351
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Biondo LA, Teixeira AAS, Silveira LS, Souza CO, Costa RGF, Diniz TA, Mosele FC, Rosa Neto JC. Tributyrin in Inflammation: Does White Adipose Tissue Affect Colorectal Cancer? Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010110. [PMID: 30626010 PMCID: PMC6357117 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer affects the large intestine, leading to loss of white adipose tissue (WAT) and alterations in adipokine secretion. Lower incidence of colorectal cancer is associated with increased fibre intake. Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are fibres that increase production of butyrate by the intestinal microbiota. Tributyrin, a prodrug of butyric acid, exerts beneficial anti-inflammatory effects on colorectal cancer. Our aim was to characterise the effects of diets rich in FOS and tributyrin within the context of a colon carcinogenesis model, and characterise possible support of tumorigenesis by WAT. C57/BL6 male mice were divided into four groups: a control group (CT) fed with chow diet and three colon carcinogenesis-induced groups fed either with chow diet (CA), tributyrin-supplemented diet (BUT), or with FOS-supplemented diet. Colon carcinogenesis decreased adipose mass in subcutaneous, epididymal, and retroperitoneal tissues, while also reducing serum glucose and leptin concentrations. However, it did not alter the concentrations of adiponectin, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF)-α in WAT. Additionally, the supplements did not revert the colon cancer affected parameters. The BUT group exhibited even higher glucose tolerance and levels of IL-6, VEGF, and TNF-α in WAT. To conclude our study, FOS and butyrate supplements were not beneficial. In addition, butyrate worsened adipose tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Amorim Biondo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Lineu Prestes, 1524-lab.435, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Abilio S Teixeira
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Lineu Prestes, 1524-lab.435, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Loreana S Silveira
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Lineu Prestes, 1524-lab.435, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Physical Education, Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Post-Graduation Program in Movement Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305, 19060-900 Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
| | - Camila O Souza
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Lineu Prestes, 1524-lab.435, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Raquel G F Costa
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Lineu Prestes, 1524-lab.435, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Tiego A Diniz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Lineu Prestes, 1524-lab.435, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Francielle C Mosele
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Lineu Prestes, 1524-lab.435, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - José Cesar Rosa Neto
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Lineu Prestes, 1524-lab.435, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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352
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Dutton JS, Hinman SS, Kim R, Wang Y, Allbritton NL. Primary Cell-Derived Intestinal Models: Recapitulating Physiology. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 37:744-760. [PMID: 30591184 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of physiologically relevant intestinal models fueled by breakthroughs in primary cell-culture methods has enabled successful recapitulation of key features of intestinal physiology. These advances, paired with engineering methods, for example incorporating chemical gradients or physical forces across the tissues, have yielded ever more sophisticated systems that enhance our understanding of the impact of the host microbiome on human physiology as well as on the genesis of intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. In this review we highlight recent advances in the development and usage of primary cell-derived intestinal models incorporating monolayers, organoids, microengineered platforms, and macrostructured systems, and discuss the expected directions of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna S Dutton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Samuel S Hinman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Raehyun Kim
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Yuli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nancy L Allbritton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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353
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Microbiota-Derived Lactate Accelerates Intestinal Stem-Cell-Mediated Epithelial Development. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 24:833-846.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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354
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Dotti I, Salas A. Potential Use of Human Stem Cell-Derived Intestinal Organoids to Study Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24:2501-2509. [PMID: 30169820 PMCID: PMC6262197 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic remitting disorder with increasing incidence worldwide. The intestinal epithelial barrier plays a major role in IBD, contributing to its pathogenesis, evolution, and perpetuation over time. Until recently, studies focused on exploring the role of the intestinal epithelium in IBD were hampered by the lack of techniques for the long-term culturing of human primary epithelial cells ex vivo. Recently, however, a methodology for generating stable human 3D epithelial cultures directly from adult intestinal stem cells was established. These long-term cultures, called organoids, mimic the tissue of origin and can be generated from small-size intestinal tissue samples, making it a promising tool for modeling the course of IBD.In this review, we provide an overview of the versatility of human organoid cultures in IBD modeling. We discuss recent advances and current limitations in the application of this tool for modeling the contribution of the intestinal epithelium alone and in combination with other key cellular and molecular players in the context of IBD pathophysiology. Finally, we outline the pressing need for technically standardizing the laboratory manipulation of human epithelial organoids for their broader implementation in clinically oriented IBD studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Dotti
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Azucena Salas
- Department of Gastroenterology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
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355
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Metabolic reprogramming is essential for the rapid proliferation of cancer cells and is thus recognized as a hallmark of cancer. In this review, we will discuss the etiologies and effects of metabolic reprogramming in colorectal cancer. Recent Findings Changes in cellular metabolism may precede the acquisition of driver mutations ultimately leading to colonocyte transformation. Oncogenic mutations and loss of tumor suppressor genes further reprogram CRC cells to upregulate glycolysis, glutaminolysis, one-carbon metabolism, and fatty acid synthesis. These metabolic changes are not uniform throughout tumors, as subpopulations of tumor cells may rely on different pathways to adapt to nutrient availability in the local tumor microenvironment. Finally, metabolic cross-communication between stromal cells, immune cells, and the gut microbiota enable CRC growth, invasion, and metastasis. Summary Altered cellular metabolism occurs in CRC at multiple levels, including in the cells that make up the bulk of CRC tumors, cancer stem cells, the tumor microenvironment, and host-microbiome interactions. This knowledge may inform the development of improved screening and therapeutics for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Brown
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sarah P Short
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, B2215 Garland Ave., 1065D MRB-IV, Nashville, TN 37232-0252, USA
| | - Christopher S Williams
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, B2215 Garland Ave., 1065D MRB-IV, Nashville, TN 37232-0252, USA.,Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley HealthCare System, Nashville, TN, USA
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356
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Singh V, Yeoh BS, Chassaing B, Xiao X, Saha P, Aguilera Olvera R, Lapek JD, Zhang L, Wang WB, Hao S, Flythe MD, Gonzalez DJ, Cani PD, Conejo-Garcia JR, Xiong N, Kennett MJ, Joe B, Patterson AD, Gewirtz AT, Vijay-Kumar M. Dysregulated Microbial Fermentation of Soluble Fiber Induces Cholestatic Liver Cancer. Cell 2018; 175:679-694.e22. [PMID: 30340040 PMCID: PMC6232850 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dietary soluble fibers are fermented by gut bacteria into short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which are considered broadly health-promoting. Accordingly, consumption of such fibers ameliorates metabolic syndrome. However, incorporating soluble fiber inulin, but not insoluble fiber, into a compositionally defined diet, induced icteric hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Such HCC was microbiota-dependent and observed in multiple strains of dysbiotic mice but not in germ-free nor antibiotics-treated mice. Furthermore, consumption of an inulin-enriched high-fat diet induced both dysbiosis and HCC in wild-type (WT) mice. Inulin-induced HCC progressed via early onset of cholestasis, hepatocyte death, followed by neutrophilic inflammation in liver. Pharmacologic inhibition of fermentation or depletion of fermenting bacteria markedly reduced intestinal SCFA and prevented HCC. Intervening with cholestyramine to prevent reabsorption of bile acids also conferred protection against such HCC. Thus, its benefits notwithstanding, enrichment of foods with fermentable fiber should be approached with great caution as it may increase risk of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Singh
- UT-Microbiome Consortium, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Beng San Yeoh
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Xia Xiao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Piu Saha
- UT-Microbiome Consortium, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Rodrigo Aguilera Olvera
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - John D Lapek
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Limin Zhang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA; CAS and State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-Bei Wang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sijie Hao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Michael D Flythe
- USDA-Agriculture Research Service, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - David J Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Patrice D Cani
- WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology), Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Na Xiong
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mary J Kennett
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Bina Joe
- UT-Microbiome Consortium, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- UT-Microbiome Consortium, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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357
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Al Bakir I, Curtius K, Graham TA. From Colitis to Cancer: An Evolutionary Trajectory That Merges Maths and Biology. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2368. [PMID: 30386335 PMCID: PMC6198656 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease have an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer, and this risk is related to disease duration, extent, and cumulative inflammation burden. Carcinogenesis follows the principles of Darwinian evolution, whereby somatic cells acquire genomic alterations that provide them with a survival and/or growth advantage. Colitis represents a unique situation whereby routine surveillance endoscopy provides a serendipitous opportunity to observe somatic evolution over space and time in vivo in a human organ. Moreover, somatic evolution in colitis is evolution in the ‘fast lane': the repeated rounds of inflammation and mucosal healing that are characteristic of the disease accelerate the evolutionary process and likely provide a strong selective pressure for inflammation-adapted phenotypic traits. In this review, we discuss the evolutionary dynamics of pre-neoplastic clones in colitis with a focus on how measuring their evolutionary trajectories could deliver a powerful way to predict future cancer occurrence. Measurements of somatic evolution require an interdisciplinary approach that combines quantitative measurement of the genotype, phenotype and the microenvironment of somatic cells–paying particular attention to spatial heterogeneity across the colon–together with mathematical modeling to interpret these data within an evolutionary framework. Here we take a practical approach in discussing how and why the different “evolutionary ingredients” can and should be measured, together with our viewpoint on subsequent translation into clinical practice. We highlight the open questions in the evolution of colitis-associated cancer as a stimulus for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Al Bakir
- Evolution and Cancer Laboratory, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, St Mark's Hospital, Harrow, United Kingdom
| | - Kit Curtius
- Evolution and Cancer Laboratory, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor A Graham
- Evolution and Cancer Laboratory, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
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358
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Schirmer M, Denson L, Vlamakis H, Franzosa EA, Thomas S, Gotman NM, Rufo P, Baker SS, Sauer C, Markowitz J, Pfefferkorn M, Oliva-Hemker M, Rosh J, Otley A, Boyle B, Mack D, Baldassano R, Keljo D, LeLeiko N, Heyman M, Griffiths A, Patel AS, Noe J, Kugathasan S, Walters T, Huttenhower C, Hyams J, Xavier RJ. Compositional and Temporal Changes in the Gut Microbiome of Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Patients Are Linked to Disease Course. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 24:600-610.e4. [PMID: 30308161 PMCID: PMC6277984 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating progression risk and determining optimal therapy for ulcerative colitis (UC) is challenging as many patients exhibit incomplete responses to treatment. As part of the PROTECT (Predicting Response to Standardized Colitis Therapy) Study, we evaluated the role of the gut microbiome in disease course for 405 pediatric, new-onset, treatment-naive UC patients. Patients were monitored for 1 year upon treatment initiation, and microbial taxonomic composition was analyzed from fecal samples and rectal biopsies. Depletion of core gut microbes and expansion of bacteria typical of the oral cavity were associated with baseline disease severity. Remission and refractory disease were linked to species-specific temporal changes that may be implicative of therapy efficacy, and a pronounced increase in microbiome variability was observed prior to colectomy. Finally, microbial associations with disease-associated serological markers suggest host-microbial interactions in UC. These insights will help improve existing treatments and develop therapeutic approaches guiding optimal medical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Schirmer
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Infectious Disease and Microbiome, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Biostatistics Department, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lee Denson
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Hera Vlamakis
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Infectious Disease and Microbiome, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Eric A Franzosa
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Infectious Disease and Microbiome, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Biostatistics Department, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sonia Thomas
- Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; RTI International, Biostatistics and Epidemiology Division, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Nathan M Gotman
- Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
| | - Paul Rufo
- Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Susan S Baker
- Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo WCHOB, Buffalo, NY 14222, USA
| | - Cary Sauer
- Emory Children's Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - James Markowitz
- Cohen Children's Medical Center, Pediatric Gastroenterology, New York, NY 11040, USA
| | - Marian Pfefferkorn
- Riley Children's Hospital Indiana University, School of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology/Nutrition, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Maria Oliva-Hemker
- Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Joel Rosh
- Goryeb Children's Hospital/Atlantic Health, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA
| | - Anthony Otley
- IWK Health Centre, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Brendan Boyle
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Pediatrics, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - David Mack
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario and University of Ottawa, Department of Pediatrics, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Robert Baldassano
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia CHOP, Pediatric Gastroenterologist, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David Keljo
- UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Department of Pediatrics, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Neal LeLeiko
- Hasbro Children's Hospital, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Melvin Heyman
- University of California at San Francisco, Pediatric Gastroenterology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anne Griffiths
- Sickkids Hospital, University of Toronto, Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Ashish S Patel
- UT Southwestern, Department of Pediatrics, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joshua Noe
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Gastroenterology, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | | | - Thomas Walters
- Sickkids Hospital, University of Toronto, Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Infectious Disease and Microbiome, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Biostatistics Department, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeffrey Hyams
- Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Infectious Disease and Microbiome, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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359
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Wang Y, Kim R, Hwang SHJ, Dutton J, Sims CE, Allbritton NL. Analysis of Interleukin 8 Secretion by a Stem-Cell-Derived Human-Intestinal-Epithelial-Monolayer Platform. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11523-11530. [PMID: 30199234 PMCID: PMC6309958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In vitro models of the human intestinal epithelium derived from primary stem cells are much needed for the study of intestinal immunology in health and disease. Here, we describe an intestinal monolayer cultured on a porous membrane with accessible basal and apical surfaces for assay of intestinal cytokine production in response to stimuli. The system was composed of a differentiated, confluent epithelial monolayer derived from human primary stem cells obtained from small or large intestine. Interleukin 8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) were the most abundant inflammatory cytokines produced by the intestinal epithelium. The epithelium from all five tested regions of the intestine preferentially secreted into the apical reservoir of the monolayer, with a 26-fold greater concentration of IL-8 present in the apical reservoir of the colonic monolayer relative to that in the basal reservoir. Upon application of tumor-necrosis factor α (TNF-α) to the basal surface of the colonic monolayer, the IL-8 concentration significantly increased in the basal, but not the apical, reservoir. A dose-dependent elevation of IL-8 in the basal reservoir was observed for TNF-α-stimulation of the monolayer but not for an organoid-based platform. To demonstrate the utility of the monolayer system, 88 types of dietary metabolites or compounds were screened for their ability to modulate IL-8 production in the basal reservoir of the intestinal monolayer in the absence or presence of TNF-α. No dietary metabolite or compound caused an increase in IL-8 in the basal reservoir in the absence of TNF-α. After addition of TNF-α to the monolayer, two compounds (butyrate and gallic acid) suppressed IL-8 production, suggesting their potential anti-inflammatory effects, whereas the dietary factor forskolin significantly increased IL-8 production. These results demonstrate that the described human-intestinal-monolayer platform has the potential for assays and screening of metabolites and compounds that alter the inflammatory response of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Raehyun Kim
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Shee-Hwan J. Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Johanna Dutton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Christopher E. Sims
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nancy L. Allbritton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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360
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361
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Balakrishnan B, Taneja V. Microbial modulation of the gut microbiome for treating autoimmune diseases. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 12:985-996. [PMID: 30146910 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2018.1517044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have shown the relationship between autoimmune diseases and the gut microbiome in humans: those with autoimmune conditions display gut microbiome dysbiosis. The big question that needs to be addressed is if restoring eubiosis of the gut microbiota can help suppress the autoimmune condition by activating various immune regulatory mechanisms. Inducing these self-healing mechanisms should prolong good health in affected individuals. Area covered: Here, we review the available clinical and preclinical studies that have used selective bacteria for modulating gut microbiota for treating autoimmune diseases. The potential bacterial candidates and their mechanism of action in treating autoimmune diseases will be discussed. We searched for genetically modified and potential probiotics for diseases and discuss the most likely candidates. Expert commentary: To achieve eubiosis, manipulation of the gut microbiota must occur in some form. Several approaches for modulating gut microbiota include prebiotic diets, antimicrobial interventions, fecal microbiota transplants, and selective probiotics. One novel approach showing promising results is the use of selective bacterial candidates to modulate microbial composition. Use of single microbe for treatment has an advantage as compared to multi-species as microbes grow at different rates and if needed, a single microbe is easy to target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veena Taneja
- a Department of Immunology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA
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362
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Jain U, Lai CW, Xiong S, Goodwin VM, Lu Q, Muegge BD, Christophi GP, VanDussen KL, Cummings BP, Young E, Hambor J, Stappenbeck TS. Temporal Regulation of the Bacterial Metabolite Deoxycholate during Colonic Repair Is Critical for Crypt Regeneration. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 24:353-363.e5. [PMID: 30122655 PMCID: PMC6555552 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colonic wound repair is an orchestrated process, beginning with barrier re-establishment and followed by wound channel formation and crypt regeneration. Elevated levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) promote barrier re-establishment; however, we found that persistently elevated PGE2 hinders subsequent repair phases. The bacterial metabolite deoxycholate (DCA) promotes transition through repair phases via PGE2 regulation. During barrier re-establishment, DCA levels are locally diminished in the wound, allowing enhanced PGE2 production and barrier re-establishment. However, during transition to the wound channel formation phase, DCA levels increase to inhibit PGE2 production and promote crypt regeneration. Altering DCA levels via antibiotic treatment enhances PGE2 levels but impairs wound repair, which is rescued with DCA treatment. DCA acts via its receptor, farnesoid X receptor, to inhibit the enzyme cPLA2 required for PGE2 synthesis. Thus, colonic wound repair requires temporally regulated signals from microbial metabolites to coordinate host-associated signaling cascades. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umang Jain
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chin-Wen Lai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shanshan Xiong
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Victoria M Goodwin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Qiuhe Lu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian D Muegge
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - George P Christophi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
| | - Kelli L VanDussen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bethany P Cummings
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Erick Young
- Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - John Hambor
- Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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363
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Karl JP, Hatch AM, Arcidiacono SM, Pearce SC, Pantoja-Feliciano IG, Doherty LA, Soares JW. Effects of Psychological, Environmental and Physical Stressors on the Gut Microbiota. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2013. [PMID: 30258412 PMCID: PMC6143810 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress, a ubiquitous part of daily human life, has varied biological effects which are increasingly recognized as including modulation of commensal microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract, the gut microbiota. In turn, the gut microbiota influences the host stress response and associated sequelae, thereby implicating the gut microbiota as an important mediator of host health. This narrative review aims to summarize evidence concerning the impact of psychological, environmental, and physical stressors on gut microbiota composition and function. The stressors reviewed include psychological stress, circadian disruption, sleep deprivation, environmental extremes (high altitude, heat, and cold), environmental pathogens, toxicants, pollutants, and noise, physical activity, and diet (nutrient composition and food restriction). Stressors were selected for their direct relevance to military personnel, a population that is commonly exposed to these stressors, often at extremes, and in combination. However, the selected stressors are also common, alone or in combination, in some civilian populations. Evidence from preclinical studies collectively indicates that the reviewed stressors alter the composition, function and metabolic activity of the gut microbiota, but that effects vary across stressors, and can include effects that may be beneficial or detrimental to host health. Translation of these findings to humans is largely lacking at present. This gap precludes concluding with certainty that transient or cumulative exposures to psychological, environmental, and physical stressors have any consistent, meaningful impact on the human gut microbiota. However, provocative preclinical evidence highlights a need for translational research aiming to elucidate the impact of stressors on the human gut microbiota, and how the gut microbiota can be manipulated, for example by using nutrition, to mitigate adverse stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Philip Karl
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Adrienne M. Hatch
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Steven M. Arcidiacono
- Soldier Performance Optimization, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Sarah C. Pearce
- Combat Feeding Directorate, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Ida G. Pantoja-Feliciano
- Soldier Performance Optimization, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Laurel A. Doherty
- Soldier Performance Optimization, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Jason W. Soares
- Soldier Performance Optimization, Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA, United States
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364
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Santos AJM, Lo YH, Mah AT, Kuo CJ. The Intestinal Stem Cell Niche: Homeostasis and Adaptations. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:1062-1078. [PMID: 30195922 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a rapidly renewing cellular compartment. This constant regeneration is a hallmark of intestinal homeostasis and requires a tightly regulated balance between intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation and differentiation. Since intestinal epithelial cells directly contact pathogenic environmental factors that continuously challenge their integrity, ISCs must also actively divide to facilitate regeneration and repair. Understanding niche adaptations that maintain ISC activity during homeostatic renewal and injury-induced intestinal regeneration is therefore a major and ongoing focus for stem cell biology. Here, we review recent concepts and propose an active interconversion of the ISC niche between homeostasis and injury-adaptive states that is superimposed upon an equally dynamic equilibrium between active and reserve ISC populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- António J M Santos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yuan-Hung Lo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amanda T Mah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Calvin J Kuo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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365
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The Intestinal Epithelium: Central Coordinator of Mucosal Immunity. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:677-696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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366
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Liu S, Zheng Z, Ji S, Liu T, Hou Y, Li S, Li G. Resveratrol reduces senescence-associated secretory phenotype by SIRT1/NF-κB pathway in gut of the annual fish Nothobranchius guentheri. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:473-479. [PMID: 29908321 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Senescent cells display a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which contributes to aging. Resveratrol, an activator of SIRT1, has anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-free radical and other pharmacological effects. The genus of the annual fish Nothobranchius has become an emerging animal model for studying aging. However, the underlying mechanism for resveratrol to delay aging by SASP regulation has not been elucidated in vertebrates. In this study, the annual fish N. guentheri were fed with resveratrol for long-term treatment. The results showed that resveratrol reversed intensive senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity with aging process, down-regulated levels of SASP-associated proinflammatory cytokines IL-8 and TNFα, and up-regulated expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in gut of the fish. Resveratrol increased SIRT1 expression, and inhibited NF-κB by decreasing RelA/p65, Ac-RelA/p65 and p-IκBα levels and by increasing the interaction between SIRT1 and RelA/p65. Moreover, resveratrol reversed the decline of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and intestinal stem cells (ISCs) caused by aging in gut of the fish. Together, our results implied that resveratrol inhibited SASP through SIRT1/NF-κB signaling pathway and delayed aging of the annual fish N. guentheri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant, School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaodi Zheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant, School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuhua Ji
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant, School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant, School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanhan Hou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant, School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Shasha Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant, School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Guorong Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant, School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.
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367
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Hou Q, Ye L, Liu H, Huang L, Yang Q, Turner JR, Yu Q. Lactobacillus accelerates ISCs regeneration to protect the integrity of intestinal mucosa through activation of STAT3 signaling pathway induced by LPLs secretion of IL-22. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:1657-1670. [PMID: 29459771 PMCID: PMC6143595 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0070-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The regeneration of intestinal epithelial are maintained by continuous differentiation and proliferation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) under physiological and pathological conditions. However, little is known about the regulatory effect of intestinal microbiota on its recovery ability to repair damaged mucosal barrier. In this study, we established intestinal organoids and lamina propria lymphocytes (LPLs) co-cultured system, plus mice experiments, to explore the protective effect of Lactobacillus reuteri D8 on integrity of intestinal mucosa. We found that only live L. reuteri D8 was effective in protecting the morphology of intestinal organoids and normal proliferation of epithelial stained with EdU under TNF-α treatment, which was also further verified in mice experiments. L. reuteri D8 colonized in the intestinal mucosa and ameliorated intestinal mucosa damage caused by DSS treatment, including improvement of body weight, colon length, pathological change, and proliferation level. The repair process stimulated by L. reuteri D8 was also accompanied with increased numbers of Lgr5+ and lysozyme+ cells both in intestinal organoids and mice intestine. Furthermore, we demonstrated that D8 metabolite indole-3-aldehyde stimulated LPLs to secret IL-22 through aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and then induced phosphorylation of STAT3 to accelerate proliferation of intestinal epithelial, thus recovering damaged intestinal mucosa. Our findings indicate L. reuteri protects intestinal barrier and activates intestinal epithelial proliferation, which sheds light on treatment approaches for intestinal inflammation based on ISCs with probiotics Lactobacillus and daily probiotic consumption in heath foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Hou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Lulu Ye
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Haofei Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Lulu Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Qian Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - J R Turner
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qinghua Yu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.
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368
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Chen F, Yang W, Huang X, Cao AT, Bilotta AJ, Xiao Y, Sun M, Chen L, Ma C, Liu X, Liu CG, Yao S, Dann SM, Liu Z, Cong Y. Neutrophils Promote Amphiregulin Production in Intestinal Epithelial Cells through TGF-β and Contribute to Intestinal Homeostasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2492-2501. [PMID: 30171165 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first responders to sites of inflammation when the intestinal epithelial barrier is breached and the gut microbiota invade. Despite current efforts in understanding the role of neutrophils in intestinal homeostasis, the complex interactions between neutrophils and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) is still not well characterized. In this study, we demonstrated that neutrophils enhanced production of amphiregulin (AREG), a member of the EGFR ligand family, by IECs, which promoted IEC barrier function and tissue repair. Depletion of neutrophils resulted in more severe colitis in mice because of decreased AREG production by IECs upon dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) insult. Administration of AREG restored epithelial barrier function and ameliorated colitis. Furthermore, neutrophil-derived TGF-β promoted AREG production by IECs. Mechanistically, TGF-β activated MEK1/2 signaling, and inhibition of MEK1/2 abrogated TGF-β-induced AREG production by IECs. Collectively, these findings reveal that neutrophils play an important role in the maintenance of IEC barrier function and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feidi Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xiangsheng Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Anthony T Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Anthony J Bilotta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Mingming Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Chunyan Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Xiuping Liu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77230
| | - Chang-Gong Liu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77230
| | - Suxia Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Sara M Dann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and
| | - Zhanju Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yingzi Cong
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
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369
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Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a multicellular interface in close proximity to a dense microbial milieu that is completely renewed every 3-5 days. Pluripotent stem cells reside at the crypt, giving rise to transient amplifying cells that go through continuous steps of proliferation, differentiation and finally anoikis (a form of programmed cell death) while migrating upwards to the villus tip. During these cellular transitions, intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) possess distinct metabolic identities reflected by changes in mitochondrial activity. Mitochondrial function emerges as a key player in cell fate decisions and in coordinating cellular metabolism, immunity, stress responses and apoptosis. Mediators of mitochondrial signalling include molecules such as ATP and reactive oxygen species and interrelate with pathways such as the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (MT-UPR) and AMP kinase signalling, in turn affecting cell cycle progression and stemness. Alterations in mitochondrial function and MT-UPR activation are integral aspects of pathologies, including IBD and cancer. Mitochondrial signalling and concomitant changes in metabolism contribute to intestinal homeostasis and regulate IEC dedifferentiation-differentiation programmes in the context of diseases, suggesting that mitochondrial function as a cellular checkpoint critically contributes to disease outcome. This Review highlights mitochondrial function and MT-UPR signalling in epithelial cell stemness, differentiation and lineage commitment and illustrates mitochondrial function in intestinal diseases.
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370
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Kim R, Wang Y, Hwang SHJ, Attayek PJ, Smiddy NM, Reed MI, Sims CE, Allbritton NL. Formation of arrays of planar, murine, intestinal crypts possessing a stem/proliferative cell compartment and differentiated cell zone. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:2202-2213. [PMID: 29944153 PMCID: PMC6337012 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00332g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A simple, in vitro intestinal model recapitulating key aspects of crypt architecture and physiology would facilitate our understanding the impact of drugs, foods and microbial metabolites on the intestine. To address the limitations of previously reported intestinal in vitro platforms, we developed a planar crypt array that replicated the spatial segregation and physiologic responses of primary mouse intestinal epithelial cells in the large intestine. Collagen was coated across an impermeable film possessing an array of microholes creating two regions of distinct stiffness and porosity (above and outside the microholes). Primary mouse colon epithelial cells formed a continuous monolayer across the array with a proliferative cell zone above the microholes and a nonproliferative or differentiated cell region distant from the microholes. Formation of a chemical gradient of growth factors across the array yielded a more complete or in vivo-like cell segregation of proliferative and differentiated cells with cell migration outward from the proliferative cell zone into the differentiated zone to replace apoptotic dying cells much as occurs in vivo. Short chain fatty acids (microbial metabolites) applied to the luminal surface of the crypt array significantly impacted the proliferation and differentiation of the cells replicating the known in vivo effects of these fatty acids. Importantly this planar crypt array was readily fabricated and maintained, easily imaged with properties quantified by microscopy, and compatible with reagent addition to either the luminal or basal fluid reservoirs. The ability to observe simultaneously stem/proliferative and differentiated cell behavior and movement between these two compartments in response to drugs, toxins, inflammatory mediators or microbial metabolites will be of widespread utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raehyun Kim
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
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371
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Palermo A, Forsberg EM, Warth B, Aisporna AE, Billings E, Kuang E, Benton HP, Berry D, Siuzdak G. Fluorinated Gold Nanoparticles for Nanostructure Imaging Mass Spectrometry. ACS NANO 2018; 12:6938-6948. [PMID: 29966083 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructure imaging mass spectrometry (NIMS) with fluorinated gold nanoparticles (f-AuNPs) is a nanoparticle assisted laser desorption/ionization approach that requires low laser energy and has demonstrated high sensitivity. Here we describe NIMS with f-AuNPs for the comprehensive analysis of metabolites in biological tissues. F-AuNPs assist in desorption/ionization by laser-induced release of the fluorocarbon chains with minimal background noise. Since the energy barrier required to release the fluorocarbons from the AuNPs is minimal, the energy of the laser is maintained in the low μJ/pulse range, thus limiting metabolite in-source fragmentation. Electron microscopy analysis of tissue samples after f-AuNP NIMS shows a distinct "raising" of the surface as compared to matrix assisted laser desorption ionization ablation, indicative of a gentle desorption mechanism aiding in the generation of intact molecular ions. Moreover, the use of perfluorohexane to distribute the f-AuNPs on the tissue creates a hydrophobic environment minimizing metabolite solubilization and spatial dislocation. The transfer of the energy from the incident laser to the analytes through the release of the fluorocarbon chains similarly enhances the desorption/ionization of metabolites of different chemical nature, resulting in heterogeneous metabolome coverage. We performed the approach in a comparative study of the colon of mice exposed to three different diets. F-AuNP NIMS allows the direct detection of carbohydrates, lipids, bile acids, sulfur metabolites, amino acids, nucleotide precursors as well as other small molecules of varied biological origins. Ultimately, the diversified molecular coverage obtained provides a broad picture of a tissue's metabolic organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Palermo
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Erica M Forsberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , San Diego State University , 5500 Campanile Drive , San Diego , California 92182 , United States
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry and Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME) , University of Vienna , Währingerstraße 38 , 1090 Vienna , Austria
| | - Aries E Aisporna
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Elizabeth Billings
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Ellen Kuang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , San Diego State University , 5500 Campanile Drive , San Diego , California 92182 , United States
| | - H Paul Benton
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - David Berry
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, Research Network Chemistry Meets Microbiology , University of Vienna , Althanstraße 14 , 1090 Vienna , Austria
| | - Gary Siuzdak
- Scripps Center for Metabolomics , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular and Computational Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
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372
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Andersson-Rolf A, Zilbauer M, Koo BK, Clevers H. Stem Cells in Repair of Gastrointestinal Epithelia. Physiology (Bethesda) 2018; 32:278-289. [PMID: 28615312 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00005.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the endodermal tissues of adult mammals, the gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium exhibits the highest turnover rate. As the ingested food moves along the GI tract, gastric acid, digestive enzymes, and gut resident microbes aid digestion as well as nutrient and mineral absorption. Due to the harsh luminal environment, replenishment of new epithelial cells is essential to maintain organ structure and function during routine turnover and injury repair. Tissue-specific adult stem cells in the GI tract serve as a continuous source for this immense regenerative activity. Tissue homeostasis is achieved by a delicate balance between gain and loss of cells. In homeostasis, temporal tissue damage is rapidly restored by well-balanced tissue regeneration, whereas prolonged imbalance may result in diverse pathologies of homeostasis and injury repair. Starting with a summary of the current knowledge of GI tract homeostasis, we continue with providing models of acute injury and chronic diseases. Finally, we will discuss how primary organoid cultures allow new insights into the mechanisms of homeostasis, injury repair, and disease, and how this novel 3D culture system has the potential to translate into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Andersson-Rolf
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Utrecht, The Netherlands; and.,University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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373
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Heitman N, Saxena N, Rendl M. Advancing insights into stem cell niche complexities with next-generation technologies. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 55:87-95. [PMID: 30031324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adult tissue-specific stem cells are essential for homeostatic tissue maintenance and key to regeneration during injury repair or disease. Many critical stem cell functions rely on the presence of well-timed cues from the microenvironment or niche, which includes a diverse range of components, including neuronal, circulating and extracellular matrix inputs as well as an array of neighboring niche cells directly interacting with the stem cells. However, studies of stem cells and their niche have been challenging due to the complexity of adult stem cell functions, their intrinsic controls and the multiple regulatory niche components. Here, we review recent major advances in our understanding of the complex interplay between stem cells and their niche that were enabled by the tremendous technological leaps in single-cell transcriptome analyses, 3D in vitro cultures and 4D in vivo microscopy of stem cell niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Heitman
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1022, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nivedita Saxena
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1022, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael Rendl
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1047, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA,; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1022, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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374
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Srivillibhuthur M, Warder BN, Toke NH, Shah PP, Feng Q, Gao N, Bonder EM, Verzi MP. TFAM is required for maturation of the fetal and adult intestinal epithelium. Dev Biol 2018; 439:92-101. [PMID: 29684311 PMCID: PMC5978755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During development, the embryo transitions from a metabolism favoring glycolysis to a metabolism favoring mitochondrial respiration. How metabolic shifts regulate developmental processes, or how developmental processes regulate metabolic shifts, remains unclear. To test the requirement of mitochondrial function in developing endoderm-derived tissues, we genetically inactivated the mitochondrial transcription factor, Tfam, using the Shh-Cre driver. Tfam mutants did not survive postnatally, exhibiting defects in lung development. In the developing intestine, TFAM-loss was tolerated until late fetal development, during which the process of villus elongation was compromised. While progenitor cell populations appeared unperturbed, markers of enterocyte maturation were diminished and villi were blunted. Loss of TFAM was also tested in the adult intestinal epithelium, where enterocyte maturation was similarly dependent upon the mitochondrial transcription factor. While progenitor cells in the transit amplifying zone of the adult intestine remained proliferative, intestinal stem cell renewal was dependent upon TFAM, as indicated by molecular profiling and intestinal organoid formation assays. Taken together, these studies point to critical roles for the mitochondrial regulator TFAM for multiple aspects of intestinal development and maturation, and highlight the importance of mitochondrial regulators in tissue development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasa Srivillibhuthur
- Rutgers University, Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey (HGINJ), 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway Township, NJ 08854, USA; Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Bailey N Warder
- Rutgers University, Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey (HGINJ), 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway Township, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Natalie H Toke
- Rutgers University, Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey (HGINJ), 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway Township, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Pooja P Shah
- Rutgers University, Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey (HGINJ), 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway Township, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Qiang Feng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Edward M Bonder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Michael P Verzi
- Rutgers University, Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey (HGINJ), 145 Bevier Road, Piscataway Township, NJ 08854, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey (CINJ), 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
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375
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Schirmer M, Kumar V, Netea MG, Xavier RJ. The causes and consequences of variation in human cytokine production in health. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 54:50-58. [PMID: 29913309 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are important cell-signaling molecules that activate and modulate immune responses. Major factors influencing cytokine variation in healthy individuals are host genetics, non-heritable factors and the microbiome. Genetic variation accounts for a significant part of heterogeneity in cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Variation in cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-6Ra is strongly influenced by heritability, suggesting an evolutionarily pressure for their genetic regulation that potentially contributes to differences in immune responsiveness between human populations. Non-heritable factors, including age, body weight and environmental variables such as seasonality, drive variation in baseline cytokine levels. Age further affects pathogen-induced lymphocyte-derived cytokine responses, whereas seasonality affects monocyte-derived cytokine production in response to influenza virus, Coxiella burnetti or Cryptococcus neoformans. Another influential factor that shapes the immune system is the human microbiome. Microbes and microbial products (e.g. short-chain fatty acids and tryptophan metabolites) possess strong immunomodulatory effects, induce regulatory T cells and lead to the diversification of B cells and the production of specific antibodies. In particular, differential TNFα and IFNγ production is associated with the gut microbiome. Understanding causes of variation in the healthy human immune system can reveal factors that lead to aberrant cytokine production in immune-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Schirmer
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Vinod Kumar
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 EX Groningen, Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands; Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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376
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Martens EC, Neumann M, Desai MS. Interactions of commensal and pathogenic microorganisms with the intestinal mucosal barrier. Nat Rev Microbiol 2018; 16:457-470. [DOI: 10.1038/s41579-018-0036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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377
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Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that the intestinal bacterial microbiome plays an important role in the regulation of hematopoiesis. A correlation between adverse hematologic effects and imbalance of the intestinal microbiome, or dysbiosis, is evident in several human conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and, critically, in the setting of antibiotic exposure. Here we review the effects of gut dysbiosis on the hematological compartment and our current understanding of the mechanisms through which changes in the bacterial microbiome affect hematopoiesis.
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378
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Obata F, Tsuda-Sakurai K, Yamazaki T, Nishio R, Nishimura K, Kimura M, Funakoshi M, Miura M. Nutritional Control of Stem Cell Division through S-Adenosylmethionine in Drosophila Intestine. Dev Cell 2018; 44:741-751.e3. [PMID: 29587144 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The intestine has direct contact with nutritional information. The mechanisms by which particular dietary molecules affect intestinal homeostasis are not fully understood. In this study, we identified S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a universal methyl donor synthesized from dietary methionine, as a critical molecule that regulates stem cell division in Drosophila midgut. Depletion of either dietary methionine or SAM synthesis reduces division rate of intestinal stem cells. Genetic screening for putative SAM-dependent methyltransferases has identified protein synthesis as a regulator of the stem cells, partially through a unique diphthamide modification on eukaryotic elongation factor 2. In contrast, SAM in nutrient-absorptive enterocytes controls the interleukin-6-like protein Unpaired 3, which is required for rapid division of the stem cells after refeeding. Our study sheds light upon a link between diet and intestinal homeostasis and highlights the key metabolite SAM as a mediator of cell-type-specific starvation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Obata
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Kayoko Tsuda-Sakurai
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryo Nishio
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kei Nishimura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masaki Kimura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masabumi Funakoshi
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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379
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Sumigray KD, Terwilliger M, Lechler T. Morphogenesis and Compartmentalization of the Intestinal Crypt. Dev Cell 2018; 45:183-197.e5. [PMID: 29689194 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The adult mammalian intestine is composed of two connected structures, the absorptive villi and the crypts, which house progenitor cells. Mouse crypts develop postnatally and are the architectural unit of the stem cell niche, yet the pathways that drive their formation are not known. Here, we combine transcriptomic, quantitative morphometric, and genetic analyses to identify mechanisms of crypt development. We uncover the upregulation of a contractility gene network at the earliest stage of crypt formation, which drives myosin II-dependent apical constriction and invagination of the crypt progenitor cells. Subsequently, hinges form, compartmentalizing crypts from villi. Hinges contain basally constricted cells, and this cell shape change was inhibited by increased hemidesmosomal adhesion in Rac1 null mice. Loss of hinges resulted in reduced villar spacing, revealing an unexpected role for crypts in tissue architecture and physiology. These studies provide a framework for studying crypt morphogenesis and identify essential regulators of niche formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaelyn D Sumigray
- Departments of Dermatology and Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, 310 Nanaline Duke Building, Box 3709, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Michael Terwilliger
- Departments of Dermatology and Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, 310 Nanaline Duke Building, Box 3709, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Terry Lechler
- Departments of Dermatology and Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, 310 Nanaline Duke Building, Box 3709, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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380
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Verma MS, Fink MJ, Salmon GL, Fornelos N, Ohara TE, Ryu SH, Vlamakis H, Xavier RJ, Stappenbeck TS, Whitesides GM. A Common Mechanism Links Activities of Butyrate in the Colon. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1291-1298. [PMID: 29584955 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Two biological activities of butyrate in the colon (suppression of proliferation of colonic epithelial stem cells and inflammation) correlate with inhibition of the activity of histone deacetylases. Cellular and biochemical studies of molecules similar in structure to butyrate, but different in molecular details (functional groups, chain-length, deuteration, oxidation level, fluorination, or degree of unsaturation), demonstrated that these activities were sensitive to molecular structure, and were compatible with the hypothesis that butyrate acts by binding to the Zn2+ in the catalytic site of histone deacetylases. Structure-activity relationships drawn from a set of 36 compounds offer a starting point for the design of new compounds targeting the inhibition of histone deacetylases. The observation that butyrate was more potent than other short-chain fatty acids is compatible with the hypothesis that crypts evolved (at least in part), to separate stem cells at the base of crypts from butyrate produced by commensal bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit S. Verma
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Michael J. Fink
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Gabriel L. Salmon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Nadine Fornelos
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Takahiro E. Ohara
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Stacy H. Ryu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Hera Vlamakis
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ramnik J. Xavier
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology and Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- The Center for Microbiome Informatics & Therapeutics, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Thaddeus S. Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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381
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Radulovic K, Normand S, Rehman A, Delanoye-Crespin A, Chatagnon J, Delacre M, Waldschmitt N, Poulin LF, Iovanna J, Ryffel B, Rosenstiel P, Chamaillard M. A dietary flavone confers communicable protection against colitis through NLRP6 signaling independently of inflammasome activation. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:811-819. [PMID: 29139477 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Flavones represent a class of polyphenols that are found in many plant-derived food sources. Herein, we provide evidence that the anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effect of the flavone apigenin relies on the regulation of the gut microbiota by the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 6 (Nlrp6). When challenged by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water, mice were protected against colitis upon cohousing with apigenin-treated animals. In contrast, the protective effect was lost in the absence of Nlrp6. Sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene revealed a shift in the composition of the gut microbiota in apigenin-treated mice that was not observed in the absence of Nlrp6. Equally important, we find that the antiproliferative effect of apigenin was dominantly transmitted after cohousing, while being compromised in Nlrp6-deficient mice. In contrast, the symptoms of colitis were alleviated upon apigenin administration even in the absence of either caspase-1/11 or Asc. Collectively, these data indicate that apigenin modulated an inflammasome-independent mechanism by which Nlrp6 reprograms the gut microbiota for protecting mice against colitis. Our study highlights a modulation of the Nlrp6 signaling pathway by a prominent constituent of the human diet that may point toward improved ways to treat inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Radulovic
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France.,University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine, Basel, Switzerland
| | - S Normand
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - A Rehman
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - A Delanoye-Crespin
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - J Chatagnon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - M Delacre
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - N Waldschmitt
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - L F Poulin
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
| | - J Iovanna
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - B Ryffel
- CNRS, UMR7355; Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of Orleans, France and IDM University of Cape Town, Orleans, France
| | - P Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - M Chamaillard
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
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382
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Abstract
Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is considered to be the strongest curative immunotherapy for various malignancies (primarily, but not limited to, haematologic malignancies). However, application of allo-HSCT is limited owing to its life-threatening major complications, such as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), relapse and infections. Recent advances in large-scale DNA sequencing technology have facilitated rapid identification of the microorganisms that make up the microbiota and evaluation of their interactions with host immunity in various diseases, including cancer. This has resulted in renewed interest regarding the role of the intestinal flora in patients with haematopoietic malignancies who have received an allo-HSCT and in whether the microbiota affects clinical outcomes, including GVHD, relapse, infections and transplant-related mortality. In this Review, we discuss the potential role of intestinal microbiota in these major complications after allo-HSCT, summarize clinical trials evaluating the microbiota in patients who have received allo-HSCT and discuss how further studies of the microbiota could inform the development of strategies that improve outcomes of allo-HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Shono
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Marcel R. M. van den Brink
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
- Adult BMT Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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383
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Klimesova K, Jiraskova Zakostelska Z, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H. Oral Bacterial and Fungal Microbiome Impacts Colorectal Carcinogenesis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:774. [PMID: 29731748 PMCID: PMC5920026 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Host's physiology is significantly influenced by microbiota colonizing the epithelial surfaces. Complex microbial communities contribute to proper mucosal barrier function, immune response, and prevention of pathogen invasion and have many other crucial functions. The oral cavity and large intestine are distant parts of the digestive tract, both heavily colonized by commensal microbiota. Nevertheless, they feature different proportions of major bacterial and fungal phyla, mostly due to distinct epithelial layers organization and different oxygen levels. A few obligate anaerobic strains inhabiting the oral cavity are involved in the pathogenesis of oral diseases. Interestingly, these microbiota components are also enriched in gut inflammatory and tumor tissue. An altered microbiota composition - dysbiosis - and formation of polymicrobial biofilms seem to play important roles in the development of oral diseases and colorectal cancer. In this review, we describe the differences in composition of commensal microbiota in the oral cavity and large intestine and the mechanisms by which microbiota affect the inflammatory and carcinogenic response of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Klimesova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Prague, Czechia
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384
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Maisonneuve C, Irrazabal T, Martin A, Girardin SE, Philpott DJ. The Impact of the Gut Microbiome on Colorectal Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030617-050240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Maisonneuve
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;,
| | - Thergiory Irrazabal
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;,
| | - Alberto Martin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;,
| | - Stephen E. Girardin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;,
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dana J. Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;,
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385
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Ryu SH, Kaiko GE, Stappenbeck TS. Cellular differentiation: Potential insight into butyrate paradox? Mol Cell Oncol 2018; 5:e1212685. [PMID: 30250879 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2016.1212685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that cellular responses to butyrate depend on the differentiation status of the colonic epithelium. Here, we apply the implications of these findings to cancer biology and discuss discrepancies in the effects of butyrate on cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy H Ryu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gerard E Kaiko
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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386
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Racing to Stay Put: How Resident Microbiota Stimulate Intestinal Epithelial Cell Proliferation. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-018-0163-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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387
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Wang Y, Kim R, Hinman SS, Zwarycz B, Magness ST, Allbritton NL. Bioengineered Systems and Designer Matrices That Recapitulate the Intestinal Stem Cell Niche. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 5:440-453.e1. [PMID: 29675459 PMCID: PMC5904029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and the surrounding niche environment is complex and dynamic. Key factors localized at the base of the crypt are necessary to promote ISC self-renewal and proliferation, to ultimately provide a constant stream of differentiated cells to maintain the epithelial barrier. These factors diminish as epithelial cells divide, migrate away from the crypt base, differentiate into the postmitotic lineages, and end their life span in approximately 7 days when they are sloughed into the intestinal lumen. To facilitate the rapid and complex physiology of ISC-driven epithelial renewal, in vivo gradients of growth factors, extracellular matrix, bacterial products, gases, and stiffness are formed along the crypt-villus axis. New bioengineered tools and platforms are available to recapitulate various gradients and support the stereotypical cellular responses associated with these gradients. Many of these technologies have been paired with primary small intestinal and colonic epithelial cells to re-create select aspects of normal physiology or disease states. These biomimetic platforms are becoming increasingly sophisticated with the rapid discovery of new niche factors and gradients. These advancements are contributing to the development of high-fidelity tissue constructs for basic science applications, drug screening, and personalized medicine applications. Here, we discuss the direct and indirect evidence for many of the important gradients found in vivo and their successful application to date in bioengineered in vitro models, including organ-on-chip and microfluidic culture devices.
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Key Words
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- BMP, Bone morphogenetic protein
- Bioengineering
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- Eph, erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular receptor
- Ephrin, Eph family receptor interacting proteins
- Gradients
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- ISC, intestinal stem cell
- Intestinal Epithelial Cells
- NO, nitric oxide
- SFCA, short-chain fatty acids
- Stem Cell Niche
- TA, transit amplifying
- Wnt, wingless-related integration site
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Raehyun Kim
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Samuel S. Hinman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Bailey Zwarycz
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott T. Magness
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina,Scott T. Magness, PhD, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 111 Mason Farm Road, Room 4337 Medical Biomolecular Research Building, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599. fax: (919) 966-2284.
| | - Nancy L. Allbritton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Nancy L. Allbritton, MD, PhD, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chapman Hall, Room 241, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599. fax: (919) 966-2963.
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388
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Kang E, Zhou G, Yousefi M, Cayrol R, Xia J, Gruenheid S. Loss of disease tolerance during Citrobacter rodentium infection is associated with impaired epithelial differentiation and hyperactivation of T cell responses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:847. [PMID: 29339782 PMCID: PMC5770458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17386-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is an intestinal mouse pathogen widely used as a model to study the mucosal response to infection. Inbred mouse strains suffer one of two fates following infection: self-limiting colitis or fatal diarrheal disease. We previously reported that Rspo2 is a major genetic determinant of the outcome of C. rodentium infection; Rspo2 induction during infection of susceptible mice leads to loss of intestinal function and mortality. Rspo2 induction does not impact bacterial colonization, but rather, impedes the ability of the host to tolerate C. rodentium infection. Here, we performed deep RNA sequencing and systematically analyzed the global gene expression profiles of C. rodentium-infected colon tissues from susceptible and resistant congenic mice strains to determine the common responses to infection and the Rspo2-mediated dysfunction pathway signatures associated with loss of disease tolerance. Our results highlight changes in metabolism, tissue remodeling, and host defence as common responses to infection. Conversely, increased Wnt and stem cell signatures, loss of epithelial differentiation, and exaggerated CD4+ T cell activation through increased antigen processing and presentation were specifically associated with the response to infection in susceptible mice. These data provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying intestinal dysfunction and disease tolerance during C. rodentium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guangyan Zhou
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mitra Yousefi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Romain Cayrol
- Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jianguo Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Samantha Gruenheid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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389
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Steed AL, Christophi GP, Kaiko GE, Sun L, Goodwin VM, Jain U, Esaulova E, Artyomov MN, Morales DJ, Holtzman MJ, Boon ACM, Lenschow DJ, Stappenbeck TS. The microbial metabolite desaminotyrosine protects from influenza through type I interferon. Science 2018; 357:498-502. [PMID: 28774928 DOI: 10.1126/science.aam5336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The microbiota is known to modulate the host response to influenza infection through as-yet-unclear mechanisms. We hypothesized that components of the microbiota exert effects through type I interferon (IFN), a hypothesis supported by analysis of influenza in a gain-of-function genetic mouse model. Here we show that a microbially associated metabolite, desaminotyrosine (DAT), protects from influenza through augmentation of type I IFN signaling and diminution of lung immunopathology. A specific human-associated gut microbe, Clostridium orbiscindens, produced DAT and rescued antibiotic-treated influenza-infected mice. DAT protected the host by priming the amplification loop of type I IFN signaling. These findings show that specific components of the enteric microbiota have distal effects on responses to lethal infections through modulation of type I IFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Steed
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - George P Christophi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gerard E Kaiko
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lulu Sun
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Victoria M Goodwin
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Umang Jain
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ekaterina Esaulova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Computer Technologies Department, Saint Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David J Morales
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Adrianus C M Boon
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Deborah J Lenschow
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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390
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Lu CC, Ma KL, Ruan XZ, Liu BC. Intestinal dysbiosis activates renal renin-angiotensin system contributing to incipient diabetic nephropathy. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:816-822. [PMID: 30008592 PMCID: PMC6036087 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.25543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable interest nowadays has focused on gut microbiota owing to their pleiotropic roles in human health and diseases. This intestinal community can arouse a variety of activities in the host and function as "a microbial organ" by generating bioactive metabolites and participating in a series of metabolism-dependent pathways. Alternations in the composition of gut microbiota, referred to as intestinal dysbiosis, are reportedly associated with several diseases, especially diabetes mellitus and its complications. Here we focus on the relationship between gut microbiota and diabetic nephropathy (DN), as the latter is one of the major causes of chronic kidney diseases. The activation of renin angiotensin system (RAS) is a critical factor to the onset of DN, and emerging data has demonstrated a provoking and mediating role of gut microbiota for this system in the context of metabolic diseases. The purpose of the current review is to highlight some research updates about the underlying interplay between gut microbiota, their metabolites, and the development and progression of DN, along with exploring innovative approaches to targeting this intestinal community as a therapeutic perspective in clinical management of DN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen Lu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kun Ling Ma
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiong Zhong Ruan
- Centre for Nephrology, University College London (UCL) Medical School, Royal Free Campus, UK
| | - Bi Cheng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China
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391
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Sugimoto S, Ohta Y, Fujii M, Matano M, Shimokawa M, Nanki K, Date S, Nishikori S, Nakazato Y, Nakamura T, Kanai T, Sato T. Reconstruction of the Human Colon Epithelium In Vivo. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 22:171-176.e5. [PMID: 29290616 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic lineage tracing has revealed that Lgr5+ murine colon stem cells (CoSCs) rapidly proliferate at the crypt bottom. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics of human CoSCs in vivo have remained experimentally intractable. Here we established an orthotopic xenograft system for normal human colon organoids, enabling stable reconstruction of the human colon epithelium in vivo. Xenografted organoids were prone to displacement by the remaining murine crypts, and this could be overcome by complete removal of the mouse epithelium. Xenografted organoids formed crypt structures distinctively different from surrounding mouse crypts, reflecting their human origin. Lineage tracing using CRISPR-Cas9 to engineer an LGR5-CreER knockin allele demonstrated self-renewal and multipotency of LGR5+ CoSCs. In contrast to the rapidly cycling properties of mouse Lgr5+ CoSCs, human LGR5+ CoSCs were slow-cycling in vivo. This organoid-based orthotopic xenograft model enables investigation of the functional behaviors of human CoSCs in vivo, with potential therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Sugimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujii
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mami Matano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mariko Shimokawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kosaku Nanki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shoichi Date
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Fujii Memorial Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Company, Limited, Shiga 520-0106, Japan
| | - Shingo Nishikori
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Fujii Memorial Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Company, Limited, Shiga 520-0106, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakazato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakamura
- Department of Advanced Therapeutics for GI Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toshiro Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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392
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393
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Hamilton KE. Microfabricated Crypt Scaffolds: A New Foundation for Evaluating Human Colon Stem Cells. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 5:161-162. [PMID: 29693043 PMCID: PMC5904045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. Hamilton
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Kathryn E. Hamilton, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, 902F Abramson Research Building, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
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394
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Botta C, Acquadro A, Greppi A, Barchi L, Bertolino M, Cocolin L, Rantsiou K. Genomic assessment in Lactobacillus plantarum links the butyrogenic pathway with glutamine metabolism. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15975. [PMID: 29162929 PMCID: PMC5698307 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16186-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The butyrogenic capability of Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum is highly dependent on the substrate type and so far not assigned to any specific metabolic pathway. Accordingly, we compared three genomes of L. plantarum that showed a strain-specific capability to produce butyric acid in human cells growth media. Based on the genomic analysis, butyric acid production was attributed to the complementary activities of a medium-chain thioesterase and the fatty acid synthase of type two (FASII). However, the genomic islands of discrepancy observed between butyrogenic L. plantarum strains (S2T10D, S11T3E) and the non-butyrogenic strain O2T60C do not encompass genes of FASII, but several cassettes of genes related to sugar metabolism, bacteriocins, prophages and surface proteins. Interestingly, single amino acid substitutions predicted from SNPs analysis have highlighted deleterious mutations in key genes of glutamine metabolism in L. plantarum O2T60C, which corroborated well with the metabolic deficiency suffered by O2T60C in high-glutamine growth media and its consequent incapability to produce butyrate. In parallel, the increase of glutamine content induced the production of butyric acid by L. plantarum S2T10D. The present study reveals a previously undescribed metabolic route for butyric acid production in L. plantarum, and a potential involvement of the glutamine uptake in its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Botta
- Department of Forestry, Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Acquadro
- Department of Forestry, Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Anna Greppi
- Department of Forestry, Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Barchi
- Department of Forestry, Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Marta Bertolino
- Department of Forestry, Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Cocolin
- Department of Forestry, Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Kalliopi Rantsiou
- Department of Forestry, Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.
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395
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van der Beek CM, Dejong CHC, Troost FJ, Masclee AAM, Lenaerts K. Role of short-chain fatty acids in colonic inflammation, carcinogenesis, and mucosal protection and healing. Nutr Rev 2017; 75:286-305. [PMID: 28402523 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuw067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), mainly acetate, propionate, and butyrate, produced by microbial fermentation of undigested food substances are believed to play a beneficial role in human gut health. Short-chain fatty acids influence colonic health through various mechanisms. In vitro and ex vivo studies show that SCFAs have anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic effects, play an important role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis in colonocytes, and protect colonocytes from external harm. Animal studies have found substantial positive effects of SCFAs or dietary fiber on colonic disease, but convincing evidence in humans is lacking. Most human intervention trials have been conducted in the context of inflammatory bowel disease. Only a limited number of those trials are of high quality, showing little or no favorable effect of SCFA treatment over placebo. Opportunities for future research include exploring the use of combination therapies with anti-inflammatory drugs, prebiotics, or probiotics; the use of prodrugs in the setting of carcinogenesis; or the direct application of SCFAs to improve mucosal healing after colonic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M van der Beek
- C.M. van der Beek, C.H.C. Dejong, F.J. Troost, A.A.M. Masclee, and K. Lenaerts are with Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands. C.M. van der Beek, C.H.C. Dejong, and K. Lenaerts are with the Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. C.H.C. Dejong is with the School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. F.J. Troost and A.A.M. Masclee are with the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H C Dejong
- C.M. van der Beek, C.H.C. Dejong, F.J. Troost, A.A.M. Masclee, and K. Lenaerts are with Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands. C.M. van der Beek, C.H.C. Dejong, and K. Lenaerts are with the Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. C.H.C. Dejong is with the School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. F.J. Troost and A.A.M. Masclee are with the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Freddy J Troost
- C.M. van der Beek, C.H.C. Dejong, F.J. Troost, A.A.M. Masclee, and K. Lenaerts are with Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands. C.M. van der Beek, C.H.C. Dejong, and K. Lenaerts are with the Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. C.H.C. Dejong is with the School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. F.J. Troost and A.A.M. Masclee are with the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ad A M Masclee
- C.M. van der Beek, C.H.C. Dejong, F.J. Troost, A.A.M. Masclee, and K. Lenaerts are with Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands. C.M. van der Beek, C.H.C. Dejong, and K. Lenaerts are with the Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. C.H.C. Dejong is with the School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. F.J. Troost and A.A.M. Masclee are with the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kaatje Lenaerts
- C.M. van der Beek, C.H.C. Dejong, F.J. Troost, A.A.M. Masclee, and K. Lenaerts are with Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands. C.M. van der Beek, C.H.C. Dejong, and K. Lenaerts are with the Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. C.H.C. Dejong is with the School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. F.J. Troost and A.A.M. Masclee are with the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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396
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Qiang X, Liotta AS, Shiloach J, Gutierrez JC, Wang H, Ochani M, Ochani K, Yang H, Rabin A, LeRoith D, Lesniak MA, Böhm M, Maaser C, Kannengiesser K, Donowitz M, Rabizadeh S, Czura CJ, Tracey KJ, Westlake M, Zarfeshani A, Mehdi SF, Danoff A, Ge X, Sanyal S, Schwartz GJ, Roth J. New melanocortin-like peptide of E. coli can suppress inflammation via the mammalian melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R): possible endocrine-like function for microbes of the gut. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2017; 3:31. [PMID: 29152323 PMCID: PMC5684143 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-017-0039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
E. coli releases a 33 amino acid peptide melanocortin-like peptide of E. coli (MECO-1) that is identical to the C-terminus of the E. coli elongation factor-G (EF-G) and has interesting similarities to two prominent mammalian melanocortin hormones, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH). Note that MECO-1 lacks HFRW, the common pharmacophore of the known mammalian melanocortin peptides. MECO-1 and the two hormones were equally effective in severely blunting release of cytokines (HMGB1 and TNF) from macrophage-like cells in response to (i) endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) or (ii) pro-inflammatory cytokine HMGB-1. The in vitro anti-inflammatoty effects of MECO-1 and of alpha-MSH were abrogated by (i) antibody against melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) and by (ii) agouti, an endogenous inverse agonist of MC1R. In vivo MECO-1 was even more potent than alpha-MSH in rescuing mice from death due to (i) lethal doses of LPS endotoxin or (ii) cecal ligation and puncture, models of sterile and infectious sepsis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Qiang
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes Related Research, US, USA
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY USA
| | | | | | | | - Haichao Wang
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Mahendar Ochani
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Kanta Ochani
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Huan Yang
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Aviva Rabin
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes Related Research, US, USA
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Derek LeRoith
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark Donowitz
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | - Christopher J. Czura
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY USA
| | - Kevin J. Tracey
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY USA
| | - Mark Westlake
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes Related Research, US, USA
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Aida Zarfeshani
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes Related Research, US, USA
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Syed F. Mehdi
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes Related Research, US, USA
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
| | - Ann Danoff
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Xueliang Ge
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Suparna Sanyal
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jesse Roth
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes Related Research, US, USA
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, NY USA
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY USA
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY USA
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397
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Hill DR, Huang S, Nagy MS, Yadagiri VK, Fields C, Mukherjee D, Bons B, Dedhia PH, Chin AM, Tsai YH, Thodla S, Schmidt TM, Walk S, Young VB, Spence JR. Bacterial colonization stimulates a complex physiological response in the immature human intestinal epithelium. eLife 2017; 6:29132. [PMID: 29110754 PMCID: PMC5711377 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is immature at birth, yet must adapt to dramatic changes such as oral nutrition and microbial colonization. The confluence of these factors can lead to severe inflammatory disease in premature infants; however, investigating complex environment-host interactions is difficult due to limited access to immature human tissue. Here, we demonstrate that the epithelium of human pluripotent stem-cell-derived human intestinal organoids is globally similar to the immature human epithelium and we utilize HIOs to investigate complex host-microbe interactions in this naive epithelium. Our findings demonstrate that the immature epithelium is intrinsically capable of establishing a stable host-microbe symbiosis. Microbial colonization leads to complex contact and hypoxia driven responses resulting in increased antimicrobial peptide production, maturation of the mucus layer, and improved barrier function. These studies lay the groundwork for an improved mechanistic understanding of how colonization influences development of the immature human intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Hill
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Sha Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Melinda S Nagy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Veda K Yadagiri
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Courtney Fields
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Dishari Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Brooke Bons
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Priya H Dedhia
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Alana M Chin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Yu-Hwai Tsai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Shrikar Thodla
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Thomas M Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Seth Walk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, United States
| | - Vincent B Young
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Jason R Spence
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.,Department of Cell andDevelopmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
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398
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Wang Y, Kim R, Gunasekara DB, Reed MI, DiSalvo M, Nguyen DL, Bultman SJ, Sims CE, Magness ST, Allbritton NL. Formation of Human Colonic Crypt Array by Application of Chemical Gradients Across a Shaped Epithelial Monolayer. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 5:113-130. [PMID: 29693040 PMCID: PMC5904049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The successful culture of intestinal organoids has greatly enhanced our understanding of intestinal stem cell physiology and enabled the generation of novel intestinal disease models. Although of tremendous value, intestinal organoid culture systems have not yet fully recapitulated the anatomy or physiology of the in vivo intestinal epithelium. The aim of this work was to re-create an intestinal epithelium with a high density of polarized crypts that respond in a physiologic manner to addition of growth factors, metabolites, or cytokines to the basal or luminal tissue surface as occurs in vivo. METHODS A self-renewing monolayer of human intestinal epithelium was cultured on a collagen scaffold microfabricated with an array of crypt-like invaginations. Placement of chemical factors in either the fluid reservoir below or above the cell-covered scaffolding created a gradient of that chemical across the growing epithelial tissue possessing the in vitro crypt structures. Crypt polarization (size of the stem/proliferative and differentiated cell zones) was assessed in response to gradients of growth factors, cytokines, and bacterial metabolites. RESULTS Chemical gradients applied to the shaped human epithelium re-created the stem/proliferative and differentiated cell zones of the in vivo intestine. Short-chain fatty acids applied as a gradient from the luminal side confirmed long-standing hypotheses that butyrate diminished stem/progenitor cell proliferation and promoted differentiation into absorptive colonocytes. A gradient of interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α significantly suppressed the stem/progenitor cell proliferation, altering crypt formation. CONCLUSIONS The in vitro human colon crypt array accurately mimicked the architecture, luminal accessibility, tissue polarity, cell migration, and cellular responses of in vivo intestinal crypts.
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Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- DM, differentiation medium
- DM-B, differentiation medium plus 5 mmol/L butyrate
- DM-D, DM plus 10 μmol/L DAPT
- EDC, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- EM, expansion medium
- EdU, 5-ethynyl-20-deoxyuridine
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- Intestinal Epithelial Cells
- Intestine-On-A-Chip
- KRT20, cytokeratin 20
- Muc2, mucin 2
- NHS, N-hydroxysuccinimide
- Olfm4, olfactomedin-4
- P, passage
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PDMS, polydimethylsiloxane
- PTFE, polytetrafluoroethylene
- Polarized Crypt
- SCFA, short-chain fatty acid
- SEM, scanning electron microscope
- SM, stem medium
- Stem Cell Niche
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- ZO-1, zonula occludens-1
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Raehyun Kim
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Dulan B. Gunasekara
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Mark I. Reed
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Matthew DiSalvo
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Daniel L. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott J. Bultman
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Christopher E. Sims
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott T. Magness
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Nancy L. Allbritton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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399
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Li D, Wang P, Wang P, Hu X, Chen F. Targeting the gut microbiota by dietary nutrients: A new avenue for human health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:181-195. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1363708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daotong Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture; Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture; Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengpu Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture; Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture; Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture; Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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400
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Lipopolysaccharide from Crypt-Specific Core Microbiota Modulates the Colonic Epithelial Proliferation-to-Differentiation Balance. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.01680-17. [PMID: 29042502 PMCID: PMC5646255 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01680-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified a crypt-specific core microbiota (CSCM) dominated by strictly aerobic, nonfermentative bacteria in murine cecal and proximal colonic (PC) crypts and hypothesized that, among its possible functions, it may affect epithelial regeneration. In the present work, we isolated representative CSCM strains using selective media based upon our initial 16S rRNA-based molecular identification (i.e., Acinetobacter, Delftia, and Stenotrophomonas). Their tropism for the crypt was confirmed, and their influence on epithelial regeneration was demonstrated in vivo by monocolonization of germfree mice. We also showed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS), through its endotoxin activity, was the dominant bacterial agonist controlling proliferation. The relevant molecular mechanisms were analyzed using colonic crypt-derived organoids exposed to bacterial sonicates or highly purified LPS as agonists. We identified a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent program affecting crypts at different stages of epithelial differentiation. LPS played a dual role: it repressed cell proliferation through RIPK3-mediated necroptosis of stem cells and cells of the transit-amplifying compartment and concurrently enhanced cell differentiation, particularly the goblet cell lineage. The LPS from crypt-specific core microbiota controls intestinal epithelium proliferation through necroptosis of stem cells and enhances cell differentiation, mainly the goblet cell lineage.
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