351
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Sowell RT, Goldufsky JW, Rogozinska M, Quiles Z, Cao Y, Castillo EF, Finnegan A, Marzo AL. IL-15 Complexes Induce Migration of Resting Memory CD8 T Cells into Mucosal Tissues. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2536-2546. [PMID: 28814601 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-15 is an essential cytokine known to promote T cell survival and activate the effector function of memory phenotype CD8 T cells. Blocking IL-15 signals also significantly impacts tissue-specific effector and memory CD8 T cell formation. In this study, we demonstrate that IL-15 influences the generation of memory CD8 T cells by first promoting their accumulation into mucosal tissues and second by sustaining expression of Bcl-6 and T-bet. We show that the mechanism for this recruitment is largely dependent on mammalian target of rapamycin and its subsequent inactivation of FoxO1. Last, we show that IL-15 complexes delivered locally to mucosal tissues without reinfection is an effective strategy to enhance establishment of tissue resident memory CD8 T cells within mucosal tissues. This study provides mechanistic insight into how IL-15 controls the generation of memory CD8 T cells and influences their trafficking and ability to take up residence within peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Sowell
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Josef W Goldufsky
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612.,Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612; and
| | - Magdalena Rogozinska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612; and
| | - Zurisaday Quiles
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612; and
| | - Yanxia Cao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Eliseo F Castillo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Translational Science Center, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Alison Finnegan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612.,Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612; and
| | - Amanda L Marzo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612; .,Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612; and
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352
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Wu Y, Tian Z, Wei H. Developmental and Functional Control of Natural Killer Cells by Cytokines. Front Immunol 2017; 8:930. [PMID: 28824650 PMCID: PMC5543290 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are effective in combating infections and tumors and as such are tempting for adoptive transfer therapy. However, they are not homogeneous but can be divided into three main subsets, including cytotoxic, tolerant, and regulatory NK cells, with disparate phenotypes and functions in diverse tissues. The development and functions of such NK cells are controlled by various cytokines, such as fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FL), kit ligand (KL), interleukin (IL)-3, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, transforming growth factor-β, and common-γ chain family cytokines, which operate at different stages by regulating distinct signaling pathways. Nevertheless, the specific roles of each cytokine that regulates NK cell development or that shapes different NK cell functions remain unclear. In this review, we attempt to describe the characteristics of each cytokine and the existing protocols to expand NK cells using different combinations of cytokines and feeder cells. A comprehensive understanding of the role of cytokines in NK cell development and function will aid the generation of better efficacy for adoptive NK cell treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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353
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Activated Tissue-Resident Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Regulate Natural Killer Cell Immune and Tissue-Regenerative Function. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:985-998. [PMID: 28781075 PMCID: PMC5599186 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) with natural killer (NK) cells is traditionally thought of as a static inhibitory model, whereby resting MSCs inhibit NK cell effector function. Here, we use a dynamic in vitro system of poly(I:C) stimulation to model the interaction of NK cells and tissue-resident MSCs in the context of infection or tissue injury. The experiments suggest a time-dependent system of regulation and feedback, where, at early time points, activated MSCs secrete type I interferon to enhance NK cell effector function, while at later time points TGF-β and IL-6 limit NK cell effector function and terminate inflammatory responses by induction of a regulatory senescent-like NK cell phenotype. Importantly, feedback of these regulatory NK cells to MSCs promotes survival, proliferation, and pro-angiogenic properties. Our data provide additional insight into the interaction of stromal cells and innate immune cells and suggest a model of time-dependent MSC polarization and licensing.
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354
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Pelgrom LR, Everts B. Metabolic control of type 2 immunity. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1266-1275. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard R. Pelgrom
- Department of Parasitology; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Bart Everts
- Department of Parasitology; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden The Netherlands
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355
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Exercise protects from cancer through regulation of immune function and inflammation. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:905-11. [PMID: 28673937 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exercise training has been extensively studied in cancer settings as part of prevention or rehabilitation strategies, yet emerging evidence suggests that exercise training can also directly affect tumor-specific outcomes. The underlying mechanisms for this exercise-dependent cancer protection are just starting to be elucidated. To this end, evasion of immune surveillance and tumor-associated inflammation are established as hallmarks of cancer, and exercise may target cancer incidence and progression through regulation of these mechanisms. Here, I review the role of exercise in protection from cancer through mobilization and activation of cytotoxic immune cells, restriction of inflammatory signaling pathways in myeloid immune cells, and regulation of acute and chronic systemic inflammatory responses. In conclusion, I propose that exercise has the potential to target tumor growth through regulation of immune and inflammatory functions, and exercise may be pursued as anticancer treatment through incorporation into standard oncological therapy to the benefit of the cancer patients.
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356
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Abstract
Natural killer cells are important effector lymphocytes of the innate immune system, playing critical roles in antitumor and anti-infection host defense. Tumor progression or chronic infections, however, usually leads to exhaustion of NK cells, thus limiting the antitumor/infection potential of NK cells. In many tumors or chronic infections, multiple mechanisms might contribute to the exhaustion of NK cells, such as dysregulated NK cell receptors signaling, as well as suppressive effects by regulatory cells or soluble factors within the microenvironment. Better understanding of the characteristics, as well as the underlying mechanisms of NK cell exhaustion, not only should increase our understanding of the basic biology of NK cells but also could reveal novel NK cell-based antitumor/infection targets. Here, we provide an overview of our current knowledge on NK cell exhaustion in tumors, and in chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Bi
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Antibody Engineering, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease of Chinese Academy of Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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357
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Linke M, Fritsch SD, Sukhbaatar N, Hengstschläger M, Weichhart T. mTORC1 and mTORC2 as regulators of cell metabolism in immunity. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3089-3103. [PMID: 28600802 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway that senses intra- and extracellular nutrients, growth factors, and pathogen-associated molecular patterns to regulate the function of innate and adaptive immune cell populations. In this review, we focus on the role of the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2 in the regulation of the cellular energy metabolism of these immune cells to regulate and support immune responses. In this regard, mTORC1 and mTORC2 generally promote an anabolic response by stimulating protein synthesis, glycolysis, mitochondrial functions, and lipid synthesis to influence proliferation and survival, effector and memory responses, innate training and tolerance as well as hematopoietic stem cell maintenance and differentiation. Deactivation of mTOR restores cell homeostasis after immune activation and optimizes antigen presentation and memory T-cell generation. These findings show that the mTOR pathway integrates spatiotemporal information of the environmental and cellular energy status by regulating cellular metabolic responses to guide immune cell activation. Elucidation of the metabolic control mechanisms of immune responses will help to generate a systemic understanding of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Linke
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephanie Deborah Fritsch
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Nyamdelger Sukhbaatar
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Hengstschläger
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Weichhart
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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358
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Development of innate lymphoid cells. Nat Immunol 2017; 17:775-82. [PMID: 27328007 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a family of immune effector cells that have important roles in host defense, metabolic homeostasis and tissue repair but can also contribute to inflammatory diseases such as asthma and colitis. These cells can be categorized into three groups on the basis of the transcription factors that direct their function and the cytokines they produce, which parallel the effector functions of T lymphocytes. The hierarchy of cell-fate-restriction events that occur as common lymphoid progenitors become committed to each of the ILC lineages further underscores the relationship between these innate immune cells and T lymphocytes. In this Review we discuss the developmental program of ILCs and transcription factors that guide ILC lineage specification and commitment.
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359
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Guillerey C, Huntington ND, Smyth MJ. Targeting natural killer cells in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Immunol 2017; 17:1025-36. [PMID: 27540992 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 762] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alteration in the expression of cell-surface proteins is a common consequence of malignant transformation. Natural killer (NK) cells use an array of germline-encoded activating and inhibitory receptors that scan for altered protein-expression patterns, but tumor evasion of detection by the immune system is now recognized as one of the hallmarks of cancer. NK cells display rapid and potent immunity to metastasis or hematological cancers, and major efforts are now being undertaken to fully exploit NK cell anti-tumor properties in the clinic. Diverse approaches encompass the development of large-scale NK cell-expansion protocols for adoptive transfer, the establishment of a microenvironment favorable to NK cell activity, the redirection of NK cell activity against tumor cells and the release of inhibitory signals that limit NK cell function. In this Review we detail recent advances in NK cell-based immunotherapies and discuss the advantages and limitations of these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Guillerey
- Immunology of Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology of Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
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360
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Morgan DJ, Davis DM. Distinct Effects of Dexamethasone on Human Natural Killer Cell Responses Dependent on Cytokines. Front Immunol 2017; 8:432. [PMID: 28450865 PMCID: PMC5389971 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) have long been known to be immune suppressive and synthetic variants are widely used in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. Here, we report that, while suppressing the initial production of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), the synthetic GC dexamethasone (Dex) enhances the proliferation and survival of natural killer (NK) cells stimulated with interleukin-2 (IL-2) + interleukin-12 (IL-12). Inhibition of mTOR complex 1 by rapamycin revealed the immunosuppressive activity of Dex was independent from the effect of enhancing NK cell proliferation. In the presence of IL-2 + IL-12, Dex also increased the percentage of NK cells that were CD16+ and DNAM1bright, increased the level of expression of CD94 or NKG2A, and improved mitochondrial function of NK cells. Moreover, NK cells treated with cytokines IL-2 and IL-12 + Dex, followed by a 7-day rest, displayed an increased IFN-γ response upon restimulation. Thus, there is a dichotomic effect of GCs on NK cell function dependent on the local cytokine milieu; the NK cell effector response is initially suppressed, but, dependent on the cytokines present, Dex can also augment the proliferation, survival, and reactivity of human NK cells in a secondary recall response.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Morgan
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Daniel M Davis
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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361
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Gardiner CM, Finlay DK. What Fuels Natural Killers? Metabolism and NK Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2017; 8:367. [PMID: 28421073 PMCID: PMC5376555 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing appreciation that cellular metabolism is important in determining the course of lymphocyte responses. Additionally, changes in metabolic processes have been linked to dysfunctional lymphocyte functions in a number of different diseases. While most early studies of metabolic regulation of lymphocyte function focused on T lymphocytes, an understanding of how metabolic pathways impact upon natural killer (NK) cell responses is now starting to emerge. In this review article, we will discuss how cellular metabolism influences lymphocyte function with a particular focus upon NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clair M Gardiner
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David K Finlay
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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362
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Croxatto D, Martini S, Chiossone L, Scordamaglia F, Simonassi CF, Moretta L, Mingari MC, Vacca P. IL15 induces a potent antitumor activity in NK cells isolated from malignant pleural effusions and overcomes the inhibitory effect of pleural fluid. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1293210. [PMID: 28507797 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1293210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are capable of recognizing and killing cancer cells and play an important role in tumor immunosurveillance. However, tumor-infiltrating NK cells are frequently impaired in their functional capability. A remarkable exception is represented by NK cells isolated from malignant pleural effusions (PE) that are not anergic and, upon IL2-induced activation, efficiently kill tumor cells. Although IL2 is used in various clinical trials, severe side effects may occur in treated patients. In this study, we investigated whether also other clinical-grade cytokines could induce strong cytotoxicity in NK cells isolated from pleural fluid of patients with primary or metastatic tumors of different origins. We show that PE-NK cells, cultured for short-time intervals with IL15, maintain the CD56bright phenotype, a high expression of the main activating receptors, produce cytokines and kill tumor cells in vitro similarly to those treated with IL2. Moreover, IL15-activated PE-NK cells could greatly reduce the growth of established tumors in mice. This in vivo antitumor effect correlated with the ability of IL15-activated PE-NK cells to traffic from periphery to the tumor site. Finally, we show that IL15 can counteract the inhibitory effect of the tumor pleural microenvironment. Our study suggests that IL15-activated NK cells isolated from pleural fluid (otherwise discarded after thoracentesis) may represent a suitable source of effector cells to be used in adoptive immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Croxatto
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - S Martini
- IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - L Chiossone
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université d'Aix-Marseille UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | | | - C F Simonassi
- Department of Pneumology, AO Villa Scassi, Genoa, Italy
| | - L Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - M C Mingari
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - P Vacca
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
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363
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Pellom ST, Dudimah DF, Thounaojam MC, Uzhachenko RV, Singhal A, Richmond A, Shanker A. Bortezomib augments lymphocyte stimulatory cytokine signaling in the tumor microenvironment to sustain CD8+T cell antitumor function. Oncotarget 2017; 8:8604-8621. [PMID: 28052005 PMCID: PMC5352426 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-induced immune tolerance poses a major challenge for therapeutic interventions aimed to manage cancer. We explored approaches to overcome T-cell suppression in murine breast and kidney adenocarcinomas, and lung fibrosarcoma expressing immunogenic antigens. We observed that treatment with a reversible proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (1 mg/kg body weight) in tumor-bearing mice significantly enhanced the expression of lymphocyte-stimulatory cytokines IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15. Notably, bortezomib administration reduced pulmonary nodules of mammary adenocarcinoma 4T1.2 expressing hemagglutinin (HA) model antigen (4T1HA) in mice. Neutralization of IL-12 and IL-15 cytokines with a regimen of blocking antibodies pre- and post-adoptive transfer of low-avidity HA518-526-specific CD8+T-cells following intravenous injection of 4T1HA cells increased the number of pulmonary tumor nodules. This neutralization effect was counteracted by the tumor metastasis-suppressing action of bortezomib treatments. In bortezomib-treated 4T1HA tumor-bearing mice, CD4+T-cells showed increased IL-2 production, CD11c+ dendritic cells showed increased IL-12 and IL-15 production, and HA-specific activated CD8+T-cells showed enhanced expression of IFNγ, granzyme-B and transcription factor eomesodermin. We also noted a trend of increased expression of IL-2, IL-12 and IL-15 receptors as well as increased phosphorylation of STAT5 in tumor-infiltrating CD8+T-cells following bortezomib treatment. Furthermore, bortezomib-treated CD8+T-cells showed increased phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase p38, and Akt, which was abrogated by phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor. These data support the therapeutic potential of bortezomib in conjunction with other immunotherapies to augment the strength of convergent signals from CD8+T-cell signaling molecules including TCR, cytokine receptors and downstream PI3K/Akt/STAT5 pathways to sustain CD8+T-cell effector function in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T. Pellom
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Duafalia F. Dudimah
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Menaka C. Thounaojam
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Roman V. Uzhachenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ashutosh Singhal
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ann Richmond
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Host-Tumor Interactions Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Translational and Clinical Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Anil Shanker
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Host-Tumor Interactions Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Translational and Clinical Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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364
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López-Soto A, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L, Gonzalez S. Involvement of autophagy in NK cell development and function. Autophagy 2017; 13:633-636. [PMID: 28103115 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1274486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are the prototypical members of the recently identified family of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Thanks to their cytotoxic and secretory functions, NK cells play a key role in the immune response to cells experiencing various forms of stress, including viral infection and malignant transformation. Autophagy is a highly conserved network of degradative pathways that participate in the maintenance of cellular and organismal homeostasis as they promote adaptation to adverse microenvironmental conditions. The relevance of autophagy in the development and functionality of cellular components of the adaptive immune system is well established. Conversely, whether autophagy also plays an important role in the biology of ILC populations such as NK cells has long remained elusive. Recent experimental evidence shows that ablating Atg5 (autophagy-related 5, an essential component of the autophagic machinery) in NK cells and other specific ILC populations results in progressive mitochondrial damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) overgeneration, and regulated cell death, hence interrupting ILC development. Moreover, disrupting the interaction of ATG7 with phosphorylated FOXO1 (forkhead box O1) in the cytosol of immature NK cells prevents autophagic responses that are essential for NK cell maturation. These findings suggest that activating autophagy may support the maturation of NK cells and other ILCs that manifest antiviral and anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro López-Soto
- a Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Inmunología , Universidad de Oviedo, IUOPA , Oviedo , Asturias , Spain.,b Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias , Oviedo , Asturias , Spain
| | - José Manuel Bravo-San Pedro
- c Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer , Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France.,d INSERM, U1138 , Paris , France.,e Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France.,f Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI , Paris , France.,g Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms , Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute , Villejuif , France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- c Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer , Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France.,d INSERM, U1138 , Paris , France.,e Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France.,f Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI , Paris , France.,g Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms , Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute , Villejuif , France.,h Pôle de Biologie , Hopitâl Européen George Pompidou, AP-HP , Paris , France.,i Department of Women's and Children's Health , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- c Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer , Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France.,d INSERM, U1138 , Paris , France.,e Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France.,f Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI , Paris , France.,j Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute , Villejuif , France.,k Department of Radiation Oncology , Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , NY , USA
| | - Segundo Gonzalez
- a Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Inmunología , Universidad de Oviedo, IUOPA , Oviedo , Asturias , Spain
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365
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Wałajtys-Rode E, Dzik JM. Monocyte/Macrophage: NK Cell Cooperation-Old Tools for New Functions. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 62:73-145. [PMID: 28455707 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54090-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monocyte/macrophage and natural killer (NK) cells are partners from a phylogenetic standpoint of innate immune system development and its evolutionary progressive interaction with adaptive immunity. The equally conservative ways of development and differentiation of both invertebrate hemocytes and vertebrate macrophages are reviewed. Evolutionary conserved molecules occurring in macrophage receptors and effectors have been inherited by vertebrates after their common ancestor with invertebrates. Cytolytic functions of mammalian NK cells, which are rooted in immune cells of invertebrates, although certain NK cell receptors (NKRs) are mammalian new events, are characterized. Broad heterogeneity of macrophage and NK cell phenotypes that depends on surrounding microenvironment conditions and expression profiles of specific receptors and activation mechanisms of both cell types are discussed. The particular tissue specificity of macrophages and NK cells, as well as their plasticity and mechanisms of their polarization to different functional subtypes have been underlined. The chapter summarized studies revealing the specific molecular mechanisms and regulation of NK cells and macrophages that enable their highly specific cross-cooperation. Attention is given to the evolving role of human monocyte/macrophage and NK cell interaction in pathogenesis of hypersensitivity reaction-based disorders, including autoimmunity, as well as in cancer surveillance and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Wałajtys-Rode
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Drug Technology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3 Str, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jolanta M Dzik
- Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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366
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Luu TT, Ganesan S, Wagner AK, Sarhan D, Meinke S, Garbi N, Hämmerling G, Alici E, Kärre K, Chambers BJ, Höglund P, Kadri N. Independent control of natural killer cell responsiveness and homeostasis at steady-state by CD11c+ dendritic cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37996. [PMID: 27905484 PMCID: PMC5131354 DOI: 10.1038/srep37996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During infection and inflammation, dendritic cells (DC) provide priming signals for natural killer (NK) cells via mechanisms distinct from their antigen processing and presentation functions. The influence of DC on resting NK cells, i.e. at steady-state, is less well studied. We here demonstrate that as early as 1 day after DC depletion, NK cells in naïve mice downregulated the NKG2D receptor and showed decreased constitutive phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR. Subsequently, apoptotic NK cells appeared in the spleen concomitant with reduced NK cell numbers. At 4 days after the onset of DC depletion, increased NK cell proliferation was seen in the spleen resulting in an accumulation of Ly49 receptor-negative NK cells. In parallel, NK cell responsiveness to ITAM-mediated triggering and cytokine stimulation dropped across maturation stages, suggestive of a functional deficiency independent from the homeostatic effect. A role for IL-15 in maintaining NK cell function was supported by a gene signature analysis of NK cell from DC-depleted mice as well as by in vivo DC transfer experiments. We propose that DC, by means of IL-15 transpresentation, are required to maintain not only homeostasis, but also function, at steady-state. These processes appear to be regulated independently from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Thanh Luu
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sridharan Ganesan
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arnika Kathleen Wagner
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dhifaf Sarhan
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephan Meinke
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Günter Hämmerling
- German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Division of Molecular Immunology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Evren Alici
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klas Kärre
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benedict J Chambers
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, F59, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petter Höglund
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nadir Kadri
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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367
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Rautela J, Huntington ND. IL-15 signaling in NK cell cancer immunotherapy. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 44:1-6. [PMID: 27835762 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
While cancer has been traditionally treated by chemotherapy, radiation, targeted therapies and surgery, a fifth pillar of cancer treatment, immunotherapy, has emerged over the past 10 years and revolutionized our war on cancer. The benchmark for drugs in this category has been set by the development of CD8 T cell checkpoint (CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors. These therapies effectively expand and reactivate the pool of tumor-specific T cells leading to objective response rates of up to 50% in patients with certain cancers. However, the significant number of patients and cancer types that altogether fail or acquire resistance to these therapies highlights the need for novel immunotherapies that target alternate pathways and effector cells. Thus, there is renewed interest in harnessing the tumor-killing abilities of Natural Killer (NK) cells, though it has proven difficult to efficiently and specifically target these cells cancer patients. The commercial success of T cell checkpoint inhibitors has seen a swam of new biotech companies emerge with innovative or revised strategies that aim to harness the innate non-antigen dependent tumor lysis potential of NK cells. This review will focus on IL-15 biology in NK cells and proposes the development novel therapies aimed at this pathway in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai Rautela
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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368
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Zhang F, Little A, Zhang H. Chronic alcohol consumption inhibits peripheral NK cell development and maturation by decreasing the availability of IL-15. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 101:1015-1027. [PMID: 27837016 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0716-298rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
NK cells are innate immune cells and have important roles in antiviral and antitumor immunity. Based on the transcriptional regulation, organ distribution, and cell function, NK cells have recently been further divided into cytotoxic conventional NK cells (cNK) and noncytotoxic helper-like group 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s). It is well known that chronic alcohol consumption decreases peripheral NK cell number and cytolytic activity; however, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. How chronic alcohol consumption affects ILC1s is, to our knowledge, completely unexplored. Herein, we used a well-established mouse model of chronic alcohol consumption to study the effects of alcohol on transcription factor expression, maturation, and cytokine production of cNK cells and ILC1s in various organs. We found that alcohol consumption significantly decreased Eomes-expressing cNK cells in all the examined organs, except BM, but did not significantly affect ILC1s. Alcohol consumption compromised cNK cell development and maturation. Exogenous IL-15/IL-15Rα treatment caused full recovery of Eomes-expressing cNK cell number and maturation. Taken together, our data indicated that chronic alcohol consumption decreases cNK cell number and cytolytic activity by arresting cNK cell development at the CD27+CD11b+ stage. This developmental arrest of NK cells results from a lack of IL-15 availability in the microenvironment. IL-15/IL-15Rα treatment can recover alcohol consumption-induced developmental defect in NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faya Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Alex Little
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
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369
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Yang M, Chen S, Du J, He J, Wang Y, Li Z, Liu G, Peng W, Zeng X, Li D, Xu P, Guo W, Chang Z, Wang S, Tian Z, Dong Z. NK cell development requires Tsc1-dependent negative regulation of IL-15-triggered mTORC1 activation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12730. [PMID: 27601261 PMCID: PMC5023956 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of metabolic signalling by IL-15 is required for natural killer (NK) cell development. Here we show that Tsc1, a repressor of mTOR, is dispensable for the terminal maturation, survival and function of NK cells but is critical to restrict exhaustive proliferation of immature NK cells and activation downstream of IL-15 during NK cell development. Tsc1 is expressed in immature NK cells and is upregulated by IL-15. Haematopoietic-specific deletion of Tsc1 causes a marked decrease in the number of NK cells and compromises rejection of ‘missing-self' haematopoietic tumours and allogeneic bone marrow. The residual Tsc1-null NK cells display activated, pro-apoptotic phenotype and elevated mTORC1 activity. Deletion of Raptor, a component of mTORC1, largely reverses these defects. Tsc1-deficient NK cells express increased levels of T-bet and downregulate Eomes and CD122, a subunit of IL-15 receptor. These results reveal a role for Tsc1-dependent inhibition of mTORC1 activation during immature NK cell development. IL-15 orchestrates NK cell metabolism, proliferation, and activation. Here the authors show that Tsc1 is dispensable for mature NK cells but is critical for survival of immature NK by preventing their exhaustive proliferation and activation downstream of IL-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixiang Yang
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China.,Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shasha Chen
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Juan Du
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Junming He
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yuande Wang
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zehua Li
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Guangao Liu
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wanwen Peng
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaokang Zeng
- Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Dan Li
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Panglian Xu
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Wei Guo
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Zai Chang
- Center of Animal Facility, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Song Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 340036, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhongjun Dong
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
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370
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Semba RD, Trehan I, Gonzalez-Freire M, Kraemer K, Moaddel R, Ordiz MI, Ferrucci L, Manary MJ. Perspective: The Potential Role of Essential Amino Acids and the Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Child Stunting. Adv Nutr 2016; 7:853-65. [PMID: 27633102 PMCID: PMC5015042 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.013276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stunting is the best summary measure of chronic malnutrition in children. Approximately one-quarter of children under age 5 worldwide are stunted. Lipid-based or micronutrient supplementation has little to no impact in reducing stunting, which suggests that other critical dietary nutrients are missing. A dietary pattern of poor-quality protein is associated with stunting. Stunted children have significantly lower circulating essential amino acids than do nonstunted children. Inadequate dietary intakes of essential amino acids could adversely affect growth, because amino acids are required for synthesis of proteins. The master growth regulation pathway, the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway, is exquisitely sensitive to amino acid availability. mTORC1 integrates cues such as nutrients, growth factors, oxygen, and energy to regulate growth of bone, skeletal muscle, nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, hematopoietic cells, immune effector cells, organ size, and whole-body energy balance. mTORC1 represses protein and lipid synthesis and cell and organismal growth when amino acids are deficient. Over the past 4 decades, the main paradigm for child nutrition in developing countries has been micronutrient malnutrition, with relatively less attention paid to protein. In this Perspective, we present the view that essential amino acids and the mTORC1 pathway play a key role in child growth. The current assumption that total dietary protein intake is adequate for growth among most children in developing countries needs re-evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Semba
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD;
| | - Indi Trehan
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Klaus Kraemer
- Sight and Life, Basel, Switzerland; and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - M Isabel Ordiz
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Mark J Manary
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
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371
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Iwata TN, Ramírez JA, Tsang M, Park H, Margineantu DH, Hockenbery DM, Iritani BM. Conditional Disruption of Raptor Reveals an Essential Role for mTORC1 in B Cell Development, Survival, and Metabolism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2250-60. [PMID: 27521345 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine-threonine kinase that coordinates nutrient and growth factor availability with cellular growth, division, and differentiation. Studies examining the roles of mTOR signaling in immune function revealed critical roles for mTOR in regulating T cell differentiation and function. However, few studies have investigated the roles of mTOR in early B cell development. In this study, we found that mTOR is highly activated during the pro- and pre-B stages of mouse B cell development. Conditional disruption of the mTOR coactivating protein Raptor in developing mouse B cells resulted in a developmental block at the pre-B cell stage, with a corresponding lack of peripheral B cells and loss of Ag-specific Ab production. Pre-B cell survival and proliferation were significantly reduced in Raptor-deficient mice. Forced expression of a transgenic BCR or a BclxL transgene on Raptor-deficient B cells failed to rescue B cell development, suggesting that pre-BCR signaling and B cell survival are impaired in a BclxL-independent manner. Raptor-deficient pre-B cells exhibited significant decreases in oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis, indicating that loss of mTOR signaling in B cells significantly impairs cellular metabolic capacity. Treatment of mice with rapamycin, an allosteric inhibitor of mTOR, recapitulated the early B cell developmental block. Collectively, our data reveal a previously uncharacterized role for mTOR signaling in early B cell development, survival, and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri N Iwata
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - Julita A Ramírez
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - Mark Tsang
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - Heon Park
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | | | - David M Hockenbery
- Clinical Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Brian M Iritani
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
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372
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Cheng HY, Gaddis DE, Wu R, McSkimming C, Haynes LD, Taylor AM, McNamara CA, Sorci-Thomas M, Hedrick CC. Loss of ABCG1 influences regulatory T cell differentiation and atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3236-46. [PMID: 27482882 DOI: 10.1172/jci83136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) promotes cholesterol accumulation and alters T cell homeostasis, which may contribute to progression of atherosclerosis. Here, we investigated how the selective loss of ABCG1 in T cells impacts atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient (LDLR-deficient) mice, a model of the disease. In LDLR-deficient mice fed a high-cholesterol diet, T cell-specific ABCG1 deficiency protected against atherosclerotic lesions. Furthermore, T cell-specific ABCG1 deficiency led to a 30% increase in Treg percentages in aorta and aorta-draining lymph nodes (LNs) of these mice compared with animals with only LDLR deficiency. When Abcg1 was selectively deleted in Tregs of LDLR-deficient mice, we observed a 30% increase in Treg percentages in aorta and aorta-draining LNs and reduced atherosclerosis. In the absence of ABCG1, intracellular cholesterol accumulation led to downregulation of the mTOR pathway, which increased the differentiation of naive CD4 T cells into Tregs. The increase in Tregs resulted in reduced T cell activation and increased IL-10 production by T cells. Last, we found that higher ABCG1 expression in Tregs was associated with a higher frequency of these cells in human blood samples. Our study indicates that ABCG1 regulates T cell differentiation into Tregs, highlighting a pathway by which cholesterol accumulation can influence T cell homeostasis in atherosclerosis.
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373
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Roles of mTOR complexes in the kidney: implications for renal disease and transplantation. Nat Rev Nephrol 2016; 12:587-609. [PMID: 27477490 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2016.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mTOR pathway has a central role in the regulation of cell metabolism, growth and proliferation. Studies involving selective gene targeting of mTOR complexes (mTORC1 and mTORC2) in renal cell populations and/or pharmacologic mTOR inhibition have revealed important roles of mTOR in podocyte homeostasis and tubular transport. Important advances have also been made in understanding the role of mTOR in renal injury, polycystic kidney disease and glomerular diseases, including diabetic nephropathy. Novel insights into the roles of mTORC1 and mTORC2 in the regulation of immune cell homeostasis and function are helping to improve understanding of the complex effects of mTOR targeting on immune responses, including those that impact both de novo renal disease and renal allograft outcomes. Extensive experience in clinical renal transplantation has resulted in successful conversion of patients from calcineurin inhibitors to mTOR inhibitors at various times post-transplantation, with excellent long-term graft function. Widespread use of this practice has, however, been limited owing to mTOR-inhibitor- related toxicities. Unique attributes of mTOR inhibitors include reduced rates of squamous cell carcinoma and cytomegalovirus infection compared to other regimens. As understanding of the mechanisms by which mTORC1 and mTORC2 drive the pathogenesis of renal disease progresses, clinical studies of mTOR pathway targeting will enable testing of evolving hypotheses.
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374
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IL-15 activates mTOR and primes stress-activated gene expression leading to prolonged antitumor capacity of NK cells. Blood 2016; 128:1475-89. [PMID: 27465917 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-02-698027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of hematological malignancies by adoptive transfer of activated natural killer (NK) cells is limited by poor postinfusion persistence. We compared the ability of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-15 to sustain human NK-cell functions following cytokine withdrawal to model postinfusion performance. In contrast to IL-2, IL-15 mediated stronger signaling through the IL-2/15 receptor complex and provided cell function advantages. Genome-wide analysis of cytosolic and polysome-associated messenger RNA (mRNA) revealed not only cytokine-dependent differential mRNA levels and translation during cytokine activation but also that most gene expression differences were primed by IL-15 and only manifested after cytokine withdrawal. IL-15 augmented mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, which correlated with increased expression of genes related to cell metabolism and respiration. Consistently, mTOR inhibition abrogated IL-15-induced cell function advantages. Moreover, mTOR-independent STAT-5 signaling contributed to improved NK-cell function during cytokine activation but not following cytokine withdrawal. The superior performance of IL-15-stimulated NK cells was also observed using a clinically applicable protocol for NK-cell expansion in vitro and in vivo. Finally, expression of IL-15 correlated with cytolytic immune functions in patients with B-cell lymphoma and favorable clinical outcome. These findings highlight the importance of mTOR-regulated metabolic processes for immune cell functions and argue for implementation of IL-15 in adoptive NK-cell cancer therapy.
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375
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Seyda M, Elkhal A, Quante M, Falk CS, Tullius SG. T Cells Going Innate. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:546-556. [PMID: 27402226 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell receptors (NKRs) play a crucial role in the homeostasis of antigen-experienced T cells. Indeed, prolonged antigen stimulation may induce changes in the receptor repertoire of T cells to a profile that features NKRs. Chronic antigen exposure, at the same time, has been shown to trigger the loss of costimulatory CD28 molecules with recently reported intensified antigen thresholds of antigen-experienced CD8(+) T cells. In transplantation, NKRs have been shown to assist allograft rejection in a CD28-independent fashion. We discuss here a role for CD28-negative T cells that have acquired the competency of the NKR machinery, potentially promoting allorecognition either through T cell receptor (TCR) crossreactivity or independently from TCR recognition. Collectively, NKRs can bring about innate-like T cells by providing alternative costimulatory pathways that gain relevance in chronic inflammation, potentially leading to resistance to CD28-targeting immunosuppressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midas Seyda
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Institute of Transplant Immunology, IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Abdallah Elkhal
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Markus Quante
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christine S Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan G Tullius
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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376
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Kadri N, Wagner AK, Ganesan S, Kärre K, Wickström S, Johansson MH, Höglund P. Dynamic Regulation of NK Cell Responsiveness. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 395:95-114. [PMID: 26658943 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells deliver cytotoxic granules and immunomodulatory cytokines in response to transformed and virally infected cells. NK cell functions are under the control of a large number of germline-encoded receptors that recognize various ligands on target cells, but NK cells also respond to cytokines in the surrounding environment. The interaction between NK cell receptors and their ligands delivers either inhibitory or activating signals. The cytokine milieu further shapes NK cell responses, either directly or by influencing the way inhibitory or activating signals are perceived by NK cells. In this review, we discuss how NK cell function is controlled by inhibitory receptors and MHC-I molecules, how activating receptors contribute to NK cell education, and finally, how cytokines secreted by the surrounding cells affect NK cell responsiveness. Inputs at these three levels involve different cell types and are seamlessly integrated to form a functional NK cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadir Kadri
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arnika Kathleen Wagner
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sridharan Ganesan
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klas Kärre
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stina Wickström
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria H Johansson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petter Höglund
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
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377
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PGC-1α-Dependent Mitochondrial Adaptation Is Necessary to Sustain IL-2-Induced Activities in Human NK Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:9605253. [PMID: 27413259 PMCID: PMC4931085 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9605253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Natural Killer (NK) cells are a specialized heterogeneous subpopulation of lymphocytes involved in antitumor defense reactions. NK cell effector functions are critically dependent on cytokines and metabolic activity. Among various cytokines modulating NK cell function, interleukin-2 (IL-2) can induce a more potent cytotoxic activity defined as lymphokine activated killer activity (LAK). Our aim was to determine if IL-2 induces changes at the mitochondrial level in NK cells to support the bioenergetic demand for performing this enhanced cytotoxic activity more efficiently. Purified human NK cells were cultured with high IL-2 concentrations to develop LAK activity, which was assessed by the ability of NK cells to lyse NK-resistant Daudi cells. Here we show that, after 72 h of culture of purified human NK cells with enough IL-2 to induce LAK activity, both the mitochondrial mass and the mitochondrial membrane potential increased in a PGC-1α-dependent manner. In addition, oligomycin, an inhibitor of ATP synthase, inhibited IL-2-induced LAK activity at 48 and 72 h of culture. Moreover, the secretion of IFN-γ from NK cells with LAK activity was also partially dependent on PGC-1α expression. These results indicate that PGC-1α plays a crucial role in regulating mitochondrial function involved in the maintenance of LAK activity in human NK cells stimulated with IL-2.
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378
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Degouve S, Tavares A, Viel S, Walzer T, Marçais A. NKp46-mediated Dicer1
inactivation results in defective NK-cell differentiation and effector functions in mice. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1902-11. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Degouve
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; International Center for Infectiology Research; Lyon France
- Inserm; U1111 Lyon France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Lyon France
- Université Lyon 1; Lyon France
- CNRS; UMR5308 Lyon France
| | - Armelle Tavares
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; International Center for Infectiology Research; Lyon France
- Inserm; U1111 Lyon France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Lyon France
- Université Lyon 1; Lyon France
- CNRS; UMR5308 Lyon France
| | - Sébastien Viel
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; International Center for Infectiology Research; Lyon France
- Inserm; U1111 Lyon France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Lyon France
- Université Lyon 1; Lyon France
- CNRS; UMR5308 Lyon France. Laboratoire d'Immunologie; Hospices Civils de Lyon; Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud; France
| | - Thierry Walzer
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; International Center for Infectiology Research; Lyon France
- Inserm; U1111 Lyon France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Lyon France
- Université Lyon 1; Lyon France
- CNRS; UMR5308 Lyon France
| | - Antoine Marçais
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; International Center for Infectiology Research; Lyon France
- Inserm; U1111 Lyon France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; Lyon France
- Université Lyon 1; Lyon France
- CNRS; UMR5308 Lyon France
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379
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Patidar M, Yadav N, Dalai SK. Interleukin 15: A key cytokine for immunotherapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 31:49-59. [PMID: 27325459 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15, a member of the immunoregulatory cytokines family, is a pluripotent molecule with therapeutic potential. It is predominantly expressed by the myeloid cells, as well as other cell types. IL-15 serves multiple functions including dictating T cell response, regulating tissue repair and B cell homing, modulating inflammation, and activating NK cells. Among cytokines, IL-15 is unique because of its wide expression, tightly regulated secretion, trans-presentation, and therapeutic potential. IL-15 has been investigated for its therapeutic potential for the induction and maintenance of T cell responses. In addition, IL-15 can be targeted by antibody- or mutant IL-15 therapy to reduce inflammation. Its multifaceted biological applications are crucial in immunotherapy. In this article, we review the functions, expression, and regulation of IL-15 for designing an improved IL-15-based therapy targeting the IL-15 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Patidar
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, India.
| | - Naveen Yadav
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, India.
| | - Sarat K Dalai
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, India.
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380
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Exercise-Dependent Regulation of NK Cells in Cancer Protection. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:565-577. [PMID: 27262760 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are the most responsive immune cells to exercise, displaying an acute mobilization to the circulation during physical exertion. Recently, exercise-dependent mobilization of NK cells was found to play a central role in exercise-mediated protection against cancer. Here, we review the link between exercise and NK cell function, focusing on circulating exercise factors and additional effects, including vascularization, hypoxia, and body temperature in mediating the effects on NK cell functionality. Exercise-dependent mobilization and activation of NK cells provides a mechanistic explanation for the protective effect of exercise on cancer, and we propose that exercise represents a potential strategy as adjuvant therapy in cancer, by improving NK cell recruitment and infiltration in solid tumors.
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381
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Goodridge JP, Önfelt B, Malmberg KJ. Newtonian cell interactions shape natural killer cell education. Immunol Rev 2016; 267:197-213. [PMID: 26284479 PMCID: PMC4832384 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Newton's third law of motion states that for every action on a physical object there is an equal and opposite reaction. The dynamic change in functional potential of natural killer (NK) cells during education bears many features of such classical mechanics. Cumulative physical interactions between cells, under a constant influence of homeostatic drivers of differentiation, lead to a reactive spectrum that ultimately shapes the functionality of each NK cell. Inhibitory signaling from an array of self‐specific receptors appear not only to suppress self‐reactivity but also aid in the persistence of effector functions over time, thereby allowing the cell to gradually build up a functional potential. Conversely, the frequent non‐cytolytic interactions between normal cells in the absence of such inhibitory signaling result in continuous stimulation of the cells and attenuation of effector function. Although an innate cell, the degree to which the fate of the NK cell is predetermined versus its ability to adapt to its own environment can be revealed through a Newtonian view of NK cell education, one which is both chronological and dynamic. As such, the development of NK cell functional diversity is the product of qualitatively different physical interactions with host cells, rather than simply the sum of their signals or an imprint based on intrinsically different transcriptional programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie P Goodridge
- The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Björn Önfelt
- Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl-Johan Malmberg
- The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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382
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Kadri N, Thanh TL, Höglund P. Selection, tuning, and adaptation in mouse NK cell education. Immunol Rev 2016; 267:167-77. [PMID: 26284477 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells recognize transformed cells with an array of germline-encoded inhibitory and activating receptors. Inhibitory Ly49 receptors bind major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules, providing a mechanism by which NK cells maintain self-tolerance yet eliminate cells expressing reduced levels of MHC-I. Additionally, MHC-I molecules are required for NK cell education, a process in which NK cells acquire responsiveness. In this review, we discuss three facets of MHC class I-dependent education of mouse NK cells: skewing of the inhibitory receptor repertoire, induction of functional responsiveness, and tuning in response to changes in MHC-I expression. We discuss prevailing models for education such as licensing and disarming and propose a model for positive selection of 'useful' NK cell subsets. Furthermore, we argue that both repertoire skewing and functional NK cell education may be altered in mature NK cells subject to changes in MHC-I input and suggest that this process may provide increased dynamics to the NK cell system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadir Kadri
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thuy Luu Thanh
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petter Höglund
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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383
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Hellwig D, Voigt J, Bouzani M, Löffler J, Albrecht-Eckardt D, Weber M, Brunke S, Martin R, Kurzai O, Hünniger K. Candida albicans Induces Metabolic Reprogramming in Human NK Cells and Responds to Perforin with a Zinc Depletion Response. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:750. [PMID: 27242763 PMCID: PMC4872603 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the innate immune system, natural killer (NK) cells are directly involved in the response to fungal infections. Perforin has been identified as the major effector molecule acting against many fungal pathogens. While several studies have shown that perforin mediated fungicidal effects can contribute to fungal clearance, neither the activation of NK cells by fungal pathogens nor the effects of perforin on fungal cells are well-understood. In a dual approach, we have studied the global gene expression pattern of primary and cytokine activated NK cells after co-incubation with Candida albicans and the transcriptomic adaptation of C. albicans to perforin exposure. NK cells responded to the fungal pathogen with an up-regulation of genes involved in immune signaling and release of cytokines. Furthermore, we observed a pronounced increase of genes involved in glycolysis and glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose impaired C. albicans induced NK cell activation. This strongly indicates that metabolic adaptation is a major part of the NK cell response to C. albicans infections. In the fungal pathogen, perforin induced a strong up-regulation of several fungal genes involved in the zinc depletion response, such as PRA1 and ZRT1. These data suggest that fungal zinc homeostasis is linked to the reaction to perforin secreted by NK cells. However, deletion mutants in PRA1 and ZRT1 did not show altered susceptibility to perforin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Hellwig
- Septomics Research Center, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Jessica Voigt
- Septomics Research Center, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Bouzani
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Löffler
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Michael Weber
- Septomics Research Center, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute Jena, Germany
| | - Ronny Martin
- Septomics Research Center, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Kurzai
- Septomics Research Center, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hünniger
- Septomics Research Center, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
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384
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Keating R, McGargill MA. mTOR Regulation of Lymphoid Cells in Immunity to Pathogens. Front Immunol 2016; 7:180. [PMID: 27242787 PMCID: PMC4862984 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity to pathogens exists as a fine balance between promoting activation and expansion of effector cells, while simultaneously limiting normal and aberrant responses. These seemingly opposing functions are kept in check by immune regulators. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that senses nutrient availability and, in turn, regulates cell metabolism, growth, and survival accordingly. mTOR plays a pivotal role in facilitating immune defense against invading pathogens by regulating the differentiation, activation, and effector functions of lymphoid cells. Here, we focus on the emerging and sometimes contradictory roles of mTOR in orchestrating lymphoid cell-mediated host immune responses to pathogens. A thorough understanding of how mTOR impacts lymphoid cells in pathogen defense will provide the necessary base for developing therapeutic interventions for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Keating
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN , USA
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385
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Velásquez SY, Killian D, Schulte J, Sticht C, Thiel M, Lindner HA. Short Term Hypoxia Synergizes with Interleukin 15 Priming in Driving Glycolytic Gene Transcription and Supports Human Natural Killer Cell Activities. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12960-77. [PMID: 27129235 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.721753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells induce apoptosis in infected and transformed cells and are important producers of immunoregulatory cytokines. Therefore, they operate under low oxygen conditions (hypoxia) in inflammatory and tumor environments. In vitro studies of NK cells are, however, commonly performed in ambient air (normoxia). We used global gene expression profiling to evaluate changes in transcriptional pathways in primary human NK cells following short term culture under hypoxia compared with normoxia and in response to interleukin 15 (IL-15) priming using a 2 × 2 factorial design. The largest contrasts observed were priming dependences for associations between hypoxia and the hypoxia-inducible factor (Hif) 1 signaling and glycolysis pathways. RT-PCR confirmed positive synergistic hypoxia/IL-15 interactions for genes of key regulatory and metabolic enzymes. IL-15 primes NK cells for effector functions, which were recently demonstrated to depend on glycolytic switching. We did not, however, observe important increases in glycolytic flux through hypoxia and priming alone. Chemical Hif-1α inhibition suggested equal importance of this transcription factor for glycolysis and energy production under normoxia and hypoxia. Hypoxia promoted secretion of CC chemokines Ccl3/4/5 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Unexpectedly, hypoxia also stimulated migration of NK cells through the extracellular matrix and shifted amounts of susceptible leukemia target cells toward late apoptosis in a cell killing assay. We conclude that short term hypoxia supports these activities by positively interacting with NK cell priming at the level of glycolytic gene transcription. Hypoxic conditioning of NK cells may thus benefit their use in cell-based immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Y Velásquez
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, and
| | - Doreen Killian
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, and
| | - Jutta Schulte
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, and
| | - Carsten Sticht
- Medical Research Center, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Manfred Thiel
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, and
| | - Holger A Lindner
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, and
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386
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Transcription factor KLF2 regulates homeostatic NK cell proliferation and survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:5370-5. [PMID: 27114551 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1521491113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that recognize and lyse virally infected or transformed cells. This latter property is being pursued in clinics to treat leukemia with the hope that further breakthroughs in NK cell biology can extend treatments to other cancers. At issue is the ability to expand transferred NK cells and prolong their functionality within the context of a tumor. In terms of NK cell expansion and survival, we now report that Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) is a key transcription factor that underpins both of these events. Excision of Klf2 using gene-targeted mouse models promotes spontaneous proliferation of immature NK cells in peripheral tissues, a phenotype that is replicated under ex vivo conditions. Moreover, KLF2 imprints a homeostatic migration pattern on mature NK cells that allows these cells to access IL-15-rich microenvironments. KLF2 accomplishes this feat within the mature NK cell lineage via regulation of a subset of homing receptors that respond to homeostatic ligands while leaving constitutively expressed receptors that recognize inflammatory cytokines unperturbed. Under steady-state conditions, KLF2-deficient NK cells alter their expression of homeostatic homing receptors and subsequently undergo apoptosis due to IL-15 starvation. This novel mechanism has implications regarding NK cell contraction following the termination of immune responses including the possibility that retention of an IL-15 transpresenting support system is key to extending NK cell activity in a tumor environment.
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387
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Liu LL, Landskron J, Ask EH, Enqvist M, Sohlberg E, Traherne JA, Hammer Q, Goodridge JP, Larsson S, Jayaraman J, Oei VYS, Schaffer M, Taskén K, Ljunggren HG, Romagnani C, Trowsdale J, Malmberg KJ, Béziat V. Critical Role of CD2 Co-stimulation in Adaptive Natural Killer Cell Responses Revealed in NKG2C-Deficient Humans. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1088-1099. [PMID: 27117418 PMCID: PMC4858565 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) leads to NKG2C-driven expansion of adaptive natural killer (NK) cells, contributing to host defense. However, approximately 4% of all humans carry a homozygous deletion of the gene that encodes NKG2C (NKG2C−/−). Assessment of NK cell repertoires in 60 NKG2C−/− donors revealed a broad range of NK cell populations displaying characteristic footprints of adaptive NK cells, including a terminally differentiated phenotype, functional reprogramming, and epigenetic remodeling of the interferon (IFN)-γ promoter. We found that both NKG2C− and NKG2C+ adaptive NK cells expressed high levels of CD2, which synergistically enhanced ERK and S6RP phosphorylation following CD16 ligation. Notably, CD2 co-stimulation was critical for the ability of adaptive NK cells to respond to antibody-coated target cells. These results reveal an unexpected redundancy in the human NK cell response to HCMV and suggest that CD2 provides “signal 2” in antibody-driven adaptive NK cell responses. NKG2C−/− donors have normal T cell immunity to cytomegalovirus NKG2C−/− donors have normal frequencies of adaptive NK cells CD2 is critical for antibody-triggered responses by adaptive NK cells CD2 synergizes with NKG2C in classical adaptive NK cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L Liu
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johannes Landskron
- The Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo, 0349 Oslo, Norway; The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind H Ask
- The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Monika Enqvist
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ebba Sohlberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James A Traherne
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Pathology, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Quirin Hammer
- Innate Immunity, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum - A Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jodie P Goodridge
- The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stella Larsson
- Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jyothi Jayaraman
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Pathology, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Vincent Y S Oei
- The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marie Schaffer
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kjetil Taskén
- The Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo, 0349 Oslo, Norway; The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0318 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Centre, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chiara Romagnani
- Innate Immunity, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum - A Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - John Trowsdale
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Pathology, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Karl-Johan Malmberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden; The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Vivien Béziat
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France; University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, 75270 Paris, France.
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388
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Cui Y, Chen X, Zhang J, Sun X, Liu H, Bai L, Xu C, Liu X. Uhrf1 Controls iNKT Cell Survival and Differentiation through the Akt-mTOR Axis. Cell Rep 2016; 15:256-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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389
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Geiger TL, Sun JC. Development and maturation of natural killer cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 39:82-9. [PMID: 26845614 PMCID: PMC4801705 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that are critical for host protection against pathogens and cancer due to their ability to rapidly release inflammatory cytokines and kill infected or transformed cells. In the 40 years since their initial discovery, much has been learned about how this important cellular lineage develops and functions. We now know that NK cells are the founding members of an expanded family of lymphocyte known as innate lymphoid cells (ILC). Furthermore, we have recently discovered that NK cells can possess features of adaptive immunity such as antigen specificity and long-lived memory responses. Here we will review our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving development of NK cells from the common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) to mature NK cells, and from activated effectors to long-lived memory NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Geiger
- Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, United States; Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, United States; Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, United States; Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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390
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Wang S, Xia P, Huang G, Zhu P, Liu J, Ye B, Du Y, Fan Z. FoxO1-mediated autophagy is required for NK cell development and innate immunity. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11023. [PMID: 27010363 PMCID: PMC4820827 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells exert a crucial role in early immune responses as a major innate effector component. However, the underlying mechanisms of NK cell development remain largely elusive. Here we show that robust autophagy appears in the stage of immature NK cells (iNKs), which is required for NK cell development. Autophagy defects result in damaged mitochondria and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that leads to apoptosis of NK cells. Autophagy protects NK cell viability during development through removal of damaged mitochondria and intracellular ROS. Phosphorylated Forkhead box O (FoxO)1 is located to the cytoplasm of iNKs and interacts with Atg7, leading to induction of autophagy. FoxO1 deficiency or an inactive FoxO1AAA mutant abrogates autophagy initiation in iNKs and impairs NK cell development and viral clearance. Therefore we conclude that FoxO1-mediated autophagy is required for NK cell development and NK cell-induced innate immunity. Natural killer cells are a major component of the innate immune response. Here, Wang et al. show that natural killer cell development requires robust activation of autophagy at the immature stage where it acts to remove damaged mitochondria and reduces levels of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Pengyan Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guanling Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Pingping Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Buqing Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ying Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zusen Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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391
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Gardiner CM, Mills KHG. The cells that mediate innate immune memory and their functional significance in inflammatory and infectious diseases. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:343-50. [PMID: 26979658 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunological memory mediated by antigen-specific T and B cells is the foundation of adaptive immunity and is fundamental to the heightened and rapid protective immune response induced by vaccination or following re-infection with the same pathogen. While the innate immune system has classically been considered to be non-specific and devoid of memory, it now appears that it can be trained following exposure to microbes or their products and that this may confer a form of memory on innate immune cells. The evidence for immunological memory outside of T and B cells has been best established for natural killer (NK) cells, where it has been known for decades that NK cells have heighten responses following immunological re-challenge. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated that monocyte/macrophages, and probably dendritic cells, can be re-programmed through epigenetic modification, following exposure to pathogens or their products, resulting in heighted responses following a second stimulation. Unlike antigen-specific memory of the adaptive immune system, the second stimulation does not have to be with the same pathogen or antigen. Indirect evidence for this comes from reports on the non-specific beneficial effect of certain live vaccines, such as Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) against unrelated childhood infectious diseases. It also appears that certain pathogen or pathogen-derived molecules can prime immune cells, especially macrophages, to secrete more anti-inflammatory and less pro-inflammatory cyokines, thus opening up the possibility of exploiting innate immune training as a new therapeutic approach for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clair M Gardiner
- NK Cell Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Kingston H G Mills
- Immune Regulation Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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392
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Gilhar A, Schrum AG, Etzioni A, Waldmann H, Paus R. Alopecia areata: Animal models illuminate autoimmune pathogenesis and novel immunotherapeutic strategies. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:726-35. [PMID: 26971464 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the most common human autoimmune diseases, alopecia areata (AA), is characterized by sudden, often persisting and psychologically devastating hair loss. Animal models have helped greatly to elucidate critical cellular and molecular immune pathways in AA. The two most prominent ones are inbred C3H/HeJ mice which develop an AA-like hair phenotype spontaneously or after experimental induction, and healthy human scalp skin xenotransplanted onto SCID mice, in which a phenocopy of human AA is induced by injecting IL-2-stimulated PBMCs enriched for CD56+/NKG2D+ cells intradermally. The current review critically examines the pros and cons of the available AA animal models and how they have shaped our understanding of AA pathobiology, and the development of new therapeutic strategies. AA is thought to arise when the hair follicle's (HF) natural immune privilege (IP) collapses, inducing ectopic MHC class I expression in the HF epithelium and autoantigen presentation to autoreactive CD8+ T cells. In common with other autoimmune diseases, upregulation of IFN-γ and IL-15 is critically implicated in AA pathogenesis, as are NKG2D and its ligands, MICA, and ULBP3. The C3H/HeJ mouse model was used to identify key immune cell and molecular principles in murine AA, and proof-of-principle that Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are suitable agents for AA management in vivo, since both IFN-γ and IL-15 signal via the JAK pathway. Instead, the humanized mouse model of AA has been used to demonstrate the previously hypothesized key role of CD8+ T cells and NKG2D+ cells in AA pathogenesis and to discover human-specific pharmacologic targets like the potassium channel Kv1.3, and to show that the PDE4 inhibitor, apremilast, inhibits AA development in human skin. As such, AA provides a model disease, in which to contemplate general challenges, opportunities, and limitations one faces when selecting appropriate animal models in preclinical research for human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Gilhar
- Skin Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Flieman Medical Center, PO Box 9649, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Adam G Schrum
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amos Etzioni
- Ruth Children Hospital, Haifa, Israel; Rappaport Medical School, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Herman Waldmann
- Therapeutic Immunology Group, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ralf Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Inst. of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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393
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Viel S, Marçais A, Guimaraes FSF, Loftus R, Rabilloud J, Grau M, Degouve S, Djebali S, Sanlaville A, Charrier E, Bienvenu J, Marie JC, Caux C, Marvel J, Town L, Huntington ND, Bartholin L, Finlay D, Smyth MJ, Walzer T. TGF-β inhibits the activation and functions of NK cells by repressing the mTOR pathway. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra19. [PMID: 26884601 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aad1884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a major immunosuppressive cytokine that maintains immune homeostasis and prevents autoimmunity through its antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory properties in various immune cell types. We provide genetic, pharmacologic, and biochemical evidence that a critical target of TGF-β signaling in mouse and human natural killer (NK) cells is the serine and threonine kinase mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin). Treatment of mouse or human NK cells with TGF-β in vitro blocked interleukin-15 (IL-15)-induced activation of mTOR. TGF-β and the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin both reduced the metabolic activity and proliferation of NK cells and reduced the abundances of various NK cell receptors and the cytotoxic activity of NK cells. In vivo, constitutive TGF-β signaling or depletion of mTOR arrested NK cell development, whereas deletion of the TGF-β receptor subunit TGF-βRII enhanced mTOR activity and the cytotoxic activity of the NK cells in response to IL-15. Suppression of TGF-β signaling in NK cells did not affect either NK cell development or homeostasis; however, it enhanced the ability of NK cells to limit metastases in two different tumor models in mice. Together, these results suggest that the kinase mTOR is a crucial signaling integrator of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in NK cells. Moreover, we propose that boosting the metabolic activity of antitumor lymphocytes could be an effective strategy to promote immune-mediated tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Viel
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France. INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France. CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France. Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite 69310, France
| | - Antoine Marçais
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France. INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France. CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Fernando Souza-Fonseca Guimaraes
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia. School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Roisin Loftus
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jessica Rabilloud
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France. INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France. CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Morgan Grau
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France. INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France. CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Degouve
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France. INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France. CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Sophia Djebali
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France. INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France. CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Amélien Sanlaville
- Immunology Virology and Inflammation Department, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286 Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Emily Charrier
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France. INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France. CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France. Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite 69310, France
| | - Jacques Bienvenu
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France. INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France. CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France. Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite 69310, France
| | - Julien C Marie
- Immunology Virology and Inflammation Department, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286 Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France. TGF-beta and immunoregulation group, DKFZ, Heidelberg 69121, Germany
| | - Christophe Caux
- Immunology Virology and Inflammation Department, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286 Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Jacqueline Marvel
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France. INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France. CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Liam Town
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Laurent Bartholin
- Immunology Virology and Inflammation Department, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286 Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - David Finlay
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia. School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.
| | - Thierry Walzer
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), 69007 Lyon, France. INSERM U1111, 69007 Lyon, France. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France. Université Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France. CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France.
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394
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Keating SE, Zaiatz-Bittencourt V, Loftus RM, Keane C, Brennan K, Finlay DK, Gardiner CM. Metabolic Reprogramming Supports IFN-γ Production by CD56bright NK Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2552-60. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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395
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Hamblet CE, Makowski SL, Tritapoe JM, Pomerantz JL. NK Cell Maturation and Cytotoxicity Are Controlled by the Intramembrane Aspartyl Protease SPPL3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2614-26. [PMID: 26851218 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NK cell maturation is critical for normal effector function and the innate immune response to tumors and pathogens. However, the molecular pathways that control NK cell maturation remain largely undefined. In this article, we investigate the role of SPPL3, an intramembrane aspartyl protease, in murine NK cell biology. We find that deletion of SPPL3 in the hematopoietic system reduces numbers of peripheral NK cells, clearance of MHC class I-deficient tumors in vivo, and cytotoxicity against tumor cells in vitro. This phenotype is concomitant with reduced numbers of CD27(+)CD11b(+) and CD27(-)CD11b(+) NK cells, indicating a requirement for SPPL3 in efficient NK cell maturation. NK cell-specific deletion of SPPL3 results in the same deficiencies, revealing a cell-autonomous role for SPPL3 in these processes. CRISPR/Cas9 genomic editing in murine zygotes was used to generate knockin mice with a catalytically compromised SPPL3 D271A allele. Mice engineered to express only SPPL3 D271A in NK cells phenocopy mice deleted for SPPL3, indicating a requirement for SPPL3 protease activity in NK cell biology. Our results identify SPPL3 as a cell-autonomous molecular determinant of NK cell maturation and expand the role of intramembrane aspartyl proteases in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne E Hamblet
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Stefanie L Makowski
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Julia M Tritapoe
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Joel L Pomerantz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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396
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Huntington ND, Carpentier S, Vivier E, Belz GT. Innate lymphoid cells: parallel checkpoints and coordinate interactions with T cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 38:86-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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397
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Goh CC, Roggerson KM, Lee HC, Golden-Mason L, Rosen HR, Hahn YS. Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Suppress NK Cell IFN-γ Production by Altering Cellular Metabolism via Arginase-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2283-92. [PMID: 26826241 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects ∼ 200 million people worldwide. The majority of infected individuals develop persistent infection, resulting in chronic inflammation and liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The ability of HCV to establish persistent infection is partly due to its ability to evade the immune response through multiple mechanisms, including suppression of NK cells. NK cells control HCV replication during the early phase of infection and regulate the progression to chronic disease. In particular, IFN-γ produced by NK cells limits viral replication in hepatocytes and is important for the initiation of adaptive immune responses. However, NK cell function is significantly impaired in chronic HCV patients. The cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for impaired NK cell function in HCV infection are not well defined. In this study, we analyzed the interaction of human NK cells with CD33(+) PBMCs that were exposed to HCV. We found that NK cells cocultured with HCV-conditioned CD33(+) PBMCs produced lower amounts of IFN-γ, with no effect on granzyme B production or cell viability. Importantly, this suppression of NK cell-derived IFN-γ production was mediated by CD33(+)CD11b(lo)HLA-DR(lo) myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) via an arginase-1-dependent inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin activation. Suppression of IFN-γ production was reversed by l-arginine supplementation, consistent with increased MDSC arginase-1 activity. These novel results identify the induction of MDSCs in HCV infection as a potent immune evasion strategy that suppresses antiviral NK cell responses, further indicating that blockade of MDSCs may be a potential therapeutic approach to ameliorate chronic viral infections in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste C Goh
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Krystal M Roggerson
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Hai-Chon Lee
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Gangwon 25159, Korea; and
| | - Lucy Golden-Mason
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Hugo R Rosen
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Young S Hahn
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908;
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398
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Viel S, Besson L, Charrier E, Marçais A, Disse E, Bienvenu J, Walzer T, Dumontet C. Alteration of Natural Killer cell phenotype and function in obese individuals. Clin Immunol 2016; 177:12-17. [PMID: 26794911 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with increased cancer rates and higher susceptibility to infections. The adipose tissue of obese individuals is inflammatory and may negatively impact on innate and adaptive immunity in a systemic way. Here, we explored the phenotype and function of peripheral Natural Killer (NK) cells of patients in correlation with their body mass index (BMI). We found that high BMI was associated with an increased activation status of peripheral NK cells, as measured by surface levels of CD69 and levels of granzyme-B. However, these activated NK cells had an impaired capacity to degranulate or to produce cytokines/chemokines when exposed to tumor cell lines deficient in MHC-I expression or coated with antibodies. This suggests that chronic stimulation of NK cells during obesity may lead to their incapacity to respond normally and eliminate target cells, which could contribute to the greater susceptibility of obese individuals to develop cancers or infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Viel
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France; Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France; CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, France.
| | - Laurie Besson
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France; Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France; CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, France
| | - Emily Charrier
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France; Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France; CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, France
| | - Antoine Marçais
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France; Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France; CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuel Disse
- Endocrinology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, France
| | - Jacques Bienvenu
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France; Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France; CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, France
| | - Thierry Walzer
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France; Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France; CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Charles Dumontet
- Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France; INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France; Hematology Laboratory, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, France
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399
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Delconte RB, Shi W, Sathe P, Ushiki T, Seillet C, Minnich M, Kolesnik TB, Rankin LC, Mielke LA, Zhang JG, Busslinger M, Smyth MJ, Hutchinson DS, Nutt SL, Nicholson SE, Alexander WS, Corcoran LM, Vivier E, Belz GT, Carotta S, Huntington ND. The Helix-Loop-Helix Protein ID2 Governs NK Cell Fate by Tuning Their Sensitivity to Interleukin-15. Immunity 2016; 44:103-115. [PMID: 26795246 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (Id2) is essential for natural killer (NK) cell development with its canonical role being to antagonize E-protein function and alternate lineage fate. Here we have identified a key role for Id2 in regulating interleukin-15 (IL-15) receptor signaling and homeostasis of NK cells by repressing multiple E-protein target genes including Socs3. Id2 deletion in mature NK cells was incompatible with their homeostasis due to impaired IL-15 receptor signaling and metabolic function and this could be rescued by strong IL-15 receptor stimulation or genetic ablation of Socs3. During NK cell maturation, we observed an inverse correlation between E-protein target genes and Id2. These results shift the current paradigm on the role of ID2, indicating that it is required not only to antagonize E-proteins during NK cell commitment, but constantly required to titrate E-protein activity to regulate NK cell fitness and responsiveness to IL-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca B Delconte
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Wei Shi
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia; Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Priyanka Sathe
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Takashi Ushiki
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Cyril Seillet
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Martina Minnich
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tatiana B Kolesnik
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Lucille C Rankin
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Lisa A Mielke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark J Smyth
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Dana S Hutchinson
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmacological Science, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Sandra E Nicholson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Warren S Alexander
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Lynn M Corcoran
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Eric Vivier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288 Marseille, France; Immunologie, Hôpital de la Comception, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Gabrielle T Belz
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Sebastian Carotta
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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400
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Cepero-Donates Y, Rakotoarivelo V, Mayhue M, Ma A, Chen YG, Ramanathan S. Homeostasis of IL-15 dependent lymphocyte subsets in the liver. Cytokine 2016; 82:95-101. [PMID: 26778709 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
IL-15 is a member of the gamma chain family of cytokines (γc - CD132). The IL-15 receptor (IL-15R) complex consists of 3 subunits: the ligand-binding IL-15Rα chain (CD215), the β chain (CD122; also used by IL-2), and the common γ chain. The biological activities of IL-15 are mostly mediated by the IL-15:IL-15Rα complex, produced by the same cell and 'trans-presented' to responder cells expressing the IL-15Rβγc. The peculiar and almost unique requirement for IL-15 to be trans-presented by IL-15Rα suggests that the biological effects of IL-15 signaling are tightly regulated even at the level of availability of IL-15. Tissue-specific deletion of IL-15Rα has shown macrophage-and dendritic cell-derived IL-15Rα mediate the homeostasis of different CD8(+) T cell subsets. Here we show that hepatocyte and macrophage- specific expression of IL-15Rα is required to maintain the homeostasis of NK and NKT cells in the liver. Thus, homeostasis of IL-15-dependent lymphocyte subsets is also regulated by trans-presentation of IL-15 by non-hematopoietic cells in the tissue environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuneivy Cepero-Donates
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Volatiana Rakotoarivelo
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Marian Mayhue
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Averil Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yi-Guang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada.
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