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New and Preliminary Evidence on Altered Oral and Gut Microbiota in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Implications for ASD Diagnosis and Subtyping Based on Microbial Biomarkers. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092128. [PMID: 31489949 PMCID: PMC6770733 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurological and developmental disorder characterized by behavioral and social impairments as well as multiple co-occurring conditions, such as gastrointestinal abnormalities, dental/periodontal diseases, and allergies. The etiology of ASD likely involves interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Recent studies suggest that oral and gut microbiome play important roles in the pathogenesis of inflammation, immune dysfunction, and disruption of the gut–brain axis, which may contribute to ASD pathophysiology. The majority of previous studies used unrelated neurotypical individuals as controls, and they focused on the gut microbiome, with little attention paid to the oral flora. In this pilot study, we used a first degree-relative matched design combined with high fidelity 16S rRNA (ribosomal RNA) gene amplicon sequencing in order to characterize the oral and gut microbiotas of patients with ASD compared to neurotypical individuals, and explored the utility of microbiome markers for ASD diagnosis and subtyping of clinical comorbid conditions. Additionally, we aimed to develop microbiome biomarkers to monitor responses to a subsequent clinical trial using probiotics supplementation. We identified distinct features of gut and salivary microbiota that differed between ASD patients and neurotypical controls. We next explored the utility of some differentially enriched markers for ASD diagnosis and examined the association between the oral and gut microbiomes using network analysis. Due to the tremendous clinical heterogeneity of the ASD population, we explored the relationship between microbiome and clinical indices as an attempt to extract microbiome signatures assocociated with clinical subtypes, including allergies, abdominal pain, and abnormal dietary habits. The diagnosis of ASD currently relies on psychological testing with potentially high subjectivity. Given the emerging role that the oral and gut microbiome plays in systemic diseases, our study will provide preliminary evidence for developing microbial markers that can be used to diagnose or guide treatment of ASD and comorbid conditions. These preliminary results also serve as a starting point to test whether altering the oral and gut microbiome could improve co-morbid conditions in patients with ASD and further modify the core symptoms of ASD.
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Randall DW, Kieswich J, Swann J, McCafferty K, Thiemermann C, Curtis M, Hoyles L, Yaqoob MM. Batch effect exerts a bigger influence on the rat urinary metabolome and gut microbiota than uraemia: a cautionary tale. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:127. [PMID: 31477171 PMCID: PMC6720068 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0738-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rodent models are invaluable for studying biological processes in the context of whole organisms. The reproducibility of such research is based on an assumption of metabolic similarity between experimental animals, controlled for by breeding and housing strategies that minimise genetic and environmental variation. Here, we set out to demonstrate the effect of experimental uraemia on the rat urinary metabolome and gut microbiome but found instead that the effect of vendor shipment batch was larger in both areas than that of uraemia. RESULTS Twenty four Wistar rats obtained from the same commercial supplier in two separate shipment batches underwent either subtotal nephrectomy or sham procedures. All animals undergoing subtotal nephrectomy developed an expected uraemic phenotype. The urinary metabolome was studied using 1H-NMR spectroscopy and found to vary significantly between animals from different batches, with substantial differences in concentrations of a broad range of substances including lactate, acetate, glucose, amino acids, amines and benzoate derivatives. In animals from one batch, there was a complete absence of the microbiome-associated urinary metabolite hippurate, which was present in significant concentrations in animals from the other batch. These differences were so prominent that we would have drawn quite different conclusions about the effect of uraemia on urinary phenotype depending on which batch of animals we had used. Corresponding differences were seen in the gut microbiota between animals in different batches when assessed by the sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons, with higher alpha diversity and different distributions of Proteobacteria subtaxa and short-chain fatty acid producing bacteria in the second batch compared to the first. Whilst we also demonstrated differences in both the urinary metabolome and gut microbiota associated with uraemia, these effects were smaller in size than those associated with shipment batch. CONCLUSIONS These results challenge the assumption that experimental animals obtained from the same supplier are metabolically comparable, and provide metabolomic evidence that batch-to-batch variations in the microbiome of experimental animals are significant confounders in an experimental study. We discuss strategies for reducing such variability and the need for transparency in research publications about the supply of experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David William Randall
- Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 8BQ UK
| | - Julius Kieswich
- Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 8BQ UK
| | - Jonathan Swann
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Kieran McCafferty
- Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 8BQ UK
| | - Christoph Thiemermann
- Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 8BQ UK
| | - Michael Curtis
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT UK
| | - Lesley Hoyles
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS UK
| | - Muhammed Magdi Yaqoob
- Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 8BQ UK
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353
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Liu Y, Ajami NJ, El-Serag HB, Hair C, Graham DY, White DL, Chen L, Wang Z, Plew S, Kramer J, Cole R, Hernaez R, Hou J, Husain N, Jarbrink-Sehgal ME, Kanwal F, Ketwaroo G, Natarajan Y, Shah R, Velez M, Mallepally N, Petrosino JF, Jiao L. Dietary quality and the colonic mucosa-associated gut microbiome in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:701-712. [PMID: 31291462 PMCID: PMC6736447 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite tremendous interest in modulating the microbiome to improve health, the association between diet and the colonic mucosa-associated gut microbiome in healthy individuals has not been examined. OBJECTIVE To investigate the associations between Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2005 and the colonic mucosa-associated microbiota. METHODS In this cross-sectional observational study, we analyzed bacterial community composition and structure using 16S rRNA gene (V4 region) sequencing of 97 colonic mucosal biopsies obtained endoscopically from different colon segments of 34 polyp-free participants. Dietary consumption was ascertained using an FFQ. Differences in α- and β-diversity and taxonomic relative abundances between the higher and lower score of total HEI and its components were compared, followed by multivariable analyses. RESULTS The structure of the microbiota significantly differed by the scores for total HEI, total and whole fruits (HEI 1 and HEI 2), whole grains (HEI 6), milk products and soy beverages (HEI 7), and solid fat, alcohol, and added sugar (HEI 12). A lower score for total HEI and HEIs 2, 7, and 12 was associated with significantly lower richness. A lower score for total HEI was associated with significantly reduced relative abundance of Parabacteroides, Roseburia, and Subdoligranulum but higher Fusobacterium. A lower score for HEI 2 was associated with lower Roseburia but higher Bacteroides. A lower score for HEI 7 was associated with lower Faecalibacterium and Fusobacterium but higher Bacteroides. A lower score for HEI 12 was associated with lower Subdoligranulum but higher Escherichia and Fusobacterium (false discovery rate-adjusted P values <0.05). The findings were confirmed by multivariate analysis. Less abundant bacteria such as Alistipes, Odoribacter, Bilophila, and Tyzzerella were also associated with dietary quality. CONCLUSIONS A lower score for total HEI-2005 was significantly associated with reduced relative abundance of potentially beneficial bacteria but increased potentially harmful bacteria in the colonic mucosa of endoscopically normal individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, USA,Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, BCM, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nadim J Ajami
- The Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, BCM, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hashem B El-Serag
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, USA,Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, BCM, Houston, TX, USA,Section of Gastroenterology, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Houston, TX, USA,Houston VA HSR&D Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety, MEDVAMC, Houston, TX, USA,Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Clark Hair
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, USA,Section of Gastroenterology, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Y Graham
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, USA,Section of Gastroenterology, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Houston, TX, USA,Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Donna L White
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, USA,Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, BCM, Houston, TX, USA,Houston VA HSR&D Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety, MEDVAMC, Houston, TX, USA,Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center, Houston, TX, USA,Center for Translational Research on Translational Disease, MEDVAMC, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, USA,Houston VA HSR&D Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety, MEDVAMC, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhensheng Wang
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sarah Plew
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, USA,Houston VA HSR&D Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety, MEDVAMC, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer Kramer
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, USA,Houston VA HSR&D Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety, MEDVAMC, Houston, TX, USA,Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rhonda Cole
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, USA,Section of Gastroenterology, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ruben Hernaez
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, USA,Section of Gastroenterology, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Houston, TX, USA,Houston VA HSR&D Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety, MEDVAMC, Houston, TX, USA,Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jason Hou
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, USA,Section of Gastroenterology, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Houston, TX, USA,Houston VA HSR&D Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety, MEDVAMC, Houston, TX, USA,Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nisreen Husain
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, USA,Section of Gastroenterology, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria E Jarbrink-Sehgal
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, USA,Section of Gastroenterology, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fasiha Kanwal
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, USA,Section of Gastroenterology, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Houston, TX, USA,Houston VA HSR&D Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety, MEDVAMC, Houston, TX, USA,Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gyanprakash Ketwaroo
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, USA,Section of Gastroenterology, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yamini Natarajan
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, USA,Section of Gastroenterology, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rajesh Shah
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, USA,Section of Gastroenterology, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Houston, TX, USA,Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria Velez
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, USA,Section of Gastroenterology, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Joseph F Petrosino
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, BCM, Houston, TX, USA,The Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, BCM, Houston, TX, USA,Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Li Jiao
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX, USA,Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, BCM, Houston, TX, USA,Section of Gastroenterology, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center (MEDVAMC), Houston, TX, USA,Houston VA HSR&D Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety, MEDVAMC, Houston, TX, USA,Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center, Houston, TX, USA,Center for Translational Research on Translational Disease, MEDVAMC, Houston, TX, USA,Address correspondence to LJ (E-mail: )
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Microbial Mechanistic Insights into the Role of Sweet Potato Vine on Improving Health in Chinese Meishan Gilt Model. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9090632. [PMID: 31480207 PMCID: PMC6770065 DOI: 10.3390/ani9090632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Sweet potato vine as a source of fiber had been used in China for many years. We investigated the effects of fresh sweet potato vine on intestinal and plasma metabolites as well as colon microbial composition in Chinese Meishan gilts. Results suggest that sweet potato vine promoted intestinal muscle development, decreased gut permeability, endotoxin and pro-inflammatory cytokines concentrations, and increased butyrate production as well as beneficial flora, thus improving gut health. Abstract This study explored the impact of fresh sweet potato vine on the growth as well as the metabolites and colon microbial composition in Chinese Meishan gilt. Twenty Meishan gilts (body weight 30 ± 0.18 kg, n = 10 per treatment) were randomly assigned to a control (CON) or sweet potato vine (SPV) supplementation diet treatment. Gilts were housed in individual stalls. In the SPV treatment, 2 kg fresh sweet potato vine was used instead of 0.18 kg basal diet which provided the same amount of digestive energy and crude protein with the exception of crude fiber (CON, 51.00 g/d vs. SPV, 73.94 g/d) in terms of dry matter intake. Gilts were slaughtered and samples were collected on day 19 after the third estrus cycle. The SPV treatment tended to increase slaughter weight of gilts (p = 0.07); it also increased (p < 0.05) gastrointestinal tract weight and intestinal muscle layer thickness. SPV treatment also decreased (p < 0.05) carcass yield and subcutaneous adipose tissue. The concentration of zonulin and endotoxin in plasma was decreased (p < 0.05) as the gilt consumed the SPV diet. Colonic fecal concentrations of endotoxin, lipocalin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were decreased (p < 0.05), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) was increased (p < 0.05) in the SPV treatment. Butyric acid and acetate concentration in colonic content as well as acetate concentration in caecal content were increased (p < 0.05) in the SPV treatment. Furthermore, the expression of carnitine palmityl transferase (CPT-1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) in gilt liver in SPV treatment was increased (p < 0.05) in comparison with CON treatment. Meanwhile, the composition of the colon microbes was also altered by SPV; representative changes included an increase in Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Roseburia, and Lachnospira. These results indicate that gilt fed with sweet potato vine had decreased gut permeability, endotoxin and pro-inflammatory cytokines concentrations; colonic fecal microbiota was also changed, which may be further beneficial to the intestinal health of Chinese Meishan gilt.
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355
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Szilagyi A. Relationship(s) between obesity and inflammatory bowel diseases: possible intertwined pathogenic mechanisms. Clin J Gastroenterol 2019; 13:139-152. [PMID: 31452062 PMCID: PMC7101293 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-019-01037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn's and ulcerative colitis have increased in incidence and prevalence from the mid-eighteen to the late nineteen centuries. From then to the current twenty-first century there has been a more rapid expansion of these disease to areas previously experiencing low rates. This latter expansion coincides with the current obesity pandemic which also began toward the end of the last century. Although the two diseases have radically different frequencies, there are interesting links between them. Four areas link the diseases. On an epidemiological level, IBD tends to follow a north-south gradient raising the importance of vitamin D in protection. Obesity has very weak relationship with latitude, but both diseases follow adult lactase distributions colliding in this plane. Is it possible that obesity (a low vitamin D condition with questionable response to supplements) reduces effects in IBD? On a pathogenic level, pro-inflammatory processes mark both IBD and obesity. The similarity raises the question of whether obesity could facilitate the development of IBD. Features of the metabolic syndrome occur in both, with or without obesity in IBD. The fourth interaction between the two diseases is the apparent effect of obesity on the course of IBD. There are suggestions that obesity may reduce the efficacy of biologic agents. Yet there is some suggestion also that obesity may reduce the need for hospitalization and surgery. The apparent co-expansion of both obesity and IBD suggests similar environmental changes may be involved in the promotion of both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Szilagyi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University Medical School, 3755 Cote St Catherine Rd, Room E110, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada.
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356
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Cooked Red Lentils Dose-Dependently Modulate the Colonic Microenvironment in Healthy C57Bl/6 Male Mice. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081853. [PMID: 31405019 PMCID: PMC6724071 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary pulses, including lentils, are protein-rich plant foods that are enriched in intestinal health-promoting bioactives, such as non-digestible carbohydrates and phenolic compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of diets supplemented with cooked red lentils on the colonic microenvironment (microbiota composition and activity and epithelial barrier integrity and function). C57Bl/6 male mice were fed one of five diets: a control basal diet (BD), a BD-supplemented diet with 5, 10 or 20% cooked red lentils (by weight), or a BD-supplemented diet with 0.7% pectin (equivalent soluble fiber level as found in the 20% lentil diet). Red lentil supplementation resulted in increased: (1) fecal microbiota α-diversity; (2) abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria (e.g., Prevotella, Roseburia and Dorea spp.); (3) concentrations of fecal SCFAs; (4) mRNA expression of SCFA receptors (G-protein-coupled receptors (GPR 41 and 43) and tight/adherens junction proteins (Zona Occulden-1 (ZO-1), Claudin-2, E-cadherin). Overall, 20% lentil had the greatest impact on colon health outcomes, which were in part explained by a change in the soluble and insoluble fiber profile of the diet. These results support recent public health recommendations to increase consumption of plant-based protein foods for improved health, in particular intestinal health.
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357
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Naito Y, Takagi T, Inoue R, Kashiwagi S, Mizushima K, Tsuchiya S, Itoh Y, Okuda K, Tsujimoto Y, Adachi A, Maruyama N, Oda Y, Matoba S. Gut microbiota differences in elderly subjects between rural city Kyotango and urban city Kyoto: an age-gender-matched study. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2019; 65:125-131. [PMID: 31592207 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.19-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Several outcomes have been reported on the role of gut microbiota in health promotion and disease prevention. Kyotango, one of the longevity areas with various centenarians, is a provincial city located in the northern part of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan. To understand the relationship between gut microbiota and urbanization, we compared the diversity, abundance, and function of gut microbiota in older healthy subjects between Kyotango and Kyoto cities; Kyoto is an urban city located in the southern part of Kyoto Prefecture. In total, 51 subjects at Kyotango and 51 subjects at Kyoto matched by age and gender were recruited, and their fecal samples were obtained to analyze the gut microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Principal coordinate analysis for β-diversity revealed significant differences in the gut microbiota between two cities. In contrast, the analysis of α-diversity revealed no significant differences between the groups. On comparison at the phylum levels, the abundance of Firmicutes was decreased with the urbanization, whereas that of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes increased. On comparison at the genus levels, with urbanization, a significant decrease was observed in Lachnospiraceae families including genus Roseburia and Coprococcus, and significant increases was observed in Bacteroides, Oscillospira, Parabacteroides, and Ruminococcus. The most markedly increased functional pathway with urbanization was lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis proteins and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, and decreased pathway was transporters and ABC transporters. In conclusion, the present findings indicate significant differences in the gut microbiota between the provincial city and urban cities at Kyoto Prefecture. These alterations in the microbiota may provide new insights to consider the relationship between longevity and gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Naito
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.,Department of Endoscopy and Ultrasound Medicine, University Hospital, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Takagi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.,Department for Medical Innovation and Translational Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Ryo Inoue
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Saori Kashiwagi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Katsura Mizushima
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Saeko Tsuchiya
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yoshito Itoh
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kayo Okuda
- Takara Bio Inc., Nojihigashi 7-4-38, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-0058, Japan
| | | | - Atsuo Adachi
- Department of Longevity and Regional Epidemiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Naoki Maruyama
- Department of Longevity and Regional Epidemiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yohei Oda
- Kyotango City Yasaka Hospital, Kyotango, Kyoto 627-0111, Japan
| | - Satoaki Matoba
- Department of Longevity and Regional Epidemiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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358
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Zhang J, Song L, Wang Y, Liu C, Zhang L, Zhu S, Liu S, Duan L. Beneficial effect of butyrate-producing Lachnospiraceae on stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity in rats. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 34:1368-1376. [PMID: 30402954 PMCID: PMC7379616 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Emerging evidence indicates that psychological stress is involved in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome, which is characterized by visceral hypersensitivity and may be accompanied by gut dysbiosis. However, how such stress contributes to the development of visceral hypersensitivity is incompletely understood. Here, we aimed to investigate the influence that stress-induced microbial changes exert on visceral sensitivity, as well as the possible underlying mechanisms associated with this effect. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent chronic water avoidance stress (WAS) to induce visceral hypersensitivity. Visceral sensitivity, colonic tight junction protein expression, and short-chain fatty acids of cecal contents were measured. Fecal samples were collected to characterize microbiota profiles. In a separate study, oral gavage of Roseburia in WAS rats was conducted to verify its potential role in the effectiveness on visceral hypersensitivity. RESULTS Repeated WAS caused visceral hypersensitivity, altered fecal microbiota composition and function, and decreased occludin expression in the colon. Stressed rats exhibited reduced representation of pathways involved in the metabolism of butyrate and reduced abundance of several operational taxonomic units associated with butyrate-producing bacteria, such as Lachnospiraceae. Consistently, supplementation with Roseburia hominis, a species belonging to Lachnospiraceae, significantly increased cecal butyrate content. Moreover, Roseburia supplementation alleviated visceral hypersensitivity and prevented the decreased expression of occludin. CONCLUSIONS Reduction in the abundance of butyrate-producing Lachnospiraceae, which is beneficial for the intestinal barrier, was involved in the formation of visceral hypersensitivity. R. hominis is a potential probiotic for treating stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindong Zhang
- Department of GastroenterologyPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Lijin Song
- Department of GastroenterologyPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yujing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of GastroenterologyPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Shiwei Zhu
- Department of GastroenterologyPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Shuangjiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Liping Duan
- Department of GastroenterologyPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
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359
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Tretola M, Luciano A, Ottoboni M, Baldi A, Pinotti L. Influence of Traditional vs Alternative Dietary Carbohydrates Sources on the Large Intestinal Microbiota in Post-Weaning Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9080516. [PMID: 31374923 PMCID: PMC6719221 DOI: 10.3390/ani9080516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Nutritional and environmental changes result in significant physiological changes in pigs at the weaning stage. The post-weaning period is mainly characterized by low feed intake and feed efficiency, together with intestinal disturbances. Maximizing the energy intake is known to be critical for promoting growth in weaned piglets, and it is essential to formulate diets with highly digestible and absorbable nutrients/ingredients, as the degree of intestinal maturation is limited. The current challenge is to find new sustainable, effective, and simple carbohydrate sources to satisfy these conditions without producing detrimental effects on the gut ecosystem. In this research, processed and ready-to-eat food products that are no longer suitable for humans were tested, which have high potential as an alternative energy source for pig nutrition. The results demonstrated that replacing conventional ingredients with highly digestible and simple carbohydrate-rich ingredients in the diets of post-weaning piglets did not affect their growth. However, both the abundance and composition of the bacterial community in the large intestine changed. Thus, the results should be interpreted with caution, as they are case-specific, and when these alternative feed ingredients are used in the post-weaning period, their inclusion rate and their effect on microbiota must be carefully considered. Abstract In this study, common cereal grains were partially replaced by former foodstuffs products (FFPs) in post-weaning piglets’ diets, to investigate how these alternative ingredients influence the faecal microbiota in the post-weaning period. Twelve post-weaning piglets were housed for 16 days in individual pens and were then fed two diets: a standard wheat-barley-corn meal diet and a diet containing 30% FFPs, thus partially substituting conventional cereals. The growth performance was monitored and faecal microbiota was characterized by the next generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The results showed no detrimental effects on growth performance when FFPs were used. However, the FFP diet decreased the bacterial richness and evenness in the large intestine, while minor differences were observed in the taxa composition. The core microbiota composition was only slightly affected, and no differences between the two groups in the gut microbiota composition at the phylum level over time were observed. Thus, although these results should be interpreted with caution, as they are case-specific, FFPs can be potentially used as alternative carbohydrate sources in post-weaning piglets, but further investigations are necessary to clarify their impact on gut health when used for a longer period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tretola
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, VESPA, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Alice Luciano
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, VESPA, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Ottoboni
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, VESPA, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Antonella Baldi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, VESPA, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Luciano Pinotti
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, VESPA, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
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360
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Moreira-Rosário A, Marques C, Pinheiro H, Norberto S, Sintra D, Teixeira JA, Calhau C, Azevedo LF. Daily intake of wheat germ-enriched bread may promote a healthy gut bacterial microbiota: a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:1951-1961. [PMID: 31325040 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Wheat bran fibre has a beneficial effect on gastrointestinal function, but evidence for wheat germ is scarce. Accordingly, we evaluated the effects of daily intake of wheat germ on gastrointestinal discomfort and gut microbiota by adding wheat germ to refined (white) wheat bread, the most consumed bread type. We hypothesised that an improvement in the composition of refined bread could beneficially affect intestinal health without compromising consumers' acceptance. METHODS Fifty-five healthy adults were recruited for a randomised, double-blind, crossover, controlled trial comprising two 4-week intervention periods separated by a 5-week washout stage. During the first 4-week period, one group consumed wheat bread enriched with 6 g of wheat germ and the control group consumed non-enriched wheat bread. RESULTS Wheat germ-enriched bread was well-appreciated and the number of participants that demonstrated minimal gastrointestinal improvements after wheat-germ intake was higher than in the control arm. Importantly, intake of wheat germ-enriched bread decreased the perceived gastrointestinal discomfort-related quality of life (subscale worries and concerns) over refined white bread. The improvements in the gastrointestinal function were accompanied by favourable changes in gut microbiota, increasing the number of Bacteroides spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. CONCLUSIONS Adding wheat germ to industrially made white bread without altering sensory properties may promote a healthy gut bacterial microbiota and the gastrointestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Moreira-Rosário
- Centre for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal. .,Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cláudia Marques
- Centre for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal.,Nutrition and Metabolism, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Helder Pinheiro
- Nutrition and Metabolism, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Curry Cabral, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sónia Norberto
- Centre for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Sintra
- Centre for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal
| | - José António Teixeira
- Center of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Conceição Calhau
- Centre for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal.,Nutrition and Metabolism, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,José de Mello Saúde by NOVA Medical School, University Unit of Lifestyle Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Filipe Azevedo
- Centre for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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361
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Hu S, Li A, Huang T, Lai J, Li J, Sublette ME, Lu H, Lu Q, Du Y, Hu Z, Ng CH, Zhang H, Lu J, Mou T, Lu S, Wang D, Duan J, Hu J, Huang M, Wei N, Zhou W, Ruan L, Li MD, Xu Y. Gut Microbiota Changes in Patients with Bipolar Depression. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900752. [PMID: 31380217 PMCID: PMC6662053 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to characterize the gut microbiota in depressed patients with bipolar disorder (BD) compared with healthy controls (HCs), to examine the effects of quetiapine treatment on the microbiota, and to explore the potential of microbiota as a biomarker for BD diagnosis and treatment outcome. Analysis of 16S-ribosomal RNA gene sequences reveals that gut microbial composition and diversity are significantly different between BD patients and HCs. Phylum Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes are the predominant bacterial communities in BD patients and HCs, respectively. Lower levels of butyrate-producing bacteria are observed in untreated patients. Microbial composition changes following quetiapine treatment in BD patients. Notably, 30 microbial markers are identified on a random forest model and achieve an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.81 between untreated patients and HCs. Ten microbial markers are identified with the AUC of 0.93 between responder and nonresponder patients. This study characterizes the gut microbiota in BD and is the first to evaluate microbial changes following quetiapine monotherapy. Gut microbiota-based biomarkers may be helpful in BD diagnosis and predicting treatment outcome, which need further validations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Hu
- Department of PsychiatryFirst Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310003China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management of Zhejiang ProvinceNo. 79, Qingchun RoadHangzhou310003China
- Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| | - Ang Li
- Henan Gene HospitalThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450052China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
| | - Jianbo Lai
- Department of PsychiatryFirst Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310003China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management of Zhejiang ProvinceNo. 79, Qingchun RoadHangzhou310003China
- Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| | - Jingjing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesCollaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
- Research Center for Air Pollution and HealthZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| | | | - Haifeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesCollaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| | - Qiaoqiao Lu
- Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
| | - Yanli Du
- Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
| | - Zhiying Hu
- Department of Obstetrics & GynecologyHangzhou Red Cross HospitalHangzhou310003China
| | - Chee H. Ng
- The Melbourne ClinicDepartment of PsychiatryUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoria3052Australia
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesCollaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of PsychiatryFirst Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310003China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management of Zhejiang ProvinceNo. 79, Qingchun RoadHangzhou310003China
- Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| | - Tingting Mou
- Department of PsychiatryFirst Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310003China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management of Zhejiang ProvinceNo. 79, Qingchun RoadHangzhou310003China
- Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| | - Shaojia Lu
- Department of PsychiatryFirst Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310003China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management of Zhejiang ProvinceNo. 79, Qingchun RoadHangzhou310003China
- Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of PsychiatryFirst Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310003China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management of Zhejiang ProvinceNo. 79, Qingchun RoadHangzhou310003China
- Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| | - Jinfeng Duan
- Department of PsychiatryFirst Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310003China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management of Zhejiang ProvinceNo. 79, Qingchun RoadHangzhou310003China
- Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| | - Jianbo Hu
- Department of PsychiatryFirst Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310003China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management of Zhejiang ProvinceNo. 79, Qingchun RoadHangzhou310003China
- Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| | - Manli Huang
- Department of PsychiatryFirst Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310003China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management of Zhejiang ProvinceNo. 79, Qingchun RoadHangzhou310003China
- Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| | - Ning Wei
- Department of PsychiatryFirst Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310003China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management of Zhejiang ProvinceNo. 79, Qingchun RoadHangzhou310003China
- Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| | - Weihua Zhou
- Department of PsychiatryFirst Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310003China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management of Zhejiang ProvinceNo. 79, Qingchun RoadHangzhou310003China
- Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| | - Liemin Ruan
- Department of Mental HealthNingbo First HospitalNingbo315010China
| | - Ming D. Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesCollaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
- Research Center for Air Pollution and HealthZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of PsychiatryFirst Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310003China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management of Zhejiang ProvinceNo. 79, Qingchun RoadHangzhou310003China
- Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou310003China
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362
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Zhao H, Chen J, Li X, Sun Q, Qin P, Wang Q. Compositional and functional features of the female premenopausal and postmenopausal gut microbiota. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2655-2664. [PMID: 31273779 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous estrogen deficiency accelerates many diseases in postmenopausal women, and gut microbes contribute to estrogen level modulation. However, the compositional alterations and influences of the gut microbiota in postmenopausal women remain uncertain. A metagenome-wide association study was performed to compare the gut microbiota of 24 premenopausal and 24 postmenopausal women. Firmicutes and Roseburia spp. are depleted, while Bacteroidetes and the toluene-producing genus Tolumonas are overrepresented in fecal samples from postmenopausal women. The pentose phosphate pathway is enriched in premenopausal women. Homocysteine synthesis-related processes are enriched in postmenopausal women. The gut microbiomes of premenopausal and postmenopausal women differ and produce different metabolites. The gut microbiome may be a therapeutic target to reduce risks and improve the quality of life in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juanjuan Chen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Qiang Sun
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Onatrio, Canada
| | - Panpan Qin
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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363
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Hu C, Li F, Duan Y, Yin Y, Kong X. Glutamic acid supplementation reduces body fat weight in finishing pigs when provided solely or in combination with arginine and it is associated with colonic propionate and butyrate concentrations. Food Funct 2019; 10:4693-4704. [PMID: 31298673 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00520j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the composition of gut microbiota have been proposed as possible causes of obesity. Our previous study showed that glutamic acid (Glu) alone or a combination of Glu and arginine (Arg) decreased backfat thickness in finishing pigs. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with Glu and/or Arg on body fat weight, composition of gut microbiota, and short-chain fatty acid concentrations in the colons of finishing pigs, and to elucidate whether body fat weight was associated with changes in the colonic microbial community and concentrations of colonic metabolites. Sixty Duroc × Large White × Landrace pigs with an average initial body weight of 77.1 ± 1.3 kg were randomly assigned to one of five treatment groups (12 pigs per group). The pigs in the control group were fed a basal diet (BD group), while those in the experimental groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with either 2.05% l-alanine (Isonitrogenous, IS group), 1.00% l-arginine (Arg group), 1.00% glutamate + 1.44% l-alanine (Glu group), or 1.00% l-arginine + 1.00% glutamate (Arg_Glu group). The results showed that dietary supplementation with alanine has no effect (P > 0.05) on body fat weight, while with both Glu and Arg + Glu decreased (P < 0.05) body fat weight and increased (P < 0.05) colonic concentrations of propionate, butyrate, and valerate relative to the BD group. Negative relationships (P < 0.05) were observed between body fat weight and colonic propionate and butyrate concentrations. Compared to the IS group, dietary supplementation with Arg or Arg + Glu decreased (P < 0.05) colonic tyramine concentration. Compared to the IS group, the butyrate concentration increased (P < 0.05) in the Arg_Glu group. Compared to the BD group, the relative colonic abundance of Actinobacteria was higher (P < 0.05) in the Arg_Glu group. The abundances of Lachnospiraceae_XPB1014_group, norank_f_Erysipelotrichaceae, and Roseburia sp. were negatively (P < 0.05) correlated with body fat weight, and the abundance of norank_f_Erysipelotrichaceae was also negatively (P < 0.05) correlated with colonic butyrate concentration. These findings suggest that decreased body fat weight in finishing pigs can be induced by Glu supplementation alone or in combination with Arg. Glu + Arg supplementation was also associated with increased colonic butyrate and propionate concentrations and increased colonic Actinobacteria abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Hu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China.
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364
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Costa Brandão Cruz D, Lima Santana L, Siqueira Guedes A, Teodoro de Souza J, Arthur Santos Marbach P. Different Ways of Doing the Same: Variations in the Two Last Steps of the Purine Biosynthetic Pathway in Prokaryotes. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:1235-1249. [PMID: 30785193 PMCID: PMC6486802 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The last two steps of the purine biosynthetic pathway may be catalyzed by different enzymes in prokaryotes. The genes that encode these enzymes include homologs of purH, purP, purO and those encoding the AICARFT and IMPCH domains of PurH, here named purV and purJ, respectively. In Bacteria, these reactions are mainly catalyzed by the domains AICARFT and IMPCH of PurH. In Archaea, these reactions may be carried out by PurH and also by PurP and PurO, both considered signatures of this domain and analogous to the AICARFT and IMPCH domains of PurH, respectively. These genes were searched for in 1,403 completely sequenced prokaryotic genomes publicly available. Our analyses revealed taxonomic patterns for the distribution of these genes and anticorrelations in their occurrence. The analyses of bacterial genomes revealed the existence of genes coding for PurV, PurJ, and PurO, which may no longer be considered signatures of the domain Archaea. Although highly divergent, the PurOs of Archaea and Bacteria show a high level of conservation in the amino acids of the active sites of the protein, allowing us to infer that these enzymes are analogs. Based on the results, we propose that the gene purO was present in the common ancestor of all living beings, whereas the gene encoding PurP emerged after the divergence of Archaea and Bacteria and their isoforms originated in duplication events in the common ancestor of phyla Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. The results reported here expand our understanding of the diversity and evolution of the last two steps of the purine biosynthetic pathway in prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lenon Lima Santana
- CCAAB, Biological Sciences, Recôncavo da Bahia Federal University, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
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365
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Zhai R, Xue X, Zhang L, Yang X, Zhao L, Zhang C. Strain-Specific Anti-inflammatory Properties of Two Akkermansia muciniphila Strains on Chronic Colitis in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:239. [PMID: 31334133 PMCID: PMC6624636 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Akkermansia muciniphila is potential probiotic in that its type strain ATCC BAA-835 has beneficial effects upon obesity and diabetes. However, whether A. muciniphila can improve inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), which is a form of chronic intestinal dysbiosis, is unknown. Hence, we used an isolated murine A. muciniphila strain (designated 139) and A. muciniphila type strain ATCC, to investigate their anti-inflammatory properties in cell models and in Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-induced chronic colitis of mice. In vitro, the two A. muciniphila strains exerted similar anti-inflammatory properties as they both reduced IL-8 production by TNF-α-stimulated HT-29 cells. However, neither of the strains showed capacity to increase the differentiation of regulatory T (Treg)-cells from CD4+ T cell populations significantly. In vivo, both A. muciniphila strains exerted anti-inflammatory effects on chronic colitis as they improved clinical parameters including spleen weight, colon inflammation index, and colon histological score. They also down-regulated the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IFN-γ in the colon of mice. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of strain ATCC were stronger than strain 139 in that ATCC significantly reduced spleen weight, colon inflammation index, and fecal lipocalin-2 content in mice with chronic colitis, while strain 139 was not. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota was observed in mice with chronic colitis. Both A. muciniphila strains facilitated the normalization of the gut microbiota. The specific capacity of strain ATCC to modulate the differentiation of Tregs as well as increase production of short chain fatty acids, demonstrated strain-specific characteristics for these two A. muciniphila strains. This study suggests the potential beneficial effect of A. muciniphila on IBD and the importance of the future study of the function of A. muciniphila at the strain-level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhe Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Chenhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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366
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Qing Y, Xie H, Su C, Wang Y, Yu Q, Pang Q, Cui F. Gut Microbiome, Short-Chain Fatty Acids, and Mucosa Injury in Young Adults with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:1830-1843. [PMID: 30560340 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-5428-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV progression is characterized by immune activation and microbial translocation from the gut. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are essential for gut homeostasis. Decreased intestinal SCFAs play a role in rapid HIV progression. AIMS To compare the SCFA profile, intestinal microbiome, and intestinal mucosal injury between patients with HIV (but not AIDS) and healthy controls. METHODS This was a prospective study of 15 patients without AIDS and 10 controls conducted between July 2016 and January 2017 at the Institute of Dermatology and Venereology (Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences). Stool specimens were collected to analyze the microbiome and SCFAs. Blood I-FABP and D-lactate (gut injury markers) were measured as well as T cells in HIV-positive patients. Intestinal mucosa was observed by colonoscopy. RESULTS Rikenellaceae, Microbacteriaceae, Roseburia, Lachnospiraceae, Alistipes, and Ruminococcaceae were decreased, while Moraxellaceae and Psychrobacter were increased in HIV-positive patients. Butyric acid (p = 0.04) and valeric acid (p = 0.03) were reduced in HIV-positive patients. Colonoscopy revealed no visible damage in all subjects. There were no differences in I-FABP and D-lactate between groups. Butyric and valeric acids mainly positively correlated with Rikenellaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Alistipes, Roseburia, and Lachnospiraceae. CD8+ cells were positively correlated with Proteobacteria. CD4+ cells, and CD4/CD8 were negatively correlated with acetic acid. CD8+ cells were positively correlated with valeric acid. CONCLUSION The differences in the distribution of intestinal flora between HIV-infected and healthy individuals, especially some SCFAs, suggest that there is already a predisposition to intestinal mucosa damage in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qing
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Intercontinental Hospital of Proctology and Gastroenterology, Chengdu, 610043, Sichuan, China
| | - Hangyu Xie
- Department of Dermatology, China Aviation Industry 363 Hospital, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chen Su
- Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Youwei Wang
- Institute of Dermatology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 32 Xier Section, Yihuan Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiuyue Yu
- Institute of Dermatology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 32 Xier Section, Yihuan Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiuyu Pang
- Institute of Dermatology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 32 Xier Section, Yihuan Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China
| | - Fan Cui
- Institute of Dermatology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 32 Xier Section, Yihuan Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.
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367
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The Gut Microbiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Lessons Learned From Other Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases. Am J Gastroenterol 2019; 114:1051-1070. [PMID: 31232832 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing appreciation for the role of the gut microbiome in human health and disease. Aided by advances in sequencing technologies and analytical methods, recent research has shown the healthy gut microbiome to possess considerable diversity and functional capacity. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of not only diseases that primarily affect the gastrointestinal tract but also other less obvious diseases, including neurologic, rheumatologic, metabolic, hepatic, and other illnesses. Chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) represent a group of diseases that share many underlying etiological factors including genetics, aberrant immunological responses, and environmental factors. Gut dysbiosis has been reported to be common to IMIDs as a whole, and much effort is currently being directed toward elucidating microbiome-mediated disease mechanisms and their implications for causality. In this review, we discuss gut microbiome studies in several IMIDs and show how these studies can inform our understanding of the role of the gut microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease.
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368
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Effects of Intranasal Pseudorabies Virus AH02LA Infection on Microbial Community and Immune Status in the Ileum and Colon of Piglets. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060518. [PMID: 31195631 PMCID: PMC6631256 DOI: 10.3390/v11060518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) variants broke out in china since 2011, causing high fever, respiratory distress, systemic neurological symptoms, and diarrhea in piglets. This study investigated the effect of intranasal PRV variant (AH02LA) infection on ileal and colonic bacterial communities and immune status in piglets. Ten piglets (free of PRV) were assigned to PRV variant and control groups (uninfected). At day 5 after inoculation, all piglets were euthanized. No PRV was detected in the ileal and colonic mucosa. In the PRV group, we observed up-regulation of specific cytokines gene expression, down-regulation of intestinal barrier-related gene expression, and reduction of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) concentration in the ileum and colon. PRV infection increased the diversity of ileal bacterial community composition. PRV infection reduced the abundance of some beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus species in the ileum and colon; butyrate-producing bacteria species in the colon) and increased the abundance of potentially pathogenic Fusobacterium nucleatum in the ileum and Sphingomonas paucimobilis in the colon. Moreover, PRV infection decreased concentrations of the beneficial lactate in the ileum and butyrate in the colon. However, this study does not allow to evaluate whether the observed changes are directly due to the PRV infection or rather to indirect effects (fever, clinical signs and changes in diet), and will be our next research content. In summary, our findings provide evidence that intranasal PRV infection directly or indirectly brings gut health risks and implications, although no PRV was detected in the ileum and colon.
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369
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Smirnova DV, Zalomova LV, Zagainova AV, Makarov VV, Mezhevikina LM, Fesenko EE, Yudin SM. Cryopreservation of the human gut microbiota: Current state and perspectives. Int J Med Microbiol 2019; 309:259-269. [PMID: 31204202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human intestinal microbiota is a complex ecosystem that consists of thousands of bacterial species that are responsible for human health and disease. The intestinal microbiota is a natural resource for production of therapeutic and preventive medicals, such as probiotics and fecal transplants. Modern lifestyles have resulted in the extinction of evolutionally selected microbial populations upon exposure to environmental factors. Therefore, it is very important to preserve the human gut microbiota to have the opportunity for timely restoration with minimal safety risks. Cryopreservation techniques that are suitable for the preservation of viable, mixed microbial communities and a biobanking approach are currently under development in different countries. However, the number of studies in this area is very limited. The variety of morphological and physiological characteristics of microbes in the microbiota, the different cryopreservation goals, and the criteria for the evaluation of cryopreservation effectiveness are the main challenges in the creation of a universal and standardized cryopreservation protocol. In this review, we summarized the current progress of the main cryopreservation techniques for gut microbiota communities and the methods for the assessment of the effectiveness of these techniques in the context of practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria V Smirnova
- Center for Strategic Planning and Management of Medical and Biological Health Risks, Moscow, 119121, Russian Federation.
| | - Ljubov V Zalomova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russian Federation
| | - Angelika V Zagainova
- Center for Strategic Planning and Management of Medical and Biological Health Risks, Moscow, 119121, Russian Federation
| | - Valentin V Makarov
- Center for Strategic Planning and Management of Medical and Biological Health Risks, Moscow, 119121, Russian Federation
| | - Ludmila M Mezhevikina
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russian Federation
| | - Eugeny E Fesenko
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey M Yudin
- Center for Strategic Planning and Management of Medical and Biological Health Risks, Moscow, 119121, Russian Federation
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370
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Gonzalez E, Pitre FE, Brereton NJB. ANCHOR: a 16S rRNA gene amplicon pipeline for microbial analysis of multiple environmental samples. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:2440-2468. [PMID: 30990927 PMCID: PMC6851558 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene amplification data for microbial barcoding can be inaccurate across complex environmental samples. A method, ANCHOR, is presented and designed for improved species‐level microbial identification using paired‐end sequences directly, multiple high‐complexity samples and multiple reference databases. A standard operating procedure (SOP) is reported alongside benchmarking against artificial, single sample and replicated mock data sets. The method is then directly tested using a real‐world data set from surface swabs of the International Space Station (ISS). Simple mock community analysis identified 100% of the expected species and 99% of expected gene copy variants (100% identical). A replicated mock community revealed similar or better numbers of expected species than MetaAmp, DADA2, Mothur and QIIME1. Analysis of the ISS microbiome identified 714 putative unique species/strains and differential abundance analysis distinguished significant differences between the Destiny module (U.S. laboratory) and Harmony module (sleeping quarters). Harmony was remarkably dominated by human gastrointestinal tract bacteria, similar to enclosed environments on earth; however, Destiny module bacteria also derived from nonhuman microbiome carriers present on the ISS, the laboratory's research animals. ANCHOR can help substantially improve sequence resolution of 16S rRNA gene amplification data within biologically replicated environmental experiments and integrated multidatabase annotation enhances interpretation of complex, nonreference microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Gonzalez
- Canadian Centre for Computational Genomics, McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Frederic E Pitre
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada.,Montreal Botanical Garden, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Nicholas J B Brereton
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
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371
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Influence of Vitamin D Deficiency on Inflammatory Markers and Clinical Disease Activity in IBD Patients. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051059. [PMID: 31083541 PMCID: PMC6567866 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D has recently been discovered to be a potential immune modulator. Low serum vitamin D levels have been associated with risk of relapse and exacerbation of clinical outcomes in Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). A retrospective, longitudinal study was conducted to determine the association between vitamin D levels and inflammatory markers and clinical disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In addition, circulating 25(OH)D3 progression was evaluated according to vitamin D supplementation. Participants were separated into three groups according to their vitamin D level: severe deficiency (SD), moderate deficiency (MD) and sufficiency (S). Serum 25(OH)D3 was inversely correlated with faecal calprotectin (FC) for CD and UC but was only correlated with C-reactive protein (CRP) for UC patients. In the multivariate analysis of FC, CRP and fibrinogen (FBG), we predicted the presence of a patient in the SD group with 80% accuracy. A deficiency of 25(OH)D3 was associated with increased hospitalisations, flare-ups, the use of steroids and escalating treatment. Supplemental doses of vitamin D were likely to be insufficient to reach adequate serum levels of 25(OH)D3. Vitamin D intervention studies are warranted to determine whether giving higher doses of vitamin D in IBD might reduce intestinal inflammation or disease activity.
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372
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Mills S, Stanton C, Lane JA, Smith GJ, Ross RP. Precision Nutrition and the Microbiome, Part I: Current State of the Science. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040923. [PMID: 31022973 PMCID: PMC6520976 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a highly complex community which evolves and adapts to its host over a lifetime. It has been described as a virtual organ owing to the myriad of functions it performs, including the production of bioactive metabolites, regulation of immunity, energy homeostasis and protection against pathogens. These activities are dependent on the quantity and quality of the microbiota alongside its metabolic potential, which are dictated by a number of factors, including diet and host genetics. In this regard, the gut microbiome is malleable and varies significantly from host to host. These two features render the gut microbiome a candidate ‘organ’ for the possibility of precision microbiomics—the use of the gut microbiome as a biomarker to predict responsiveness to specific dietary constituents to generate precision diets and interventions for optimal health. With this in mind, this two-part review investigates the current state of the science in terms of the influence of diet and specific dietary components on the gut microbiota and subsequent consequences for health status, along with opportunities to modulate the microbiota for improved health and the potential of the microbiome as a biomarker to predict responsiveness to dietary components. In particular, in Part I, we examine the development of the microbiota from birth and its role in health. We investigate the consequences of poor-quality diet in relation to infection and inflammation and discuss diet-derived microbial metabolites which negatively impact health. We look at the role of diet in shaping the microbiome and the influence of specific dietary components, namely protein, fat and carbohydrates, on gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Mills
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland.
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy P61 C996, Co Cork, Ireland.
| | - Jonathan A Lane
- H&H Group, Technical Centre, Global Research and Technology Centre, Cork P61 C996, Ireland.
| | - Graeme J Smith
- H&H Group, Technical Centre, Global Research and Technology Centre, Cork P61 C996, Ireland.
| | - R Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland.
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373
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Doonan J, Tarafdar A, Pineda MA, Lumb FE, Crowe J, Khan AM, Hoskisson PA, Harnett MM, Harnett W. The parasitic worm product ES-62 normalises the gut microbiota bone marrow axis in inflammatory arthritis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1554. [PMID: 30952846 PMCID: PMC6451002 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immune system has evolved in the context of our colonisation by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasitic helminths. Reflecting this, the rapid eradication of pathogens appears to have resulted in reduced microbiome diversity and generation of chronically activated immune systems, presaging the recent rise of allergic, autoimmune and metabolic disorders. Certainly, gastrointestinal helminths can protect against gut and lung mucosa inflammatory conditions by modulating the microbiome and suppressing the chronic inflammation associated with dysbiosis. Here, we employ ES-62, an immunomodulator secreted by tissue-dwelling Acanthocheilonema viteae to show that helminth-modulation of the gut microbiome does not require live infection with gastrointestinal-based worms nor is protection restricted to mucosal diseases. Specifically, subcutaneous administration of this defined immunomodulator affords protection against joint disease in collagen-induced arthritis, a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis, which is associated with normalisation of gut microbiota and prevention of loss of intestinal barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Doonan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Anuradha Tarafdar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Miguel A Pineda
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Felicity E Lumb
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Jenny Crowe
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Aneesah M Khan
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Paul A Hoskisson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Margaret M Harnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
| | - William Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK.
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374
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Disordered intestinal microbes are associated with the activity of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:821-838. [PMID: 30872359 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Intestinal dysbiosis is implicated in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). However, the evidence of gut microbiome changes in SLE is limited, and the association of changed gut microbiome with the activity of SLE, as well as its functional relevance with SLE still remains unknown. Here, we sequenced 16S rRNA amplicon on fecal samples from 40 SLE patients (19 active patients, 21 remissive patients), 20 disease controls (Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patients), and 22 healthy controls (HCs), and investigated the association of functional categories with taxonomic composition by Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt). We demonstrated SLE patients, particularly the active patients, had significant dysbiosis in gut microbiota with reduced bacterial diversity and biased community constitutions. Amongst the disordered microbiota, the genera Streptococcus, Campylobacter, Veillonella, the species anginosus and dispar, were positively correlated with lupus activity, while the genus Bifidobacterium was negatively associated with the disease activity. PICRUSt analysis showed metabolic pathways were different between SLE and HCs, and also between active and remissive SLE patients. Moreover, we revealed that a random forest model could distinguish SLE from RA and HCs (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.792), and another random forest model could well predict the activity of SLE patients (AUC = 0.811). In summary, SLE patients, especially the active patients, show an apparent dysbiosis in gut microbiota and its related metabolic pathways. Amongst the disordered microflora, four genera and two species are associated with lupus activity. Furthermore, the random forest models are able to diagnose SLE and predict disease activity.
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375
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Wang L, Ding J, Yang Z, Chen H, Yao R, Dai Q, Ding Y, Zhu L. Père David's deer gut microbiome changes across captive and translocated populations: Implications for conservation. Evol Appl 2019; 12:622-635. [PMID: 30828378 PMCID: PMC6383733 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbial composition and function are shaped by different factors (e.g., host diet and phylogeny). Gut microbes play an important role in host nutrition and development. The gut microbiome may be used to evaluate the host potential environmental adaptation. In this study, we focused on the coevolution of the gut microbiome of captive and translocated Père David's deer populations (Elaphurus davidianus; Chinese: Père David's deer). To address this, we used several different macro- and micro-ecological approaches (landscape ecology, nutritional methods, microscopy, isotopic analysis, and metagenomics). In this long-term study (2011-2014), we observed some dissimilarities in gut microbiome community and function between the captive and wild/translocated Dafeng Père David's deer populations. These differences might link microbiome composition with deer diet within a given season. The proportion of genes coding for putative enzymes (endoglucanase, beta-glucosidase, and cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase) involved in cellulose digestion in the gut microbiome of the captive populations was higher than that of the translocated population, possibly because of the high proportion of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in the plants most consumed by the captive populations. However, the two enzymes (natA and natB) involved in sodium transport system were enriched in the gut microbiome in translocated population, possibly because of their high salt diet (e.g., Spartina alterniflora). Thus, our results suggested that Père David's deer gut microorganisms potentially coevolved with host diet, and reflected the local adaptation of translocated population in the new environment (e.g., new dietary plants: Spartina alterniflora). A current problem for Père David's deer conservation is the saturation of captive populations. Given that the putative evolutionary adaptation of Père David's deer gut microbiome and its possible applications in conservation, the large area of wetlands along the Yellow Sea dominated by S. alterniflora might be the major translocation region in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Nanjing Normal UniversityCollege of Life SciencesNanjingChina
| | | | - Zhisong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education)China West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
| | - Hua Chen
- Shanghai Biozeron Bioinformatics CenterShanghaiChina
| | - Ran Yao
- Nanjing Normal UniversityCollege of Life SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Qiang Dai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesChengduChina
| | - Yuhua Ding
- Jiangsu Dafeng Milu National Nature ReserveDafengChina
| | - Lifeng Zhu
- Nanjing Normal UniversityCollege of Life SciencesNanjingChina
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376
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Gut Microbiota, a Potential New Target for Chinese Herbal Medicines in Treating Diabetes Mellitus. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:2634898. [PMID: 30906411 PMCID: PMC6398116 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2634898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota, as an important factor affecting host health, plays a significant role in the occurrence and development of diabetes mellitus (DM), and the mechanism may be related to excessive endotoxins, altered short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and disordered bile acid metabolism. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a long history of treating DM, but its mechanism is not very clear. Recent research has suggested that Chinese herbal medicine can improve glucose metabolism by remodeling the gut microbiota, which opens new avenues for further research on hypoglycemic mechanisms. This review presents the recent progress of Chinese herbs, herbal extracts, and herbal compound preparations in treating DM through regulating the gut microbiota and summarizes the main mechanisms involved, namely, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects, protecting the intestinal barrier and inhibiting lipotoxicity. In addition, some suggestions for improvement are also proposed.
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377
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Megat Mohd Azlan PIH, Chin SF, Low TY, Neoh HM, Jamal R. Analyzing the Secretome of Gut Microbiota as the Next Strategy For Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1800176. [PMID: 30557447 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dysbiosis of gut microbiome can contribute to inflammation, and subsequently initiation and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). Throughout these stages, various proteins and metabolites are secreted to the external environment by microorganisms or the hosts themselves. Studying these proteins may help enhance our understanding of the host-microorganism relationship or they may even serve as useful biomarkers for CRC. However, secretomic studies of gut microbiome of CRC patients, until now, are scarcely performed. In this review article, the focus is on the roles of gut microbiome in CRC, the current findings on CRC secretome are highlighted, and the emerging challenges and strategies to drive forward this area of research are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siok-Fong Chin
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Teck Yew Low
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hui-Min Neoh
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rahman Jamal
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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378
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Chávez-Carbajal A, Nirmalkar K, Pérez-Lizaur A, Hernández-Quiroz F, Ramírez-Del-Alto S, García-Mena J, Hernández-Guerrero C. Gut Microbiota and Predicted Metabolic Pathways in a Sample of Mexican Women Affected by Obesity and Obesity Plus Metabolic Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020438. [PMID: 30669548 PMCID: PMC6358992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an excessive fat accumulation that could lead to complications like metabolic syndrome. There are reports on gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome in relation to dietary, host genetics, and other environmental factors; however, it is necessary to explore the role of the gut microbiota metabolic pathways in populations like Mexicans, where the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome is high. This study identify alterations of the gut microbiota in a sample of healthy Mexican women (CO), women with obesity (OB), and women with obesity plus metabolic syndrome (OMS). We studied 67 women, characterizing their anthropometric and biochemical parameters along with their gut bacterial diversity by high-throughput DNA sequencing. Our results indicate that in OB or OMS women, Firmicutes was the most abundant bacterial phylum. We observed significant changes in abundances of bacteria belonging to the Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae families and significant enrichment of gut bacteria from 16 different taxa that might explain the observed metabolic alterations between the groups. Finally, the predicted functional metagenome of the gut microbiota found in each category shows differences in metabolic pathways related to lipid metabolism. We demonstrate that Mexican women have a particular bacterial gut microbiota characteristic of each phenotype. There are bacteria that potentially explain the observed metabolic differences between the groups, and gut bacteria in OMS and OB conditions carry more genes of metabolic pathways implicated in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Chávez-Carbajal
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Cinvestav-IPN, Av IPN 2508, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico.
| | - Khemlal Nirmalkar
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Cinvestav-IPN, Av IPN 2508, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico.
| | - Ana Pérez-Lizaur
- Departamento de Salud, Universidad Iberoamericana, Ciudad de México, Paseo de la Reforma 880, Ciudad de México 01219, Mexico.
| | - Fernando Hernández-Quiroz
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Cinvestav-IPN, Av IPN 2508, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico.
| | - Silvia Ramírez-Del-Alto
- Departamento de Salud, Universidad Iberoamericana, Ciudad de México, Paseo de la Reforma 880, Ciudad de México 01219, Mexico.
| | - Jaime García-Mena
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Cinvestav-IPN, Av IPN 2508, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico.
| | - César Hernández-Guerrero
- Departamento de Salud, Universidad Iberoamericana, Ciudad de México, Paseo de la Reforma 880, Ciudad de México 01219, Mexico.
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379
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Lyte M, Daniels KM, Schmitz-Esser S. Fluoxetine-induced alteration of murine gut microbial community structure: evidence for a microbial endocrinology-based mechanism of action responsible for fluoxetine-induced side effects. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6199. [PMID: 30643701 PMCID: PMC6330042 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Depression and major depressive disorder affect 25% of the population. First line treatment utilizing selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have met with limited success due to well-recognized negative side effects which include weight gain or loss. This inability to control unwanted side effects often result in patients stopping their antidepressant medications. The mechanisms underlying the failure of SSRIs are incompletely understood. Methods Male CF-1 mice (5 weeks of age, N = 10 per group) were per orally administered fluoxetine (20 mg per kg body weight) or diluent daily for 29 days. During this time fecal specimens were collected at three defined time points (0, 15 and 29 days). At the conclusion of the 29-day dosing regimen, animals were subjected to two behavioral assessments. For bacterial identification of the microbiota, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on 60 fecal specimens (three specimens per mouse time course, N = 20 mice) using Illumina MiSeq. Analysis of community sequence data was done using mothur and LEfSe bioinformatic software packages. Results Daily per oral administration of fluoxetine for 29 days to male mice resulted in a significant, time dependent, alteration in microbial communities accompanying changes in body weight. The calculated species richness and diversity indicators of the murine fecal microbial communities were inconsistent and not significantly different between the groups. Among the phylotypes decreased in abundance due to fluoxetine administration were Lactobacillus johnsonii and Bacteroidales S24-7 which belong to phyla associated with regulation of body mass. The observed changes in body weight due to fluoxetine administration mimicked the dramatic shifts in weight gain/loss that has been observed in humans. Further, at the conclusion of the 29-day dosing regimen fluoxetine-dosed animals evidenced a mild anxiogenic-like behavior. Discussion We report that the most widely used antidepressant, fluoxetine, which is an SSRI-type drug, results in the selective depletion of gut microbiota, specifically the Lactobacilli which are involved in the regulation of body weight. Concomitantly, fluoxetine administration increases the abundance of phylotypes related to dysbiosis. Since Lactobacilli have been previously shown to possess a known biogenic amine transporter that regulates the uptake of fluoxetine, it is proposed that a microbial endocrinology-based mechanistic pathway is responsible for the ability of SSRIs to selectively negatively impact beneficial microbiota. The results of this study therefore suggest that the negative clinical side effects due to fluoxetine administration may be due to alterations in gut microbiota. Further, the data also suggests that supplementation of bacterial genera directly affected by fluoxetine administration may prove useful in ameliorating some of the well-known side effects of chronic fluoxetine administration such as weight alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lyte
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Karrie M Daniels
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Stephan Schmitz-Esser
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
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380
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Toro-Londono MA, Bedoya-Urrego K, Garcia-Montoya GM, Galvan-Diaz AL, Alzate JF. Intestinal parasitic infection alters bacterial gut microbiota in children. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6200. [PMID: 30643702 PMCID: PMC6327884 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the burden that parasites can exert upon the bacterial gut microbiota was restricted by the available technologies and their costs. Currently, next-generation sequencing coupled with traditional methodologies allows the study of eukaryotic parasites (protozoa and helminths) and its effects on the human bacterial gut microbiota diversity. This diversity can be altered by a variety of factors such as age, diet, genetics and parasitic infections among others. The disturbances of the gut microbiota have been associated with a variety of illnesses. Children population in developing countries, are especially susceptible to parasitic infections because of the lack of proper sanitation and undernutrition, allowing both, the thriving of intestinal parasites and profound alteration of the gut microbiota. In this work, we have sampled the stool of 23 children from four different children's care-centers in Medellin, Colombia, and we have identified the eukaryotic parasites by traditional and molecular methodologies coupled with microbial profiling using 16S rDNA sequencing. This mixed methodology approach has allowed us to establish an interesting relationship between Giardia intestinalis and helminth infection, having both effects upon the bacterial gut microbiota enterotypes, causing a switch from a type I to a type II enterotype upon infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Toro-Londono
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica—CNSG, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Katherine Bedoya-Urrego
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica—CNSG, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
- Parasitology group, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
| | | | - Ana L. Galvan-Diaz
- Environmental Microbiology Group, School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Juan F. Alzate
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica—CNSG, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
- Parasitology group, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
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381
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382
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Tillmann S, Abildgaard A, Winther G, Wegener G. Altered fecal microbiota composition in the Flinders sensitive line rat model of depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1445-1457. [PMID: 30470860 PMCID: PMC6599185 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The gut microbiota is increasingly recognized as a potential mediator of psychiatric diseases. Depressed patients have been shown to have a different microbiota composition compared with healthy controls, and several lines of research now aim to restore this dysbiosis. To develop novel treatments, preclinical models may provide novel mechanistic insights. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS We characterized the gut microbiota of male adult Flinders sensitive line (FSL) rats, an animal model of depression, and their controls, Flinders resistant line (FRL) rats using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Moreover, we performed fecal microbiota transplantation (using saline or pooled FRL/FSL feces) to study if the potential strain-specific differences could be transferred from one strain to the other, and if these differences were reflected in their depressive-like behavior in the forced swim test. RESULTS FSL rats tended to have lower bacterial richness and altered relative abundances of several bacterial phyla, families, and species, including higher Proteobacteria and lower Elusimicrobia and Saccharibacteria. There was a clear separation between FRL and FSL rat strains, but no effect of treatment, i.e., the bacterial composition of FSL rats receiving FRL feces was still more similar to FSL and not FRL rats. Similarly, the transplantation did not reverse behavioral differences in the forced swim test, although FSL feces significantly increased immobility compared with saline. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that the gut microbiota composition of the depressive-like rats markedly differed from their controls, which may be of value for future microbiota-targeted work in this and similar animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Tillmann
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Anders Abildgaard
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gudrun Winther
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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383
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Forbes JD, Chen CY, Knox NC, Marrie RA, El-Gabalawy H, de Kievit T, Alfa M, Bernstein CN, Van Domselaar G. A comparative study of the gut microbiota in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases-does a common dysbiosis exist? MICROBIOME 2018; 6:221. [PMID: 30545401 PMCID: PMC6292067 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune-mediated inflammatory disease (IMID) represents a substantial health concern. It is widely recognized that IMID patients are at a higher risk for developing secondary inflammation-related conditions. While an ambiguous etiology is common to all IMIDs, in recent years, considerable knowledge has emerged regarding the plausible role of the gut microbiome in IMIDs. This study used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to compare the gut microbiota of patients with Crohn's disease (CD; N = 20), ulcerative colitis (UC; N = 19), multiple sclerosis (MS; N = 19), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA; N = 21) versus healthy controls (HC; N = 23). Biological replicates were collected from participants within a 2-month interval. This study aimed to identify common (or unique) taxonomic biomarkers of IMIDs using both differential abundance testing and a machine learning approach. RESULTS Significant microbial community differences between cohorts were observed (pseudo F = 4.56; p = 0.01). Richness and diversity were significantly different between cohorts (pFDR < 0.001) and were lowest in CD while highest in HC. Abundances of Actinomyces, Eggerthella, Clostridium III, Faecalicoccus, and Streptococcus (pFDR < 0.001) were significantly higher in all disease cohorts relative to HC, whereas significantly lower abundances were observed for Gemmiger, Lachnospira, and Sporobacter (pFDR < 0.001). Several taxa were found to be differentially abundant in IMIDs versus HC including significantly higher abundances of Intestinibacter in CD, Bifidobacterium in UC, and unclassified Erysipelotrichaceae in MS and significantly lower abundances of Coprococcus in CD, Dialister in MS, and Roseburia in RA. A machine learning approach to classify disease versus HC was highest for CD (AUC = 0.93 and AUC = 0.95 for OTU and genus features, respectively) followed by MS, RA, and UC. Gemmiger and Faecalicoccus were identified as important features for classification of subjects to CD and HC. In general, features identified by differential abundance testing were consistent with machine learning feature importance. CONCLUSIONS This study identified several gut microbial taxa with differential abundance patterns common to IMIDs. We also found differentially abundant taxa between IMIDs. These taxa may serve as biomarkers for the detection and diagnosis of IMIDs and suggest there may be a common component to IMID etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D. Forbes
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
- University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2 Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chih-yu Chen
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2 Canada
| | - Natalie C. Knox
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2 Canada
| | - Ruth-Ann Marrie
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
| | - Hani El-Gabalawy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
- Arthritis Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
| | - Teresa de Kievit
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
| | - Michelle Alfa
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
| | - Charles N. Bernstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
- University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB Canada
| | - Gary Van Domselaar
- University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2 Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
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384
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Mack I, Penders J, Cook J, Dugmore J, Mazurak N, Enck P. Is the Impact of Starvation on the Gut Microbiota Specific or Unspecific to Anorexia Nervosa? A Narrative Review Based on a Systematic Literature Search. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1131-1149. [PMID: 29345582 PMCID: PMC6187755 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180118101354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The role of the gut microbiota in Anorexia Nervosa (AN) has long been neglected by researchers, although the fact that the former is known to play an important role in health, disease and weight regulation. Cycles of over-weight and underweight due to natural states of starvation and refeeding are normal in many vertebrates in their ecological niches. Objective: The aim of this review was to compare the similarities and differences of the gut microbiota in eating disorders with conditions of fasting and refeeding in other vertebrates. Method: A systematic literature search was conducted in Pubmed and Web of Science to find all relevant studies examining the gut microbiota in eating disorders and different states of fasting in vertebrates for this narrative review. Results: Gut microbiota appears to differ in AN versus normal-weight individuals. Induced fasting conditions in other ver-tebrates resulted in heterogeneous effects on gut microbiota with respect to their richness, diversity and community struc-tures. The findings for hibernating animals were generally consistent. A decrease in microbial richness and diversity was ob-served in the hibernating animal compared to the active animal, and the community structures were linked to these conditions. Some similarities and differences between AN and different states of fasting in other vertebrates were found. Conclusion: The complexity of the relationship between fasting and gut microbiota is difficult to interprete. A deeper bio-logical understanding is necessary to identify promising approaches for the modulation of the AN gut microbiota to support established psychotherapies
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Mack
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - John Penders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jessica Cook
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jaslyn Dugmore
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nazar Mazurak
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Paul Enck
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
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385
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Mukherjee S, Joardar N, Sengupta S, Sinha Babu SP. Gut microbes as future therapeutics in treating inflammatory and infectious diseases: Lessons from recent findings. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 61:111-128. [PMID: 30196243 PMCID: PMC7126101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human gut microbiota has been the interest of extensive research in recent years and our knowledge on using the potential capacity of these microbes are growing rapidly. Microorganisms colonized throughout the gastrointestinal tract of human are coevolved through symbiotic relationship and can influence physiology, metabolism, nutrition and immune functions of an individual. The gut microbes are directly involved in conferring protection against pathogen colonization by inducing direct killing, competing with nutrients and enhancing the response of the gut-associated immune repertoire. Damage in the microbiome (dysbiosis) is linked with several life-threatening outcomes viz. inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, obesity, allergy, and auto-immune disorders. Therefore, the manipulation of human gut microbiota came out as a potential choice for therapeutic intervention of the several human diseases. Herein, we review significant studies emphasizing the influence of the gut microbiota on the regulation of host responses in combating infectious and inflammatory diseases alongside describing the promises of gut microbes as future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suprabhat Mukherjee
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies), Siksha-Bhavana, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India
| | - Nikhilesh Joardar
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies), Siksha-Bhavana, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India
| | - Subhasree Sengupta
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies), Siksha-Bhavana, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India
| | - Santi P Sinha Babu
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (Centre for Advanced Studies), Siksha-Bhavana, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India.
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386
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Leiva-Gea I, Sánchez-Alcoholado L, Martín-Tejedor B, Castellano-Castillo D, Moreno-Indias I, Urda-Cardona A, Tinahones FJ, Fernández-García JC, Queipo-Ortuño MI. Gut Microbiota Differs in Composition and Functionality Between Children With Type 1 Diabetes and MODY2 and Healthy Control Subjects: A Case-Control Study. Diabetes Care 2018; 41:2385-2395. [PMID: 30224347 DOI: 10.2337/dc18-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 1 diabetes is associated with compositional differences in gut microbiota. To date, no microbiome studies have been performed in maturity-onset diabetes of the young 2 (MODY2), a monogenic cause of diabetes. Gut microbiota of type 1 diabetes, MODY2, and healthy control subjects was compared. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a case-control study in 15 children with type 1 diabetes, 15 children with MODY2, and 13 healthy children. Metabolic control and potential factors modifying gut microbiota were controlled. Microbiome composition was determined by 16S rRNA pyrosequencing. RESULTS Compared with healthy control subjects, type 1 diabetes was associated with a significantly lower microbiota diversity, a significantly higher relative abundance of Bacteroides, Ruminococcus, Veillonella, Blautia, and Streptococcus genera, and a lower relative abundance of Bifidobacterium, Roseburia, Faecalibacterium, and Lachnospira. Children with MODY2 showed a significantly higher Prevotella abundance and a lower Ruminococcus and Bacteroides abundance. Proinflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharides were increased in type 1 diabetes, and gut permeability (determined by zonulin levels) was significantly increased in type 1 diabetes and MODY2. The PICRUSt analysis found an increment of genes related to lipid and amino acid metabolism, ABC transport, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, arachidonic acid metabolism, antigen processing and presentation, and chemokine signaling pathways in type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Gut microbiota in type 1 diabetes differs at taxonomic and functional levels not only in comparison with healthy subjects but fundamentally with regard to a model of nonautoimmune diabetes. Future longitudinal studies should be aimed at evaluating if the modulation of gut microbiota in patients with a high risk of type 1 diabetes could modify the natural history of this autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Leiva-Gea
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Materno-Infantil, Málaga, Spain
| | - Lidia Sánchez-Alcoholado
- Clinical Management Unit of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Laboratory of the Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Daniel Castellano-Castillo
- Clinical Management Unit of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Laboratory of the Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Moreno-Indias
- Clinical Management Unit of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Laboratory of the Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francisco J Tinahones
- Clinical Management Unit of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Laboratory of the Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Carlos Fernández-García
- Clinical Management Unit of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Laboratory of the Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Isabel Queipo-Ortuño
- Clinical Management Unit of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Laboratory of the Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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387
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Yang C, Deng Q, Xu J, Wang X, Hu C, Tang H, Huang F. Sinapic acid and resveratrol alleviate oxidative stress with modulation of gut microbiota in high-fat diet-fed rats. Food Res Int 2018; 116:1202-1211. [PMID: 30716907 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) consumption induces oxidative stress and microbial dysbiosis, the latter of which plays a vital role in the development of metabolic syndrome. We hypothesized that sinapic acid and resveratrol treatment might be a potential strategy to ameliorate the redox state and gut microbiota composition imbalance. In this study, rats were randomised into five groups and fed a high-fat diet supplemented with resveratrol (400 mg/kg), sinapic acid (200 mg/kg) or a combination of both polyphenols. Administration of resveratrol effectively reduced fasting blood glucose levels (p < 0.05) and increased the HDL-c levels (p < 0.05). Reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels were decreased in the colon (p < 0.05), total antioxidant capacity was increased in liver (p < 0.05) by sinapic acid consumption in HFD rats. Moreover, polyphenol supplementation impacted the intestinal microbiome at different taxonomic levels by improving the proportion of butyrate producer Blautia (p < 0.05) and Dorea (p < 0.01) in the Lachaospiraceae family and inhibiting the growth of bacterial species associated with diseases and inflammation such as Bacteroides (p < 0.05) and Desulfovibrionaceaesp (p < 0.01). Spearman correlation analysis showed that some oxidative stress variables were directly correlated with changes in gut microbiota. Our findings demonstrated qualitative differences between the treatments in their abilities to alleviate HFD-induced oxidative stress and modulate the gut microbiota. These findings might be helpful to better understand the effects of bioactive constituents on nutrition for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Qianchun Deng
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jiqu Xu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chao Hu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Hu Tang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Fenghong Huang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Oil Crops and Lipids Process Technology National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, No. 2 Xudong 2nd Road, Wuhan 430062, China.
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388
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Individual variations in cardiovascular-disease-related protein levels are driven by genetics and gut microbiome. Nat Genet 2018; 50:1524-1532. [PMID: 30250126 PMCID: PMC6241851 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite a growing body of evidence, the role of the gut microbiome in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is still unclear. Here we present a systems-genome-wide and metagenome-wide association study on plasma concentrations of 92 CVD-related proteins in the population cohort Lifelines-DEEP. We identified genetic components for 73 proteins and microbial associations for 41 proteins, of which 31 were associated to both. The genetic and microbial factors identified mostly exert additive effects and collectively explain up to 76.6% of inter-individual variation (17.5% on average). Genetics contributes most to concentrations of immune-related proteins, while the gut microbiome contributes most to proteins involved in metabolism and intestinal health. We found several host-microbe interactions that impact proteins involved in epithelial function, lipid metabolism and central nervous system function. This study reveals important evidence for a joint genetic and microbial effect in cardiovascular disease and provides directions for future applications in personalized medicine.
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389
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Direct-fed microbial supplementation influences the bacteria community composition of the gastrointestinal tract of pre- and post-weaned calves. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14147. [PMID: 30237565 PMCID: PMC6148029 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of supplementing the diet of calves with two direct fed microbials (DFMs) (Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM I-1079 (SCB) and Lactobacillus acidophilus BT1386 (LA)), and an antibiotic growth promoter (ATB). Thirty-two dairy calves were fed a control diet (CTL) supplemented with SCB or LA or ATB for 96 days. On day 33 (pre-weaning, n = 16) and day 96 (post-weaning, n = 16), digesta from the rumen, ileum, and colon, and mucosa from the ileum and colon were collected. The bacterial diversity and composition of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of pre- and post-weaned calves were characterized by sequencing the V3-V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. The DFMs had significant impact on bacteria community structure with most changes associated with treatment occurring in the pre-weaning period and mostly in the ileum but less impact on bacteria diversity. Both SCB and LA significantly reduced the potential pathogenic bacteria genera, Streptococcus and Tyzzerella_4 (FDR ≤ 8.49E-06) and increased the beneficial bacteria, Fibrobacter (FDR ≤ 5.55E-04) compared to control. Other potential beneficial bacteria, including Rumminococcaceae UCG 005, Roseburia and Olsenella, were only increased (FDR ≤ 1.30E-02) by SCB treatment compared to control. Furthermore, the pathogenic bacterium, Peptoclostridium, was reduced (FDR = 1.58E-02) by SCB only while LA reduced (FDR = 1.74E-05) Ruminococcus_2. Functional prediction analysis suggested that both DFMs impacted (p < 0.05) pathways such as cell cycle, bile secretion, proteasome, cAMP signaling pathway, thyroid hormone synthesis pathway and dopaminergic synapse pathway. Compared to the DFMs, ATB had similar impact on bacterial diversity in all GIT sites but greater impact on the bacterial composition of the ileum. Overall, this study provides an insight on the bacteria genera impacted by DFMs and the potential mechanisms by which DFMs affect the GIT microbiota and may therefore facilitate development of DFMs as alternatives to ATB use in dairy calf management.
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390
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Berding K, Donovan SM. Diet Can Impact Microbiota Composition in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:515. [PMID: 30108477 PMCID: PMC6079226 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet is one of the most influential environmental factors in determining the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota. Microbial dysbiosis in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and the impact of some bacterial taxa on symptoms of ASD has been recognized. Children with ASD are often described as picky eaters with low intake of fiber-rich foods, including fruits and vegetables. However, the impact of diet on the microbiota composition in children with ASD is largely unknown. Herein, fecal samples, 3 day food diaries and the Youth and Adolescence Food Frequency questionnaire (YAQ) were collected from children with ASD (ASD; n = 26) and unaffected controls (CONT; n = 32). Children's ASD symptoms were determined using the Pervasive Developmental Disorder Behavior Inventory Screening Version (PDDBI-SV). Differences in the microbiota composition at the phyla, order, family, and genus level between ASD and CONT were observed. Microbiota composition of children with ASD was investigated in relation to feeding behavior, nutrient and food group intake as well as dietary patterns derived from the YAQ. In children with ASD, two distinct dietary patterns (DP) were associated with unique microbial profiles. DP1, characterized by higher intakes of vegetables, legumes, nuts and seeds, fruit, refined carbohydrates, and starchy vegetables, but lower intakes of sweets, was associated with lower abundance of Enterobacteriaceae, Lactococcus, Roseburia, Leuconostoc, and Ruminococcus. DP2, characterized by low intakes of vegetables, legumes, nuts and seeds and starchy vegetables, was associated with higher Barnesiellaceae and Alistipes and lower Streptophyta, as well as higher levels of propionate, isobutyrate, valerate, and isovalerate. Peptostreptococcaceae and Faecalibacterium predicted social deficit scores in children with ASD as measured by the PDDBI-SV. Diet-associated microbial profiles were related to GI symptoms, but no significant interaction between nutrition and microbiota in predicting social deficit scores were observed. In conclusion, dietary patterns associated with fecal microbiota composition and VFA concentrations in children with ASD were identified. Future studies using a larger sample size and measuring other behaviors associated with ASD are needed to investigate whether dietary intake may be a modifiable moderator of ASD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Berding
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Sharon M Donovan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
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Hiippala K, Jouhten H, Ronkainen A, Hartikainen A, Kainulainen V, Jalanka J, Satokari R. The Potential of Gut Commensals in Reinforcing Intestinal Barrier Function and Alleviating Inflammation. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10080988. [PMID: 30060606 PMCID: PMC6116138 DOI: 10.3390/nu10080988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota, composed of pro- and anti-inflammatory microbes, has an essential role in maintaining gut homeostasis and functionality. An overly hygienic lifestyle, consumption of processed and fiber-poor foods, or antibiotics are major factors modulating the microbiota and possibly leading to longstanding dysbiosis. Dysbiotic microbiota is characterized to have altered composition, reduced diversity and stability, as well as increased levels of lipopolysaccharide-containing, proinflammatory bacteria. Specific commensal species as novel probiotics, so-called next-generation probiotics, could restore the intestinal health by means of attenuating inflammation and strengthening the epithelial barrier. In this review we summarize the latest findings considering the beneficial effects of the promising commensals across all major intestinal phyla. These include the already well-known bifidobacteria, which use extracellular structures or secreted substances to promote intestinal health. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Roseburia intestinalis, and Eubacterium hallii metabolize dietary fibers as major short-chain fatty acid producers providing energy sources for enterocytes and achieving anti-inflammatory effects in the gut. Akkermansia muciniphila exerts beneficial action in metabolic diseases and fortifies the barrier function. The health-promoting effects of Bacteroides species are relatively recently discovered with the findings of excreted immunomodulatory molecules. These promising, unconventional probiotics could be a part of biotherapeutic strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Hiippala
- Immunobiology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hanne Jouhten
- Immunobiology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Aki Ronkainen
- Immunobiology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anna Hartikainen
- Immunobiology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Veera Kainulainen
- Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jonna Jalanka
- Immunobiology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Reetta Satokari
- Immunobiology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
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392
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Zhang B, Sun W, Yu N, Sun J, Yu X, Li X, Xing Y, Yan D, Ding Q, Xiu Z, Ma B, Yu L, Dong Y. Anti-diabetic effect of baicalein is associated with the modulation of gut microbiota in streptozotocin and high-fat-diet induced diabetic rats. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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393
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Valenzuela MJ, Caruffo M, Herrera Y, Medina DA, Coronado M, Feijóo CG, Muñoz S, Garrido D, Troncoso M, Figueroa G, Toro M, Reyes-Jara A, Magne F, Navarrete P. Evaluating the Capacity of Human Gut Microorganisms to Colonize the Zebrafish Larvae ( Danio rerio). Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1032. [PMID: 29896165 PMCID: PMC5987363 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we evaluated if zebrafish larvae can be colonized by human gut microorganisms. We tested two strategies: (1) through transplantation of a human fecal microbiota and (2) by successively transplanting aerotolerant anaerobic microorganisms, similar to the colonization in the human intestine during early life. We used conventionally raised zebrafish larvae harboring their own aerobic microbiota to improve the colonization of anaerobic microorganisms. The results showed with the fecal transplant, that some members of the human gut microbiota were transferred to larvae. Bacillus, Roseburia, Prevotella, Oscillospira, one unclassified genus of the family Ruminococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae were detected in 3 days post fertilization (dpf) larvae; however only Bacillus persisted to 7 dpf. Successive inoculation of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Clostridioides did not improve their colonization, compared to individual inoculation of each bacterial species. Interestingly, the sporulating bacteria Bacillus clausii and Clostridioides difficile were the most persistent microorganisms. Their endospores persisted at least 5 days after inoculating 3 dpf larvae. However, when 5 dpf larvae were inoculated, the proportion of vegetative cells in larvae increased, revealing proliferation of the inoculated bacteria and better colonization of the host. In conclusion, these results suggest that it is feasible to colonize zebrafish larvae with some human bacteria, such as C. difficile and Bacillus and open an interesting area to study interactions between these microorganisms and the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Jose Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Probiotics, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Caruffo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Probiotics, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yoani Herrera
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Probiotics, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Daniel A Medina
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maximo Coronado
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen G Feijóo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Salomé Muñoz
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Garrido
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miriam Troncoso
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Probiotics, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Guillermo Figueroa
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Probiotics, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Magaly Toro
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Probiotics, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Angelica Reyes-Jara
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Probiotics, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabien Magne
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Navarrete
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Probiotics, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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394
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Bircher L, Geirnaert A, Hammes F, Lacroix C, Schwab C. Effect of cryopreservation and lyophilization on viability and growth of strict anaerobic human gut microbes. Microb Biotechnol 2018; 11:721-733. [PMID: 29663668 PMCID: PMC6011992 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Strict anaerobic gut microbes have been suggested as ‘next‐generation probiotics’ for treating several intestinal disorders. The development of preservation techniques is of major importance for therapeutic application. This study investigated cryopreservation (−80°C) and lyophilization survival and storage stability (4°C for 3 months) of the strict anaerobic gut microbes Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Roseburia intestinalis, Anaerostipes caccae, Eubacterium hallii and Blautia obeum. To improve preservation survival, protectants sucrose and inulin (both 5% w/v) were added for lyophilization and were also combined with glycerol (15% v/v) for cryopreservation. Bacterial fitness, evaluated by maximum growth rate and lag phase, viability and membrane integrity were determined using a standardized growth assay and by flow cytometry as markers for preservation resistance. Lyophilization was more detrimental to viability and fitness than cryopreservation, but led to better storage stability. Adding sucrose and inulin enhanced viability and the proportion of intact cells during lyophilization of all strains. Viability of protectant‐free B. thetaiotaomicron, A. caccae and F. prausnitzii was above 50% after cryopreservation and storage and increased to above 80% if protectants were present. The addition of glycerol, sucrose and inulin strongly enhanced the viability of B. obeum, E. hallii and R. intestinalis from 0.03–2% in protectant‐free cultures to 11–37%. This is the first study that quantitatively compared the effect of cryopreservation and lyophilization and the addition of selected protectants on viability and fitness of six strict anaerobic gut microbes. Our results suggest that efficiency of protectants is process‐ and species‐specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Bircher
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Annelies Geirnaert
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Christophe Lacroix
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Clarissa Schwab
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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395
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Moreno-Pérez D, Bressa C, Bailén M, Hamed-Bousdar S, Naclerio F, Carmona M, Pérez M, González-Soltero R, Montalvo-Lominchar MG, Carabaña C, Larrosa M. Effect of a Protein Supplement on the Gut Microbiota of Endurance Athletes: A Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind Pilot Study. Nutrients 2018; 10:E337. [PMID: 29534465 PMCID: PMC5872755 DOI: 10.3390/nu10030337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional supplements are popular among athletes to improve performance and physical recovery. Protein supplements fulfill this function by improving performance and increasing muscle mass; however, their effect on other organs or systems is less well known. Diet alterations can induce gut microbiota imbalance, with beneficial or deleterious consequences for the host. To test this, we performed a randomized pilot study in cross-country runners whose diets were complemented with a protein supplement (whey isolate and beef hydrolysate) (n = 12) or maltodextrin (control) (n = 12) for 10 weeks. Microbiota, water content, pH, ammonia, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were analyzed in fecal samples, whereas malondialdehyde levels (oxidative stress marker) were determined in plasma and urine. Fecal pH, water content, ammonia, and SCFA concentrations did not change, indicating that protein supplementation did not increase the presence of these fermentation-derived metabolites. Similarly, it had no impact on plasma or urine malondialdehyde levels; however, it increased the abundance of the Bacteroidetes phylum and decreased the presence of health-related taxa including Roseburia, Blautia, and Bifidobacterium longum. Thus, long-term protein supplementation may have a negative impact on gut microbiota. Further research is needed to establish the impact of protein supplements on gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Moreno-Pérez
- Departamento de Educación, Métodos de Investigación y Evaluación, Universidad Pontificia de Comillas, ICAI-ICADE, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28015, Spain.
| | - Carlo Bressa
- Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid 28670, Spain.
| | - María Bailén
- Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid 28670, Spain.
| | - Safa Hamed-Bousdar
- Escuela de Doctorado e Investigación, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid 28670, Spain.
| | - Fernando Naclerio
- Department of Life and Sports Sciences, University of Greenwich, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Manuel Carmona
- Escuela de Doctorado e Investigación, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid 28670, Spain.
| | - Margarita Pérez
- Escuela de Doctorado e Investigación, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid 28670, Spain.
| | - Rocío González-Soltero
- Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid 28670, Spain.
| | | | - Claudia Carabaña
- Escuela de Doctorado e Investigación, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid 28670, Spain.
| | - Mar Larrosa
- Escuela de Doctorado e Investigación, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid 28670, Spain.
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396
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Wang X, Zhang L, Wang Y, Liu X, Zhang H, Liu Y, Shen N, Yang J, Gai Z. Gut microbiota dysbiosis is associated with Henoch-Schönlein Purpura in children. Int Immunopharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29525681 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in the intestinal microbiota have been associated with the development of allergic diseases, such as asthma and food allergies. However, there is no report detailing the role of microbiota alterations in Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP) development. METHOD A total of 85 children with HSP and 70 healthy children were recruited for this study. Intestinal microbiota composition was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene-based pyrosequencing. Fecal microbial diversity and composition were compared. RESULT We compared the gut microbiota of 155 subjects and found that children with HSP exhibited gut microbial dysbiosis. Lower microbial diversity and richness were found in HSP patients when compared to the control group. Based on an analysis of similarities, the composition of the microbiota in HSP patients was also different from that of the control group (r = 0.306, P = 0.001). The relative abundance of the bacterial genera Dialister (P < 0.0001), Roseburia (P < 0.0001), and Parasutterella (P < 0.0001) was significantly decreased in HSP children, while the relative abundance of Parabacteroides (P < 0.006) and Enterococcus (P < 0.0001) in these children was significantly increased. Based on Spearman correlation analysis, the LOS showed a significant negative (P < 0.05) correlation with the genera Paraprevotella and Roseburia. Meanwhile, IgA levels exhibited a significant negative (P < 0.01) correlation with the genus Bifidobacterium. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that HSP is associated with significant compositional and structural changes in the gut microbiota. These results enhance the potential for future microbial-based therapies to improve the clinical outcome of HSP in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingcui Wang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250022, China; Department of Nephrology, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250022, China; Shandong Children's Microbiome Center, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250022, China; Shandong Human Microbiome Initiative: College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250200, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Nan Shen
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Junjie Yang
- Shandong Children's Microbiome Center, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250022, China; Shandong Human Microbiome Initiative: College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250200, China.
| | - Zhongtao Gai
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250022, China; Shandong Children's Microbiome Center, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250022, China.
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397
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Stanisavljević S, Dinić M, Jevtić B, Đedović N, Momčilović M, Đokić J, Golić N, Mostarica Stojković M, Miljković Đ. Gut Microbiota Confers Resistance of Albino Oxford Rats to the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:942. [PMID: 29770137 PMCID: PMC5942155 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Albino Oxford (AO) rats are extremely resistant to induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). EAE is an animal model of multiple sclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), with established autoimmune pathogenesis. The autoimmune response against the antigens of the CNS is initiated in the peripheral lymphoid tissues after immunization of AO rats with CNS antigens. Subsequently, limited infiltration of the CNS occurs, yet without clinical sequels. It has recently become increasingly appreciated that gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) and gut microbiota play an important role in regulation and propagation of encephalitogenic immune response. Therefore, modulation of AO gut microbiota by antibiotics was performed in this study. The treatment altered composition of gut microbiota in AO rats and led to a reduction in the proportion of regulatory T cells in Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes, and in lymph nodes draining the site of immunization. Upregulation of interferon-γ and interleukin (IL)-17 production was observed in the draining lymph nodes. The treatment led to clinically manifested EAE in AO rats with more numerous infiltrates and higher production of IL-17 observed in the CNS. Importantly, transfer of AO gut microbiota into EAE-prone Dark Agouti rats ameliorated the disease. These results clearly imply that gut microbiota is an important factor in AO rat resistance to EAE and that gut microbiota transfer is an efficacious way to treat CNS autoimmunity. These findings also support the idea that gut microbiota modulation has a potential as a future treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Stanisavljević
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miroslav Dinić
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Jevtić
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Neda Đedović
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miljana Momčilović
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Đokić
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Golić
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Đorđe Miljković
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Đorde Miljković,
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398
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Butyrate-producing bacteria supplemented in vitro to Crohn's disease patient microbiota increased butyrate production and enhanced intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11450. [PMID: 28904372 PMCID: PMC5597586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11734-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of the dysbiosed gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is gaining more attention as a novel target to control this disease. Probiotic treatment with butyrate-producing bacteria has therapeutic potential since these bacteria are depleted in IBD patients and butyrate has beneficial effects on epithelial barrier function and overall gut health. However, studies assessing the effect of probiotic supplementation on microbe-microbe and host-microbe interactions are rare. In this study, butyrate-producing bacteria (three mono-species and one multispecies mix) were supplemented to the fecal microbial communities of ten Crohn’s disease (CD) patients in an in vitro system simulating the mucus- and lumen-associated microbiota. Effects of supplementation in short-chain fatty acid levels, bacterial colonization of mucus environment and intestinal epithelial barrier function were evaluated. Treatment with F. prausnitzii and the mix of six butyrate-producers significantly increased the butyrate production by 5–11 mol%, and colonization capacity in mucus- and lumen-associated CD microbiota. Treatments with B. pullicaecorum 25-3T and the mix of six butyrate-producers improved epithelial barrier integrity in vitro. This study provides proof-of-concept data for the therapeutic potential of butyrate-producing bacteria in CD and supports the future preclinical development of a probiotic product containing butyrate-producing species.
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399
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Brodmann T, Endo A, Gueimonde M, Vinderola G, Kneifel W, de Vos WM, Salminen S, Gómez-Gallego C. Safety of Novel Microbes for Human Consumption: Practical Examples of Assessment in the European Union. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1725. [PMID: 28955311 PMCID: PMC5601064 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel microbes are either newly isolated genera and species from natural sources or bacterial strains derived from existing bacteria. Novel microbes are gaining increasing attention for the general aims to preserve and modify foods and to modulate gut microbiota. The use of novel microbes to improve health outcomes is of particular interest because growing evidence points to the importance of gut microbiota in human health. As well, some recently isolated microorganisms have promise for use as probiotics, although in-depth assessment of their safety is necessary. Recent examples of microorganisms calling for more detailed evaluation include Bacteroides xylanisolvens, Akkermansia muciniphila, fructophilic lactic acid bacteria (FLAB), and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. This paper discusses each candidate's safety evaluation for novel food or novel food ingredient approval according to European Union (EU) regulations. The factors evaluated include their beneficial properties, antibiotic resistance profiling, history of safe use (if available), publication of the genomic sequence, toxicological studies in agreement with novel food regulations, and the qualified presumptions of safety. Sufficient evidences have made possible to support and authorize the use of heat-inactivated B. xylanisolvens in the European Union. In the case of A. muciniphila, the discussion focuses on earlier safety studies and the strain's suitability. FLAB are also subjected to standard safety assessments, which, along with their proximity to lactic acid bacteria generally considered to be safe, may lead to novel food authorization in the future. Further research with F. prausnitzii will increase knowledge about its safety and probiotic properties and may lead to its future use as novel food. Upcoming changes in EUU Regulation 2015/2283 on novel food will facilitate the authorization of future novel products and might increase the presence of novel microbes in the food market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodor Brodmann
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Akihito Endo
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Tokyo University of AgricultureHokkaido, Japan
| | - Miguel Gueimonde
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Spanish Higher Research CouncilVillaviciosa, Spain
| | - Gabriel Vinderola
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (UNL-CONICET), National University of the LitoralSanta Fe, Argentina
| | - Wolfgang Kneifel
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Willem M. de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
- Immunobiology Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
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400
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Sugahara H, Okai S, Odamaki T, Wong CB, Kato K, Mitsuyama E, Xiao JZ, Shinkura R. Decreased Taxon-Specific IgA Response in Relation to the Changes of Gut Microbiota Composition in the Elderly. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1757. [PMID: 28955323 PMCID: PMC5601059 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota is known to change with aging; however, the underlying mechanisms have not been well elucidated. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the dominant class of antibody secreted by the intestinal mucosa, and are thought to play a key role in the regulation of the gut microbiota. T cells regulate the magnitude and nature of microbiota-specific IgA responses. However, it is also known that T cells become senescent in elderly people. Therefore, we speculated that the age-related changes of IgA response against the gut microbiota might be one of the mechanisms causing the age-associated changes of gut microbiota composition. To prove our hypothesis, fecal samples from 40 healthy subjects (adult group: n = 20, an average of 35 years old; elderly group: n = 20, an average of 76 years old) were collected, and the gut microbiota composition and the response of IgA to gut microbiota were investigated. The relative abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae was significantly lower, whereas those of Clostridiaceae, Clostridiales;f__ and Enterobacteriaceae were significantly higher in the elderly group than in the adult group. There was no significant difference in the fecal IgA concentration between the adult and elderly groups. However, the taxon-specific IgA response to some bacterial taxa was different between the adult and elderly groups. To evaluate inter-group differences in the taxon-specific IgA response to each bacterial taxon, the IgA-indices were calculated, and the IgA-indices of Clostridiaceae and Enterobacteriaceae were found to be significantly lower in the elderly group than the adult group. In addition, Clostridiales;f__ and Enterobacteriaceae were significantly enriched in the IgA+ fraction in the adult group but not in the elderly group, whereas Clostridiaceae was significantly enriched in the IgA- fraction in the elderly group but not in the adult group. Some species assigned to Clostridiaceae or Enterobacteriaceae are known to be pathogenic bacteria. Our results suggest the possible contribution of decreased IgA response in the increased abundance of bacterial taxa with potential pathogenicity in the intestinal environment of the elderly. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the regulatory factor for the changes in the gut microbiota composition with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirosuke Sugahara
- Next Generation Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd.Zama, Japan
| | - Shinsaku Okai
- Applied Immunology, Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and TechnologyIkoma, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Odamaki
- Next Generation Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd.Zama, Japan
| | - Chyn B Wong
- Next Generation Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd.Zama, Japan
| | - Kumiko Kato
- Next Generation Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd.Zama, Japan
| | - Eri Mitsuyama
- Next Generation Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd.Zama, Japan
| | - Jin-Zhong Xiao
- Next Generation Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd.Zama, Japan
| | - Reiko Shinkura
- Applied Immunology, Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and TechnologyIkoma, Japan
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