrative approach of optogenetics, pharmacology, electrophysiology, and behavior is used to advance the novel concept that a breakdown of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype mGluR5 and endocannabinoid signaling in infralimbic pyramidal cells fails to control abnormal amygdala-driven synaptic inhibition in the arthritis pain model. Restoring endocannabinoid signaling allows mGluR5 activation to increase infralimbic output hence inhibit pain behaviors and mitigate pain-related cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Volker Neugebauer
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), School of Medicine, Lubbock, Texas 79430-6592
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329
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Viader A, Ogasawara D, Joslyn CM, Sanchez-Alavez M, Mori S, Nguyen W, Conti B, Cravatt BF. A chemical proteomic atlas of brain serine hydrolases identifies cell type-specific pathways regulating neuroinflammation. eLife 2016; 5:e12345. [PMID: 26779719 PMCID: PMC4737654 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic specialization among major brain cell types is central to nervous system function and determined in large part by the cellular distribution of enzymes. Serine hydrolases are a diverse enzyme class that plays fundamental roles in CNS metabolism and signaling. Here, we perform an activity-based proteomic analysis of primary mouse neurons, astrocytes, and microglia to furnish a global portrait of the cellular anatomy of serine hydrolases in the brain. We uncover compelling evidence for the cellular compartmentalization of key chemical transmission pathways, including the functional segregation of endocannabinoid (eCB) biosynthetic enzymes diacylglycerol lipase-alpha (DAGLα) and –beta (DAGLβ) to neurons and microglia, respectively. Disruption of DAGLβ perturbed eCB-eicosanoid crosstalk specifically in microglia and suppressed neuroinflammatory events in vivo independently of broader effects on eCB content. Mapping the cellular distribution of metabolic enzymes thus identifies pathways for regulating specialized inflammatory responses in the brain while avoiding global alterations in CNS function. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12345.001 The brain is made up of many types of cells. These include the neurons that transmit messages throughout the nervous system, and microglia, which act as the first line of the brain’s immune defense. The activity of both neurons and microglia can be influenced by molecules called endocannabinoids that bind to proteins on the cells’ surface. For example, endocannabinoids affect how a neuron responds to messages sent to it from a neighbouring neuron, and help microglia to regulate the inflammation of brain tissue. Enzymes called serine hydrolases play important roles in several different signaling processes in the brain, including those involving endocannabinoids. Viader et al. have now studied the activities of these enzymes – including two called DAGLα and DAGLβ – in the mouse brain using a technique called activity-based protein profiling. This revealed that DAGLα plays an important role in controlling how neurons respond to endocannabinoids, while DAGLβ performs the equivalent role in microglia. When Viader et al. shut down DAGLβ activity, this only affected endocannabinoid signaling in microglia. This also had the effect of reducing inflammation in the brain, without affecting how endocannabinoids signal in neurons. These results suggest that inhibitors of DAGLβ could offer a way to suppress inflammation in the brain, which may contribute to neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, while preserving the normal pathways that neurons use to communicate with one another. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12345.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Viader
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Daisuke Ogasawara
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Christopher M Joslyn
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Manuel Sanchez-Alavez
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Simone Mori
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - William Nguyen
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Bruno Conti
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
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330
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Kawanabe A, Okamura Y. Effects of unsaturated fatty acids on the kinetics of voltage-gated proton channels heterologously expressed in cultured cells. J Physiol 2016; 594:595-610. [PMID: 26563684 DOI: 10.1113/jp271274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Arachidonic acid (AA) greatly enhances the activity of the voltage-gated proton (Hv) channel, although its mechanism of action and physiological function remain unclear. In the present study, we analysed the effects of AA on proton currents through Hv channels heterologously expressed in HEK293T cells. The dramatic increase in proton current amplitude elicited by AA was accompanied by accelerated activation kinetics and a leftward shift in the voltage-dependence of activation. Mutagenesis studies suggest the two aforementioned effects of AA reflect two distinct structural mechanisms. Application of phospholipase A2 , which liberates AA from phospholipids in the membrane, also enhances Hv channel activity, supporting the idea that AA modulates Hv channel activity within physiological contexts. Unsaturated fatty acids are key components of the biological membranes of all cells, and precursors of mediators for cell signalling. Arachidonic acid (AA) is an unsaturated fatty acid known to modulate the activities of various ion channels, including the voltage-gated proton (Hv) channel, which supports the rapid production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in phagocytes through regulation of pH and membrane potential. However, the molecular mechanisms and physiological functions of the effects of AA on Hv channels remain unclear. In the present study, we report an electrophysiological analysis of the effects of AA on the mouse Hv channel (mHv1) heterologously expressed in HEK293T cells. Application of AA to excised inside-out patch membranes rapidly induced a robust increase in the amplitude of the proton current through mHv1. The current increase was accompanied by accelerated activation kinetics and a small leftward shift of the current-voltage relationship. In monomeric channels lacking the coiled-coil region of the channel protein, the shift in the current-voltage relationship was diminished but activation and deactivation remained accelerated. Studies with several AA derivatives showed that double bonds and hydrophilic head groups are essential for the effect of AA, although charge was not important. The application of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which generates AA from cell membrane phospholipids, stimulated mHv1 activity to a similar extent as direct application of ∼ 20 μM AA, suggesting that endogenous AA may regulate Hv channel activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kawanabe
- Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okamura
- Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
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331
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Komatsu T, Urano Y. Evaluation of enzymatic activities in living systems with small-molecular fluorescent substrate probes. ANAL SCI 2016; 31:257-65. [PMID: 25864668 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.31.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we aim to present an overview of how small-molecular fluorescent substrate probes for studying enzymatic functions are developed and how they are used in biological applications, under the following four headings: (1) History of Visual Detection of Enzymatic Activities, (2) Strategies to Design Fluorescent Substrate Probes to Measure Enzymatic Activities, (3) Development of Fluorescent Substrate Probes Suitable for Biological Studies, and (4) Biological Applications of Fluorescent Substrate Probes for Studying Enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Komatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, 2) JST PRESTO, 4-1-9-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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332
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Henry RJ, Kerr DM, Finn DP, Roche M. For whom the endocannabinoid tolls: Modulation of innate immune function and implications for psychiatric disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 64:167-80. [PMID: 25794989 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate the innate immune response to pathogens and are critical in the host defence, homeostasis and response to injury. However, uncontrolled and aberrant TLR activation can elicit potent effects on neurotransmission and neurodegenerative cascades and has been proposed to trigger the onset of certain neurodegenerative disorders and elicit detrimental effects on the progression and outcome of established disease. Over the past decade, there has been increasing evidence demonstrating that the endocannabinoid system can elicit potent modulatory effects on inflammatory processes, with clinical and preclinical evidence demonstrating beneficial effects on disease severity and symptoms in several inflammatory conditions. This review examines the evidence supporting a modulatory effect of endocannabinoids on TLR-mediated immune responses both peripherally and centrally, and the implications for psychiatric disorders such as depression and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Henry
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, NCBES, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Daniel M Kerr
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, NCBES, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - David P Finn
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, NCBES, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Michelle Roche
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, NCBES, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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333
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Abstract
In this review, I will consider the dual nature of Cannabis and cannabinoids. The duality arises from the potential and actuality of cannabinoids in the laboratory and clinic and the 'abuse' of Cannabis outside the clinic. The therapeutic areas currently best associated with exploitation of Cannabis-related medicines include pain, epilepsy, feeding disorders, multiple sclerosis and glaucoma. As with every other medicinal drug of course, the 'trick' will be to maximise the benefit and minimise the cost. After millennia of proximity and exploitation of the Cannabis plant, we are still playing catch up with an understanding of its potential influence for medicinal benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P H Alexander
- Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, England, United Kingdom.
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334
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Brindisi M, Brogi S, Maramai S, Grillo A, Borrelli G, Butini S, Novellino E, Allarà M, Ligresti A, Campiani G, Di Marzo V, Gemma S. Harnessing the pyrroloquinoxaline scaffold for FAAH and MAGL interaction: definition of the structural determinants for enzyme inhibition. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra12524g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacogenic pyrroloquinoxaline scaffold has been exploited for developing piperazine and 4-aminopiperidine carboxamides/carbamates as inhibitors of the endocannabinoids’ catabolic enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase.
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335
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Chen B, Ge SS, Zhao YC, Chen C, Yang S. Activity-based protein profiling: an efficient approach to study serine hydrolases and their inhibitors in mammals and microbes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20006k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the identification of serine hydrolases and their inhibitors in mammals and microbes with activity-based protein profiling (ABPP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang
| | - Sha-Sha Ge
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang
| | - Yuan-Chao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang
| | - Chong Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang
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336
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Rees MG, Seashore-Ludlow B, Cheah JH, Adams DJ, Price EV, Gill S, Javaid S, Coletti ME, Jones VL, Bodycombe NE, Soule CK, Alexander B, Li A, Montgomery P, Kotz JD, Hon CSY, Munoz B, Liefeld T, Dančík V, Haber DA, Clish CB, Bittker JA, Palmer M, Wagner BK, Clemons PA, Shamji AF, Schreiber SL. Correlating chemical sensitivity and basal gene expression reveals mechanism of action. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 12:109-16. [PMID: 26656090 PMCID: PMC4718762 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Changes in cellular gene expression in response to small-molecule or genetic perturbations have yielded signatures that can connect unknown mechanisms of action (MoA) to ones previously established. We hypothesized that differential basal gene expression could be correlated with patterns of small-molecule sensitivity across many cell lines to illuminate the actions of compounds whose MoA are unknown. To test this idea, we correlated the sensitivity patterns of 481 compounds with ∼19,000 basal transcript levels across 823 different human cancer cell lines and identified selective outlier transcripts. This process yielded many novel mechanistic insights, including the identification of activation mechanisms, cellular transporters and direct protein targets. We found that ML239, originally identified in a phenotypic screen for selective cytotoxicity in breast cancer stem-like cells, most likely acts through activation of fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2). These data and analytical tools are available to the research community through the Cancer Therapeutics Response Portal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brinton Seashore-Ludlow
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (B.S.L); Koch Institute for Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, California, USA; Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA; ImmunoGen, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jaime H Cheah
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (B.S.L); Koch Institute for Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, California, USA; Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA; ImmunoGen, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Drew J Adams
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (B.S.L); Koch Institute for Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, California, USA; Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA; ImmunoGen, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edmund V Price
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (B.S.L); Koch Institute for Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, California, USA; Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA; ImmunoGen, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Sarah Javaid
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Nicole E Bodycombe
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (B.S.L); Koch Institute for Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, California, USA; Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA; ImmunoGen, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian K Soule
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (B.S.L); Koch Institute for Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, California, USA; Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA; ImmunoGen, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Ava Li
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ted Liefeld
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (B.S.L); Koch Institute for Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, California, USA; Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA; ImmunoGen, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Daniel A Haber
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Michelle Palmer
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory Stockholm, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (B.S.L); Koch Institute for Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, California, USA; Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA; ImmunoGen, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
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337
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Adamson Barnes NS, Mitchell VA, Kazantzis NP, Vaughan CW. Actions of the dual FAAH/MAGL inhibitor JZL195 in a murine neuropathic pain model. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 173:77-87. [PMID: 26398331 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE While cannabinoids have been proposed as a potential treatment for neuropathic pain, they have limitations. Cannabinoid receptor agonists have good efficacy in animal models of neuropathic pain; they have a poor therapeutic window. Conversely, selective fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors that enhance the endocannabinoid system have a better therapeutic window, but lesser efficacy. We examined whether JZL195, a dual inhibitor of FAAH and monacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), could overcome these limitations. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH C57BL/6 mice underwent the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain. Mechanical and cold allodynia, plus cannabinoid side effects, were assessed in response to systemic drug application. KEY RESULTS JZL195 and the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55212 produced dose-dependent reductions in CCI-induced mechanical and cold allodynia, plus side effects including motor incoordination, catalepsy and sedation. JZL195 reduced allodynia with an ED50 at least four times less than that at which it produced side effects. By contrast, WIN55212 reduced allodynia and produce side effects with similar ED50s. The maximal anti-allodynic effect of JZL195 was greater than that produced by selective FAAH, or MAGL inhibitors. The JZL195-induced anti-allodynia was maintained during repeated treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest that JZL195 has greater anti-allodynic efficacy than selective FAAH, or MAGL inhibitors, plus a greater therapeutic window than a cannabinoid receptor agonist. Thus, dual FAAH/MAGL inhibition may have greater potential in alleviating neuropathic pain, compared with selective FAAH and MAGL inhibitors, or cannabinoid receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Adamson Barnes
- Pain Management Research Institute, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, NSW, Australia
| | - Vanessa A Mitchell
- Pain Management Research Institute, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas P Kazantzis
- Pain Management Research Institute, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher W Vaughan
- Pain Management Research Institute, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, NSW, Australia
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338
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Intracellular postsynaptic cannabinoid receptors link thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptors to TRPC-like channels in thalamic paraventricular nucleus neurons. Neuroscience 2015; 311:81-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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339
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Martin HGS, Bernabeu A, Lassalle O, Bouille C, Beurrier C, Pelissier-Alicot AL, Manzoni OJ. Endocannabinoids Mediate Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Dependent Long-Term Depression in the Adult Medial Prefrontal Cortex. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:457. [PMID: 26648844 PMCID: PMC4664641 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic inputs into the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are associated with attention and cognition; however there is evidence that acetylcholine also has a role in PFC dependent learning and memory. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) in the PFC can induce synaptic plasticity, but the underlying mechanisms remain either opaque or unresolved. We have characterized a form of mAChR mediated long-term depression (LTD) at glutamatergic synapses of layer 5 principal neurons in the adult medial PFC. This mAChR LTD is induced with the mAChR agonist carbachol and inhibited by selective M1 mAChR antagonists. In contrast to other cortical regions, we find that this M1 mAChR mediated LTD is coupled to endogenous cannabinoid (eCB) signaling. Inhibition of the principal eCB CB1 receptor blocked carbachol induced LTD in both rats and mice. Furthermore, when challenged with a sub-threshold carbachol application, LTD was induced in slices pretreated with the monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitor JZL184, suggesting that the eCB 2-arachidonylglyerol (2-AG) mediates M1 mAChR LTD. Yet, when endogenous acetylcholine was released from local cholinergic afferents in the PFC using optogenetics, it failed to trigger eCB-LTD. However coupling patterned optical and electrical stimulation to generate local synaptic signaling allowed the reliable induction of LTD. The light—electrical pairing induced LTD was M1 mAChR and CB1 receptor mediated. This shows for the first time that connecting excitatory synaptic activity with coincident endogenously released acetylcholine controls synaptic gain via eCB signaling. Together these results shed new light on the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity in the adult PFC and expand on the actions of endogenous cholinergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry G S Martin
- Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France ; Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée UMR_S 901 Marseille, France ; INMED UMR_S 901 Marseille, France
| | - Axel Bernabeu
- Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France ; Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée UMR_S 901 Marseille, France ; INMED UMR_S 901 Marseille, France ; APHM, CHU Conception, Service de Psychiatrie Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Lassalle
- Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France ; Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée UMR_S 901 Marseille, France ; INMED UMR_S 901 Marseille, France
| | - Clément Bouille
- Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France ; Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée UMR_S 901 Marseille, France ; INMED UMR_S 901 Marseille, France
| | - Corinne Beurrier
- Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille UMR 7288 Marseille, France
| | - Anne-Laure Pelissier-Alicot
- Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France ; Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée UMR_S 901 Marseille, France ; INMED UMR_S 901 Marseille, France ; APHM, CHU Timone Adultes, Service de Médecine Légale Marseille, France
| | - Olivier J Manzoni
- Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France ; Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée UMR_S 901 Marseille, France ; INMED UMR_S 901 Marseille, France
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340
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A Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor-Positive Allosteric Modulator Reduces Neuropathic Pain in the Mouse with No Psychoactive Effects. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2948-59. [PMID: 26052038 PMCID: PMC4864630 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The CB1 receptor represents a promising target for the treatment of several disorders including pain-related disease states. However, therapeutic applications of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and other CB1 orthosteric receptor agonists remain limited because of psychoactive side effects. Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) offer an alternative approach to enhance CB1 receptor function for therapeutic gain with the promise of reduced side effects. Here we describe the development of the novel synthetic CB1 PAM, 6-methyl-3-(2-nitro-1-(thiophen-2-yl)ethyl)-2-phenyl-1H-indole (ZCZ011), which augments the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological actions of the CB1 orthosteric agonists CP55,940 and N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA). ZCZ011 potentiated binding of [(3)H]CP55,940 to the CB1 receptor as well as enhancing AEA-stimulated [(35)S]GTPγS binding in mouse brain membranes and β-arrestin recruitment and ERK phosphorylation in hCB1 cells. In the whole animal, ZCZ011 is brain penetrant, increased the potency of these orthosteric agonists in mouse behavioral assays indicative of cannabimimetic activity, including antinociception, hypothermia, catalepsy, locomotor activity, and in the drug discrimination paradigm. Administration of ZCZ011 alone was devoid of activity in these assays and did not produce a conditioned place preference or aversion, but elicited CB1 receptor-mediated antinociceptive effects in the chronic constriction nerve injury model of neuropathic pain and carrageenan model of inflammatory pain. These data suggest that ZCZ011 acts as a CB1 PAM and provide the first proof of principle that CB1 PAMs offer a promising strategy to treat neuropathic and inflammatory pain with minimal or no cannabimimetic side effects.
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341
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Mapping proteome-wide interactions of reactive chemicals using chemoproteomic platforms. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2015; 30:68-76. [PMID: 26647369 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A large number of pharmaceuticals, endogenous metabolites, and environmental chemicals act through covalent mechanisms with protein targets. Yet, their specific interactions with the proteome still remain poorly defined for most of these reactive chemicals. Deciphering direct protein targets of reactive small-molecules is critical in understanding their biological action, off-target effects, potential toxicological liabilities, and development of safer and more selective agents. Chemoproteomic technologies have arisen as a powerful strategy that enable the assessment of proteome-wide interactions of these irreversible agents directly in complex biological systems. We review here several chemoproteomic strategies that have facilitated our understanding of specific protein interactions of irreversibly-acting pharmaceuticals, endogenous metabolites, and environmental electrophiles to reveal novel pharmacological, biological, and toxicological mechanisms.
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342
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Grabner GF, Eichmann TO, Wagner B, Gao Y, Farzi A, Taschler U, Radner FPW, Schweiger M, Lass A, Holzer P, Zinser E, Tschöp MH, Yi CX, Zimmermann R. Deletion of Monoglyceride Lipase in Astrocytes Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-induced Neuroinflammation. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:913-23. [PMID: 26565024 PMCID: PMC4705409 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.683615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoglyceride lipase (MGL) is required for efficient hydrolysis of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglyerol (2-AG) in the brain generating arachidonic acid (AA) and glycerol. This metabolic function makes MGL an interesting target for the treatment of neuroinflammation, since 2-AG exhibits anti-inflammatory properties and AA is a precursor for pro-inflammatory prostaglandins. Astrocytes are an important source of AA and 2-AG, and highly express MGL. In the present study, we dissected the distinct contribution of MGL in astrocytes on brain 2-AG and AA metabolism by generating a mouse model with genetic deletion of MGL specifically in astrocytes (MKOGFAP). MKOGFAP mice exhibit moderately increased 2-AG and reduced AA levels in brain. Minor accumulation of 2-AG in the brain of MKOGFAP mice does not cause cannabinoid receptor desensitization as previously observed in mice globally lacking MGL. Importantly, MKOGFAP mice exhibit reduced brain prostaglandin E2 and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels upon peripheral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. These observations indicate that MGL-mediated degradation of 2-AG in astrocytes provides AA for prostaglandin synthesis promoting LPS-induced neuroinflammation. The beneficial effect of astrocyte-specific MGL-deficiency is not fully abrogated by the inverse cannabinoid receptor 1 agonist SR141716 (Rimonabant) suggesting that the anti-inflammatory effects are rather caused by reduced prostaglandin synthesis than by activation of cannabinoid receptors. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that MGL in astrocytes is an important regulator of 2-AG levels, AA availability, and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot F Grabner
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas O Eichmann
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernhard Wagner
- the Institute of Biomedical Science, FH Joanneum University of Applied Sciences, 8020 Graz, Austria
| | - Yuanqing Gao
- the Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Aitak Farzi
- the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria, and
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Franz P W Radner
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Schweiger
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Achim Lass
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Holzer
- the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria, and
| | - Erwin Zinser
- the Institute of Biomedical Science, FH Joanneum University of Applied Sciences, 8020 Graz, Austria
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- the Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Chun-Xia Yi
- the Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany, the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria,
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343
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Hillard CJ. The Endocannabinoid Signaling System in the CNS: A Primer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 125:1-47. [PMID: 26638763 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to provide an introduction to the mechanisms for the regulation of endocannabinoid signaling through CB1 cannabinoid receptors in the central nervous system. The processes involved in the synthesis and degradation of the two most well-studied endocannabinoids, 2-arachidonoylglycerol and N-arachidonylethanolamine are outlined along with information regarding the regulation of the proteins involved. Signaling mechanisms and pharmacology of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor are outlined, as is the paradigm of endocannabinoid/CB1 receptor regulation of neurotransmitter release. The reader is encouraged to appreciate the importance of the endocannabinoid/CB1 receptor signaling system in the regulation of synaptic activity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia J Hillard
- Neuroscience Research Center, and Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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344
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Song Y, Zhang J, Chen C. Fine-tuning of synaptic upscaling at excitatory synapses by endocannabinoid signaling is mediated via the CB1 receptor. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16257. [PMID: 26541090 PMCID: PMC4635378 DOI: 10.1038/srep16257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) functions as a retrograde signaling molecule mediating synaptic transmission and plasticity at both inhibitory and excitatory synapses. However, little is known about whether 2-AG signaling is involved in homeostatic regulation of miniature synaptic events at excitatory synapses in response to activity deprivation. Here, we report that chronic blockade of firing by tetrodotoxin (TTX) for two days resulted in increases both in the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) in cultured mouse hippocampal neurons. However, treatment with 2-AG alone or JZL184, a potent and selective inhibitor for monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) that hydrolyzes 2-AG, induced a CB1 receptor-dependent reduction of the frequency of mEPSCs, but not the amplitude. The TTX-increased frequency was blunted by 2-AG or JZL184 and this effect was eliminated by pharmacological or genetic inhibition of CB1 receptors. In addition, TTX still increased frequency and amplitude of mEPSCs in the presence of CB1 receptor inhibition. Our results suggest that while endocannabinoids are not required for induction of synaptic scaling at excitatory glutamate synapses after chronic activity deprivation, 2-AG signaling may play a role in fine-tuning of synaptic strengths via presynaptically-expressed CB1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunping Song
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Chu Chen
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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345
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Fetal endocannabinoids orchestrate the organization of pancreatic islet microarchitecture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E6185-94. [PMID: 26494286 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1519040112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are implicated in the control of glucose utilization and energy homeostasis by orchestrating pancreatic hormone release. Moreover, in some cell niches, endocannabinoids regulate cell proliferation, fate determination, and migration. Nevertheless, endocannabinoid contributions to the development of the endocrine pancreas remain unknown. Here, we show that α cells produce the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in mouse fetuses and human pancreatic islets, which primes the recruitment of β cells by CB1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) engagement. Using subtractive pharmacology, we extend these findings to anandamide, a promiscuous endocannabinoid/endovanilloid ligand, which impacts both the determination of islet size by cell proliferation and α/β cell sorting by differential activation of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) and CB1Rs. Accordingly, genetic disruption of TRPV1 channels increases islet size whereas CB1R knockout augments cellular heterogeneity and favors insulin over glucagon release. Dietary enrichment in ω-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation in mice, which permanently reduces endocannabinoid levels in the offspring, phenocopies CB1R(-/-) islet microstructure and improves coordinated hormone secretion. Overall, our data mechanistically link endocannabinoids to cell proliferation and sorting during pancreatic islet formation, as well as to life-long programming of hormonal determinants of glucose homeostasis.
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346
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Petrenko AB, Yamazaki M, Sakimura K, Kano M, Baba H. Genetic inactivation and prolonged pharmacologic inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase have opposite effects on anesthetic sensitivity to propofol. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 765:268-73. [PMID: 26318148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) is a major enzyme involved in degradation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Selective inhibitors of MGL are regarded as promising analgesics and anticancer agents. To gain insight into the possible consequences of their prolonged administration for anesthetic action, the effects of several inhalational and intravenous anesthetics were tested in knockout mice lacking the MGL gene in the loss of righting reflex (LORR) assay. Sensitivity to inhalational and most intravenous anesthetics was not altered in knockout mice. However, compared with wild-type littermates, they showed increased sensitivity to the intravenous anesthetic propofol. Permanently elevated levels of 2-AG after MGL knockout are known to cause desensitization of cannabinoid (CB1) receptors, which have been advocated as possible mediators of propofol anesthesia. Therefore, increased sensitivity to propofol in knockout mice at first suggested that 2-AG may potentiate CB1 receptors despite their hypofunction in these animals. Pharmacologic inhibition of MGL also causes desensitization of CB1 receptors, so sensitivity to propofol was tested further in C57BL/6N mice pretreated chronically with the selective MGL inhibitor JZL 184. Contrary to the results in knockout mice, these animals showed drastically reduced sensitivity to propofol. The reason for increased sensitivity to propofol after MGL knockout remains unclear, but may result from changes occurring in these animals during development. However, our results in C57BL/6N mice pretreated with JZL 184 confirmed the role of CB1 receptors in propofol anesthesia advocated previously, and also suggest that prolonged use of MGL inhibitors may be associated with the development of resistance to propofol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey B Petrenko
- Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Maya Yamazaki
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Baba
- Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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347
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Iglesias J, Lamontagne J, Erb H, Gezzar S, Zhao S, Joly E, Truong VL, Skorey K, Crane S, Madiraju SRM, Prentki M. Simplified assays of lipolysis enzymes for drug discovery and specificity assessment of known inhibitors. J Lipid Res 2015; 57:131-41. [PMID: 26423520 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d058438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are used as cellular building blocks and condensed energy stores and also act as signaling molecules. The glycerolipid/ fatty acid cycle, encompassing lipolysis and lipogenesis, generates many lipid signals. Reliable procedures are not available for measuring activities of several lipolytic enzymes for the purposes of drug screening, and this resulted in questionable selectivity of various known lipase inhibitors. We now describe simple assays for lipolytic enzymes, including adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), sn-1-diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL), monoacylglycerol lipase, α/β-hydrolase domain 6, and carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) using recombinant human and mouse enzymes either in cell extracts or using purified enzymes. We observed that many of the reported inhibitors lack specificity. Thus, Cay10499 (HSL inhibitor) and RHC20867 (DAGL inhibitor) also inhibit other lipases. Marked differences in the inhibitor sensitivities of human ATGL and HSL compared with the corresponding mouse enzymes was noticed. Thus, ATGListatin inhibited mouse ATGL but not human ATGL, and the HSL inhibitors WWL11 and Compound 13f were effective against mouse enzyme but much less potent against human enzyme. Many of these lipase inhibitors also inhibited human CES1. Results describe reliable assays for measuring lipase activities that are amenable for drug screening and also caution about the specificity of the many earlier described lipase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Iglesias
- Molecular Nutrition Unit and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9 Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry, and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9
| | - Julien Lamontagne
- Molecular Nutrition Unit and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9 Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry, and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9
| | - Heidi Erb
- Molecular Nutrition Unit and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9 Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry, and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9
| | - Sari Gezzar
- Molecular Nutrition Unit and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9 Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry, and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9
| | - Shangang Zhao
- Molecular Nutrition Unit and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9 Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry, and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9
| | - Erik Joly
- Molecular Nutrition Unit and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9 Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry, and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9
| | | | | | - Sheldon Crane
- NuChem Therapeutics, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H4P 2R2
| | - S R Murthy Madiraju
- Molecular Nutrition Unit and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9 Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry, and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9
| | - Marc Prentki
- Molecular Nutrition Unit and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9 Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry, and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 0A9
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348
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Multiple Forms of Endocannabinoid and Endovanilloid Signaling Regulate the Tonic Control of GABA Release. J Neurosci 2015; 35:10039-57. [PMID: 26157003 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4112-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Persistent CB1 cannabinoid receptor activity limits neurotransmitter release at various synapses throughout the brain. However, it is not fully understood how constitutively active CB1 receptors, tonic endocannabinoid signaling, and its regulation by multiple serine hydrolases contribute to the synapse-specific calibration of neurotransmitter release probability. To address this question at perisomatic and dendritic GABAergic synapses in the mouse hippocampus, we used a combination of paired whole-cell patch-clamp recording, liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy super-resolution imaging, and immunogold electron microscopy. Unexpectedly, application of the CB1 antagonist and inverse agonist AM251 [N-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-N-1-piperidinyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide], but not the neutral antagonist NESS0327 [8-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-piperidin-1-yl-5,6-dihydro-4H-benzo[2,3]cyclohepta[2,4-b]pyrazole-3-carboxamine], significantly increased synaptic transmission between CB1-positive perisomatic interneurons and CA1 pyramidal neurons. JZL184 (4-nitrophenyl 4-[bis(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)(hydroxy)methyl]piperidine-1-carboxylate), a selective inhibitor of monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), the presynaptic degrading enzyme of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), elicited a robust increase in 2-AG levels and concomitantly decreased GABAergic transmission. In contrast, inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) by PF3845 (N-pyridin-3-yl-4-[[3-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxyphenyl]methyl]piperidine-1-carboxamide) elevated endocannabinoid/endovanilloid anandamide levels but did not change GABAergic synaptic activity. However, FAAH inhibitors attenuated tonic 2-AG increase and also decreased its synaptic effects. This antagonistic interaction required the activation of the transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor TRPV1, which was concentrated on postsynaptic intracellular membrane cisternae at perisomatic GABAergic symmetrical synapses. Interestingly, neither AM251, JZL184, nor PF3845 affected CB1-positive dendritic interneuron synapses. Together, these findings are consistent with the possibility that constitutively active CB1 receptors substantially influence perisomatic GABA release probability and indicate that the synaptic effects of tonic 2-AG release are tightly controlled by presynaptic MGL activity and also by postsynaptic endovanilloid signaling and FAAH activity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Tonic cannabinoid signaling plays a critical role in the regulation of synaptic transmission. However, the mechanistic details of how persistent CB1 cannabinoid receptor activity inhibits neurotransmitter release have remained elusive. Therefore, electrophysiological recordings, lipid measurements, and super-resolution imaging were combined to elucidate those signaling molecules and mechanisms that underlie tonic cannabinoid signaling. The findings indicate that constitutive CB1 activity has pivotal function in the tonic control of hippocampal GABA release. Moreover, the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is continuously generated postsynaptically, but its synaptic effect is regulated strictly by presynaptic monoacylglycerol lipase activity. Finally, anandamide signaling antagonizes tonic 2-AG signaling via activation of postsynaptic transient receptor potential vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. This unexpected mechanistic diversity may be necessary to fine-tune GABA release probability under various physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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349
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Chen H, Tian R, Ni Z, Zhang Z, Chen H, Guo Q, Vastermark A. Conformational transition pathway in the inhibitor binding process of human monoacylglycerol lipase. Protein J 2015; 33:503-11. [PMID: 25078047 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-014-9572-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) catalyzes the hydrolysis of 2-arachidonoylglycerol to arachidonic and glycerol, which plays a pivotal role in the normal biological processes of brain. Co-crystal structure of the MGL in complex with its inhibitor, compound 1, shows that the helix α4 undergoes large-scale conformational changes in response to the compound 1 binding compared to the apo MGL. However, the detailed conformational transition pathway of the helix α4 in the inhibitor binding process of MGL has remained unclear. Here, conventional molecular dynamics (MD) and nudged elastic band (NEB) simulations were performed to explore the conformational transition pathway of the helix α4. Conventional MD simulations unveiled that the compound 1 induced the closed conformation of the active site of MGL, reduced the conformational flexibility of the helix α4, and elicited the large-scale conformational rearrangement of the helix α4, leading to the complete folding of the helix α4. Moreover, NEB simulations revealed that the conformational transition pathway of helix α4 underwent an almost 180° counter-clockwise rotation of the helix α4. Our computational results advance the structural and mechanistic understanding of the inhibitory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayou Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
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350
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Gasperi V, Avigliano L, Evangelista D, Oddi S, Chiurchiù V, Lanuti M, Maccarrone M, Valeria Catani M. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol enhances platelet formation from human megakaryoblasts. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:3938-47. [PMID: 25427281 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.982941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets modulate vascular system integrity, and their loss is critical in haematological pathologies and after chemotherapy. Therefore, identification of molecules enhancing platelet production would be useful to counteract thrombocytopenia. We have previously shown that 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) acts as a true agonist of platelets, as well as it commits erythroid precursors toward the megakaryocytic lineage. Against this background, we sought to further interrogate the role of 2-AG in megakaryocyte/platelet physiology by investigating terminal differentiation, and subsequent thrombopoiesis. To this end, we used MEG-01 cells, a human megakaryoblastic cell line able to produce in vitro platelet-like particles. 2-AG increased the number of cells showing ruffled surface and enhanced surface expression of specific megakaryocyte/platelet surface antigens, typical hallmarks of terminal megakaryocytic differentiation and platelet production. Changes in cytoskeleton modeling also occurred in differentiated megakaryocytes and blebbing platelets. 2-AG acted by binding to CB1 and CB2 receptors, because specific antagonists reverted its effect. Platelets were split off from megakaryocytes and were functional: they contained the platelet-specific surface markers CD61 and CD49, whose levels increased following stimulation with a natural agonist like collagen. Given the importance of 2-AG for driving megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis, not surprisingly we found that its hydrolytic enzymes were tightly controlled by classical inducers of megakaryocyte differentiation. In conclusion 2-AG, by triggering megakaryocyte maturation and platelet release, may have clinical efficacy to counteract thrombocytopenia-related diseases.
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Key Words
- 2-AG, 2-arachidonoylglycerol
- AEA, anandamide
- APC, allophycocyanin
- CB1, type-1 cannabinoid receptor
- CB2, type-2 cannabinoid receptor
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- DAGL, diacylglycerol lipase
- Differentiation
- FAAH, fatty acid amide hydrolase
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- HEL, human erythroleukemia
- MAGL, monoacylglycerol lipase
- PE, phycoerythrin
- TPA, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
- cluster of differentiation
- cytoskeleton
- eCB, endocannabinoid
- endocannabinoid system
- haematopoietic cells
- megakaryocytes
- platelets
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Gasperi
- a Department of Experimental Medicine & Surgery ; University of Rome Tor Vergata ; Rome , Italy
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