351
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Baenas N, García-Viguera C, Moreno DA. Elicitation: a tool for enriching the bioactive composition of foods. Molecules 2014; 19:13541-63. [PMID: 25255755 PMCID: PMC6270998 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190913541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Elicitation is a good strategy to induce physiological changes and stimulate defense or stress-induced responses in plants. The elicitor treatments trigger the synthesis of phytochemical compounds in fruits, vegetables and herbs. These metabolites have been widely investigated as bioactive compounds responsible of plant cell adaptation to the environment, specific organoleptic properties of foods, and protective effects in human cells against oxidative processes in the development of neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases and certain types of cancer. Biotic (biological origin), abiotic (chemical or physical origin) elicitors and phytohormones have been applied alone or in combinations, in hydroponic solutions or sprays, and in different selected time points of the plant growth or during post-harvest. Understanding how plant tissues and their specific secondary metabolic pathways respond to specific treatments with elicitors would be the basis for designing protocols to enhance the production of secondary metabolites, in order to produce quality and healthy fresh foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Baenas
- Phytochemistry Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Edificio 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Cristina García-Viguera
- Phytochemistry Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Edificio 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Diego A Moreno
- Phytochemistry Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Edificio 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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352
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Lewandowska A, Przychodzeń W, Kusznierewicz B, Kołodziejski D, Namieśnik J, Bartoszek A. Isothiocyanates may chemically detoxify mutagenic amines formed in heat processed meat. Food Chem 2014; 157:105-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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353
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Zuo L, He F, Sergakis GG, Koozehchian MS, Stimpfl JN, Rong Y, Diaz PT, Best TM. Interrelated role of cigarette smoking, oxidative stress, and immune response in COPD and corresponding treatments. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L205-18. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00330.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking (CS) can impact the immune system and induce pulmonary disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is currently the fourth leading cause of chronic morbidity and mortality worldwide. Accordingly, the most significant risk factor associated with COPD is exposure to cigarette smoke. The purpose of the present study is to provide an updated overview of the literature regarding the effect of CS on the immune system and lungs, the mechanism of CS-induced COPD and oxidative stress, as well as the available and potential treatment options for CS-induced COPD. An extensive literature search was conducted on the PubMed/Medline databases to review current COPD treatment research, available in the English language, dating from 1976 to 2014. Studies have investigated the mechanism by which CS elicits detrimental effects on the immune system and pulmonary function through the use of human and animal subjects. A strong relationship among continued tobacco use, oxidative stress, and exacerbation of COPD symptoms is frequently observed in COPD subjects. In addition, therapeutic approaches emphasizing smoking cessation have been developed, incorporating counseling and nicotine replacement therapy. However, the inability to reverse COPD progression establishes the need for improved preventative and therapeutic strategies, such as a combination of intensive smoking cessation treatment and pharmaceutical therapy, focusing on immune homeostasis and redox balance. CS initiates a complex interplay between oxidative stress and the immune response in COPD. Therefore, multiple approaches such as smoking cessation, counseling, and pharmaceutical therapies targeting inflammation and oxidative stress are recommended for COPD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zuo
- Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Feng He
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Georgianna G. Sergakis
- Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Majid S. Koozehchian
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Julia N. Stimpfl
- Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yi Rong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Philip T. Diaz
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Thomas M. Best
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Sports Health & Performance Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
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354
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Lin LZ, Sun J, Chen P, Zhang RW, Fan XE, Li LW, Harnly JM. Profiling of glucosinolates and flavonoids in Rorippa indica (Linn.) Hiern. (Cruciferae) by UHPLC-PDA-ESI/HRMS(n). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:6118-29. [PMID: 24893216 PMCID: PMC4082396 DOI: 10.1021/jf405538d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
An UHPLC-PDA-ESI/HRMS(n) profiling method was used to identify the glucosinolates and flavonoids of Rorippa indica (Cruciferae), a wild vegetable and Chinese herb used to treat cough, diarrhea, and rheumatoid arthritis. Thirty-three glucosinolates, more than 40 flavonol glycosides, and 18 other phenolic and common organic compounds were identified. The glucosinolates and polyphenols were separated by UHPLC. High-resolution deprotonated molecules provided high accuracy mass values that were used to determine formulas and provide putative identification of the glucosinolates and flavonoids. The fragments from multistage mass spectrometry were used to elucidate the structures. The concentrations of the main components were based on UV peak areas and molar relative response factors with a single calibration standard. This study found this plant to be a rich source for glucosinolates, containing 24 new glucosinolates, including 14 glucosylated glucosinolates that were previously unidentified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Ze Lin
- Food
Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition
Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Building-161, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United
States
- (L.-Z.L.) Phone: (301) 504-9136. Fax: (301) 504-8314. E-mail:
| | - Jianghao Sun
- Food
Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition
Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Building-161, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United
States
| | - Pei Chen
- Food
Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition
Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Building-161, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United
States
| | - Ren-Wei Zhang
- Longjin Pharmaceutical
Company, Ltd., Wujiadui News Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650228, China
| | - Xiao-E Fan
- Longjin Pharmaceutical
Company, Ltd., Wujiadui News Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650228, China
| | - Lai-Wei Li
- Longjin Pharmaceutical
Company, Ltd., Wujiadui News Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650228, China
| | - James M. Harnly
- Food
Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition
Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Building-161, BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United
States
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355
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Lee S, Kim J, Seo SG, Choi BR, Han JS, Lee KW, Kim J. Sulforaphane alleviates scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. Pharmacol Res 2014; 85:23-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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356
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Grubb CD, Zipp BJ, Kopycki J, Schubert M, Quint M, Lim EK, Bowles DJ, Pedras MSC, Abel S. Comparative analysis of Arabidopsis UGT74 glucosyltransferases reveals a special role of UGT74C1 in glucosinolate biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 79:92-105. [PMID: 24779768 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The study of glucosinolates and their regulation has provided a powerful framework for the exploration of fundamental questions about the function, evolution, and ecological significance of plant natural products, but uncertainties about their metabolism remain. Previous work has identified one thiohydroximate S-glucosyltransferase, UGT74B1, with an important role in the core pathway, but also made clear that this enzyme functions redundantly and cannot be the sole UDP-glucose dependent glucosyltransferase (UGT) in glucosinolate synthesis. Here, we present the results of a nearly comprehensive in vitro activity screen of recombinant Arabidopsis Family 1 UGTs, which implicate other members of the UGT74 clade as candidate glucosinolate biosynthetic enzymes. Systematic genetic analysis of this clade indicates that UGT74C1 plays a special role in the synthesis of aliphatic glucosinolates, a conclusion strongly supported by phylogenetic and gene expression analyses. Finally, the ability of UGT74C1 to complement phenotypes and chemotypes of the ugt74b1-2 knockout mutant and to express thiohydroximate UGT activity in planta provides conclusive evidence for UGT74C1 being an accessory enzyme in glucosinolate biosynthesis with a potential function during plant adaptation to environmental challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Douglas Grubb
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle, Germany
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357
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Testa R, Genovese S, Ceriello A. Nutritional imbalances linking cellular senescence and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2014; 17:338-42. [PMID: 24839949 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Quality of nutrition plays a central role in illnesses such as diabetes and its complications. Dietary and lifestyle habits may have a strong impact, either worsening or improving the evolution of diabetes mellitus. Some factors, such as obesity, worsen the illness, causing chronic inflammation, lipid metabolic disorder, accelerated atherosclerosis, increased risk for thrombosis, hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and cellular senescence. Some other nutritional components, however, have an opposite effect, probably increasing antioxidant defense. RECENT FINDINGS The effects of nutritional factors on cellular senescence in diabetic patients are described in this review. In particular, we discuss some of the nutritional causes of cellular senescence in diabetes mellitus and focus on different nutraceutical compounds that can affect cellular senescence. Furthermore, relevant mechanisms of action are also described. SUMMARY Diet and nutraceutical factors have important effects on diabetes mellitus. Some molecules, which improve antioxidant defense, may counteract cellular senescence. A good lifestyle with physical activity and good weight control can improve the quality of life in diabetic people; on the contrary, obesity and vitamin deficiencies may worsen the evolution of this illness, even inducing cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Testa
- aExperimental Models in Clinical Pathology, INRCA-IRCCS National Institute, Ancona bDepartment of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Gruppo Multimedica, Sesto San Giovanni (MI), Italy cInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) dCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
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358
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Mirmiran P, Bahadoran Z, Azizi F. Functional foods-based diet as a novel dietary approach for management of type 2 diabetes and its complications: A review. World J Diabetes 2014; 5:267-281. [PMID: 24936248 PMCID: PMC4058731 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i3.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a complicated metabolic disorder with both short- and long-term undesirable complications. In recent years, there has been growing evidence that functional foods and their bioactive compounds, due to their biological properties, may be used as complementary treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this review, we have highlighted various functional foods as missing part of medical nutrition therapy in diabetic patients. Several in vitro, animal models and some human studies, have demonstrated that functional foods and nutraceuticals may improve postprandial hyperglycemia and adipose tissue metabolism modulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Functional foods may also improve dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, and attenuate oxidative stress and inflammatory processes and subsequently could prevent the development of long-term diabetes complications including cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy. In conclusion available data indicate that a functional foods-based diet may be a novel and comprehensive dietary approach for management of type 2 diabetes.
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359
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Piekarska A, Kołodziejski D, Pilipczuk T, Bodnar M, Konieczka P, Kusznierewicz B, Hanschen FS, Schreiner M, Cyprys J, Groszewska M, Namieśnik J, Bartoszek A. The influence of selenium addition during germination ofBrassicaseeds on health-promoting potential of sprouts. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2014; 65:692-702. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2014.917148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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360
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Chaudhary A, Sharma U, Vig AP, Singh B, Arora S. Free radical scavenging, antiproliferative activities and profiling of variations in the level of phytochemicals in different parts of broccoli (Brassica oleracea italica). Food Chem 2014; 148:373-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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361
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Galuppo M, Giacoppo S, De Nicola GR, Iori R, Navarra M, Lombardo GE, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. Antiinflammatory activity of glucomoringin isothiocyanate in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Fitoterapia 2014; 95:160-74. [PMID: 24685508 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glucomoringin (4(α-L-rhamnosyloxy)-benzyl glucosinolate) (GMG) is an uncommon member of glucosinolate group belonging to the Moringaceae family, of which Moringa oleifera Lam. is the most widely distributed. Bioactivation of GMG with the enzyme myrosinase forms the corresponding isothiocyanate (4(α-L-rhamnosyloxy)-benzyl isothiocyanate) (GMG-ITC), which can play a key role in antitumoral activity and counteract the inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of GMG-ITC treatment in an experimental mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory demyelinating disease with neurodegeneration characterized by demyelinating plaques, neuronal, and axonal loss. For this reason, C57Bl/6 male mice were injected with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35-55 which is able to evoke an autoimmune response against myelin fibers miming human multiple sclerosis physiopatogenesis. Results clearly showed that the treatment was able to counteract the inflammatory cascade that underlies the processes leading to severe MS. In particular, GMG-ITC was effective against proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α. Oxidative species generation including the influence of iNOS, nitrotyrosine tissue expression and cell apoptotic death pathway was also evaluated resulting in a lower Bax/Bcl-2 unbalance. Taken together, this work adds new interesting properties and applicability of GMG-ITC and this compound can be suggested as a useful drug for the treatment or prevention of MS, at least in association with current conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Galuppo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Sabrina Giacoppo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Gina Rosalinda De Nicola
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Centro di Ricerca per le Colture Industriali (CRA-CIN), Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy
| | - Renato Iori
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Centro di Ricerca per le Colture Industriali (CRA-CIN), Via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Navarra
- Università degli Studi di Messina, Facoltà di Farmacia, Dipartimento di Scienze del farmaco e dei Prodotti per la Salute, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Enrico Lombardo
- Università degli Studi di Messina, Facoltà di Farmacia, Dipartimento di Scienze del farmaco e dei Prodotti per la Salute, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Placido Bramanti
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
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362
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Baird L, Swift S, Llères D, Dinkova-Kostova AT. Monitoring Keap1-Nrf2 interactions in single live cells. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:1133-44. [PMID: 24681086 PMCID: PMC4165437 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-E2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its negative regulator Kelch-like ECH associated protein 1 (Keap1) control the expression of nearly 500 genes with diverse cytoprotective functions. Keap1, a substrate adaptor protein for Cullin3/Rbx1 ubiquitin ligase, normally continuously targets Nrf2 for degradation, but loses this ability in response to electrophiles and oxidants (termed inducers). Consequently, Nrf2 accumulates and activates transcription of its downstream target genes. Many inducers are phytochemicals, and cruciferous vegetables represent one of the richest sources of inducer activity among the most commonly used edible plants. Here we summarize the discovery of the isothiocyanate sulforaphane as a potent inducer which reacts with cysteine sensors of Keap1, leading to activation of Nrf2. We then describe the development of a quantitative Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based methodology combined with multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) to investigate the interactions between Keap1 and Nrf2 in single live cells, and the effect of sulforaphane, and other cysteine-reactive inducers, on the dynamics of the Keap1–Nrf2 protein complex. We present the experimental evidence for the “cyclic sequential attachment and regeneration” or “conformation cycling” model of Keap1-mediated Nrf2 degradation. Finally, we discuss the implications of this mode of regulation of Nrf2 for achieving a fine balance under normal physiological conditions, and the consequences and mechanisms of disrupting this balance for tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Baird
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY Scotland, UK
| | - Sam Swift
- Microscopy Facility, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH Scotland, UK
| | - David Llères
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY Scotland, UK; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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363
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Geisel J, Brück J, Glocova I, Dengler K, Sinnberg T, Rothfuss O, Walter M, Schulze-Osthoff K, Röcken M, Ghoreschi K. Sulforaphane protects from T cell-mediated autoimmune disease by inhibition of IL-23 and IL-12 in dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3530-9. [PMID: 24639357 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate, is part of an important group of naturally occurring small molecules with anti-inflammatory properties. The published reports are best conceivable with an inhibition of T cell function, but the mode of action remains unknown. We therefore analyzed the effect of SFN on T cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Feeding mice with SFN protected from severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Disease amelioration was associated with reduced IL-17 and IFN-γ expression in draining lymph nodes. In vitro, SFN treatment of T cells did not directly alter T cell cytokine secretion. In contrast, SFN treatment of dendritic cells (DCs) inhibited TLR4-induced IL-12 and IL-23 production, and severely suppressed Th1 and Th17 development of T cells primed by SFN-treated DCs. SFN regulated the activity of the TLR4-induced transcription factor NF-κB, without affecting the degradation of its inhibitor IκB-α. Instead, SFN treatment of DCs resulted in strong expression of the stress response protein heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which interacts with and thereby inhibits NF-κB p65. Consistent with these findings, HO-1 bound to p65 and subsequently inhibited the p65 activity at the IL23a and IL12b promoters. Importantly, SFN suppressed Il23a and Il12b expression in vivo and silenced Th17/Th1 responses within the CNS. Thus, our data show that SFN improves Th17/Th1-mediated autoimmune disease by inducing HO-1 and inhibiting NF-κB p65-regulated IL-23 and IL-12 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Geisel
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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364
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Loebers A, Müller-Uri F, Kreis W. A young root-specific gene (ArMY2) from horseradish encoding a MYR II myrosinase with kinetic preference for the root-specific glucosinolate gluconasturtiin. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 99:26-35. [PMID: 24333031 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The pungent taste of horseradish is caused by isothiocyanates which are released from glucosinolates by myrosinases. These enzymes are encoded by genes belonging to one of two subfamilies, termed MYR I and MYR II, respectively. A MYR II-type myrosinase gene was identified for the first time in horseradish. The gene termed ArMY2 was only expressed in young roots. A full-length cDNA encoding a myrosinase termed ArMy2 was isolated and heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris. The recombinant His-tagged enzyme was characterized biochemically. Substrate affinity was 5 times higher towards gluconasturtiin than towards sinigrin. Gluconasturtiin was found to be the most abundant glucosinolate in young horseradish roots while sinigrin dominated in storage roots and leaves. This indicates that a specialized glucosinolate-myrosinase defense system might be active in young roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Loebers
- Department Biology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frieder Müller-Uri
- Department Biology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kreis
- Department Biology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany; ECROPS, Erlangen Center of Plant Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 4, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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365
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Baenas N, García-Viguera C, Moreno DA. Biotic elicitors effectively increase the glucosinolates content in Brassicaceae sprouts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:1881-9. [PMID: 24484436 DOI: 10.1021/jf404876z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Several biotic elicitors have been used in Brassicaceae species to enhance their phytochemical quality. However, there is no comparison between elicitors under controlled growth conditions. In order to draw general conclusions about the use of elicitors to enrich ready-to-eat sprouts in health-promoting glucosinolates, the aim of this study was to unveil the effect of the phytohormones methyl jasmonate (25 μM), jasmonic acid (150 μM), and salicylic acid (100 μM), the oligosaccharides glucose (277 mM) and sucrose (146 mM), and the amino acid dl-methionine (5 mM) as elicitors over 8-day sprouting Brassica oleraceae (broccoli), Brassica napus (rutabaga cabbage), Brassica rapa (turnip), and Raphanus sativus (China rose radish and red radish), representative species high in glucosinolates previously studied. Results indicated that the phytohormones methyl jasmonate and jasmonic acid and the sugars acted as effective elicitors, increasing the total glucosinolate contents of the sprouts, particularly, glucoraphanin (from 183 to 294 mg·100 g(-1) in MeJA-treated broccoli sprouts), glucoraphenin (from 33 to 124 mg·100 g(-1) and from 167 to 227 mg·100 g(-1) in MeJA-treated China rose radish and red radish, respectively), and glucobrassicin (from 23.4 to 91.0 mg·100 g(-1) and from 29.6 to 186 mg·100 g(-1) in MeJA-treated turnip and rutabaga sprouts, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Baenas
- Phytochemistry Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC , P.O. Box 164, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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366
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Carbonell-Capella JM, Buniowska M, Barba FJ, Esteve MJ, Frígola A. Analytical Methods for Determining Bioavailability and Bioaccessibility of Bioactive Compounds from Fruits and Vegetables: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 13:155-171. [PMID: 33412647 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Determination of bioactive compounds content directly from foodstuff is not enough for the prediction of potential in vivo effects, as metabolites reaching the blood system may be different from the original compounds found in food, as a result of an intensive metabolism that takes place during absorption. Nutritional efficacy of food products may be ensured by the determination of bioaccessibility, which provides valuable information in order to select the appropriate dosage and source of food matrices. However, between all the methods available, there is a need to establish the best approach for the assessment of specific compounds. Comparison between in vivo and in vitro procedures used to determine bioaccessibility and bioavailability is carried out, taking into account the strengths and limitations of each experimental technique, along with an intensive description of actual approaches applied to assess bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds. Applications of these methods for specific bioactive compound's bioaccessibility or bioavailability are also discussed, considering studies regarding the bioavailability of carotenoids, polyphenolic compounds, glucosinolates, vitamin E, and phytosterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana M Carbonell-Capella
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Univ. de València, Avda, Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n. 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Magdalena Buniowska
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Univ. de València, Avda, Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n. 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Francisco J Barba
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Univ. de València, Avda, Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n. 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - María J Esteve
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Univ. de València, Avda, Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n. 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Ana Frígola
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Univ. de València, Avda, Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n. 46100, Burjassot, Spain
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367
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Davidson RK, Jupp O, de Ferrars R, Kay CD, Culley KL, Norton R, Driscoll C, Vincent TL, Donell ST, Bao Y, Clark IM. Sulforaphane represses matrix-degrading proteases and protects cartilage from destruction in vitro and in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 65:3130-40. [PMID: 23983046 PMCID: PMC4240673 DOI: 10.1002/art.38133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective Sulforaphane (SFN) has been reported to regulate signaling pathways relevant to chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of SFN treatment on signaling pathways in chondrocytes and to determine whether sulforaphane could block cartilage destruction in osteoarthritis. Methods Gene expression, histone acetylation, and signaling of the transcription factors NF-E2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) and NF-κB were examined in vitro. The bovine nasal cartilage explant model and the destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) model of osteoarthritis in the mouse were used to assess chondroprotection at the tissue and whole-animal levels. Results SFN inhibited cytokine-induced metalloproteinase expression in primary human articular chondrocytes and in fibroblast-like synovial cells. SFN acted independently of Nrf2 and histone deacetylase activity to regulate metalloproteinase expression in human articular chondrocytes but did mediate prolonged activation of JNK and p38 MAPK. SFN attenuated NF-κB signaling at least through inhibition of DNA binding in human articular chondrocytes, with decreased expression of several NF-κB–dependent genes. Compared with cytokines alone, SFN (10 μM) abrogated cytokine-induced destruction of bovine nasal cartilage at both the proteoglycan and collagen breakdown levels. An SFN-rich diet (3 μmoles/day SFN versus control chow) decreased the arthritis score in the DMM model of osteoarthritis in the mouse, with a concurrent block of early DMM-induced gene expression changes. Conclusion SFN inhibits the expression of key metalloproteinases implicated in osteoarthritis, independently of Nrf2, and blocks inflammation at the level of NF-κB to protect against cartilage destruction in vitro and in vivo.
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368
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Lippmann D, Lehmann C, Florian S, Barknowitz G, Haack M, Mewis I, Wiesner M, Schreiner M, Glatt H, Brigelius-Flohé R, Kipp AP. Glucosinolates from pak choi and broccoli induce enzymes and inhibit inflammation and colon cancer differently. Food Funct 2014; 5:1073-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60676g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Feeding a glucosinolate-enriched pak choi diet reduced colitis and tumor numbers. No effects were observed by a glucosinolate-enriched broccoli diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Lippmann
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke
- D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Carsten Lehmann
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke
- D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Simone Florian
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke
- D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Gitte Barknowitz
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke
- D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Michael Haack
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke
- D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Inga Mewis
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops
- Grossbeeren and Erfurt e.V
- Germany
| | - Melanie Wiesner
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops
- Grossbeeren and Erfurt e.V
- Germany
| | - Monika Schreiner
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops
- Grossbeeren and Erfurt e.V
- Germany
| | - Hansruedi Glatt
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke
- D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | | | - Anna P. Kipp
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke
- D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany
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369
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A new ultra-rapid UHPLC/MS/MS method for assessing glucoraphanin and sulforaphane bioavailability in human urine. Food Chem 2014; 143:132-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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370
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Health promoting effects of brassica-derived phytochemicals: from chemopreventive and anti-inflammatory activities to epigenetic regulation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:964539. [PMID: 24454992 PMCID: PMC3885109 DOI: 10.1155/2013/964539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A high intake of brassica vegetables may be associated with a decreased chronic disease risk. Health promoting effects of Brassicaceae have been partly attributed to glucosinolates and in particular to their hydrolyzation products including isothiocyanates. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest a chemopreventive activity of isothiocyanates through the redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2. Furthermore, studies in cultured cells, in laboratory rodents, and also in humans support an anti-inflammatory effect of brassica-derived phytochemicals. However, the underlying mechanisms of how these compounds mediate their health promoting effects are yet not fully understood. Recent findings suggest that brassica-derived compounds are regulators of epigenetic mechanisms. It has been shown that isothiocyanates may inhibit histone deacetylase transferases and DNA-methyltransferases in cultured cells. Only a few papers have dealt with the effect of brassica-derived compounds on epigenetic mechanisms in laboratory animals, whereas data in humans are currently lacking. The present review aims to summarize the current knowledge regarding the biological activities of brassica-derived phytochemicals regarding chemopreventive, anti-inflammatory, and epigenetic pathways.
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371
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Becerra-Moreno A, Alanís-Garza PA, Mora-Nieves JL, Mora-Mora JP, Jacobo-Velázquez DA. Kale: An excellent source of vitamin C, pro-vitamin A, lutein and glucosinolates. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2013.850743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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372
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Alfieri A, Srivastava S, Siow RCM, Cash D, Modo M, Duchen MR, Fraser PA, Williams SCR, Mann GE. Sulforaphane preconditioning of the Nrf2/HO-1 defense pathway protects the cerebral vasculature against blood-brain barrier disruption and neurological deficits in stroke. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:1012-1022. [PMID: 24017972 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.08.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and cerebral edema are the major pathogenic mechanisms leading to neurological dysfunction and death after ischemic stroke. The brain protects itself against infarction via activation of endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms, and we here report the first evidence that sulforaphane-mediated preactivation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream target heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the cerebral vasculature protects the brain against stroke. To induce ischemic stroke, Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 70 min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) followed by 4, 24, or 72 h reperfusion. Nrf2 and HO-1 protein expression was upregulated in cerebral microvessels of peri-infarct regions after 4-72 h, with HO-1 preferentially associated with perivascular astrocytes rather than the cerebrovascular endothelium. In naïve rats, treatment with sulforaphane increased Nrf2 expression in cerebral microvessels after 24h. Upregulation of Nrf2 by sulforaphane treatment prior to transient MCAo (1h) was associated with increased HO-1 expression in perivascular astrocytes in peri-infarct regions and cerebral endothelium in the infarct core. BBB disruption, lesion progression, as analyzed by MRI, and neurological deficits were reduced by sulforaphane pretreatment. As sulforaphane pretreatment led to a moderate increase in peroxynitrite generation, we suggest that hormetic preconditioning underlies sulforaphane-mediated protection against stroke. In conclusion, we propose that pharmacological or dietary interventions aimed to precondition the brain via activation of the Nrf2 defense pathway in the cerebral microvasculature provide a novel therapeutic approach for preventing BBB breakdown and neurological dysfunction in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Alfieri
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Salil Srivastava
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Richard C M Siow
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Diana Cash
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Michel Modo
- Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behaviour, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Michael R Duchen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Paul A Fraser
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Steven C R Williams
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK.
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373
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Sarvan I, Valerio F, Lonigro SL, de Candia S, Verkerk R, Dekker M, Lavermicocca P. Glucosinolate content of blanched cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) fermented by the probiotic strain Lactobacillus paracasei LMG-P22043. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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374
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De Nicola GR, Bagatta M, Pagnotta E, Angelino D, Gennari L, Ninfali P, Rollin P, Iori R. Comparison of bioactive phytochemical content and release of isothiocyanates in selected brassica sprouts. Food Chem 2013; 141:297-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.02.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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375
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Minarini A, Milelli A, Fimognari C, Simoni E, Turrini E, Tumiatti V. Exploring the effects of isothiocyanates on chemotherapeutic drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 10:25-38. [PMID: 24087843 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.843668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chemoprevention has emerged as a promising strategy to reduce the risk and to control cancer. In this context, isothiocyanates (ITCs), found in abundance in the form of glucosinolates in cruciferous vegetables, have gained increasing consideration for their chemopreventive activity. ITCs exert their effects mainly by inducing carcinogen metabolism or by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation. AREAS COVERED In recent years, novel combination treatments, by coupling chemopreventive agents and typical chemotherapeutics, have been exploited to increase the antitumor activities. The aim of this article is to examine the foremost studies carried out, so far, on the effects of dietary and synthetic ITCs on different signaling pathways involved in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of chemotherapeutic agents, in order to enhance their effectiveness. EXPERT OPINION Undoubtedly, the beneficial anticarcinogenic potential of ITCs, both singly and in combination, has emerged in in vitro and in vivo studies. However, only a few clinical trials have been carried out so far with ITCs, which try to better define both the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic impacts in humans. More toxicological evaluations after long-term administration of ITCs in different species are required for the clinical development of ITCs as anticarcinogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Minarini
- Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology , Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna , Italy +39 051 2099709 ; +39 051 2099734 ;
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376
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Kaur T, Hussain K, Koul S, Vishwakarma R, Vyas D. Evaluation of nutritional and antioxidant status of Lepidium latifolium Linn.: a novel phytofood from Ladakh. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69112. [PMID: 23936316 PMCID: PMC3732271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lepidium latifolium Linn. (perennial pepperweed) is one of the preferred phytofoods among cold arid region of Ladakh, India and its leaves contribute significantly to people's diet. This study was conducted to determine its nutritive value and antioxidant activity. Plant samples from three different locations were selected in the present study. Results showed that this plant is an excellent source of glucosinolates, notably sinigrin that is present in very high amount (∼70–90%). Its value ranged from 149 to 199 µg per g fresh weight. Fatty acid composition analysis showed that its leaves were abundant in unsaturated fatty acids, specifically linolenic acid (18∶3) whose percentage is about 50%. Higher glucose and crude protein along with higher nitrogen to sulfur ratio, supplements the nutritive value of this plant. Based on total phenol, flavanoids, free radical scavenging activity and DNA protective activity showed that this ecotype of perennial pepperweed contains high antioxidant properties. The percentage inhibition for O2− scavenging activity ranged from 41.3% to 83.9%. Higher content of phenols (26.89 to 50.51 mg gallic acid equivalents per g dry weight) and flavanoids (38.66 to 76.00 mg quercetin equivalents per g dry weight) in leaves could be responsible for the free radical scavenging activity of this plant. Depending upon the location of the plants, variations were observed in different activities. Based on the systematic evaluation in this study, preparations of Lepidium latifolium from Ladakh can be promoted as substitute to dietary requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarandeep Kaur
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu, India
- Biodiversity and Applied Botany Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu, India
| | - Khadim Hussain
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu, India
- Biodiversity and Applied Botany Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu, India
| | - Sushma Koul
- Biodiversity and Applied Botany Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu, India
| | - Ram Vishwakarma
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu, India
| | - Dhiraj Vyas
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu, India
- Biodiversity and Applied Botany Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu, India
- * E-mail:
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377
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Sulforaphane as a potential protective phytochemical against neurodegenerative diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:415078. [PMID: 23983898 PMCID: PMC3745957 DOI: 10.1155/2013/415078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases, including ischemic/traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease, share common characteristics such as oxidative stress, misfolded proteins, excitotoxicity, inflammation, and neuronal loss.
As no drugs are available to prevent the progression of these neurological disorders, intervention strategies using phytochemicals have been proposed as an alternative form of treatment. Among phytochemicals, isothiocyanate sulforaphane, derived from the hydrolysis of the glucosinolate glucoraphanin mainly present in Brassica vegetables, has demonstrated neuroprotective effects in several in vitro and in vivo studies. In particular, evidence suggests that sulforaphane beneficial effects could be mainly ascribed to its peculiar ability to activate the Nrf2/ARE pathway. Therefore, sulforaphane appears to be a promising compound with neuroprotective properties that may play an important role in preventing neurodegeneration.
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378
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Extraction, chemical characterization and biological activity determination of broccoli health promoting compounds. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1313:78-95. [PMID: 23899380 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica) contains substantial amount of health-promoting compounds such as vitamins, glucosinolates, phenolic compounds, and dietary essential minerals; thus, it benefits health beyond providing just basic nutrition, and consumption of broccoli has been increasing over the years. This review gives an overview on the extraction and separation techniques, as well as the biological activity of some of the above mentioned compounds which have been published in the period January 2008 to January 2013. The work has been distributed according to the different families of health promoting compounds discussing the extraction procedures and the analytical techniques employed for their characterization. Finally, information about the different biological activities of these compounds has been also provided.
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379
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Heiss EH, Schachner D, Zimmermann K, Dirsch VM. Glucose availability is a decisive factor for Nrf2-mediated gene expression. Redox Biol 2013; 1:359-65. [PMID: 24024172 PMCID: PMC3757705 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2) is one of the major cellular defense lines against oxidative and xenobiotic stress, but also influences genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism. It is unresolved whether the cytoprotective and metabolic responses mediated by Nrf2 are connected or separable events in non-malignant cells. In this study we show that activation of Nrf2, either by the small molecule sulforaphane or knockout of the Nrf2 inhibitor Keap1, leads to increased cellular glucose uptake and increased glucose addiction in fibroblasts. Upon Nrf2 activation glucose is preferentially metabolized through the pentose phosphate pathway with increased production of NADPH. Interference with the supply of glucose or the pentose phosphate pathway and NADPH generation not only hampers Nrf2-mediated detoxification of reactive oxygen species on the enzyme level but also Nrf2-initiated expression of antioxidant defense proteins, such as glutathione reductase and heme-oxygenase1. We conclude that the Nrf2-dependent protection against oxidative stress relies on an intact pentose phosphate pathway and that there is crosstalk between metabolism and detoxification already at the level of gene expression in mammalian cells. Activation of Nrf2 results in increased cellular glucose uptake. Upon activation of Nrf2 glucose is preferentially metabolized through the PPP. The resulting increase in NADPH is not only pivotal for functional detoxification of ROS, but also for Nrf2-dependent gene expression in mammalian cells. These data complement our understanding of the metabolic shade of Nrf2 action.
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Key Words
- 3BP, 3-bromopyruvate
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- DCF, dichloroflourescein
- DHEA, dehydroandrostendione
- DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide
- G6PD, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GR, glutathione reductase
- Glucose addiction
- Glut1, glucose transporter 1
- HO-1, heme oxygenase-1
- Keap1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein1
- MEF, mouse embryonic fibroblasts
- Maf, small masculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma
- NADP, nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NQO1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1
- Nrf2
- Nrf2, nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2
- OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PPP, pentose phosphate pathway
- ROS detoxification
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SFN, sulforaphane
- WT, wild type
- ctrl, control
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke H. Heiss
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +43 1 4277 55993; fax: +43 1 4277 55969.
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380
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Mechanisms of Nrf2/Keap1-dependent phase II cytoprotective and detoxifying gene expression and potential cellular targets of chemopreventive isothiocyanates. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:839409. [PMID: 23781297 PMCID: PMC3679808 DOI: 10.1155/2013/839409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are abundantly found in cruciferous vegetables. Epidemiological studies suggest that chronic consumption of cruciferous vegetables can lower the overall risk of cancer. Natural ITCs are key chemopreventive ingredients of cruciferous vegetables, and one of the prime chemopreventive mechanisms of natural isothiocyanates is the induction of Nrf2/ARE-dependent gene expression that plays a critical role in cellular defense against electrophiles and reactive oxygen species. In the present review, we first discuss the underlying mechanisms how natural ITCs affect the intracellular signaling kinase cascades to regulate the Keap1/Nrf2 activities, thereby inducing phase II cytoprotective and detoxifying enzymes. We also discuss the potential cellular protein targets to which natural ITCs are directly conjugated and how these events aid in the chemopreventive effects of natural ITCs. Finally, we discuss the posttranslational modifications of Keap1 and nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of Nrf2 in response to electrophiles and oxidants.
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381
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Srivastava S, Alfieri A, Siow RCM, Mann GE, Fraser PA. Temporal and spatial distribution of Nrf2 in rat brain following stroke: quantification of nuclear to cytoplasmic Nrf2 content using a novel immunohistochemical technique. J Physiol 2013; 591:3525-38. [PMID: 23690560 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.257964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the redox-sensitive transcription factor NF-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) affords protection against cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury via the upregulation of antioxidant defence genes. We have quantified for the first time Nrf2 content in brains from rats subjected to stroke and from cultured bEnd.3 brain endothelial cells using a novel immunohistochemical technique. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion for 70 min followed by reperfusion for 4, 24 or 72 h. Coronal brain sections were incubated with anti-Nrf2 primary and biotinylated-horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody, after which sections were reacted with 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The initial rates of DAB polymer formation were directly proportional to the Nrf2 protein concentration. Image processing was used to determine the temporal and spatial distribution of Nrf2 in nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments in stroke-affected and contralateral hemispheres. Nuclear to cytoplasmic Nrf2 ratios were increased in the stroke region after 24 h reperfusion and declined after 72 h reperfusion. Pretreatment with the Nrf2 inducer sulforaphane reduced total cellular Nrf2 levels in peri-infarct and core regions of the stroke hemisphere after 24 h reperfusion. Treatment of cultured murine brain endothelial cells with sulforaphane (2.5 μm) increased nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 over 1-4 h. We report the first quantitative measurements of spatial and temporal nuclear Nrf2 expression in rat brains following stroke, and show that sulforaphane pretreatment affects Nrf2 distribution in the brain of naïve rats and animals subjected to cerebral ischaemia. Our findings provide novel insights for targeting endogenous redox-sensitive antioxidant pathways to ameliorate the damaging consequences of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salil Srivastava
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, School of Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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382
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Sulforaphane attenuates gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity: role of mitochondrial protection. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:135314. [PMID: 23662110 PMCID: PMC3638608 DOI: 10.1155/2013/135314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate naturally occurring in Cruciferae, induces cytoprotection in several tissues. Its protective effect has been associated with its ability to induce cytoprotective enzymes through an Nrf2-dependent pathway. Gentamicin (GM) is a widely used antibiotic; nephrotoxicity is the main side effect of this compound. In this study, it was investigated if SFN is able to induce protection against GM-induced nephropathy both in renal epithelial LLC-PK1 cells in culture and in rats. SFN prevented GM-induced death and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in LLC-PK1 cells. In addition, it attenuated GM-induced renal injury (proteinuria, increases in serum creatinine, in blood urea nitrogen, and in urinary excretion on N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, and decrease in creatinine clearance and in plasma glutathione peroxidase activity) and necrosis and apoptosis in rats. The apoptotic death was associated with enhanced active caspase-9. Caspase-8 was unchanged in all the studied groups. In addition, SFN was able to prevent GM-induced protein nitration and decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase in renal cortex. In conclusion, the protective effect of SFN against GM-induced acute kidney injury could be associated with the preservation in mitochondrial function that would prevent the intrinsic apoptosis and nitrosative stress.
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383
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Gray SG. Perspectives on epigenetic-based immune intervention for rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:207. [PMID: 23510070 PMCID: PMC3672716 DOI: 10.1186/ar4167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatic disease can loosely be described as any painful condition affecting the loco-motor system, including joints, muscles, connective tissues, and soft tissues around the joints and bones. There is a wide spectrum of rheumatic diseases, many of which involve autoimmunity, including systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. A significant body of evidence now links aberrant epigenetic regulation of gene expression with rheumatic disease and points toward the use of epigenetic targeting agents as potential new treatment options, particularly for those conditions associated with an autoimmune element. In this perspective, I will briefly cover the current knowledge surrounding this area in the field of rheumatology.
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384
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Chuang WY, Kung PH, Kuo CY, Wu CC. Sulforaphane prevents human platelet aggregation through inhibiting the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. Thromb Haemost 2013; 109:1120-30. [PMID: 23426129 DOI: 10.1160/th12-09-0636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sulforaphane, a dietary isothiocyanate found in cruciferous vegetables, has been shown to exert beneficial effects in animal models of cardiovascular diseases. However, its effect on platelet aggregation, which is a critical factor in arterial thrombosis, is still unclear. In the present study, we show that sulforaphane inhibited human platelet aggregation caused by different receptor agonists, including collagen, U46619 (a thromboxane A2 mimic), protease-activated receptor 1 agonist peptide (PAR1-AP), and an ADP P2Y12 receptor agonist. Moreover, sulforaphane significantly reduced thrombus formation on a collagen-coated surface under whole blood flow conditions. In exploring the underlying mechanism, we found that sulforaphane specifically prevented phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signalling, without markedly affecting other signlaling pathways involved in platelet aggregation, such as protein kinase C activation, calcium mobilisation, and protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Although sulforaphane did not directly inhibit the catalytic activity of PI3K, it caused ubiquitination of the regulatory p85 subunit of PI3K, and prevented PI3K translocation to membranes. In addition, sulforaphane caused ubiquitination and degradation of phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1), which is required for Akt activation. Therefore, sulforaphane is able to inhibit the PI3K/Akt pathway at two distinct sites. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that sulforaphane prevented platelet aggregation and reduced thrombus formation in flow conditions; our data also support that the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway by sulforaphane contributes it antiplatelet effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ying Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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385
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Benedict AL, Knatko EV, Dinkova-Kostova AT. The indirect antioxidant sulforaphane protects against thiopurine-mediated photooxidative stress. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:2457-66. [PMID: 22983983 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term treatment with thiopurines, such as the widely used anticancer, immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agent azathioprine, combined with exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is associated with increased oxidative stress, hyperphotosensitivity and high risk for development of aggressive squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. Sulforaphane, an isothiocyanate derived from broccoli, is a potent inducer of endogenous cellular defenses regulated by transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), including cytoprotective enzymes and glutathione, which in turn act as efficient indirect and direct antioxidants that have long-lasting effects. Treatment with 6-thioguanine, a surrogate for azathioprine, leads to profound sensitization to oxidative stress and glutathione depletion upon exposure to UVA radiation, the damaging effects of which are primarily mediated by generation of reactive oxygen species. The degree of sensitization is greater for irradiation exposures spanning the absorption spectrum of 6-thioguanine, and is dependent on the length of treatment and the level of guanine substitution with 6-thioguanine, suggesting that the 6-thioguanine that is incorporated in genomic DNA is largely responsible for this sensitization. Sulforaphane provides protection against UVA, but not UVB, radiation without affecting the levels of 6-thioguanine incorporation into DNA. The protective effect is lost under conditions of Nrf2 deficiency, implying that it is due to induction of Nrf2-dependent cytoprotective proteins, and that this strategy could provide protection against any potentially photosensitizing drugs that generate electrophilic or reactive oxygen species. Thus, our findings support the development of Nrf2 activators as protectors against drug-mediated photooxidative stress and encourage future clinical trials in populations at high risk for cutaneous photodamage and photocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Benedict
- Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Cancer Chemoprotection Center, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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386
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Sasaki K, Neyazaki M, Shindo K, Ogawa T, Momose M. Quantitative profiling of glucosinolates by LC–MS analysis reveals several cultivars of cabbage and kale as promising sources of sulforaphane. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 903:171-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Revised: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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