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Abstract
A newly emerged coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), belongs to the β-coronavirus family and shows high similarities with SARS-CoV. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared SARS-CoV-2 a global pandemic, and the disease was named the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has caused over 46 million infections and over one million deaths worldwide, and the numbers are still increasing. Efficacious antiviral agents are urgently needed to combat this virus. The life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 mainly includes the viral attachment, membrane fusion, genomic replication, assembly and budding of virions. Accordingly, drug development against SARS-CoV-2 currently focuses on blocking spike protein binding to ACE2, inhibiting viral membrane fusion with host cells, and preventing the viral replication by targeting 3C-like protease, papain-like protease, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase as well as some host-cell proteins. In this review, the advances of drug development in these three major areas are elaborated.
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302
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Yao H, Cai H, Li T, Zhou B, Qin W, Lavillette D, Li D. A high-affinity RBD-targeting nanobody improves fusion partner's potency against SARS-CoV-2. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009328. [PMID: 33657135 PMCID: PMC7959386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A key step to the SARS-CoV-2 infection is the attachment of its Spike receptor-binding domain (S RBD) to the host receptor ACE2. Considerable research has been devoted to the development of neutralizing antibodies, including llama-derived single-chain nanobodies, to target the receptor-binding motif (RBM) and to block ACE2-RBD binding. Simple and effective strategies to increase potency are desirable for such studies when antibodies are only modestly effective. Here, we identify and characterize a high-affinity synthetic nanobody (sybody, SR31) as a fusion partner to improve the potency of RBM-antibodies. Crystallographic studies reveal that SR31 binds to RBD at a conserved and 'greasy' site distal to RBM. Although SR31 distorts RBD at the interface, it does not perturb the RBM conformation, hence displaying no neutralizing activities itself. However, fusing SR31 to two modestly neutralizing sybodies dramatically increases their affinity for RBD and neutralization activity against SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus. Our work presents a tool protein and an efficient strategy to improve nanobody potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebang Yao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmin Cai
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bingjie Zhou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenming Qin
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute (Zhangjiang Laboratory), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dimitri Lavillette
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Pasteurien College, Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dianfan Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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303
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Czajka TF, Vance DJ, Mantis NJ. Slaying SARS-CoV-2 One (Single-domain) Antibody at a Time. Trends Microbiol 2021; 29:195-203. [PMID: 33446406 PMCID: PMC7744031 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Camelid-derived and synthetic single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) are emerging as potent weapons against the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. sdAbs are small, compact, thermostable immunoglobulin elements capable of binding targets with subnanomolar affinities. By leveraging the power of phage- and yeast surface-display technologies, rare sdAbs can be isolated from highly diverse and complex antibody libraries. Once in hand, sdAbs can be engineered to improve binding affinity, avidity, target specificities, and biodistribution. In this Opinion piece we highlight a series of sophisticated studies describing the identification of ultrapotent sdAbs directed against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. We discuss the possible applications of these antibodies in the global fight against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy F Czajka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12201, USA
| | - David J Vance
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Nicholas J Mantis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12201, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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304
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The functions of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing and infection-enhancing antibodies in vitro and in mice and nonhuman primates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33442694 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.31.424729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) protect against COVID-19. A concern regarding SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is whether they mediate disease enhancement. Here, we isolated NAbs against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and the N-terminal domain (NTD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike from individuals with acute or convalescent SARS-CoV-2 or a history of SARS-CoV-1 infection. Cryo-electron microscopy of RBD and NTD antibodies demonstrated function-specific modes of binding. Select RBD NAbs also demonstrated Fc receptor-γ (FcγR)-mediated enhancement of virus infection in vitro , while five non-neutralizing NTD antibodies mediated FcγR-independent in vitro infection enhancement. However, both types of infection-enhancing antibodies protected from SARS-CoV-2 replication in monkeys and mice. Nonetheless, three of 31 monkeys infused with enhancing antibodies had higher lung inflammation scores compared to controls. One monkey had alveolar edema and elevated bronchoalveolar lavage inflammatory cytokines. Thus, while in vitro antibody-enhanced infection does not necessarily herald enhanced infection in vivo , increased lung inflammation can occur in SARS-CoV-2 antibody-infused macaques.
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305
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Qin X, Shen J, Dai E, Li H, Tang G, Zhang L, Hou X, Lu M, Wu X, Duan S, Zhang J, Tsoi MF, Jiang P, Li Y. The seroprevalence and kinetics of IgM and IgG in the progression of COVID-19. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:14. [PMID: 33596826 PMCID: PMC7887538 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00404-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus first recognized in late December 2019 that causes coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Due to the highly contagious nature of SARS-CoV-2, it has developed into a global pandemic in just a few months. Antibody testing is an effective method to supplement the diagnosis of COVID-19. However, multicentre studies are lacking to support the understanding of the seroprevalence and kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in COVID-19 epidemic regions. METHOD A multicentre cross-sectional study of suspected and confirmed patients from 4 epidemic cities in China and a cohort study of consecutive follow-up patients were conducted from 29/01/2020 to 12/03/2020. IgM and IgG antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 were tested by a chemiluminescence assay. Clinical information, including basic demographic data, clinical classification, and time interval from onset to sampling, was collected from each centre. RESULTS A total of 571 patients were enrolled in the cross-sectional study, including 235 COVID-19 patients and 336 suspected patients, each with 91.9%:2.1% seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG and 92.3%:5.4% seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgM. The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG in COVID-19 patients was over 70% less than 7 days after symptom onset. Thirty COVID-19 patients were enrolled in the cohort study and followed up for 20 days. The peak concentrations of IgM and IgG were reached on the 10th and 20th days, respectively, after symptom onset. The seroprevalence of COVID-19 IgG and IgM increased along with the clinical classification and treatment time delay. CONCLUSION We demonstrated the kinetics of IgM and IgG SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in COVID-19 patients and the association between clinical classification and antibodies, which will contribute to the interpretation of IgM and IgG SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests and in predicting the outcomes of patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhen Qin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of Administrative Office, Haihe University, Tianjin, China
| | - Erhei Dai
- Division of Liver Disease, The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Haolong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guodong Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital of the Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Haihe University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Hou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Minya Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xian Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Simeng Duan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjia Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Man-Fung Tsoi
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Division of Liver Disease, The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yongzhe Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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306
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Koenig PA, Das H, Liu H, Kümmerer BM, Gohr FN, Jenster LM, Schiffelers LDJ, Tesfamariam YM, Uchima M, Wuerth JD, Gatterdam K, Ruetalo N, Christensen MH, Fandrey CI, Normann S, Tödtmann JMP, Pritzl S, Hanke L, Boos J, Yuan M, Zhu X, Schmid-Burgk JL, Kato H, Schindler M, Wilson IA, Geyer M, Ludwig KU, Hällberg BM, Wu NC, Schmidt FI. Structure-guided multivalent nanobodies block SARS-CoV-2 infection and suppress mutational escape. Science 2021; 371:eabe6230. [PMID: 33436526 PMCID: PMC7932109 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe6230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to spread, with devastating consequences. For passive immunization efforts, nanobodies have size and cost advantages over conventional antibodies. In this study, we generated four neutralizing nanobodies that target the receptor binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. We used x-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy to define two distinct binding epitopes. On the basis of these structures, we engineered multivalent nanobodies with more than 100 times the neutralizing activity of monovalent nanobodies. Biparatopic nanobody fusions suppressed the emergence of escape mutants. Several nanobody constructs neutralized through receptor binding competition, whereas other monovalent and biparatopic nanobodies triggered aberrant activation of the spike fusion machinery. These premature conformational changes in the spike protein forestalled productive fusion and rendered the virions noninfectious.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/metabolism
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- Antibody Affinity
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/virology
- Cell Line
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Epitopes
- Humans
- Membrane Fusion
- Mutation
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Domains
- Receptors, Coronavirus/metabolism
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/physiology
- Single-Domain Antibodies/chemistry
- Single-Domain Antibodies/immunology
- Single-Domain Antibodies/metabolism
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul-Albert Koenig
- Core Facility Nanobodies, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hrishikesh Das
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hejun Liu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Beate M Kümmerer
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian N Gohr
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lea-Marie Jenster
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lisa D J Schiffelers
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Yonas M Tesfamariam
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Miki Uchima
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jennifer D Wuerth
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl Gatterdam
- Institute of Structural Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Natalia Ruetalo
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology, Section Molecular Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maria H Christensen
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Caroline I Fandrey
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sabine Normann
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan M P Tödtmann
- Core Facility Nanobodies, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Steffen Pritzl
- Core Facility Nanobodies, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Leo Hanke
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jannik Boos
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Meng Yuan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xueyong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jonathan L Schmid-Burgk
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hiroki Kato
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Schindler
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology, Section Molecular Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthias Geyer
- Institute of Structural Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kerstin U Ludwig
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - B Martin Hällberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB) and Karolinska Institutet VR-RÅC, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Florian I Schmidt
- Core Facility Nanobodies, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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307
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Cai L, Guo X, Cao Y, Ying P, Hong L, Zhang Y, Yi G, Fu M. Determining available strategies for prevention and therapy: Exploring COVID‑19 from the perspective of ACE2 (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:43. [PMID: 33576441 PMCID: PMC7891831 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute infectious pneumonia caused by a novel type of coronavirus infection. There are currently no clinically available specific drugs for the treatment of this virus. The process of host invasion is the key to viral infection, and it is a mechanism that needs to be considered when exploring antiviral drugs. At present, studies have confirmed that angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) is the main functional receptor through which severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) invades host cells. Therefore, a number of studies have focused on this field. However, as ACE2 may play a dual role in mediating susceptibility and immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection, the role of ACE2 in viral infection is controversial. Beginning with the physiological function of ACE2, the present review article summarizes the influence of the ACE2 content on the susceptibility to the virus and acute lung injury. Drug mechanisms were taken as the starting point, combined with the results of clinical trials, specifically elaborating upon and analyzing the efficacy of several ACE2-centered therapeutic drugs and their potential effects. In addition, the current status of ACE2 as a targeted therapy for COVID-19 is discussed in order to provide new insight into the clinical prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Cai
- The Second Clinical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Xi Guo
- Medical College of Rehabilitation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yuchen Cao
- The Second Clinical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Peixi Ying
- The Second Clinical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Libing Hong
- The Second Clinical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yuxi Zhang
- The Second Clinical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Guoguo Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun‑Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, P.R. China
| | - Min Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
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308
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Abstract
A double hit with one antibody construct may avoid viral escape
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Saelens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Schepens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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309
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Valenzuela Nieto G, Jara R, Watterson D, Modhiran N, Amarilla AA, Himelreichs J, Khromykh AA, Salinas-Rebolledo C, Pinto T, Cheuquemilla Y, Margolles Y, López González Del Rey N, Miranda-Chacon Z, Cuevas A, Berking A, Deride C, González-Moraga S, Mancilla H, Maturana D, Langer A, Toledo JP, Müller A, Uberti B, Krall P, Ehrenfeld P, Blesa J, Chana-Cuevas P, Rehren G, Schwefel D, Fernandez LÁ, Rojas-Fernandez A. Potent neutralization of clinical isolates of SARS-CoV-2 D614 and G614 variants by a monomeric, sub-nanomolar affinity nanobody. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3318. [PMID: 33558635 PMCID: PMC7870875 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82833-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite unprecedented global efforts to rapidly develop SARS-CoV-2 treatments, in order to reduce the burden placed on health systems, the situation remains critical. Effective diagnosis, treatment, and prophylactic measures are urgently required to meet global demand: recombinant antibodies fulfill these requirements and have marked clinical potential. Here, we describe the fast-tracked development of an alpaca Nanobody specific for the receptor-binding-domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein with potential therapeutic applicability. We present a rapid method for nanobody isolation that includes an optimized immunization regimen coupled with VHH library E. coli surface display, which allows single-step selection of Nanobodies using a simple density gradient centrifugation of the bacterial library. The selected single and monomeric Nanobody, W25, binds to the SARS-CoV-2 S RBD with sub-nanomolar affinity and efficiently competes with ACE-2 receptor binding. Furthermore, W25 potently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 wild type and the D614G variant with IC50 values in the nanomolar range, demonstrating its potential as antiviral agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald Jara
- Institute of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Daniel Watterson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Naphak Modhiran
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alberto A Amarilla
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Johanna Himelreichs
- Institute of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alexander A Khromykh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Teresa Pinto
- Institute of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Yorka Cheuquemilla
- Institute of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Berking Biotechnology, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Yago Margolles
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, National Biotechnology Center, Superior Council of Scientific Research, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Zaray Miranda-Chacon
- Institute of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alexei Cuevas
- Institute of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Camila Deride
- Institute of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Héctor Mancilla
- Institute of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Daniel Maturana
- NanoTemper Technologies GmbH, Floessergasse 4, 81369, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Langer
- NanoTemper Technologies GmbH, Floessergasse 4, 81369, Munich, Germany
| | - Juan Pablo Toledo
- Institute of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Ananda Müller
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Benjamín Uberti
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Paola Krall
- Institute of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Surgery Oriente, Universidad de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pamela Ehrenfeld
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology, and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System, CISNE, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Javier Blesa
- HM CINAC, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Mostoles, 28938, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Chana-Cuevas
- CETRAM & Faculty of Medical Science, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - German Rehren
- Technology Transfer and Licensing Office, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - David Schwefel
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luis Ángel Fernandez
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, National Biotechnology Center, Superior Council of Scientific Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Rojas-Fernandez
- Institute of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
- Berking Biotechnology, Valdivia, Chile.
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System, CISNE, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
- Institute of Philosophy and Complexity Sciences, Santiago, Chile.
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310
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Mor M, Werbner M, Alter J, Safra M, Chomsky E, Lee JC, Hada-Neeman S, Polonsky K, Nowell CJ, Clark AE, Roitburd-Berman A, Ben-Shalom N, Navon M, Rafael D, Sharim H, Kiner E, Griffis ER, Gershoni JM, Kobiler O, Leibel SL, Zimhony O, Carlin AF, Yaari G, Dessau M, Gal-Tanamy M, Hagin D, Croker BA, Freund NT. Multi-clonal SARS-CoV-2 neutralization by antibodies isolated from severe COVID-19 convalescent donors. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009165. [PMID: 33571304 PMCID: PMC7877634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between antibodies, SARS-CoV-2 and immune cells contribute to the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and protective immunity. To understand the differences between antibody responses in mild versus severe cases of COVID-19, we analyzed the B cell responses in patients 1.5 months post SARS-CoV-2 infection. Severe, and not mild, infection correlated with high titers of IgG against Spike receptor binding domain (RBD) that were capable of ACE2:RBD inhibition. B cell receptor (BCR) sequencing revealed that VH3-53 was enriched during severe infection. Of the 22 antibodies cloned from two severe donors, six exhibited potent neutralization against authentic SARS-CoV-2, and inhibited syncytia formation. Using peptide libraries, competition ELISA and mutagenesis of RBD, we mapped the epitopes of the neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) to three different sites on the Spike. Finally, we used combinations of nAbs targeting different immune-sites to efficiently block SARS-CoV-2 infection. Analysis of 49 healthy BCR repertoires revealed that the nAbs germline VHJH precursors comprise up to 2.7% of all VHJHs. We demonstrate that severe COVID-19 is associated with unique BCR signatures and multi-clonal neutralizing responses that are relatively frequent in the population. Moreover, our data support the use of combination antibody therapy to prevent and treat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mor
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Werbner
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Joel Alter
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Modi Safra
- Alexander Kofkin Faculty of Engineering, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Elad Chomsky
- ImmunAi, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jamie C. Lee
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Smadar Hada-Neeman
- George S. Wise Life sciences Faculty, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ksenia Polonsky
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Cameron J. Nowell
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alex E. Clark
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | | | - Noam Ben-Shalom
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Navon
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Dor Rafael
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hila Sharim
- ImmunAi, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Evgeny Kiner
- ImmunAi, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Eric R. Griffis
- Nikon Imaging Center, University of California San Diego, California, United States of America
| | | | - Oren Kobiler
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Sandra Lawrynowicz Leibel
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | | | - Aaron F. Carlin
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gur Yaari
- Alexander Kofkin Faculty of Engineering, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Moshe Dessau
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | | | | | - Ben A. Croker
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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311
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Bessalah S, Jebahi S, Mejri N, Salhi I, Khorchani T, Hammadi M. Perspective on therapeutic and diagnostic potential of camel nanobodies for coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). 3 Biotech 2021; 11:89. [PMID: 33500874 PMCID: PMC7820838 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02647-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we focus on the camelid nanobodies as a revolutionary therapy that can guide efforts to discover new drugs for Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The small size property makes nanobodies capable of penetrating efficiently into tissues and recognizing cryptic antigens. Strong antigen affinity and stability in the gastrointestinal tract allow them to be used via oral administration. In fact, the use of nanobodies as inhalant can be directly delivered to the target organ, conferring high pulmonary drug concentrations and low systemic drug concentrations and minimal systemic side effects. For that, nanobodies are referred as a class of next-generation antibodies. Nanobodies permit the construction of multivalent formats that may achieve ultra-high neutralization potency and then may prevent mutational escape and can neutralize a wide range of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Due to their distinctive characteristics, nanobodies can be of great use in the development of promising treatment or preventive strategies against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, the state-of-the-art of camel nanobodies design strategies against the virus including SARS-CoV-2 are critically summarized. The application of general nanotechnology was also discussed to mitigate and control emerging SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Bessalah
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory, Arid Lands Institute (I.R.A), University of Gabès, 4119 Médenine, Tunisia
| | - Samira Jebahi
- Laboratory on Energy and Matter for Nuclear Sciences Development (LR16CNSTN02), National Centre for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Thabet Technopark, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia, Pole technologique, BP 72, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Naceur Mejri
- Laboratory on Energy and Matter for Nuclear Sciences Development (LR16CNSTN02), National Centre for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Thabet Technopark, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia, Pole technologique, BP 72, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Imed Salhi
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory, Arid Lands Institute (I.R.A), University of Gabès, 4119 Médenine, Tunisia
| | - Touhami Khorchani
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory, Arid Lands Institute (I.R.A), University of Gabès, 4119 Médenine, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Hammadi
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory, Arid Lands Institute (I.R.A), University of Gabès, 4119 Médenine, Tunisia
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312
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Wang T, He L, Jing J, Lan T, Hong T, Wang F, Huang Y, Ma G, Zhou Y. Caffeine-Operated Synthetic Modules for Chemogenetic Control of Protein Activities by Life Style. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002148. [PMID: 33552855 PMCID: PMC7856909 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A genetically encoded caffeine-operated synthetic module (COSMO) is introduced herein as a robust chemically induced dimerization (CID) system. COSMO enables chemogenetic manipulation of biological processes by caffeine and its metabolites, as well as caffeinated beverages, including coffee, tea, soda, and energy drinks. This CID tool, evolved from an anti-caffeine nanobody via cell-based high-throughput screening, permits caffeine-inducible gating of calcium channels, tumor killing via necroptosis, growth factors-independent activation of tyrosine receptor kinase signaling, and enhancement of nanobody-mediated antigen recognition for the severe acute respiratory distress coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein. Further rationalized engineering of COSMO leads to 34-217-fold enhancement in caffeine sensitivity (EC50 = 16.9 nanomolar), which makes it among the most potent CID systems like the FK506 binding protein (FKBP)-FKBP rapamycin binding domain (FRB)-rapamycin complex. Furthermore, bivalent COSMO (biCOMSO) connected with a long linker favors intramolecular dimerization and acts as a versatile precision switch when inserted in host proteins to achieve tailored function. Given the modularity and high transferability of COMSO and biCOSMO, these chemical biology tools are anticipated to greatly accelerate the development of therapeutic cells and biologics that can be switched on and off by caffeinated beverages commonly consumed in the daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlu Wang
- Center for Translational Cancer ResearchInstitute of Biosciences and TechnologyTexas A&M UniversityHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Lian He
- Center for Translational Cancer ResearchInstitute of Biosciences and TechnologyTexas A&M UniversityHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Ji Jing
- Center for Translational Cancer ResearchInstitute of Biosciences and TechnologyTexas A&M UniversityHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Tien‐Hung Lan
- Center for Translational Cancer ResearchInstitute of Biosciences and TechnologyTexas A&M UniversityHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Tingting Hong
- Center for Epigenetics and Disease PreventionInstitute of Biosciences and TechnologyTexas A&M UniversityHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Fen Wang
- Center for Translational Cancer ResearchInstitute of Biosciences and TechnologyTexas A&M UniversityHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Yun Huang
- Center for Epigenetics and Disease PreventionInstitute of Biosciences and TechnologyTexas A&M UniversityHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Guolin Ma
- Center for Translational Cancer ResearchInstitute of Biosciences and TechnologyTexas A&M UniversityHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Yubin Zhou
- Center for Translational Cancer ResearchInstitute of Biosciences and TechnologyTexas A&M UniversityHoustonTX77030USA
- Department of Translational Medical SciencesCollege of MedicineTexas A&M UniversityHoustonTX77030USA
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313
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Zare H, Aghamollaei H, Hosseindokht M, Heiat M, Razei A, Bakherad H. Nanobodies, the potent agents to detect and treat the Coronavirus infections: A systematic review. Mol Cell Probes 2021; 55:101692. [PMID: 33358936 PMCID: PMC7832525 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The newly emerged coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) continues to infect humans, and no effective treatment has yet been found. Antibody therapy is one way to control infection caused by COVID-19. However, the use of classical antibodies raises complex issues. Heavy chain antibodies (HCAbs) are single-domain antibodies derived from the Camelidae family. The variable part of these antibodies (Nanobodies or VHH) has interesting properties such as small size, cost-effective production, and good tissue permeability, causing VHH to be regarded as an antiviral therapeutics. However, the small size of nanobodies may lead to low antigen binding affinity and rapid renal clearance. In this systematic review, the application of nanobodies in the treatment of COVID-19 infection and other similar infections (MERS and SARS) was reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Zare
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Hossein Aghamollaei
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Hosseindokht
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohammad Heiat
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Razei
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Bakherad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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314
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Sajna KV, Kamat S. Antibodies at work in the time of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Cytotherapy 2021; 23:101-110. [PMID: 32988772 PMCID: PMC7458058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In view of devastating effects of COVID-19 on human life, there is an urgent need for the licened vaccines or therapeutics for the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Age-old passive immunization with protective antibodies to neutralize the virus is one of the strategies for emergency prophylaxis and therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this review, the authors discuss up-to-date advances in immune-based therapy for COVID-19. The use of convalescent plasma therapy as the first line of defense to treat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been established, with encouraging results. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that bind to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or block the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 RBD and the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor have been found to be very promising as a countermeasure for tackling the SARS-CoV-2 infection, and clinical trials are underway. Considering the counterproductive antibody-dependent enhancement of the virus, mAbs therapy that is safe and efficacious, even in people with underlying conditions, will be a significant breakthrough. In addition, emerging immunotherapeutic interventions using nanobodies and cellular immunotherapy are promising avenues for tackling the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors also discuss the implication of mAbs as mediators of cytokine storm syndrome to modify the immune response of COVID-19 patients, thus reducing the fatality rate of COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siya Kamat
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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315
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Lobo-Galo N, Gálvez-Ruíz JC, Balderrama-Carmona AP, Silva-Beltrán NP, Ruiz-Bustos E. Recent biotechnological advances as potential intervention strategies against COVID-19. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:41. [PMID: 33457170 PMCID: PMC7796695 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging SARS-CoV-2 viral disease (COVID-19) has caused a global health alert due to its high rate of infection and mortality in individuals with chronic cardiovascular comorbidities, in addition to generating complex clinical conditions. This has forced the scientific community to explore different strategies that allow combating this viral infection as well as treating life-threatening systemic effect of the infection on the individual. In this work, we have reviewed the most recent scientific evidence to provide a comprehensive panorama regarding the biotechnological strategies that have been proposed to combat this new viral infection. We have focused our analysis on vaccine production, nanotechnology applications, repurposing of know drugs for unrelated pathologies, and the search for bioactive molecules obtained from natural products. The goals include safely use as potential prophylactic or therapeutic treatments, based on in silico and in vivo studies, including clinical trials around the world for the correct and timely diagnosis of the infection. This review aims to highlight the development of new ideas that can decrease the time lines for research output and improve research quality while at the same time, keeping in mind the efficacy and safety aspects of these potential biotechnological strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naun Lobo-Galo
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua Mexico
| | - Juan-Carlos Gálvez-Ruíz
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora Mexico
| | - Ana P. Balderrama-Carmona
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Unidad Regional Sur, Universidad de Sonora, Navojoa, Sonora Mexico
| | - Norma P. Silva-Beltrán
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, campus Cajeme, Universidad de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora Mexico
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Bustos
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora Mexico
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316
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Cruz-Teran C, Tiruthani K, McSweeney M, Ma A, Pickles R, Lai SK. Challenges and opportunities for antiviral monoclonal antibodies as COVID-19 therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 169:100-117. [PMID: 33309815 PMCID: PMC7833882 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To address the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an unprecedented global effort to advance potent neutralizing mAbs against SARS-CoV-2 as therapeutics. However, historical efforts to advance antiviral monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for the treatment of other respiratory infections have been met with categorical failures in the clinic. By investigating the mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 and similar viruses spread within the lung, along with available biodistribution data for systemically injected mAb, we highlight the challenges faced by current antiviral mAbs for COVID-19. We summarize some of the leading mAbs currently in development, and present the evidence supporting inhaled delivery of antiviral mAb as an early intervention against COVID-19 that could prevent important pulmonary morbidities associated with the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cruz-Teran
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Karthik Tiruthani
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Alice Ma
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Raymond Pickles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Samuel K Lai
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Inhalon Biopharma, Durham, NC 27709, USA; UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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317
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Huang KYA, Tan TK, Chen TH, Huang CG, Harvey R, Hussain S, Chen CP, Harding A, Gilbert-Jaramillo J, Liu X, Knight M, Schimanski L, Shih SR, Lin YC, Cheng CY, Cheng SH, Huang YC, Lin TY, Jan JT, Ma C, James W, Daniels RS, McCauley JW, Rijal P, Townsend AR. Breadth and function of antibody response to acute SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009352. [PMID: 33635919 PMCID: PMC8130932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Serological and plasmablast responses and plasmablast-derived IgG monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have been analysed in three COVID-19 patients with different clinical severities. Potent humoral responses were detected within 3 weeks of onset of illness in all patients and the serological titre was elicited soon after or concomitantly with peripheral plasmablast response. An average of 13.7% and 3.5% of plasmablast-derived MAbs were reactive with virus spike glycoprotein or nucleocapsid, respectively. A subset of anti-spike (10 of 32) antibodies cross-reacted with other betacoronaviruses tested and harboured extensive somatic mutations, indicative of an expansion of memory B cells upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. Fourteen of 32 anti-spike MAbs, including five anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD), three anti-non-RBD S1 and six anti-S2, neutralised wild-type SARS-CoV-2 in independent assays. Anti-RBD MAbs were further grouped into four cross-inhibiting clusters, of which six antibodies from three separate clusters blocked the binding of RBD to ACE2 and five were neutralising. All ACE2-blocking anti-RBD antibodies were isolated from two recovered patients with prolonged fever, which is compatible with substantial ACE2-blocking response in their sera. Finally, the identification of non-competing pairs of neutralising antibodies would offer potential templates for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Ying A. Huang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tiong Kit Tan
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ting-Hua Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Guei Huang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ruth Harvey
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saira Hussain
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cheng-Pin Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Adam Harding
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Xu Liu
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Knight
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Schimanski
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, and Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Cheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hsing Cheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, and Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yhu-Chering Huang
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tzou-Yien Lin
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Tsrong Jan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Che Ma
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - William James
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rodney S. Daniels
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - John W. McCauley
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pramila Rijal
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alain R. Townsend
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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318
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Yuan M, Liu H, Wu NC, Wilson IA. Recognition of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain by neutralizing antibodies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 538:192-203. [PMID: 33069360 PMCID: PMC7547570 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immediately from the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers from diverse biomedical and biological disciplines have united to study the novel pandemic virus, SARS-CoV-2. The antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 has been a major focus of COVID-19 research due to its clinical relevance and importance in vaccine and therapeutic development. Isolation and characterization of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 have been accumulating at an unprecedented pace. Most of the SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies to date target the spike (S) protein receptor binding domain (RBD), which engages the host receptor ACE2 for viral entry. Here we review the binding sites and molecular features of monoclonal antibodies that target the SARS-CoV-2 RBD, including a few that also cross-neutralize SARS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yuan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Hejun Liu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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319
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Walsh MA, Grimes JM, Stuart DI. Diamond Light Source: contributions to SARS-CoV-2 biology and therapeutics. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 538:40-46. [PMID: 33248689 PMCID: PMC7676326 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The impact of COVID-19 on public health and the global economy has led to an unprecedented research response, with a major emphasis on the development of safe vaccines and drugs. However, effective, safe treatments typically take over a decade to develop and there are still no clinically approved therapies to treat highly pathogenic coronaviruses. Repurposing of known drugs can speed up development and this strategy, along with the use of biologicals (notably monoclonal antibody therapy) and vaccine development programmes remain the principal routes to dealing with the immediate impact of COVID-19. Nevertheless, the development of broadly-effective highly potent antivirals should be a major longer term goal. Structural biology has been applied with enormous effect, with key proteins structurally characterised only weeks after the SARS-CoV-2 sequence was released. Open-access to advanced infrastructure for structural biology techniques at synchrotrons and high-end cryo-EM and NMR centres has brought these technologies centre-stage in drug discovery. We summarise the role of Diamond Light Source in responses to the pandemic and note the impact of the immediate release of results in fuelling an open-science approach to early-stage drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Walsh
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK; Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Jonathan M Grimes
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK; Division of Structural Biology, The Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - David I Stuart
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK; Division of Structural Biology, The Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK; Instruct-ERIC, Oxford House, Parkway Court, John Smith Drive, Oxford, OX4 2JY, UK.
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320
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Scourfield DO, Reed SG, Quastel M, Alderson J, Bart VMT, Teijeira Crespo A, Jones R, Pring E, Richter FC, Burnell SEA. The role and uses of antibodies in COVID-19 infections: a living review. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:iqab003. [PMID: 34192270 PMCID: PMC7928637 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 has generated a rapidly evolving field of research, with the global scientific community striving for solutions to the current pandemic. Characterizing humoral responses towards SARS-CoV-2, as well as closely related strains, will help determine whether antibodies are central to infection control, and aid the design of therapeutics and vaccine candidates. This review outlines the major aspects of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody research to date, with a focus on the various prophylactic and therapeutic uses of antibodies to alleviate disease in addition to the potential of cross-reactive therapies and the implications of long-term immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Oliver Scourfield
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Sophie G Reed
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Max Quastel
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Jennifer Alderson
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 FTY, UK
| | - Valentina M T Bart
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Alicia Teijeira Crespo
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Ruth Jones
- Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Ellie Pring
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Felix Clemens Richter
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 FTY, UK
| | - Stephanie E A Burnell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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321
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Ahmad J, Jiang J, Boyd LF, Natarajan K, Margulies DH. Synthetic nanobody-SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain structures identify distinct epitopes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.01.27.428466. [PMID: 33532775 PMCID: PMC7852268 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.27.428466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) demands unprecedented attention. We report four X-ray crystal structures of three synthetic nanobodies (sybodies) (Sb16, Sb45 and Sb68) bind to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2: binary complexes of Sb16-RBD and Sb45-RBD; a ternary complex of Sb45-RBD-Sb68; and Sb16 unliganded. Sb16 and Sb45 bind the RBD at the ACE2 interface, positioning their CDR2 and CDR3 loops diametrically. Sb16 reveals a large CDR2 shift when binding the RBD. Sb68 interacts peripherally at the ACE2 interface; steric clashes with glycans explain its mechanism of viral neutralization. Superposing these structures onto trimeric spike (S) protein models indicates these sybodies bind conformations of the mature S protein differently, which may aid therapeutic design. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY X-ray structures of synthetic nanobodies complexed with the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 reveal details of CDR loop interactions in recognition of distinct epitopic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javeed Ahmad
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1892
| | - Jiansheng Jiang
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1892
| | - Lisa F. Boyd
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1892
| | - Kannan Natarajan
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1892
| | - David H. Margulies
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1892
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322
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Tan TK, Rijal P, Rahikainen R, Keeble AH, Schimanski L, Hussain S, Harvey R, Hayes JWP, Edwards JC, McLean RK, Martini V, Pedrera M, Thakur N, Conceicao C, Dietrich I, Shelton H, Ludi A, Wilsden G, Browning C, Zagrajek AK, Bialy D, Bhat S, Stevenson-Leggett P, Hollinghurst P, Tully M, Moffat K, Chiu C, Waters R, Gray A, Azhar M, Mioulet V, Newman J, Asfor AS, Burman A, Crossley S, Hammond JA, Tchilian E, Charleston B, Bailey D, Tuthill TJ, Graham SP, Duyvesteyn HME, Malinauskas T, Huo J, Tree JA, Buttigieg KR, Owens RJ, Carroll MW, Daniels RS, McCauley JW, Stuart DI, Huang KYA, Howarth M, Townsend AR. A COVID-19 vaccine candidate using SpyCatcher multimerization of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain induces potent neutralising antibody responses. Nat Commun 2021; 12:542. [PMID: 33483491 PMCID: PMC7822889 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is need for effective and affordable vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 to tackle the ongoing pandemic. In this study, we describe a protein nanoparticle vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. The vaccine is based on the display of coronavirus spike glycoprotein receptor-binding domain (RBD) on a synthetic virus-like particle (VLP) platform, SpyCatcher003-mi3, using SpyTag/SpyCatcher technology. Low doses of RBD-SpyVLP in a prime-boost regimen induce a strong neutralising antibody response in mice and pigs that is superior to convalescent human sera. We evaluate antibody quality using ACE2 blocking and neutralisation of cell infection by pseudovirus or wild-type SARS-CoV-2. Using competition assays with a monoclonal antibody panel, we show that RBD-SpyVLP induces a polyclonal antibody response that recognises key epitopes on the RBD, reducing the likelihood of selecting neutralisation-escape mutants. Moreover, RBD-SpyVLP is thermostable and can be lyophilised without losing immunogenicity, to facilitate global distribution and reduce cold-chain dependence. The data suggests that RBD-SpyVLP provides strong potential to address clinical and logistic challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiong Kit Tan
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Pramila Rijal
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rolle Rahikainen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Anthony H Keeble
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Lisa Schimanski
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Saira Hussain
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ruth Harvey
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Jack W P Hayes
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Jane C Edwards
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | | | - Miriam Pedrera
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Nazia Thakur
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | | | - Holly Shelton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Anna Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Clare Browning
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Dagmara Bialy
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Sushant Bhat
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Philippa Hollinghurst
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
- Department of Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Matthew Tully
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Katy Moffat
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Chris Chiu
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Ryan Waters
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Ashley Gray
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Mehreen Azhar
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Joseph Newman
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Amin S Asfor
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Alison Burman
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - John A Hammond
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Elma Tchilian
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Dalan Bailey
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Simon P Graham
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Helen M E Duyvesteyn
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Tomas Malinauskas
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Jiandong Huo
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford, UK
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Protein Production UK, Research Complex at Harwell, and Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Julia A Tree
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Karen R Buttigieg
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Raymond J Owens
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford, UK
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Protein Production UK, Research Complex at Harwell, and Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Miles W Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Rodney S Daniels
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - John W McCauley
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - David I Stuart
- Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford, UK
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Kuan-Ying A Huang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Mark Howarth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
| | - Alain R Townsend
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
- Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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323
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Finkelstein MT, Mermelstein AG, Parker Miller E, Seth PC, Stancofski ESD, Fera D. Structural Analysis of Neutralizing Epitopes of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike to Guide Therapy and Vaccine Design Strategies. Viruses 2021; 13:134. [PMID: 33477902 PMCID: PMC7833398 DOI: 10.3390/v13010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus research has gained tremendous attention because of the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (nCoV or SARS-CoV-2). In this review, we highlight recent studies that provide atomic-resolution structural details important for the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that can be used therapeutically and prophylactically and for vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Structural studies with SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing mAbs have revealed a diverse set of binding modes on the spike's receptor-binding domain and N-terminal domain and highlight alternative targets on the spike. We consider this structural work together with mAb effects in vivo to suggest correlations between structure and clinical applications. We also place mAbs against severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronaviruses in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 spike to suggest features that may be desirable to design mAbs or vaccines capable of conferring broad protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniela Fera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA; (M.T.F.); (A.G.M.); (E.P.M.); (P.C.S.); (E.-S.D.S.)
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324
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Liang T, Qiu J, Niu X, Ma Q, Zhou C, Chen P, Zhang Q, Chen M, Yang Z, Liu S, Li L. 3-Hydroxyphthalic Anhydride-Modified Chicken Ovalbumin as a Potential Candidate Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Disrupting the Interaction of Spike Protein With Host ACE2 Receptor. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:603830. [PMID: 33519467 PMCID: PMC7840605 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.603830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The global spread of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 urgently requires discovery of effective therapeutics for the treatment of COVID-19. The spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 plays a key role in receptor recognition, virus-cell membrane fusion and virus entry. Our previous studies have reported that 3-hydroxyphthalic anhydride-modified chicken ovalbumin (HP-OVA) serves as a viral entry inhibitor to prevent several kinds of virus infection. Here, our results reveal that HP-OVA can effectively inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication and S protein-mediated cell-cell fusion in a dose-dependent manner without obvious cytopathic effects. Further analysis suggests that HP-OVA can bind to both the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 and host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the functional receptor of SARS-CoV-2, and disrupt the S protein-ACE2 interaction, thereby exhibiting inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In summary, our findings suggest that HP-OVA can serve as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of deadly COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taizhen Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayin Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoge Niu
- Department of Special Medical Service Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinhai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Chenliang Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiyun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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325
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Wang W, Xu C, Wang H, Jiang C. Identification of nanobodies against hepatocellular carcinoma marker glypican-3. Mol Immunol 2021; 131:13-22. [PMID: 33453658 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a highly specific diagnostic marker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) diagnosis and a potential target in HCC therapy. Nanobodies (Nbs) are promising targeting molecules due to their high specificity and strong affinities to antigens, high stability, deep tissue penetration, and low immunogenicity. In this study, we isolated Nbs against GPC3 marker protein from a synthetic Nb library by phage display. To characterize these Nbs, we performed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoprecipitation assay, and immunofluorescent assay to demonstrate that four (G8, G10, G11, and G64) of them bound specifically to recombinant as well as endogenous GPC3, and epitope mapping showed they all bound to N-terminal subunit of GPC3. Furthermore, we found that G64 exhibited high protein stability and GPC3 binding activity in serum at 37℃ for at least 96 h, and G64 did not affect the proliferation of HEK293T cells and HCC cell line HepG2. Our study provides four anti-GPC3 Nbs as promising targeting molecules for HCC diagnostic and therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Wang
- Institute for Medical Biology and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Precision Medicine R&D Center, Zhuhai Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519080, China; Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
| | - Chang Xu
- Precision Medicine R&D Center, Zhuhai Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519080, China
| | - Huanan Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The 990th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Xinyang, Henan, 464000, China
| | - Changan Jiang
- Precision Medicine R&D Center, Zhuhai Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519080, China; Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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326
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Lim SA, Gramespacher JA, Pance K, Rettko NJ, Solomon P, Jin J, Lui I, Elledge SK, Liu J, Bracken CJ, Simmons G, Zhou XX, Leung KK, Wells JA. Bispecific VH/Fab antibodies targeting neutralizing and non-neutralizing Spike epitopes demonstrate enhanced potency against SARS-CoV-2. MAbs 2021; 13:1893426. [PMID: 33666135 PMCID: PMC7939556 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1893426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous neutralizing antibodies that target SARS-CoV-2 have been reported, and most directly block binding of the viral Spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) to angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2). Here, we deliberately exploit non-neutralizing RBD antibodies, showing they can dramatically assist in neutralization when linked to neutralizing binders. We identified antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) by phage display that bind RBD, but do not block ACE2 or neutralize virus as IgGs. When these non-neutralizing Fabs were assembled into bispecific VH/Fab IgGs with a neutralizing VH domain, we observed a ~ 25-fold potency improvement in neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 compared to the mono-specific bi-valent VH-Fc alone or the cocktail of the VH-Fc and IgG. This effect was epitope-dependent, reflecting the unique geometry of the bispecific antibody toward Spike. Our results show that a bispecific antibody that combines both neutralizing and non-neutralizing epitopes on Spike-RBD is a promising and rapid engineering strategy to improve the potency of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Bispecific/genetics
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- COVID-19/genetics
- COVID-19/immunology
- Epitopes/genetics
- Epitopes/immunology
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/therapeutic use
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- COVID-19 Drug Treatment
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Affiliation(s)
- Shion A. Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Josef A. Gramespacher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Katarina Pance
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Rettko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Paige Solomon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jing Jin
- Vitalant Research Institute and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Irene Lui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Susanna K. Elledge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Colton J. Bracken
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Graham Simmons
- Vitalant Research Institute and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Xin X. Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kevin K. Leung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James A. Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
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327
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Bracken CJ, Lim SA, Solomon P, Rettko NJ, Nguyen DP, Zha BS, Schaefer K, Byrnes JR, Zhou J, Lui I, Liu J, Pance K, Zhou XX, Leung KK, Wells JA. Bi-paratopic and multivalent VH domains block ACE2 binding and neutralize SARS-CoV-2. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:113-121. [PMID: 33082574 PMCID: PMC8356808 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-00679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing agents against SARS-CoV-2 are urgently needed for the treatment and prophylaxis of COVID-19. Here, we present a strategy to rapidly identify and assemble synthetic human variable heavy (VH) domains toward neutralizing epitopes. We constructed a VH-phage library and targeted the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding interface of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike receptor-binding domain (Spike-RBD). Using a masked selection approach, we identified VH binders to two non-overlapping epitopes and further assembled these into multivalent and bi-paratopic formats. These VH constructs showed increased affinity to Spike (up to 600-fold) and neutralization potency (up to 1,400-fold) on pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 virus when compared to standalone VH domains. The most potent binder, a trivalent VH, neutralized authentic SARS-CoV-2 with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 4.0 nM (180 ng ml-1). A cryo-EM structure of the trivalent VH bound to Spike shows each VH domain engaging an RBD at the ACE2 binding site, confirming our original design strategy.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/chemistry
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Binding Sites, Antibody/genetics
- Binding Sites, Antibody/immunology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Peptide Library
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical
- Protein Conformation, beta-Strand
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- SARS-CoV-2
- Single-Chain Antibodies/chemistry
- Single-Chain Antibodies/genetics
- Single-Chain Antibodies/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/antagonists & inhibitors
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Vero Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Colton J Bracken
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shion A Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paige Solomon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Rettko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Duy P Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Lyell Immunopharma Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Beth Shoshana Zha
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kaitlin Schaefer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James R Byrnes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Irene Lui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Merck & Co., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katarina Pance
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xin X Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevin K Leung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James A Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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328
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Limsakul P, Charupanit K, Moonla C, Jeerapan I. Advances in emergent biological recognition elements and bioelectronics for diagnosing COVID-19. EMERGENT MATERIALS 2021; 4:231-247. [PMID: 33718775 PMCID: PMC7937783 DOI: 10.1007/s42247-021-00175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses pose a serious threat to public health. Tremendous efforts are dedicated to advance reliable and effective detection of coronaviruses. Currently, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis mainly relies on the detection of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genetic materials by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. However, simpler and more rapid and reliable alternatives are needed to meet high demand during the pandemic. Biosensor-based diagnosis approaches become alternatives for selectively and rapidly detecting virus particles because of their biorecognition elements consisting of biomaterials that are specific to virus biomarkers. Here, we summarize biorecognition materials, including antibodies and antibody-like molecules, that are designed to recognize SARS-CoV-2 biomarkers and the advances of recently developed biosensors for COVID-19 diagnosis. The design of biorecognition materials or layers is crucial to maximize biosensing performances, such as high selectivity and sensitivity of virus detection. Additionally, the recent representative achievements in developing bioelectronics for sensing coronavirus are included. This review includes scholarly articles, mainly published in 2020 and early 2021. In addition to capturing the fast development in the fields of applied materials and biodiagnosis, the outlook of this rapidly evolving technology is summarized. Early diagnosis of COVID-19 could help prevent the spread of this contagious disease and provide significant information to medical teams to treat patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praopim Limsakul
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112 Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112 Thailand
| | - Krit Charupanit
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110 Thailand
| | - Chochanon Moonla
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, 111, University Avenue, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000 Thailand
| | - Itthipon Jeerapan
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112 Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112 Thailand
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329
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Huang T, Sun L, Kang D, Poongavanam V, Liu X, Zhan P, Menéndez-Arias L. Search, Identification, and Design of Effective Antiviral Drugs Against Pandemic Human Coronaviruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1322:219-260. [PMID: 34258743 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-0267-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent coronavirus outbreaks of SARS-CoV-1 (2002-2003), MERS-CoV (since 2012), and SARS-CoV-2 (since the end of 2019) are examples of how viruses can damage health care and generate havoc all over the world. Coronavirus can spread quickly from person to person causing high morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, the antiviral armamentarium is insufficient to fight these infections. In this chapter, we provide a detailed summary of the current situation in the development of drugs directed against pandemic human coronaviruses. Apart from the recently licensed remdesivir, other antiviral agents discussed in this review include molecules targeting viral components (e.g., RNA polymerase inhibitors, entry inhibitors, or protease inhibitors), compounds interfering with virus-host interactions, and drugs identified in large screening assays, effective against coronavirus replication, but with an uncertain mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianguang Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | | | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Luis Menéndez-Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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330
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Stefan MA, Light YK, Schwedler JL, McIlroy PR, Courtney CM, Saada EA, Thatcher CE, Phillips AM, Bourguet FA, Mageeney CM, McCloy SA, Collette NM, Negrete OA, Schoeniger JS, Weilhammer DR, Harmon B. Development of potent and effective synthetic SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing nanobodies. MAbs 2021; 13:1958663. [PMID: 34348076 PMCID: PMC8344751 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1958663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The respiratory virus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has affected nearly every aspect of life worldwide, claiming the lives of over 3.9 million people globally, at the time of this publication. Neutralizing humanized nanobody (VHH)-based antibodies (VHH-huFc) represent a promising therapeutic intervention strategy to address the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and provide a powerful toolkit to address future virus outbreaks. Using a synthetic, high-diversity VHH bacteriophage library, several potent neutralizing VHH-huFc antibodies were identified and evaluated for their capacity to tightly bind to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain, to prevent binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) to the cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and to neutralize viral infection. Preliminary preclinical evaluation of multiple VHH-huFc antibody candidates demonstrate that they are prophylactically and therapeutically effective in vivo against wildtype SARS-CoV-2. The identified and characterized VHH-huFc antibodies described herein represent viable candidates for further preclinical evaluation and another tool to add to our therapeutic arsenal to address the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell A. Stefan
- Systems Biology Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, USA
| | - Yooli K. Light
- Systems Biology Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Schwedler
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, USA
| | - Peter R. McIlroy
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, USA
| | - Colleen M. Courtney
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, USA
| | - Edwin A. Saada
- Systems Biology Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, USA
| | - Christine E. Thatcher
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, USA
| | - Ashlee M. Phillips
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Livermore, USA
| | - Feliza A. Bourguet
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Livermore, USA
| | | | - Summer A. McCloy
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Livermore, USA
| | - Nicole M. Collette
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Livermore, USA
| | - Oscar A. Negrete
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, USA
| | | | - Dina R. Weilhammer
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Livermore, USA
| | - Brooke Harmon
- Systems Biology Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, USA
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331
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Mendoza P, Lorenzi JCC, Gaebler C. COVID-19 antibody development fueled by HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibody research. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2021; 16:25-35. [PMID: 33229949 PMCID: PMC11366771 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caught the world unprepared, with no prevention or treatment strategies in place. In addition to the efforts to develop an effective vaccine, alternative approaches are essential to control this pandemic, which will most likely require multiple readily available solutions. Among them, monoclonal anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies have been isolated by multiple laboratories in record time facilitated by techniques that were first pioneered for HIV-1 antibody discovery. Here, we summarize how lessons learned from anti-HIV-1 antibody discovery have provided fundamental knowledge for the rapid development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. RECENT FINDINGS Research laboratories that successfully identified potent broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 have harnessed their antibody discovery techniques to isolate novel potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, which have efficacy in animal models. These antibodies represent promising clinical candidates for treatment or prevention of COVID-19. SUMMARY Passive transfer of antibodies is a promising approach when the elicitation of protective immune responses is difficult, as in the case of HIV-1 infection. Antibodies can also play a significant role in post-exposure prophylaxis, in high-risk populations that may not mount robust immune responses after vaccination, and in therapy. We provide a review of the recent approaches used for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody discovery and upcoming challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Mendoza
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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332
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Yang H, Rao Z. Structural biology of SARS-CoV-2 and implications for therapeutic development. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 19:685-700. [PMID: 34535791 PMCID: PMC8447893 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-021-00630-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an unprecedented global health crisis. However, therapeutic options for treatment are still very limited. The development of drugs that target vital proteins in the viral life cycle is a feasible approach for treating COVID-19. Belonging to the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae with the largest RNA genome, SARS-CoV-2 encodes a total of 29 proteins. These non-structural, structural and accessory proteins participate in entry into host cells, genome replication and transcription, and viral assembly and release. SARS-CoV-2 proteins can individually perform essential physiological roles, be components of the viral replication machinery or interact with numerous host cellular factors. In this Review, we delineate the structural features of SARS-CoV-2 from the whole viral particle to the individual viral proteins and discuss their functions as well as their potential as targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Yang
- grid.440637.20000 0004 4657 8879Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zihe Rao
- grid.440637.20000 0004 4657 8879Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China ,grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Laboratory of Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China ,grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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333
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Abstract
Spurred into action by the COVID-19 pandemic, the global scientific community has, in a short of period of time, made astonishing progress in understanding and combating COVID-19. Given the known human protein machinery for (a) SARS-CoV-2 entry, (b) the host innate immune response, and (c) virus-host interactions (protein-protein and RNA-protein), the potential effects of human genetic variation in this machinery, which may contribute to clinical differences in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and help determine individual risk for COVID-19 infection, are explored. The Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD) was used to show that several rare germline exome variants of proteins in these pathways occur in the human population, suggesting that carriers of these rare variants (especially for proteins of innate immunity pathways) are at risk for severe symptoms (like the severe symptoms in patients who are known to be rare variant carriers), whereas carriers of other variants could have a protective advantage against infection. The occurrence of genetic variation is thus expected to motivate the experimental probing of natural variants to understand the mechanistic differences in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis from one individual to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvobrata Chakravarty
- Chemistry & Biochemistry, South
Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United
States
- BioSNTR, Brookings, South
Dakota 57007, United States
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334
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Zhou Z, Wang X, Fu Y, Zhang X, Liu C. Letter to the editor: Neutralizing antibodies for the treatment of COVID-19. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:304-307. [PMID: 33224722 PMCID: PMC7668178 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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335
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Zhang Y, Xi H, Juhas M. Biosensing Detection of the SARS-CoV-2 D614G Mutation. Trends Genet 2020; 37:299-302. [PMID: 33402270 PMCID: PMC7758719 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of a mutant strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with an amino acid change from aspartate to a glycine residue at position 614 (D614G) has been reported and this mutant appears to be now dominant in the pandemic. Efficient detection of the SARS-CoV-2 D614G mutant by biosensing technologies is therefore crucial for the control of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- College of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
| | - Hui Xi
- College of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Mario Juhas
- Medical and Molecular Microbiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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336
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Honarmand Ebrahimi K. Ferritin as a Platform for Creating Antiviral Mosaic Nanocages: Prospects for Treating COVID-19. Chembiochem 2020; 22:1371-1378. [PMID: 33350032 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a continues threat to human health and the economy worldwide. The latest example is the global pandemic of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. Antibody therapy and vaccines are promising approaches to treat the disease; however, they have bottlenecks: they might have low efficacy or narrow breadth due to the continuous emergence of new strains of the virus or antibodies could cause antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection. To address these bottlenecks, I propose the use of 24-meric ferritin for the synthesis of mosaic nanocages to deliver a cocktail of antibodies or nanobodies alone or in combination with another therapeutic, like a nucleotide analogue, to mimic the viral entry process and deceive the virus, or to develop mosaic vaccines. I argue that available data showing the effectiveness of ferritin-antibody conjugates in targeting specific cells and ferritin-haemagglutinin nanocages in developing influenza vaccines strongly support my proposals.
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337
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Esparza TJ, Martin NP, Anderson GP, Goldman ER, Brody DL. High affinity nanobodies block SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain interaction with human angiotensin converting enzyme. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22370. [PMID: 33353972 PMCID: PMC7755911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are currently few approved effective treatments for SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Nanobodies are 12–15 kDa single-domain antibody fragments that can be delivered by inhalation and are amenable to relatively inexpensive large scale production compared to other biologicals. We have isolated nanobodies that bind to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain and block spike protein interaction with the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) with 1–5 nM affinity. The lead nanobody candidate, NIH-CoVnb-112, blocks SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped lentivirus infection of HEK293 cells expressing human ACE2 with an EC50 of 0.3 µg/mL. NIH-CoVnb-112 retains structural integrity and potency after nebulization. Furthermore, NIH-CoVnb-112 blocks interaction between ACE2 and several high affinity variant forms of the spike protein. These nanobodies and their derivatives have therapeutic, preventative, and diagnostic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Esparza
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Negin P Martin
- Viral Vector Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH/DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.,Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH/DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - George P Anderson
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Ellen R Goldman
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - David L Brody
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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338
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Xiang Y, Nambulli S, Xiao Z, Liu H, Sang Z, Duprex WP, Schneidman-Duhovny D, Zhang C, Shi Y. Versatile and multivalent nanobodies efficiently neutralize SARS-CoV-2. Science 2020; 370:1479-1484. [PMID: 33154108 PMCID: PMC7857400 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe4747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cost-effective, efficacious therapeutics are urgently needed to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we used camelid immunization and proteomics to identify a large repertoire of highly potent neutralizing nanobodies (Nbs) to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD). We discovered Nbs with picomolar to femtomolar affinities that inhibit viral infection at concentrations below the nanograms-per-milliliter level, and we determined a structure of one of the most potent Nbs in complex with the RBD. Structural proteomics and integrative modeling revealed multiple distinct and nonoverlapping epitopes and indicated an array of potential neutralization mechanisms. We bioengineered multivalent Nb constructs that achieved ultrahigh neutralization potency (half-maximal inhibitory concentration as low as 0.058 ng/ml) and may prevent mutational escape. These thermostable Nbs can be rapidly produced in bulk from microbes and resist lyophilization and aerosolization.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/chemistry
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Affinity
- COVID-19/therapy
- Camelids, New World
- Escherichia coli
- Humans
- Neutralization Tests
- Protein Binding
- Protein Domains
- Receptors, Virus/chemistry
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Single-Domain Antibodies/chemistry
- Single-Domain Antibodies/genetics
- Single-Domain Antibodies/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Xiang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sham Nambulli
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhengyun Xiao
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Heng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhe Sang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh-Carnegie Mellon University Program in Computational Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - W Paul Duprex
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dina Schneidman-Duhovny
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- University of Pittsburgh-Carnegie Mellon University Program in Computational Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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339
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Pomplun S. Targeting the SARS-CoV-2-spike protein: from antibodies to miniproteins and peptides. RSC Med Chem 2020; 12:197-202. [PMID: 34041482 PMCID: PMC8128053 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00385a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19, caused by the novel β-coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has created a global pandemic unseen in a century. Rapid worldwide efforts have enabled the characterization of the virus and its pathogenic mechanism. An early key finding is that SARS-CoV-2 uses spike proteins, the virus' most exposed structures, to bind to human ACE2 receptors and initiate cell invasion. Competitive targeting of the spike protein is a promising strategy to neutralize virus infectivity. This review article summarizes the discovery, binding modes and eventual applications of several classes of (bio)molecules targeting the spike protein: antibodies, nanobodies, soluble ACE2 variants, miniproteins, peptides and small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Pomplun
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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340
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Xiaojie S, Yu L, Lei Y, Guang Y, Min Q. Neutralizing antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Stem Cell Res 2020; 50:102125. [PMID: 33341604 PMCID: PMC7737530 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.102125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 causing the worldwide pandemic has changed people's life in multiple aspects dramatically since it's first identified in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019. While the numbers of infected patients and death toll keep vigorous increasing, curbing the progression of the pandemic is an urgent goal. Efforts have been made to search for prophylactic and therapeutic approaches including neutralizing antibodies development. By reviewing dozens of studies on anti-spike antibodies identification, we concluded that (1) promising therapeutic antibodies are being fished out by various approaches, such as screening of single B cells of convalescent patients, recombinant antibody library and B cells of immunized animals; (2) the epitopes are mainly RBD, but also some non-RBD domains, without the requisite of overlapping with ACE2 binding sites; (3) Neutralizing antibodies are convergent to a few germline genes, including IGHV3-30, IGHV3-53, IGHV3-66, with varying levels of somatic mutations. This review summarizes the progress in neutralizing antibodies development and the germline enrichment of effective antibodies, which will shed light on COVID-19 treatment and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Xiaojie
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, No. 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong District, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Yu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, No. 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong District, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Lei
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, No. 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong District, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Guang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, No. 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong District, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Min
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, No. 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong District, 201210, Shanghai, China.
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Canedo-Marroquín G, Saavedra F, Andrade CA, Berrios RV, Rodríguez-Guilarte L, Opazo MC, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. SARS-CoV-2: Immune Response Elicited by Infection and Development of Vaccines and Treatments. Front Immunol 2020; 11:569760. [PMID: 33362758 PMCID: PMC7759609 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.569760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) announced in March a pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This new infectious disease was named Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19), and at October 2020, more than 39,000,000 cases of SARS-CoV-2 have been detected worldwide leading to near 1,100,000 deaths. Clinically, COVID-19 is characterized by clinical manifestations, such as fever, dry cough, headache, and in more severe cases, respiratory distress. Moreover, neurological-, cardiac-, and renal-related symptoms have also been described. Clinical evidence suggests that migration of immune cells to the affected organs can produce an exacerbated release of proinflammatory mediators that contribute to disease and render the immune response as a major player during the development of the COVID-19 disease. Due to the current sanitary situation, the development of vaccines is imperative. Up to the date, 42 prototypes are being tested in humans in different clinical stages, with 10 vaccine candidates undergoing evaluation in phase III clinical trials. In the same way, the search for an effective treatment to approach the most severe cases is also in constant advancement. Several potential therapies have been tested since COVID-19 was described, including antivirals, antiparasitic and immune modulators. Recently, clinical trials with hydroxychloroquine-a promising drug in the beginning-were suspended. In addition, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved convalescent serum administration as a treatment for SARS-CoV-2 patients. Moreover, monoclonal antibody therapy is also under development to neutralize the virus and prevent infection. In this article, we describe the clinical manifestations and the immunological information available about COVID-19 disease. Furthermore, we discuss current therapies under study and the development of vaccines to prevent this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Canedo-Marroquín
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Farides Saavedra
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina A. Andrade
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roslye V. Berrios
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Linmar Rodríguez-Guilarte
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María C. Opazo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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342
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Abstract
More clinical trial data are needed to determine whether sera from COVID-19-convalescent patients and neutralizing monoclonal antibodies specific to SARS-CoV-2 antigens can prevent COVID-19 or reduce the severity of the disease in high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibo Jiang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peter J Hotez
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lanying Du
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA.
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343
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Sun Y, Ho M. Emerging antibody-based therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 during the global pandemic. Antib Ther 2020; 3:246-256. [PMID: 33912795 PMCID: PMC7717131 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbaa025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 antibody therapeutics are being evaluated in clinical and preclinical stages. As of 11 October 2020, 13 human monoclonal antibodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein have entered clinical trials with three (REGN-COV2, LY3819253/LY-CoV555, and VIR-7831/VIR-7832) in phase 3. On 9 November 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration issued an emergency use authorization for bamlanivimab (LY3819253/LY-CoV555) for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19. This review outlines the development of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, with a focus on discussing various antibody discovery strategies (animal immunization, phage display and B cell cloning), describing binding epitopes and comparing neutralizing activities. Broad-neutralizing antibodies targeting the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV might be helpful for treating COVID-19 and future infections. VIR-7831/7832 based on S309 is the only antibody in late clinical development, which can neutralize both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV although it does not directly block virus receptor binding. Thus far, the only cross-neutralizing antibody that is also a receptor binding blocker is nanobody VHH-72. The feasibility of developing nanobodies as inhaled drugs for treating COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases is an attractive idea that is worth exploring and testing. A cocktail strategy such as REGN-COV2, or engineered multivalent and multispecific molecules, combining two or more antibodies might improve the efficacy and protect against resistance due to virus escape mutants. Besides the receptor-binding domain, other viral antigens such as the S2 subunit of the spike protein and the viral attachment sites such as heparan sulfate proteoglycans that are on the host cells are worth investigating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Sun
- Antibody Engineering Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Antibody Engineering Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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344
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Twomey JD, Luo S, Dean AQ, Bozza WP, Nalli A, Zhang B. COVID-19 update: The race to therapeutic development. Drug Resist Updat 2020; 53:100733. [PMID: 33161277 PMCID: PMC7584885 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2020.100733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), represents an unprecedented challenge to global public health. At the time of this review, COVID-19 has been diagnosed in over 40 million cases and associated with 1.1 million deaths worldwide. Current management strategies for COVID-19 are largely supportive, and while there are more than 2000 interventional clinical trials registered with the U.S. National Library of Medicine (clinicaltrials.gov), results that can clarify benefits and risks of candidate therapies are only gradually becoming available. We herein describe recent advances in understanding SARS-CoV-2 pathobiology and potential therapeutic targets that are involved in viral entry into host cells, viral spread in the body, and the subsequent COVID-19 progression. We highlight two major lines of therapeutic strategies for COVID-19 treatment: 1) repurposing the existing drugs for use in COVID-19 patients, such as antiviral medications (e.g., remdesivir) and immunomodulators (e.g., dexamethasone) which were previously approved for other disease conditions, and 2) novel biological products that are designed to target specific molecules that are involved in SARS-CoV-2 viral entry, including neutralizing antibodies against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, such as REGN-COV2 (an antibody cocktail), as well as recombinant human soluble ACE2 protein to counteract SARS-CoV-2 binding to the transmembrane ACE2 receptor in target cells. Finally, we discuss potential drug resistance mechanisms and provide thoughts regarding clinical trial design to address the diversity in COVID-19 clinical manifestation. Of note, preventive vaccines, cell and gene therapies are not within the scope of the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne D Twomey
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Shen Luo
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Alexis Q Dean
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - William P Bozza
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Ancy Nalli
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Baolin Zhang
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States.
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345
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Huang Y, Sun H, Yu H, Li S, Zheng Q, Xia N. Neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2: current understanding, challenge and perspective. Antib Ther 2020; 3:285-299. [PMID: 33912797 PMCID: PMC7799234 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbaa028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence of Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) as a pandemic that presents an urgent human health crisis. Many SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) were developed with efficient therapeutic potential. NAbs-based therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 are being expedited to preclinical and clinical studies with two antibody drugs, LY3819253 (LY-CoV555) and REGN-COV2 (REGN10933 and REGN10987), approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for emergency use authorization for treating COVID-19. In this review, we provide a systemic overview of SARS-CoV-2 specific or cross-reactive NAbs and discuss their structures, functions and neutralization mechanisms. We provide insight into how these NAbs specific recognize the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 or cross-react to other CoVs. We also summarize the challenges of NAbs therapeutics such as antibody-dependent enhancement and viral escape mutations. Such evidence is urgently needed to the development of antibody therapeutic interventions that are likely required to reduce the global burden of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Hai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Shaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Qingbing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
- The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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346
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Liu LD, Lian C, Yeap LS, Meng FL. The development of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and their common features. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 12:980-986. [PMID: 33377928 PMCID: PMC7799018 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjaa070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a worldwide severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic since December 2019. There is a great demand for effective therapies for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Developing therapeutic neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), which could block viral infection, is such a promising approach, as NAbs have been successfully applied to the treatment of other viral infections. The recent advances of antibody technology have greatly accelerated the discovery of SARS-CoV-2 NAbs, and many of which are now actively tested in clinical trials. Here, we review the approaches applied for SARS-CoV-2 NAb development, and discuss the emerging technologies underlining the antibody discovery. We further summarize the common features of these antibodies including the shared neutralizing epitopes and sequence features.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- Antibody Diversity
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/therapy
- COVID-19/virology
- Drug Discovery
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Humans
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Pandemics
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Daisy Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chaoyang Lian
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Leng-Siew Yeap
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Fei-Long Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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347
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Ye G, Gallant JP, Massey C, Shi K, Tai W, Zheng J, Odle AE, Vickers MA, Shang J, Wan Y, Drelich A, Kempaiah KR, Tat V, Perlman S, Du L, Tseng CT, Aihara H, LeBeau AM, Li F. The Development of a Novel Nanobody Therapeutic for SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.11.17.386532. [PMID: 33236012 PMCID: PMC7685322 DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.17.386532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Combating the COVID-19 pandemic requires potent and low-cost therapeutics. We identified a novel series of single-domain antibodies (i.e., nanobody), Nanosota-1, from a camelid nanobody phage display library. Structural data showed that Nanosota-1 bound to the oft-hidden receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, blocking out viral receptor ACE2. The lead drug possessing an Fc tag ( Nanosota-1C-Fc ) bound to SARS-CoV-2 RBD with a K d of 15.7picomolar (∼3000 times more tightly than ACE2 did) and inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection with an ND 50 of 0.16microgram/milliliter (∼6000 times more potently than ACE2 did). Administered at a single dose, Nanosota-1C-Fc demonstrated preventive and therapeutic efficacy in hamsters subjected to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Unlike conventional antibody drugs, Nanosota-1C-Fc was produced at high yields in bacteria and had exceptional thermostability. Pharmacokinetic analysis of Nanosota-1C-F c documented a greater than 10-day in vivo half-life efficacy and high tissue bioavailability. Nanosota-1C-Fc is a potentially effective and realistic solution to the COVID-19 pandemic. IMPACT STATEMENT Potent and low-cost Nanosota-1 drugs block SARS-CoV-2 infections both in vitro and in vivo and act both preventively and therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ye
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Joseph P. Gallant
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Christopher Massey
- Institutional Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ke Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Wanbo Tai
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jian Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Abby E. Odle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Molly A. Vickers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jian Shang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Yushun Wan
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Aleksandra Drelich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kempaiah R. Kempaiah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Vivian Tat
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Lanying Du
- Laboratory of Viral Immunology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chien-Te Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Center of Biodefense and Emerging Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Hideki Aihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Aaron M. LeBeau
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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348
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Birch J, Cheruvara H, Gamage N, Harrison PJ, Lithgo R, Quigley A. Changes in Membrane Protein Structural Biology. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E401. [PMID: 33207666 PMCID: PMC7696871 DOI: 10.3390/biology9110401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Membrane proteins are essential components of many biochemical processes and are important pharmaceutical targets. Membrane protein structural biology provides the molecular rationale for these biochemical process as well as being a highly useful tool for drug discovery. Unfortunately, membrane protein structural biology is a difficult area of study due to low protein yields and high levels of instability especially when membrane proteins are removed from their native environments. Despite this instability, membrane protein structural biology has made great leaps over the last fifteen years. Today, the landscape is almost unrecognisable. The numbers of available atomic resolution structures have increased 10-fold though advances in crystallography and more recently by cryo-electron microscopy. These advances in structural biology were achieved through the efforts of many researchers around the world as well as initiatives such as the Membrane Protein Laboratory (MPL) at Diamond Light Source. The MPL has helped, provided access to and contributed to advances in protein production, sample preparation and data collection. Together, these advances have enabled higher resolution structures, from less material, at a greater rate, from a more diverse range of membrane protein targets. Despite this success, significant challenges remain. Here, we review the progress made and highlight current and future challenges that will be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Birch
- Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK; (J.B.); (H.C.); (N.G.); (P.J.H.); (R.L.)
- Research Complex at Harwell (RCaH), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Harish Cheruvara
- Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK; (J.B.); (H.C.); (N.G.); (P.J.H.); (R.L.)
- Research Complex at Harwell (RCaH), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Nadisha Gamage
- Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK; (J.B.); (H.C.); (N.G.); (P.J.H.); (R.L.)
- Research Complex at Harwell (RCaH), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Peter J. Harrison
- Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK; (J.B.); (H.C.); (N.G.); (P.J.H.); (R.L.)
- Research Complex at Harwell (RCaH), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Ryan Lithgo
- Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK; (J.B.); (H.C.); (N.G.); (P.J.H.); (R.L.)
- Research Complex at Harwell (RCaH), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Andrew Quigley
- Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK; (J.B.); (H.C.); (N.G.); (P.J.H.); (R.L.)
- Research Complex at Harwell (RCaH), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK
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349
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Nano-based approaches in the development of antiviral agents and vaccines. Life Sci 2020; 265:118761. [PMID: 33189824 PMCID: PMC7658595 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks and the rapid transmission of viruses, such as coronaviruses and influenza viruses, are serious threats to human health. A major challenge in combating infectious diseases caused by viruses is the lack of effective methods for prevention and treatment. Nanotechnology has provided a basis for the development of novel antiviral strategies. Owing to their large modifiable surfaces that can be functionalized with multiple molecules to realize sophisticated designs, nanomaterials have been developed as nanodrugs, nanocarriers, and nano-based vaccines to effectively induce sufficient immunologic memory. From this perspective, we introduce various nanomaterials with diverse antiviral mechanisms and summarize how nano-based antiviral agents protect against viral infection at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels. We summarize the applications of nanomaterials for defense against emerging viruses by trapping and inactivating viruses and inhibiting viral entry and replication. We also discuss recent progress in nano-based vaccines with a focus on the mechanisms by which nanomaterials contribute to immunogenicity. We further describe how nanotechnology may improve vaccine efficacy by delivering large amounts of antigens to target immune cells and enhancing the immune response by mimicking viral structures and activating dendritic cells. Finally, we provide an overview of future prospects for nano-based antiviral agents and vaccines.
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350
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Glasgow A, Glasgow J, Limonta D, Solomon P, Lui I, Zhang Y, Nix MA, Rettko NJ, Zha S, Yamin R, Kao K, Rosenberg OS, Ravetch JV, Wiita AP, Leung KK, Lim SA, Zhou XX, Hobman TC, Kortemme T, Wells JA. Engineered ACE2 receptor traps potently neutralize SARS-CoV-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28046-28055. [PMID: 33093202 PMCID: PMC7668070 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016093117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An essential mechanism for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection begins with the viral spike protein binding to the human receptor protein angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2). Here, we describe a stepwise engineering approach to generate a set of affinity optimized, enzymatically inactivated ACE2 variants that potently block SARS-CoV-2 infection of cells. These optimized receptor traps tightly bind the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the viral spike protein and prevent entry into host cells. We first computationally designed the ACE2-RBD interface using a two-stage flexible protein backbone design process that improved affinity for the RBD by up to 12-fold. These designed receptor variants were affinity matured an additional 14-fold by random mutagenesis and selection using yeast surface display. The highest-affinity variant contained seven amino acid changes and bound to the RBD 170-fold more tightly than wild-type ACE2. With the addition of the natural ACE2 collectrin domain and fusion to a human immunoglobulin crystallizable fragment (Fc) domain for increased stabilization and avidity, the most optimal ACE2 receptor traps neutralized SARS-CoV-2-pseudotyped lentivirus and authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) in the 10- to 100-ng/mL range. Engineered ACE2 receptor traps offer a promising route to fighting infections by SARS-CoV-2 and other ACE2-using coronaviruses, with the key advantage that viral resistance would also likely impair viral entry. Moreover, such traps can be predesigned for viruses with known entry receptors for faster therapeutic response without the need for neutralizing antibodies isolated from convalescent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anum Glasgow
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Jeff Glasgow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Daniel Limonta
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Paige Solomon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Irene Lui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Matthew A Nix
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Nicholas J Rettko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Shoshana Zha
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Rachel Yamin
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Kevin Kao
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Oren S Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Jeffrey V Ravetch
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Arun P Wiita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Kevin K Leung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Shion A Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Xin X Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Tom C Hobman
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Tanja Kortemme
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - James A Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158;
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
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