401
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Lopetuso LR, Scaldaferri F, Ianiro G, Bibbò S, Settanni CR, Papa A, Armuzzi A, Gasbarrini A, Cammarota G. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on IBD endoscopic procedures in a high-volume IBD Center. Endosc Int Open 2020; 8:E980-E984. [PMID: 32617402 PMCID: PMC7311194 DOI: 10.1055/a-1183-3073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and study aims The COVID-19 pandemic is having a major clinical and also organizational impact on national health care systems, particularly in high-volume hospitals that are utilized for several essential clinical needs. We aimed to analyze the short-term impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on management of endoscopic procedures in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Patients and methods This was an observational prospective study exploring major clinical and organizational changes in endoscopic management at the IBD Center - CEMAD of the Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy since the beginning of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Results Our IBD Unit, with up to 1,500 IBD patients receiving biotechnological or experimental therapy, represents a high-volume Italian and European IBD center. Since the beginning of the outbreak, our hospital has been extremely impacted by care related to COVID-19 cases, with a consequent need to dramatically reorganize management of endoscopic procedures for IBD. Conclusions Outbreak restrictions have significantly impacted the volume of endoscopic activities for IBD. Specific strategies have been designed to guarantee a high level of safety for both patients with IBD and healthcare personnel dedicated to their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loris Riccardo Lopetuso
- UOC di Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia; CEMAD – IBD UNIT; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Roma, Italia,Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, “G. dʼAnnunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italia,Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “G. dʼAnnunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italia
| | - Franco Scaldaferri
- UOC di Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia; CEMAD – IBD UNIT; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Roma, Italia
| | - Gianluca Ianiro
- UOC di Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia; CEMAD – IBD UNIT; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Roma, Italia
| | - Stefano Bibbò
- UOC di Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia; CEMAD – IBD UNIT; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Roma, Italia
| | - Carlo Romano Settanni
- UOC di Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia; CEMAD – IBD UNIT; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Roma, Italia
| | - Alfredo Papa
- UOC di Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia; CEMAD – IBD UNIT; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Roma, Italia
| | - Alessandro Armuzzi
- UOC di Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia; CEMAD – IBD UNIT; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Roma, Italia
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- UOC di Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia; CEMAD – IBD UNIT; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Roma, Italia
| | - Giovanni Cammarota
- UOC di Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia; CEMAD – IBD UNIT; Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Roma, Italia
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402
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Kim JM, Kim HM, Lee EJ, Jo HJ, Yoon Y, Lee NJ, Son J, Lee YJ, Kim MS, Lee YP, Chae SJ, Park KR, Cho SR, Park S, Kim SJ, Wang E, Woo S, Lim A, Park SJ, Jang J, Chung YS, Chin BS, Lee JS, Lim D, Han MG, Yoo CK. Detection and Isolation of SARS-CoV-2 in Serum, Urine, and Stool Specimens of COVID-19 Patients from the Republic of Korea. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2020; 11:112-117. [PMID: 32528816 PMCID: PMC7282421 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2020.11.3.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) is a respiratory infection characterized by the main symptoms of pneumonia and fever. It is caused by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is known to spread via respiratory droplets. We aimed to determine the rate and likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from COVID-19 patients through non-respiratory routes. Methods Serum, urine, and stool samples were collected from 74 hospitalized patients diagnosed with COVID-19 based on the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory samples. The SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome was extracted from each specimen and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction performed. CaCo-2 cells were inoculated with the specimens containing the SARS-COV-2 genome, and subcultured for virus isolation. After culturing, viral replication in the cell supernatant was assessed. Results Of the samples collected from 74 COVID-19 patients, SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 15 serum, urine, or stool samples. The virus detection rate in the serum, urine, and stool samples were 2.8% (9/323), 0.8% (2/247), and 10.1% (13/129), and the mean viral load was 1,210 ± 1,861, 79 ± 30, and 3,176 ± 7,208 copy/μL, respectively. However, the SARS-CoV-2 was not isolated by the culture method from the samples that tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 gene. Conclusion While the virus remained detectable in the respiratory samples of COVID-19 patients for several days after hospitalization, its detection in the serum, urine, and stool samples was intermittent. Since the virus could not be isolated from the SARS-COV-2-positive samples, the risk of viral transmission via stool and urine is expected to be low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Min Kim
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Heui Man Kim
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Eun Jung Lee
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Hye Jun Jo
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Youngsil Yoon
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Nam-Joo Lee
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Junseock Son
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Ye-Ji Lee
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Mi Seon Kim
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Yong-Pyo Lee
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Chae
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kye Ryeong Park
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Seung-Rye Cho
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Sehee Park
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Su Jin Kim
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Eunbyeol Wang
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - SangHee Woo
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Aram Lim
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - JunHyeong Jang
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Chung
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Bum Sik Chin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Soo Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Duko Lim
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Gyeonggi Provincial Medical Center Ansung Hospital, Ansung, Korea
| | - Myung-Guk Han
- Division of Viral Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Cheon Kwon Yoo
- Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Korea
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403
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Mirzaei R, Karampoor S, Sholeh M, Moradi P, Ranjbar R, Ghasemi F. A contemporary review on pathogenesis and immunity of COVID-19 infection. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:5365-5376. [PMID: 32601923 PMCID: PMC7323602 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05621-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Emerging of the COVID-19 pandemic has raised interests in the field of biology and pathogenesis of coronaviruses; including interactions between host immune reactions specific, and viral factors. Deep knowledge about the interaction between coronaviruses and the host factors could be useful to provide a better support for the disease sufferers and be advantageous for managing and treatment of the lung infection caused by the virus. At this study, we reviewed the updated information on the pathogenesis of the COVID-19 and the immune responses toward it, with a special focus on structure, genetics, and viral accessory proteins, viral replication, viral receptors, the human immune reactions, cytopathic effects, and host-related factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sholeh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pouya Moradi
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Faezeh Ghasemi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran.
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404
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Abstract
Currently, pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the biggest threat to all human beings globally. Till June 8, 2020, it has infected 6,931,000 people and caused 400,857 deaths worldwide. The first case was identified in a patient with influenza-like symptoms along with severe acute respiratory syndrome in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and now it has spread in more than 200 countries. Since there is no approved cure for this disease until now, there is a lot of mass fear, apprehensions, and questions globally regarding (i) genetic origin and history of the novel coronavirus, (ii) what are the first-line therapies for those who contract this disease, and (iii) what could be the potential vaccine targets. In this short review, we have tried to address these queries in the simplest manner and compiled the history of previous coronaviruses, recent developments in the COVID-19 research, potential future therapeutics, and possible targets to cure the disease.
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405
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How Much Do Young Italians Know About COVID-19 and What Are Their Attitudes Toward SARS-CoV-2? Results of a Cross-Sectional Study. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2020; 15:e15-e21. [PMID: 32576335 PMCID: PMC7385315 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2020.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: At the end of 2019, an outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia, called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-2), was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. It subsequently spread throughout China and elsewhere, becoming a global health emergency. In February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) designated the disease coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The objective of this study was to investigate the degree of knowledge of young Italians about COVID-19 and their current attitudes toward the SARS-CoV-2 and to determine if there were prejudices emerging toward Chinese. Methods: An online survey was conducted on February 3, 4, 5, 2020, with the collaboration of Italian website “Skuola.net”. Young people had the opportunity to participate by answering an ad hoc questionnaire created to investigate knowledge and attitudes about the new coronavirus, using a link published on the homepage. Results: A total of 5234 responses were received, of which 3262 were females and 1972 were males. Most of the participants showed generally moderate knowledge about COVID-19. Male students, middle school students, and those who do not attend school, should increase awareness of the disease; less than half of responders say that their attitudes toward the Chinese population has worsened in the last period. Conclusions: Global awareness of this emerging infection should be increased, due to its virulence, the significant risk of mortality, and the ability of the virus to spread very quickly within the community.
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406
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TaŞtan C, Yurtsever B, Sir KarakuŞ G, Dİlek KanÇaĞi D, Demİr S, Abanuz S, Seyİs U, Yildirim M, Kuzay R, Elİbol Ö, Arbak S, AÇikel Elmas M, BİrdoĞan S, Sezerman OU, KocagÖz AS, YalÇin K, Ovali E. SARS-CoV-2 isolation and propagation from Turkish COVID-19 patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 44:192-202. [PMID: 32595356 PMCID: PMC7314506 DOI: 10.3906/biy-2004-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus pneumonia, which was named later as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, namely SARS-CoV-2. It is a positive-strand RNA virus that is the seventh coronavirus known to infect humans. The COVID-19 outbreak presents enormous challenges for global health behind the pandemic outbreak. The first diagnosed patient in Turkey has been reported by the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health on March 11, 2020. In May, over 150,000 cases in Turkey, and 5.5 million cases around the world have been declared. Due to the urgent need for a vaccine and antiviral drug, isolation of the virus is crucial. Here, we report 1 of the first isolation and characterization studies of SARS-CoV-2 from nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal specimens of diagnosed patients in Turkey. This study provides an isolation and replication methodology,and cell culture tropism of the virus that will be available to the research communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihan TaŞtan
- Acıbadem Labcell Cellular Therapy Laboratory, İstanbul Turkey
| | - Bulut Yurtsever
- Acıbadem Labcell Cellular Therapy Laboratory, İstanbul Turkey
| | | | | | - Sevda Demİr
- Genetic and Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, İstanbul Turkey
| | - Selen Abanuz
- Acıbadem Labcell Cellular Therapy Laboratory, İstanbul Turkey
| | - Utku Seyİs
- Acıbadem Labcell Cellular Therapy Laboratory, İstanbul Turkey
| | | | - Recai Kuzay
- Acıbadem Labcell Cellular Therapy Laboratory, İstanbul Turkey
| | - Ömer Elİbol
- Acıbadem Altunizade Hospital, İstanbul Turkey
| | - Serap Arbak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, İstanbul Turkey
| | - Merve AÇikel Elmas
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, İstanbul Turkey
| | - Selçuk BİrdoĞan
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, İstanbul Turkey
| | - Osman Uğur Sezerman
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, İstanbul Turkey.,Epigenetiks Genetics Bioinformatics Software Inc., İstanbul Turkey
| | | | - Koray YalÇin
- Acıbadem Labcell Cellular Therapy Laboratory, İstanbul Turkey.,Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Medical Park Göztepe Hospital, İstanbul Turkey
| | - Ercüment Ovali
- Acıbadem Labcell Cellular Therapy Laboratory, İstanbul Turkey
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407
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Schmidt NM, Wing PAC, McKeating JA, Maini MK. Cholesterol-modifying drugs in COVID-19. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 1:iqaa001. [PMID: 33047740 PMCID: PMC7337782 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrom coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is more likely to lead to poor outcomes in the elderly and those with cardiovascular disease, obesity or metabolic syndrome. Here, we consider mechanisms by which dyslipidaemia and the use of cholesterol-modifying drugs could influence the virus-host relationship. Cholesterol is essential for the assembly, replication and infectivity of enveloped virus particles; we highlight several cholesterol-modifying drugs with the potential to alter the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle that could be tested in in vitro and in vivo models. Although cholesterol is an essential component of immune cell membranes, excess levels can dysregulate protective immunity and promote exaggerated pulmonary and systemic inflammatory responses. Statins block the production of multiple sterols, oxysterols and isoprenoids, resulting in a pleiotropic range of context-dependent effects on virus infectivity, immunity and inflammation. We highlight antiviral, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of cholesterol-modifying drugs that merit further consideration in the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie M Schmidt
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter A C Wing
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
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408
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The "Three Italy" of the COVID-19 epidemic and the possible involvement of SARS-CoV-2 in triggering complications other than pneumonia. J Neurovirol 2020; 26:311-323. [PMID: 32548750 PMCID: PMC7297137 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00862-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), first reported in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei, China, has been associated to a novel coronavirus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the SARS-CoV-2 infection a global pandemic. Soon after, the number of cases soared dramatically, spreading across China and worldwide. Italy has had 12,462 confirmed cases according to the Italian National Institute of Health (ISS) as of March 11, and after the “lockdown” of the entire territory, by May 4, 209,254 cases of COVID-19 and 26,892 associated deaths have been reported. We performed a review to describe, in particular, the origin and the diffusion of COVID-19 in Italy, underlying how the geographical circulation has been heterogeneous and the importance of pathophysiology in the involvement of cardiovascular and neurological clinical manifestations.
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409
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Scagliarini A, Alberti A. COVID-19: An Appeal for an Intersectoral Approach to Tackle With the Emergency. Front Public Health 2020; 8:302. [PMID: 32612975 PMCID: PMC7308477 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The knowledge of disease determinants is a pre-requisite for disease prevention. Infectious diseases determinants can be classified in three ways, as: primary or secondary; intrinsic or extrinsic; and associated with host, agent, or environment. In the specific case of COVID-19 several of these determinants are currently unknown leading to difficulties in public health approach to this disease. In this paper, we attempt to address several of the current gaps on COVID-19 using a systematic analysis on recent findings and some preliminary knowledge on animal coronaviruses. A discussion on the impact of COVID-19 determinants in disease prevention and control will be based on the Environmental Change and Infectious Disease (EnVID) systemic framework to address several challenges that may affect the control of the SARS- CoV-2 pandemic spread both in industrialized and in developing Countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Scagliarini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Alberti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Mediterranean Center for Disease Control (MCDC), University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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410
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Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 133:1261-1267. [PMID: 32209890 PMCID: PMC7289311 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2019 novel coronavirus has caused the outbreak of the acute respiratory disease in Wuhan, Hubei Province of China since December 2019. This study was performed to analyze the clinical characteristics of patients who succumbed to and who recovered from 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). METHODS Clinical data were collected from two tertiary hospitals in Wuhan. A retrospective investigation was conducted to analyze the clinical characteristics of fatal cases of COVID-19 (death group) and we compare them with recovered patients (recovered group). Continuous variables were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical variables were analyzed by χ test or Fisher exact test as appropriate. RESULTS Our study enrolled 109 COVID-19 patients who died during hospitalization and 116 recovered patients. The median age of the death group was older than the recovered group (69 [62, 74] vs. 40 [33, 57] years, Z = 9.738, P < 0.001). More patients in the death group had underlying diseases (72.5% vs. 41.4%, χ = 22.105, P < 0.001). Patients in the death group had a significantly longer time of illness onset to hospitalization (10.0 [6.5, 12.0] vs. 7.0 [5.0, 10.0] days, Z = 3.216, P = 0.001). On admission, the proportions of patients with symptoms of dyspnea (70.6% vs. 19.0%, χ = 60.905, P < 0.001) and expectoration (32.1% vs. 12.1%, χ = 13.250, P < 0.001) were significantly higher in the death group. The blood oxygen saturation was significantly lower in the death group (85 [77, 91]% vs. 97 [95, 98]%, Z = 10.625, P < 0.001). The white blood cell (WBC) in death group was significantly higher on admission (7.23 [4.87, 11.17] vs. 4.52 [3.62, 5.88] ×10/L, Z = 7.618, P < 0.001). Patients in the death group exhibited significantly lower lymphocyte count (0.63 [0.40, 0.79] vs. 1.00 [0.72, 1.27] ×10/L, Z = 8.037, P < 0.001) and lymphocyte percentage (7.10 [4.45, 12.73]% vs. 23.50 [15.27, 31.25]%, Z = 10.315, P < 0.001) on admission, and the lymphocyte percentage continued to decrease during hospitalization (7.10 [4.45, 12.73]% vs. 2.91 [1.79, 6.13]%, Z = 5.242, P < 0.001). Alanine transaminase (22.00 [15.00, 34.00] vs. 18.70 [13.00, 30.38] U/L, Z = 2.592, P = 0.010), aspartate transaminase (34.00 [27.00, 47.00] vs. 22.00 [17.65, 31.75] U/L, Z = 7.308, P < 0.001), and creatinine levels (89.00 [72.00, 133.50] vs. 65.00 [54.60, 78.75] μmol/L, Z = 6.478, P < 0.001) were significantly higher in the death group than those in the recovered group. C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were also significantly higher in the death group on admission (109.25 [35.00, 170.28] vs. 3.22 [1.04, 21.80] mg/L, Z = 10.206, P < 0.001) and showed no significant improvement after treatment (109.25 [35.00, 170.28] vs. 81.60 [27.23, 179.08] mg/L, Z = 1.219, P = 0.233). The patients in the death group had more complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (89.9% vs. 8.6%, χ = 148.105, P < 0.001), acute cardiac injury (59.6% vs. 0.9%, χ = 93.222, P < 0.001), acute kidney injury (18.3% vs. 0%, χ = 23.257, P < 0.001), shock (11.9% vs. 0%, χ = 14.618, P < 0.001), and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (6.4% vs. 0%, χ = 7.655, P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels. More patients in the death group had complications such as ARDS, acute cardiac injury, acute kidney injury, shock, and DIC.
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411
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Hemmat N, Derakhshani A, Bannazadeh Baghi H, Silvestris N, Baradaran B, De Summa S. Neutrophils, Crucial, or Harmful Immune Cells Involved in Coronavirus Infection: A Bioinformatics Study. Front Genet 2020; 11:641. [PMID: 32582303 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The latest member of the Coronaviridae family, called SARS-CoV-2, causes the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The disease has caused a pandemic and is threatening global health. Similar to SARS-CoV, this new virus can potentially infect lower respiratory tract cells and can go on to cause severe acute respiratory tract syndrome, followed by pneumonia and even death in many nations. The molecular mechanism of the disease has not yet been evaluated until now. We analyzed the GSE1739 microarray dataset including 10 SARS-positive PBMC and four normal PBMC. Co-expression network analysis by WGCNA suggested that highly preserved 833 turquoise module with genes were significantly related to SARS-CoV infection. ELANE, ORM2, RETN, BPI, ARG1, DEFA4, CXCL1, and CAMP were the most important genes involved in this disease according to GEO2R analysis as well. The GO analysis demonstrated that neutrophil activation and neutrophil degranulation are the most activated biological processes in the SARS infection as well as the neutrophilia, basophilia, and lymphopenia predicted by deconvolution analysis of samples. Thus, using Serpins and Arginase inhibitors during SARS-CoV infection may be beneficial for increasing the survival of SARS-positive patients. Regarding the high similarity of SARS-CoV-2 to SARS-CoV, the use of such inhibitors might be beneficial for COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Hemmat
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Afshin Derakhshani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS IstitutoTumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Simona De Summa
- Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenetics Unit, IRCCS IstitutoTumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
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412
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Yu J, Chai P, Ge S, Fan X. Recent Understandings Toward Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): From Bench to Bedside. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:476. [PMID: 32582719 PMCID: PMC7296090 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In late December 2019, an unprecedented outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (previously named 2019-nCoV) in Wuhan became the most challenging health emergency. Since its rapid spread in China and many other countries, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) on 30th January 2020 and a pandemic on 11th March 2020. Thousands of people have died, and there are currently no vaccines or specific antiviral drugs for COVID-19. Therefore, it is critical to have a comprehensive understanding of the virus. In this review, we highlight the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and pathology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, clinical management, prognosis, infection control and prevention of COVID-19 based on recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Nineth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Nineth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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413
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Bibiana S O F, Vargas-Pinilla P, Amorim CEG, Sortica VA, Bortolini MC. ACE2 diversity in placental mammals reveals the evolutionary strategy of SARS-CoV-2. Genet Mol Biol 2020; 43:e20200104. [PMID: 32520981 PMCID: PMC7278419 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the current pandemic of COVID-19, which uses the human membrane protein ACE2 as a gateway to host-cell infection. We performed a comparative genomic analysis of 70 ACE2 placental mammal orthologues to identify variations and contribute to the understanding of evolutionary dynamics behind this successful adaptation to infect humans. Our results reveal that 4% of the ACE2 sites are under positive selection, all located in the catalytic domain, suggesting possibly taxon-specific adaptations related to the ACE2 function, such as cardiovascular physiology. Considering all variable sites, we selected 30 of them located at the critical ACE2 binding sites to the SARS-CoV-like viruses for analysis in more detail. Our results reveal a relatively high diversity of ACE2 between placental mammal species, while showing no polymorphism within human populations, at least considering the 30 inter-species variable sites. A perfect scenario for natural selection favored this opportunistic new coronavirus in its trajectory of infecting humans. We suggest that SARS-CoV-2 became a specialist coronavirus for human hosts. Differences in the rate of infection and mortality could be related to the innate immune responses, other unknown genetic factors, as well as non-biological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fam Bibiana S O
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Genética, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro Vargas-Pinilla
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Vinicius A Sortica
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Genética, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Cátira Bortolini
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Genética, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazi
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414
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Navarra G, Komaei I, Currò G, Angrisani L, Bellini R, Cerbone MR, Di Lorenzo N, De Luca M, Foletto M, Gentileschi P, Musella M, Nannipieri M, Piazza L, Olmi S, Pilone V, Raffaelli M, Sarro G, Vitiello A, Zappa MA, Foschi D. Bariatric surgery and the COVID-19 pandemic: SICOB recommendations on how to perform surgery during the outbreak and when to resume the activities in phase 2 of lockdown. Updates Surg 2020; 72:259-268. [PMID: 32514743 PMCID: PMC7278242 DOI: 10.1007/s13304-020-00821-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its related disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has been rapidly spreading all over the world and is responsible for the current pandemic. The current pandemic has found the Italian national health system unprepared to provide an appropriate and prompt response, heavily affecting surgical activities. Based on the limited data available in the literature and personal experiences, the Società Italiana di Chirurgia dell’OBesità e Malattie Metaboliche (SICOB) provides recommendations regarding the triage of bariatric surgical procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic defining a dedicated path for surgery in morbidly obese patients with known or suspected COVID-19 who may require emergency operations. Finally, the current paper delineates a strategy to resume outpatient visits and elective bariatric surgery once the acute phase of the pandemic is over. Models developed during the COVID-19 crisis should be integrated into hospital practices for future use in similar scenarios. Surgeons are presented with a golden opportunity to embrace systemic change and to drive their professional future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Navarra
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Messina "G. Martino", Messina, Italy
| | - Iman Komaei
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Messina "G. Martino", Messina, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Currò
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Messina "G. Martino", Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Angrisani
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Nicola Di Lorenzo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio De Luca
- Division of General Surgery, San Valentino Hospital, Montebelluna, Italy
| | | | | | - Mario Musella
- Advanced Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Nannipieri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luigi Piazza
- Department of General and Emergency Surgery, ARNAS "G. Garibaldi", Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Olmi
- Centre of Bariatric Surgery, San Marco Hospital, Zingonia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pilone
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Marco Raffaelli
- Endocrine and Metabolic Surgery Unit, A., Gemelli University Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Vitiello
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Diego Foschi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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415
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Khan MM, Noor A, Madni A, Shafiq M. Emergence of novel coronavirus and progress toward treatment and vaccine. Rev Med Virol 2020; 30:e2116. [PMID: 32495979 PMCID: PMC7300813 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In late December 2019, a group of patients was observed with pneumonia‐like symptoms that were linked with a wet market in Wuhan, China. The patients were found to have a novel coronavirus genetically related to a bat coronavirus that was termed SARS‐CoV‐2. The virus gradually spread worldwide and was declared a pandemic by WHO. Scientists have started trials on potential preventive and treatment options. Currently, there is no specific approved treatment for SARS‐CoV‐2, and various clinical trials are underway to explore better treatments. Some previously approved antiviral and other drugs have shown some in vitro activity. Here we summarize the fight against this novel coronavirus with particular focus on the different treatment options and clinical trials exploring treatment as well as work done toward development of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Muzamil Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.,Primary and Secondary Healthcare Department, Government of Punjab (CEO (DHA) office D.G.Khan), Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Amna Noor
- Primary and Secondary Healthcare Department, Government of Punjab (RHC-161/TDA Layyah), Layyah, Pakistan
| | - Asadullah Madni
- Department of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Mudassir Shafiq
- Department of Pulmonology, District Headquarter Hospital, Rawalpinid, Pakistan
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416
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Magro G. SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: Is interleukin-6 (IL-6) the 'culprit lesion' of ARDS onset? What is there besides Tocilizumab? SGP130Fc. Cytokine X 2020; 2:100029. [PMID: 32421092 PMCID: PMC7224649 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of COVID-19 many studies have been published showing possible therapies, here the author discusses the end of stage disease related drugs, like Tocilizumab which is currently being used in ARDS patients. In some patients, disease progression leads to an enormous secretion of cytokines, known as cytokine storm, among those cytokines IL-6 plays an important role. Here the author shows how IL-6 has both pro and anti-inflammatory properties, depending on the pathway of transduction: soluble (trans-signaling) or membrane-related (classic signaling), and suggests how targeting only the pro-inflammatory pathway, with SGP130Fc, could be a better option then targeting them both. Other possible IL-6 pathway inhibitors such as Ruxolitinib and Baricinitib are then analyzed, underlying how they lack the benefit of targeting only the pro-inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Magro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Italy
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417
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Gubernatorova EO, Gorshkova EA, Polinova AI, Drutskaya MS. IL-6: Relevance for immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 53:13-24. [PMID: 32475759 PMCID: PMC7237916 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 mortality is strongly associated with the development of severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome with the worst outcome resulting in cytokine release syndrome and multiorgan failure. It is becoming critically important to identify at the early stage of the infection those patients who are prone to develop the most adverse effects. Elevated systemic interleukin-6 levels in patients with COVID-19 are considered as a relevant parameter in predicting most severe course of disease and the need for intensive care. This review discusses the mechanisms by which IL-6 may possibly contribute to disease exacerbation and the potential of therapeutic approaches based on anti-IL-6 biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Gubernatorova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Immunity, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - E A Gorshkova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Immunity, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A I Polinova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Immunity, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - M S Drutskaya
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Immunity, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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418
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Manji H, Carr AS, Brownlee WJ, Lunn MP. Neurology in the time of COVID-19. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2020; 91:568-570. [PMID: 32312872 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-323414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Manji
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, National Hospital for Neurology, UCLH Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Aisling S Carr
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, National Hospital for Neurology, UCLH Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Wallace J Brownlee
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, National Hospital for Neurology, UCLH Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael P Lunn
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, National Hospital for Neurology, UCLH Foundation Trust, London, UK
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419
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Gnanasegaran G, Huang HL, Williams J, Bomanji J. Coronavirus Pandemic: What Nuclear Medicine Departments Should Know. J Nucl Med Technol 2020; 48:89-97. [PMID: 32312852 PMCID: PMC8679584 DOI: 10.2967/jnmt.120.247296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gopinath Gnanasegaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hian Liang Huang
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jessica Williams
- Harley Street Clinic, HCA Healthcare United Kingdom, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jamshed Bomanji
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and
- Harley Street Clinic, HCA Healthcare United Kingdom, London, United Kingdom
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420
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Baghizadeh Fini M. What dentists need to know about COVID-19. Oral Oncol 2020; 105:104741. [PMID: 32380453 PMCID: PMC7186204 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This article aims at collecting all information needed for dentists regarding the COVID-19 pandemic throughout the world by reviewing articles published by now. In late 2019, a pneumonia outbreak of uncertain etiology happened in Wuhan, China. There were many reports related to a live-animal and seafood market, supporting that the pathogens were transferred from animals to humans, rapidly evolving into transmission from human to human. The pathogen was classified as 2019 Novel Corona Virus (2019-nCoV), and the disease was named COrona VIrus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Given that COVID-19 has lately been detected in infected patients' saliva, the COVID-19 outbreak is an alert that all dental and other health professionals must be vigilant in defending against the infectious disease spread, and it may enable to assess whether non-invasive saliva diagnostic for COVID-19. There has so far been no evidence from randomized controlled trials to prescribe any particular anti-nCoV treatment or vaccine, and COVID-19 management has been widely supportive. Since the ACE-2 was expressing on oral cavity mucosa, there is a potentially huge COVID-19 infectious vulnerability risk for oral cavity and brought up a proof for the future prevention procedure in dental practice and daily life. As a result, the whole dental teams should be vigilant and keep patients and themselves in a safe environment by following the guideline in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Baghizadeh Fini
- DDS, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Master's student, Master of Health Promotion, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
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421
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Leao JC, Gusmao TPDL, Zarzar AM, Leao Filho JC, Barkokebas Santos de Faria A, Morais Silva IH, Gueiros LAM, Robinson NA, Porter S, Carvalho ADAT. Coronaviridae-Old friends, new enemy! Oral Dis 2020; 28 Suppl 1:858-866. [PMID: 32475006 PMCID: PMC7300831 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviridae is a family of single‐stranded positive enveloped RNA viruses. This article aimed to review the history of these viruses in the last 60 years since their discovery to understand what lessons can be learned from the past. A review of the PubMed database was carried out, describing taxonomy, classification, virology, genetic recombination, host adaptation, and main symptoms related to each type of virus. SARS‐CoV‐2 is responsible for the ongoing global pandemic, and SARS‐CoV and MERS‐CoV were responsible for causing severe respiratory illness and regional epidemics in the past while the four other strains of CoVs (229‐E OC43, NL63, and HKU1) circulate worldwide and normally only cause mild upper respiratory tract infections. Given the enormous diversity of coronavirus viruses in wildlife and their continuous evolution and adaptation to humans, future outbreaks would undoubtedly occur. Restricting or banning all trade in wild animals in wet markets would be a necessary measure to reduce future zoonotic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jair Carneiro Leao
- Departamento de Clínica e Odontologia Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Machado Zarzar
- Departamento de Clínica e Odontologia Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Narendran Andrew Robinson
- Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Stephen Porter
- Maxillofacial Medicine & Surgery Department, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
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422
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Sisay M. Available Evidence and Ongoing Clinical Trials of Remdesivir: Could It Be a Promising Therapeutic Option for COVID-19? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:791. [PMID: 32574236 PMCID: PMC7264155 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus strain, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, the causative agent of COVID-19 emerged in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and is skyrocketing throughout the globe and become a global public health emergency. Despite promising preventive measures being taken, there is no vaccine or drug therapy officially approved to prevent or treat the infection. Everybody is waiting the findings of ongoing clinical trials in various chemical and biological products. This review is specifically aimed to summarize the available evidence and ongoing clinical trials of remdesivir as a potential therapeutic option for COVID-19. Remdesivir is an investigational drug having broad spectrum antiviral activity with its target RNA dependent RNA polymerase. It has not yet been officially approved for Ebola and Coronaviruses. Several studies showed that remdesivir had promising in vitro and in vivo antiviral activities against SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV strains. On the top of this, it exhibited a promising in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2 strains though there are no published studies that substantiate its activity in vivo until the time of this review. There are few phase 3 randomized double-blind placebo controlled trials on the way to investigate the safety and efficacy of remdesivir. Of which, one completed double blind, placebo controlled trial showed that remdesivir showed faster time to clinical improvement in severe COVID-19 patients compared to placebo though not found statistically significant. In addition, two phase 3 randomized open label clinical trials coordinated by Gilead Sciences are being conducted. In addition, WHO Solidarity trial and INSERM DisCoVeRy trials (randomized open labels) were launched recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekonnen Sisay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
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423
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Dodangeh M, Dodangeh M, Joulani M, Elahian Boroujeni A. What we know about 2019-nCoV in Iran in the early stage? Virusdisease 2020; 31:241-243. [PMID: 32837969 PMCID: PMC7243951 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-020-00596-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
On 10 January 2020, a new coronavirus causing a pneumonia outbreak spread rapidly in all of the World. On 19 February 2020, the first official announcement of death from 2019-Nov was made in Iran. As of 7 March 2020, there were 101,927 confirmed cases of Covid-19 infection, including 3486 deaths, reported in the World. In the eastern and Mediterranean region Iran with 4747 confirmed cases of Covid-19 infection and 124 deaths, is in the critical stage. Therefore, there is a matter of urgency combating this new virus and stopping the epidemic. Here, we focus on symptoms and the development of fast diagnosis methods, as well as potential management to prevent or treat the Covid-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Dodangeh
- Student Research Committee (SRC), Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Shahid Hemmat Highway, Tehran, 1449614535 Iran
| | | | - Mohammadamin Joulani
- Student Research Committee (SRC), Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Shahid Hemmat Highway, Tehran, 1449614535 Iran
| | - Azinmehr Elahian Boroujeni
- Student Research Committee (SRC), Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Shahid Hemmat Highway, Tehran, 1449614535 Iran
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424
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Abstract
The immune system protects the host from pathogenic organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites). To deal with this array of threats, the immune system has evolved to include a myriad of specialised cell types, communicating molecules and functional responses. The immune system is always active, carrying out surveillance, but its activity is enhanced if an individual becomes infected. This heightened activity is accompanied by an increased rate of metabolism, requiring energy sources, substrates for biosynthesis and regulatory molecules, which are all ultimately derived from the diet. A number of vitamins (A, B6, B12, folate, C, D and E) and trace elements (zinc, copper, selenium, iron) have been demonstrated to have key roles in supporting the human immune system and reducing risk of infections. Other essential nutrients including other vitamins and trace elements, amino acids and fatty acids are also important. Each of the nutrients named above has roles in supporting antibacterial and antiviral defence, but zinc and selenium seem to be particularly important for the latter. It would seem prudent for individuals to consume sufficient amounts of essential nutrients to support their immune system to help them deal with pathogens should they become infected. The gut microbiota plays a role in educating and regulating the immune system. Gut dysbiosis is a feature of disease including many infectious diseases and has been described in COVID-19. Dietary approaches to achieve a healthy microbiota can also benefit the immune system. Severe infection of the respiratory epithelium can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterised by excessive and damaging host inflammation, termed a cytokine storm. This is seen in cases of severe COVID-19. There is evidence from ARDS in other settings that the cytokine storm can be controlled by n-3 fatty acids, possibly through their metabolism to specialised pro-resolving mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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425
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Zang R, Gomez Castro MF, McCune BT, Zeng Q, Rothlauf PW, Sonnek NM, Liu Z, Brulois KF, Wang X, Greenberg HB, Diamond MS, Ciorba MA, Whelan SPJ, Ding S. TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4 promote SARS-CoV-2 infection of human small intestinal enterocytes. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/47/eabc3582. [PMID: 32404436 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.21.054015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA are frequently observed in COVID-19 patients. However, it is unclear whether SARS-CoV-2 replicates in the human intestine and contributes to possible fecal-oral transmission. Here, we report productive infection of SARS-CoV-2 in ACE2+ mature enterocytes in human small intestinal enteroids. Expression of two mucosa-specific serine proteases, TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4, facilitated SARS-CoV-2 spike fusogenic activity and promoted virus entry into host cells. We also demonstrate that viruses released into the intestinal lumen were inactivated by simulated human colonic fluid, and infectious virus was not recovered from the stool specimens of COVID-19 patients. Our results highlight the intestine as a potential site of SARS-CoV-2 replication, which may contribute to local and systemic illness and overall disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Zang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maria Florencia Gomez Castro
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Broc T McCune
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Qiru Zeng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul W Rothlauf
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Naomi M Sonnek
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kevin F Brulois
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Harry B Greenberg
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Matthew A Ciorba
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Zang R, Gomez Castro MF, McCune BT, Zeng Q, Rothlauf PW, Sonnek NM, Liu Z, Brulois KF, Wang X, Greenberg HB, Diamond MS, Ciorba MA, Whelan SPJ, Ding S. TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4 promote SARS-CoV-2 infection of human small intestinal enterocytes. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:eabc3582. [PMID: 32404436 PMCID: PMC7285829 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abc3582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 718] [Impact Index Per Article: 179.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA are frequently observed in COVID-19 patients. However, it is unclear whether SARS-CoV-2 replicates in the human intestine and contributes to possible fecal-oral transmission. Here, we report productive infection of SARS-CoV-2 in ACE2+ mature enterocytes in human small intestinal enteroids. Expression of two mucosa-specific serine proteases, TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4, facilitated SARS-CoV-2 spike fusogenic activity and promoted virus entry into host cells. We also demonstrate that viruses released into the intestinal lumen were inactivated by simulated human colonic fluid, and infectious virus was not recovered from the stool specimens of COVID-19 patients. Our results highlight the intestine as a potential site of SARS-CoV-2 replication, which may contribute to local and systemic illness and overall disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Zang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maria Florencia Gomez Castro
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Broc T McCune
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Qiru Zeng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul W Rothlauf
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Naomi M Sonnek
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kevin F Brulois
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Harry B Greenberg
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Matthew A Ciorba
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Abstract
Background The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) causing an outbreak of pneumonia in Wuhan, Hubei province of China was isolated in January 2020. This study aims to investigate its epidemiologic history, and analyze the clinical characteristics, treatment regimens, and prognosis of patients infected with 2019-nCoV during this outbreak. Methods Clinical data from 137 2019-nCoV-infected patients admitted to the respiratory departments of nine tertiary hospitals in Hubei province from December 30, 2019 to January 24, 2020 were retrospectively collected, including general status, clinical manifestations, laboratory test results, imaging characteristics, and treatment regimens. Results None of the 137 patients (61 males, 76 females, aged 20–83 years, median age 57 years) had a definite history of exposure to Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market. Major initial symptoms included fever (112/137, 81.8%), coughing (66/137, 48.2%), and muscle pain or fatigue (44/137, 32.1%), with other, less typical initial symptoms observed at low frequency, including heart palpitations, diarrhea, and headache. Nearly 80% of the patients had normal or decreased white blood cell counts, and 72.3% (99/137) had lymphocytopenia. Lung involvement was present in all cases, with most chest computed tomography scans showing lesions in multiple lung lobes, some of which were dense; ground-glass opacity co-existed with consolidation shadows or cord-like shadows. Given the lack of effective drugs, treatment focused on symptomatic and respiratory support. Immunoglobulin G was delivered to some critically ill patients according to their conditions. Systemic corticosteroid treatment did not show significant benefits. Notably, early respiratory support facilitated disease recovery and improved prognosis. The risk of death was primarily associated with age, underlying chronic diseases, and median interval from the appearance of initial symptoms to dyspnea. Conclusions The majority of patients with 2019-nCoV pneumonia present with fever as the first symptom, and most of them still showed typical manifestations of viral pneumonia on chest imaging. Middle-aged and elderly patients with underlying comorbidities are susceptible to respiratory failure and may have a poorer prognosis.
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428
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Abstract
I have been researching coronaviruses for more than forty years. This viewpoint summarizes some of the major findings in coronavirus research made before the SARS epidemic and how they inform current research on the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R. Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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429
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Yan Y, Chang L, Wang L. Laboratory testing of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV): Current status, challenges, and countermeasures. Rev Med Virol 2020; 30:e2106. [PMID: 32302058 PMCID: PMC7235496 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases are global public concerns. With the outbreak of unknown pneumonia in Wuhan, China in December 2019, a new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 has been attracting tremendous attention. Rapid and accurate laboratory testing of SARS-CoV-2 is essential for early discovery, early reporting, early quarantine, early treatment, and cutting off epidemic transmission. The genome structure, transmission, and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 are basically similar to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, the other two beta-CoVs of medical importance. During the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV epidemics, a variety of molecular and serological diagnostic assays were established and should be referred to for SARS-CoV-2. In this review, by summarizing the articles and guidelines about specimen collection, nucleic acid tests (NAT) and serological tests for SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, several suggestions are put forward to improve the laboratory testing of SARS-CoV-2. In summary, for NAT: collecting stool and blood samples at later periods of illness to improve the positive rate if lower respiratory tract specimens are unavailable; increasing template volume to raise the sensitivity of detection; putting samples in reagents containing guanidine salt to inactivate virus as well as protect RNA; setting proper positive, negative and inhibition controls to ensure high-quality results; simultaneously amplifying human RNase P gene to avoid false-negative results. For antibody test, diverse assays targeting different antigens, and collecting paired samples are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yan
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of GerontologyInstitute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory MedicineBeijing HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Le Chang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of GerontologyInstitute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory MedicineBeijing HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Lunan Wang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of GerontologyInstitute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory MedicineBeijing HospitalBeijingChina
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingChina
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430
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Yang Y, Peng F, Wang R, Yange M, Guan K, Jiang T, Xu G, Sun J, Chang C. The deadly coronaviruses: The 2003 SARS pandemic and the 2020 novel coronavirus epidemic in China. J Autoimmun 2020; 109:102434. [PMID: 32143990 PMCID: PMC7126544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The 2019-nCoV is officially called SARS-CoV-2 and the disease is named COVID-19. This viral epidemic in China has led to the deaths of over 1800 people, mostly elderly or those with an underlying chronic disease or immunosuppressed state. This is the third serious Coronavirus outbreak in less than 20 years, following SARS in 2002-2003 and MERS in 2012. While human strains of Coronavirus are associated with about 15% of cases of the common cold, the SARS-CoV-2 may present with varying degrees of severity, from flu-like symptoms to death. It is currently believed that this deadly Coronavirus strain originated from wild animals at the Huanan market in Wuhan, a city in Hubei province. Bats, snakes and pangolins have been cited as potential carriers based on the sequence homology of CoV isolated from these animals and the viral nucleic acids of the virus isolated from SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Extreme quarantine measures, including sealing off large cities, closing borders and confining people to their homes, were instituted in January 2020 to prevent spread of the virus, but by that time much of the damage had been done, as human-human transmission became evident. While these quarantine measures are necessary and have prevented a historical disaster along the lines of the Spanish flu, earlier recognition and earlier implementation of quarantine measures may have been even more effective. Lessons learned from SARS resulted in faster determination of the nucleic acid sequence and a more robust quarantine strategy. However, it is clear that finding an effective antiviral and developing a vaccine are still significant challenges. The costs of the epidemic are not limited to medical aspects, as the virus has led to significant sociological, psychological and economic effects globally. Unfortunately, emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has led to numerous reports of Asians being subjected to racist behavior and hate crimes across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshi Yang
- Department of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Fujun Peng
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Runsheng Wang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | | | - Kai Guan
- Department of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Taijiao Jiang
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Guogang Xu
- Department of Infection Prevention and Disease Control, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Jinlyu Sun
- Department of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Christopher Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Division of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital, Hollywood, FL, USA.
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431
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Wu D, Wu T, Liu Q, Yang Z. The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: What we know. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 94:44-48. [PMID: 32171952 PMCID: PMC7102543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 654] [Impact Index Per Article: 163.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a current worldwide outbreak of the novel coronavirus Covid-19 (coronavirus disease 2019; the pathogen called SARS-CoV-2; previously 2019-nCoV), which originated from Wuhan in China and has now spread to 6 continents including 66 countries, as of 24:00 on March 2, 2020. Governments are under increased pressure to stop the outbreak from spiraling into a global health emergency. At this stage, preparedness, transparency, and sharing of information are crucial to risk assessments and beginning outbreak control activities. This information should include reports from outbreak site and from laboratories supporting the investigation. This paper aggregates and consolidates the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatments and preventions of this new type of coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Tiantian Wu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Qun Liu
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhicong Yang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.
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432
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Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR, Majumdar V. A Perspective on Yoga as a Preventive Strategy for Coronavirus Disease 2019. Int J Yoga 2020; 13:89-98. [PMID: 32669762 PMCID: PMC7336943 DOI: 10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_22_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 has led to profound public health crisis. In particular, individuals with preexisting conditions of heart disease, diabetes, cerebrovascular diseases and the elderly are most vulnerable to succumb to this infection. The current COVID-19 emergency calls for rapid development of potential prevention and management strategies against this virus-mediated disease. There is a plethora of evidence that supports the add-on benefits of yoga in stress management, as well as prevention and management of chronic noncommunicable diseases. There are some studies on the effect of yoga in communicable diseases as well but very few for acute conditions and almost none for the rapidly spreading infections resulting in pandemics. Based on the available scientific evidences on yoga in improving respiratory and immune functions, we have formulated very simple doable integrated yoga modules in the form of videos to be practiced for prevention of the disease by children, adults, and the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nagarathna
- Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - H R Nagendra
- Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vijaya Majumdar
- Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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433
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Oxidative Stress as Key Player in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Infection. Arch Med Res 2020; 51:384-387. [PMID: 32402576 PMCID: PMC7190501 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of viral respiratory pathogens with pandemic potential, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), the pathogenic agent of Covid-19, represent a serious health problem worldwide. Respiratory viral infections are, in general, associated with cytokine production, inflammation, cell death, and other pathophysiological processes, which could be link with a redox imbalance or oxidative stress. These phenomena are substantially increased during aging. Actually, severity and mortality risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection or Covid-19 disease have been associated with the age. The aim of the present work was to contribute with the understanding of the possible link between oxidative stress and the pathogenesis, severity and mortality risk in patients affected by SARS-CoV infection.
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434
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Wang H, Li X, Li T, Zhang S, Wang L, Wu X, Liu J. The genetic sequence, origin, and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32333222 DOI: 10.1007/s10096‐020‐03899‐4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a new infectious disease that first emerged in Hubei province, China, in December 2019, which was found to be associated with a large seafood and animal market in Wuhan. Airway epithelial cells from infected patients were used to isolate a novel coronavirus, named the SARS-CoV-2, on January 12, 2020, which is the seventh member of the coronavirus family to infect humans. Phylogenetic analysis of full-length genome sequences obtained from infected patients showed that SARS-CoV-2 is similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and uses the same cell entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), as SARS-CoV. The possible person-to-person disease rapidly spread to many provinces in China as well as other countries. Without a therapeutic vaccine or specific antiviral drugs, early detection and isolation become essential against novel Coronavirus. In this review, we introduced current diagnostic methods and criteria for the SARS-CoV-2 in China and discuss the advantages and limitations of the current diagnostic methods, including chest imaging and laboratory detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi road, Shushan district, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Shubing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Lianzi Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xian Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jiaqing Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
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435
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Wang H, Li X, Li T, Zhang S, Wang L, Wu X, Liu J. The genetic sequence, origin, and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:1629-1635. [PMID: 32333222 PMCID: PMC7180649 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03899-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a new infectious disease that first emerged in Hubei province, China, in December 2019, which was found to be associated with a large seafood and animal market in Wuhan. Airway epithelial cells from infected patients were used to isolate a novel coronavirus, named the SARS-CoV-2, on January 12, 2020, which is the seventh member of the coronavirus family to infect humans. Phylogenetic analysis of full-length genome sequences obtained from infected patients showed that SARS-CoV-2 is similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and uses the same cell entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), as SARS-CoV. The possible person-to-person disease rapidly spread to many provinces in China as well as other countries. Without a therapeutic vaccine or specific antiviral drugs, early detection and isolation become essential against novel Coronavirus. In this review, we introduced current diagnostic methods and criteria for the SARS-CoV-2 in China and discuss the advantages and limitations of the current diagnostic methods, including chest imaging and laboratory detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China. .,Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi road, Shushan district, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Shubing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Lianzi Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xian Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jiaqing Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
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赵 楠, 石 婕, 曾 丽, 杨 拴. [Clinical Characteristics and Coping Strategies of Neoplasms with 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infection]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2020; 23:261-266. [PMID: 32316713 PMCID: PMC7210081 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2020.102.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since mid-December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has outbroken in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, and spread rapidly to other provinces in China and dozens of countries and regions around the world, becoming the Public Health Emergency of International Concern (Public Health Emergency of International Concern). SARS-CoV-2 can mainly transmit by droplets or close contact, and is generally susceptible in the crowd. Tumor patients are at high risk of this pathogen because of their impaired immune function. Identifying tumor patients with 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) early, and understanding its distribution characteristics can help to improve the cure rate of patients, and better control the epidemic and development of SARS-CoV-2 much better. With comprehensive analysis of relevant literature, this paper reviews the clinical characteristics of neoplastic patients with COVID-19, and puts forward some suggestions on how to deal with this epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- 楠楠 赵
- />710004 西安,西安交通大学第二附属医院The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - 婕 石
- />710004 西安,西安交通大学第二附属医院The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - 丽忠 曾
- />710004 西安,西安交通大学第二附属医院The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - 拴盈 杨
- />710004 西安,西安交通大学第二附属医院The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710004, China
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Gutiérrez-Ortiz C, Méndez-Guerrero A, Rodrigo-Rey S, San Pedro-Murillo E, Bermejo-Guerrero L, Gordo-Mañas R, de Aragón-Gómez F, Benito-León J. Miller Fisher syndrome and polyneuritis cranialis in COVID-19. Neurology 2020; 95:e601-e605. [PMID: 32303650 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000009619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report 2 patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) who presented acutely with Miller Fisher syndrome and polyneuritis cranialis, respectively. METHODS Patient data were obtained from medical records from the University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias," Alcalá de Henares, and the University Hospital "12 de Octubre," Madrid, Spain. RESULTS A 50-year-old man presented with anosmia, ageusia, right internuclear ophthalmoparesis, right fascicular oculomotor palsy, ataxia, areflexia, albuminocytologic dissociation, and positive testing for anti-GD1b-immunoglobulin G antibody. Five days previously, he had developed a cough, malaise, headache, low back pain, and fever. A 39-year-old man presented with ageusia, bilateral abducens palsy, areflexia, and albuminocytologic dissociation. Three days previously, he had developed diarrhea, a low-grade fever, and poor general condition. Oropharyngeal swab test for SARS-CoV-2 by qualitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay was positive in both patients and negative in the CSF. The first patient was treated with IV immunoglobulin and the second with acetaminophen. Two weeks later, both patients made a complete neurologic recovery, except for residual anosmia and ageusia in the first case. CONCLUSIONS Our 2 cases highlight the rare occurrence of Miller Fisher syndrome and polyneuritis cranialis during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. These neurologic manifestations may occur because of an aberrant immune response to COVID-19. The full clinical spectrum of neurologic symptoms in patients with COVID-19 remains to be characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Gutiérrez-Ortiz
- From the Departments of Glaucoma and Neuro-Ophthalmology (C.G.-O., S.R.-R., F.d.A.-G.) and Neurology (R.G.-M.), University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias," Alcalá de Henares; Department of Glaucoma (C.G.-O.), "Martínez de Carneros" Clinic; Department of Neurology (A.M.-G., E.S.P.-M., L.B.-G., J.B.-L.), University Hospital "12 de Octubre"; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.B.-L.); and the Department of Medicine (J.B.-L.), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Méndez-Guerrero
- From the Departments of Glaucoma and Neuro-Ophthalmology (C.G.-O., S.R.-R., F.d.A.-G.) and Neurology (R.G.-M.), University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias," Alcalá de Henares; Department of Glaucoma (C.G.-O.), "Martínez de Carneros" Clinic; Department of Neurology (A.M.-G., E.S.P.-M., L.B.-G., J.B.-L.), University Hospital "12 de Octubre"; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.B.-L.); and the Department of Medicine (J.B.-L.), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Rodrigo-Rey
- From the Departments of Glaucoma and Neuro-Ophthalmology (C.G.-O., S.R.-R., F.d.A.-G.) and Neurology (R.G.-M.), University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias," Alcalá de Henares; Department of Glaucoma (C.G.-O.), "Martínez de Carneros" Clinic; Department of Neurology (A.M.-G., E.S.P.-M., L.B.-G., J.B.-L.), University Hospital "12 de Octubre"; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.B.-L.); and the Department of Medicine (J.B.-L.), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo San Pedro-Murillo
- From the Departments of Glaucoma and Neuro-Ophthalmology (C.G.-O., S.R.-R., F.d.A.-G.) and Neurology (R.G.-M.), University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias," Alcalá de Henares; Department of Glaucoma (C.G.-O.), "Martínez de Carneros" Clinic; Department of Neurology (A.M.-G., E.S.P.-M., L.B.-G., J.B.-L.), University Hospital "12 de Octubre"; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.B.-L.); and the Department of Medicine (J.B.-L.), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Bermejo-Guerrero
- From the Departments of Glaucoma and Neuro-Ophthalmology (C.G.-O., S.R.-R., F.d.A.-G.) and Neurology (R.G.-M.), University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias," Alcalá de Henares; Department of Glaucoma (C.G.-O.), "Martínez de Carneros" Clinic; Department of Neurology (A.M.-G., E.S.P.-M., L.B.-G., J.B.-L.), University Hospital "12 de Octubre"; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.B.-L.); and the Department of Medicine (J.B.-L.), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Gordo-Mañas
- From the Departments of Glaucoma and Neuro-Ophthalmology (C.G.-O., S.R.-R., F.d.A.-G.) and Neurology (R.G.-M.), University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias," Alcalá de Henares; Department of Glaucoma (C.G.-O.), "Martínez de Carneros" Clinic; Department of Neurology (A.M.-G., E.S.P.-M., L.B.-G., J.B.-L.), University Hospital "12 de Octubre"; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.B.-L.); and the Department of Medicine (J.B.-L.), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando de Aragón-Gómez
- From the Departments of Glaucoma and Neuro-Ophthalmology (C.G.-O., S.R.-R., F.d.A.-G.) and Neurology (R.G.-M.), University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias," Alcalá de Henares; Department of Glaucoma (C.G.-O.), "Martínez de Carneros" Clinic; Department of Neurology (A.M.-G., E.S.P.-M., L.B.-G., J.B.-L.), University Hospital "12 de Octubre"; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.B.-L.); and the Department of Medicine (J.B.-L.), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Benito-León
- From the Departments of Glaucoma and Neuro-Ophthalmology (C.G.-O., S.R.-R., F.d.A.-G.) and Neurology (R.G.-M.), University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias," Alcalá de Henares; Department of Glaucoma (C.G.-O.), "Martínez de Carneros" Clinic; Department of Neurology (A.M.-G., E.S.P.-M., L.B.-G., J.B.-L.), University Hospital "12 de Octubre"; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (J.B.-L.); and the Department of Medicine (J.B.-L.), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
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Mungroo MR, Khan NA, Siddiqui R. Novel Coronavirus: Current Understanding of Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, and Treatment Options. Pathogens 2020; 9:E297. [PMID: 32316618 PMCID: PMC7238102 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in devastating consequences worldwide and infected more than 350,000 individuals and killed more than 16,000 people. SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh member of the coronavirus family to affect humans. Symptoms of COVID-19 include fever (88%), cough (68%), vomiting (5%) and diarrhoea (3.7%), and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is thought to occur from human to human via respiratory secretions released by the infected individuals when coughing and sneezing. COVID-19 can be detected through computed tomography scans and confirmed through molecular diagnostics tools such as polymerase chain reaction. Currently, there are no effective treatments against SARS-CoV-2, hence antiviral drugs have been used to reduce the development of respiratory complications by reducing viral load. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive update on the pathogenesis, clinical aspects, diagnosis, challenges and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 26666, UAE; (M.R.M.); (R.S.)
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439
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Han H, Xie L, Liu R, Yang J, Liu F, Wu K, Chen L, Hou W, Feng Y, Zhu C. Analysis of heart injury laboratory parameters in 273 COVID-19 patients in one hospital in Wuhan, China. J Med Virol 2020; 92:819-823. [PMID: 32232979 PMCID: PMC7228305 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome novel coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) epidemic spreads rapidly worldwide. SARS‐CoV‐2 infection caused mildly to seriously and fatally respiratory, enteric, cardiovascular, and neurological diseases. In this study, we detected and analyzed the main laboratory indicators related to heart injury, creatine kinase isoenzyme‐MB (CK‐MB), myohemoglobin (MYO), cardiac troponin I (ultra‐TnI), and N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP), in 273 patients with COVID‐19 and investigated the correlation between heart injury and severity of the disease. It was found that higher concentration in venous blood of CK‐MB, MYO, ultra‐TnI, and NT‐proBNP were associated with the severity and case fatality rate of COVID‐19. Careful monitoring of the myocardiac enzyme profiles is of great importance in reducing the complications and mortality in patients with COVID‐19. The blood tests of patients on admission showed some patients had higher levels of CK‐MB, MYO, ultra‐TnI and NT‐proBNP. Increased concentration in venous blood of MYO, ultra‐TnI and NT‐proBNP were associated with the severity of COVID‐19. All four parameters were significantly higher in the death than in the alive group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Han
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Linlin Xie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kailang Wu
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lang Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Hou
- Department of Medical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yong Feng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chengliang Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Beck BR, Shin B, Choi Y, Park S, Kang K. Predicting commercially available antiviral drugs that may act on the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) through a drug-target interaction deep learning model. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:784-790. [PMID: 32280433 PMCID: PMC7118541 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The MT-DTI deep learning model was used to identify potent drugs for SARS-CoV-2. Atazanavir, remdesivir, and Kaletra were predicted to inhibit SARS-CoV-2. Rapamycin and tiotropium bromide may also be effective for SARS-CoV-2.
The infection of a novel coronavirus found in Wuhan of China (SARS-CoV-2) is rapidly spreading, and the incidence rate is increasing worldwide. Due to the lack of effective treatment options for SARS-CoV-2, various strategies are being tested in China, including drug repurposing. In this study, we used our pre-trained deep learning-based drug-target interaction model called Molecule Transformer-Drug Target Interaction (MT-DTI) to identify commercially available drugs that could act on viral proteins of SARS-CoV-2. The result showed that atazanavir, an antiretroviral medication used to treat and prevent the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is the best chemical compound, showing an inhibitory potency with Kd of 94.94 nM against the SARS-CoV-2 3C-like proteinase, followed by remdesivir (113.13 nM), efavirenz (199.17 nM), ritonavir (204.05 nM), and dolutegravir (336.91 nM). Interestingly, lopinavir, ritonavir, and darunavir are all designed to target viral proteinases. However, in our prediction, they may also bind to the replication complex components of SARS-CoV-2 with an inhibitory potency with Kd < 1000 nM. In addition, we also found that several antiviral agents, such as Kaletra (lopinavir/ritonavir), could be used for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Overall, we suggest that the list of antiviral drugs identified by the MT-DTI model should be considered, when establishing effective treatment strategies for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bonggun Shin
- Deargen, Inc., Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Computer Science, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | | | - Keunsoo Kang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science & Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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441
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Jin Y, Yang H, Ji W, Wu W, Chen S, Zhang W, Duan G. Virology, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Control of COVID-19. Viruses 2020; 12:E372. [PMID: 32230900 PMCID: PMC7232198 DOI: 10.3390/v12040372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 802] [Impact Index Per Article: 200.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19) in China has been brought to global attention and declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. Scientific advancements since the pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002~2003 and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012 have accelerated our understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and the development of therapeutics to treat viral infection. As no specific therapeutics and vaccines are available for disease control, the epidemic of COVID-19 is posing a great threat for global public health. To provide a comprehensive summary to public health authorities and potential readers worldwide, we detail the present understanding of COVID-19 and introduce the current state of development of measures in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.J.); (H.Y.); (W.J.); (S.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.J.); (H.Y.); (W.J.); (S.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wangquan Ji
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.J.); (H.Y.); (W.J.); (S.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Weidong Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China;
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.J.); (H.Y.); (W.J.); (S.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.J.); (H.Y.); (W.J.); (S.C.); (W.Z.)
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.J.); (H.Y.); (W.J.); (S.C.); (W.Z.)
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442
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Pal M, Berhanu G, Desalegn C, Kandi V. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): An Update. Cureus 2020; 12:e7423. [PMID: 32337143 PMCID: PMC7182166 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.7423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) belong to the family of Coronaviridae, the order Nidovirales, and the genus Coronavirus. They are the largest group of viruses causing respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. Morphologically, CoVs are enveloped viruses containing a non-segmented positive-sense, single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses. CoVs are categorized into four important genera that include Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus, and Deltacoronavirus. A novel member of human CoV that has recently emerged in Wuhan, China, is now formally named as SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). This is a unique strain of RNA viruses that have not been previously observed in humans. The virus has wide host adaptability and is capable of causing severe diseases in humans, masked palm civets, mice, dogs, cats, camels, pigs, chickens, and bats. The SARS-CoV-2 typically causes respiratory and gastrointestinal sickness in both humans and animals. It can be transmitted through aerosols and direct/indirect contact, as well as during medical cases and laboratory sample handling. Specific structural proteins, which might be found on the surface of the virus, play an important role in the pathogenesis and development of the complications. The disease is characterized by distinct medical signs and symptoms that include high fever, chills, cough, and shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing. The infected people may also present with other symptoms such as diarrhea, myalgia, fatigue, expectoration, and hemoptysis. It is important from the public health and economic point of view as it affects the growth of the country, which is majorly attributed to the restriction in the movement of the people and the cost associated with the control and prevention of the disease. Since there is no specific therapeutic intervention nor a vaccine available against the virus, supportive management and treatment with non-specific therapeutic agents (repurposed drugs) may provide relief to the patients. Some preventive strategies of the disease include blocking the routes of transmission of the infections, disinfection of instruments used during medical case handling, using personal protective equipment, proper and early diagnosis of the disease, avoiding contact with the sick patients, and quarantine of the infected/exposed people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Pal
- Veterinary and Public Health, Narayan Consultancy on Veterinary Public Health and Microbiology, Anand, IND
| | - Gemechu Berhanu
- Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Dambi Dollo University, Dambi Dollo, ETH
| | - Chaltu Desalegn
- Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, ETH
| | - Venkataramana Kandi
- Clinical Microbiology, Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar, IND
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443
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Rehman SU, Shafique L, Ihsan A, Liu Q. Evolutionary Trajectory for the Emergence of Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9030240. [PMID: 32210130 PMCID: PMC7157669 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the world experienced three outbreaks of coronaviruses with elevated morbidity rates. Currently, the global community is facing emerging virus SARS-CoV-2 belonging to Betacoronavirus, which appears to be more transmissible but less deadly than SARS-CoV. The current study aimed to track the evolutionary ancestors and different evolutionary strategies that were genetically adapted by SARS-CoV-2. Our whole-genome analysis revealed that SARS-CoV-2 was the descendant of Bat SARS/SARS-like CoVs and bats served as a natural reservoir. SARS-CoV-2 used mutations and recombination as crucial strategies in different genomic regions including the envelop, membrane, nucleocapsid, and spike glycoproteins to become a novel infectious agent. We confirmed that mutations in different genomic regions of SARS-CoV-2 have specific influence on virus reproductive adaptability, allowing for genotype adjustment and adaptations in rapidly changing environments. Moreover, for the first time we identified nine putative recombination patterns in SARS-CoV-2, which encompass spike glycoprotein, RdRp, helicase and ORF3a. Six recombination regions were spotted in the S gene and are undoubtedly important for evolutionary survival, meanwhile this permitted the virus to modify superficial antigenicity to find a way from immune reconnaissance in animals and adapt to a human host. With these combined natural selected strategies, SARS-CoV-2 emerged as a novel virus in human society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif ur Rehman
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources of Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (S.u.R.); (L.S.)
| | - Laiba Shafique
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources of Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (S.u.R.); (L.S.)
| | - Awais Ihsan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus 57000, Pakistan
- College of Pharmacy, South Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (Q.L.); Tel.: +86-13878805296 (Q.L.)
| | - Qingyou Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources of Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (S.u.R.); (L.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (Q.L.); Tel.: +86-13878805296 (Q.L.)
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444
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Pfaender S, Mar KB, Michailidis E, Kratzel A, Hirt D, V'kovski P, Fan W, Ebert N, Stalder H, Kleine-Weber H, Hoffmann M, Hoffmann HH, Saeed M, Dijkman R, Steinmann E, Wight-Carter M, Hanners NW, Pöhlmann S, Gallagher T, Todt D, Zimmer G, Rice CM, Schoggins JW, Thiel V. LY6E impairs coronavirus fusion and confers immune control of viral disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.03.05.979260. [PMID: 32511345 PMCID: PMC7255780 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.05.979260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic coronaviruses (CoVs) are significant threats to global health, as exemplified by the recent emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 1 . Host immune responses to CoV are complex and regulated in part through antiviral interferons. However, the interferon-stimulated gene products that inhibit CoV are not well characterized 2 . Here, we show that interferon-inducible lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus E (LY6E) potently restricts cellular infection by multiple CoVs, including SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Mechanistic studies revealed that LY6E inhibits CoV entry into cells by interfering with spike protein-mediated membrane fusion. Importantly, mice lacking Ly6e in hematopoietic cells were highly susceptible to murine CoV infection. Exacerbated viral pathogenesis in Ly6e knockout mice was accompanied by loss of hepatic and splenic immune cells and reduction in global antiviral gene pathways. Accordingly, we found that Ly6e directly protects primary B cells and dendritic cells from murine CoV infection. Our results demonstrate that LY6E is a critical antiviral immune effector that controls CoV infection and pathogenesis. These findings advance our understanding of immune-mediated control of CoV in vitro and in vivo , knowledge that could help inform strategies to combat infection by emerging CoV.
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445
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Radiologic Management of COVID-19: Preliminary Experience of the Iranian Society of Radiology COVID-19 Consultant Group (ISRCC). IRANIAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/iranjradiol.102324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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446
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Peng X, Xu X, Li Y, Cheng L, Zhou X, Ren B. Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. Int J Oral Sci 2020; 12:9. [PMID: 32127517 PMCID: PMC7054527 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-020-0075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1038] [Impact Index Per Article: 259.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel β-coronavirus (2019-nCoV) caused severe and even fetal pneumonia explored in a seafood market of Wuhan city, Hubei province, China, and rapidly spread to other provinces of China and other countries. The 2019-nCoV was different from SARS-CoV, but shared the same host receptor the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The natural host of 2019-nCoV may be the bat Rhinolophus affinis as 2019-nCoV showed 96.2% of whole-genome identity to BatCoV RaTG13. The person-to-person transmission routes of 2019-nCoV included direct transmission, such as cough, sneeze, droplet inhalation transmission, and contact transmission, such as the contact with oral, nasal, and eye mucous membranes. 2019-nCoV can also be transmitted through the saliva, and the fetal-oral routes may also be a potential person-to-person transmission route. The participants in dental practice expose to tremendous risk of 2019-nCoV infection due to the face-to-face communication and the exposure to saliva, blood, and other body fluids, and the handling of sharp instruments. Dental professionals play great roles in preventing the transmission of 2019-nCoV. Here we recommend the infection control measures during dental practice to block the person-to-person transmission routes in dental clinics and hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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447
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Lam DSC, Wong RLM, Lai KHW, Ko CN, Leung HY, Lee VYW, Lau JYN, Huang SS. COVID-19: Special Precautions in Ophthalmic Practice and FAQs on Personal Protection and Mask Selection. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2020; 9:67-77. [PMID: 32349113 PMCID: PMC7227209 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2, was first reported in December 2019. The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic on March 11, 2020 and as of April 17, 2020, 210 countries are affected with >2,000,000 infected and 140,000 deaths. The estimated case fatality rate is around 6.7%. We need to step up our infection control measures immediately or else it may be too late to contain or control the spread of COVID-19. In case of local outbreaks, the risk of infection to healthcare workers and patients is high. Ophthalmic practice carries some unique risks and therefore high vigilance and special precautions are needed. We share our protocols and experiences in the prevention of infection in the current COVID-19 outbreak and the previous severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic in Hong Kong. We also endeavor to answer the key frequently asked questions in areas of the coronaviruses, COVID-19, disease transmission, personal protection, mask selection, and special measures in ophthalmic practices. COVID-19 is highly infectious and could be life-threatening. Using our protocol and measures, we have achieved zero infection in our ophthalmic practices in Hong Kong and China. Preventing spread of COVID-19 is possible and achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Shun Chiu Lam
- C-MER Dennis Lam & Partners Eye Center, C-MER International Eye Care Group, Hong Kong
- C-MER (Shenzhen) Dennis Lam Eye Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- International Eye Research Institute of The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Raymond Lai Man Wong
- C-MER Dennis Lam & Partners Eye Center, C-MER International Eye Care Group, Hong Kong
- C-MER (Shenzhen) Dennis Lam Eye Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kenny Ho Wa Lai
- C-MER Dennis Lam & Partners Eye Center, C-MER International Eye Care Group, Hong Kong
- C-MER (Shenzhen) Dennis Lam Eye Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chung-Nga Ko
- C-MER Dennis Lam & Partners Eye Center, C-MER International Eye Care Group, Hong Kong
- C-MER (Shenzhen) Dennis Lam Eye Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hiu Ying Leung
- C-MER Dennis Lam & Partners Eye Center, C-MER International Eye Care Group, Hong Kong
- C-MER (Shenzhen) Dennis Lam Eye Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Vincent Yau Wing Lee
- C-MER Dennis Lam & Partners Eye Center, C-MER International Eye Care Group, Hong Kong
- C-MER (Shenzhen) Dennis Lam Eye Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Johnson Yiu Nam Lau
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Suber S. Huang
- Retina Center of Ohio, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, FL, USA
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448
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Benvenuto D, Giovanetti M, Salemi M, Prosperi M, De Flora C, Junior Alcantara LC, Angeletti S, Ciccozzi M. The global spread of 2019-nCoV: a molecular evolutionary analysis. Pathog Glob Health 2020; 114:64-67. [PMID: 32048560 PMCID: PMC7099638 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2020.1725339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The global spread of the 2019-nCoV is continuing and is fast moving, as indicated by the WHO raising the risk assessment to high. In this article, we provide a preliminary phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis of this new virus. A Maximum Clade Credibility tree has been built using the 29 available whole genome sequences of 2019-nCoV and two whole genome sequences that are highly similar sequences from Bat SARS-like Coronavirus available in GeneBank. We are able to clarify the mechanism of transmission among the countries which have provided the 2019-nCoV sequence isolates from their patients. The Bayesian phylogeographic reconstruction shows that the 2019-2020 nCoV most probably originated from the Bat SARS-like Coronavirus circulating in the Rhinolophus bat family. In agreement with epidemiological observations, the most likely geographic origin of the new outbreak was the city of Wuhan, China, where 2019-nCoV time of the most recent common ancestor emerged, according to molecular clock analysis, around November 25th, 2019. These results, together with previously recorded epidemics, suggest a recurring pattern of periodical epizootic outbreaks due to Betacoronavirus. Moreover, our study describes the same population genetic dynamic underlying the SARS 2003 epidemic, and suggests the urgent need for the development of effective molecular surveillance strategies of Betacoronavirus among animals and Rhinolophus of the bat family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Benvenuto
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marco Salemi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mattia Prosperi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cecilia De Flora
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Angeletti
- Unit of Clinical Laboratory Science, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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449
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Emergence of Novel Coronavirus 2019-nCoV: Need for Rapid Vaccine and Biologics Development. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020148. [PMID: 32098302 PMCID: PMC7168632 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is an emerging pathogen that was first identified in Wuhan, China in late December 2019. This virus is responsible for the ongoing outbreak that causes severe respiratory illness and pneumonia-like infection in humans. Due to the increasing number of cases in China and outside China, the WHO declared coronavirus as a global health emergency. Nearly 35,000 cases were reported and at least 24 other countries or territories have reported coronavirus cases as early on as February. Inter-human transmission was reported in a few countries, including the United States. Neither an effective anti-viral nor a vaccine is currently available to treat this infection. As the virus is a newly emerging pathogen, many questions remain unanswered regarding the virus’s reservoirs, pathogenesis, transmissibility, and much more is unknown. The collaborative efforts of researchers are needed to fill the knowledge gaps about this new virus, to develop the proper diagnostic tools, and effective treatment to combat this infection. Recent advancements in plant biotechnology proved that plants have the ability to produce vaccines or biopharmaceuticals rapidly in a short time. In this review, the outbreak of 2019-nCoV in China, the need for rapid vaccine development, and the potential of a plant system for biopharmaceutical development are discussed.
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450
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Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, Huang B, Shi W, Lu R, Niu P, Zhan F, Ma X, Wang D, Xu W, Wu G, Gao GF, Tan W. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:727-733. [PMID: 31978945 PMCID: PMC7092803 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2001017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16777] [Impact Index Per Article: 4194.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In December 2019, a cluster of patients with pneumonia of unknown cause was linked to a seafood wholesale market in Wuhan, China. A previously unknown betacoronavirus was discovered through the use of unbiased sequencing in samples from patients with pneumonia. Human airway epithelial cells were used to isolate a novel coronavirus, named 2019-nCoV, which formed a clade within the subgenus sarbecovirus, Orthocoronavirinae subfamily. Different from both MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, 2019-nCoV is the seventh member of the family of coronaviruses that infect humans. Enhanced surveillance and further investigation are ongoing. (Funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China and the National Major Project for Control and Prevention of Infectious Disease in China.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhu
- From the NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (N.Z., W.W., J.S., X.Z., B.H., R.L., P.N., X.M., D.W., W.X., G.W., G.F.G., W.T.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (X.L.) - both in Beijing; Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital (D.Z.), the Division for Viral Disease Detection, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (B.Y., F.Z.), and the Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (W.T.) - all in Wuhan; and the Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China (W.S.)
| | - Dingyu Zhang
- From the NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (N.Z., W.W., J.S., X.Z., B.H., R.L., P.N., X.M., D.W., W.X., G.W., G.F.G., W.T.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (X.L.) - both in Beijing; Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital (D.Z.), the Division for Viral Disease Detection, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (B.Y., F.Z.), and the Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (W.T.) - all in Wuhan; and the Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China (W.S.)
| | - Wenling Wang
- From the NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (N.Z., W.W., J.S., X.Z., B.H., R.L., P.N., X.M., D.W., W.X., G.W., G.F.G., W.T.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (X.L.) - both in Beijing; Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital (D.Z.), the Division for Viral Disease Detection, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (B.Y., F.Z.), and the Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (W.T.) - all in Wuhan; and the Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China (W.S.)
| | - Xingwang Li
- From the NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (N.Z., W.W., J.S., X.Z., B.H., R.L., P.N., X.M., D.W., W.X., G.W., G.F.G., W.T.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (X.L.) - both in Beijing; Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital (D.Z.), the Division for Viral Disease Detection, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (B.Y., F.Z.), and the Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (W.T.) - all in Wuhan; and the Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China (W.S.)
| | - Bo Yang
- From the NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (N.Z., W.W., J.S., X.Z., B.H., R.L., P.N., X.M., D.W., W.X., G.W., G.F.G., W.T.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (X.L.) - both in Beijing; Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital (D.Z.), the Division for Viral Disease Detection, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (B.Y., F.Z.), and the Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (W.T.) - all in Wuhan; and the Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China (W.S.)
| | - Jingdong Song
- From the NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (N.Z., W.W., J.S., X.Z., B.H., R.L., P.N., X.M., D.W., W.X., G.W., G.F.G., W.T.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (X.L.) - both in Beijing; Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital (D.Z.), the Division for Viral Disease Detection, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (B.Y., F.Z.), and the Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (W.T.) - all in Wuhan; and the Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China (W.S.)
| | - Xiang Zhao
- From the NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (N.Z., W.W., J.S., X.Z., B.H., R.L., P.N., X.M., D.W., W.X., G.W., G.F.G., W.T.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (X.L.) - both in Beijing; Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital (D.Z.), the Division for Viral Disease Detection, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (B.Y., F.Z.), and the Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (W.T.) - all in Wuhan; and the Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China (W.S.)
| | - Baoying Huang
- From the NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (N.Z., W.W., J.S., X.Z., B.H., R.L., P.N., X.M., D.W., W.X., G.W., G.F.G., W.T.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (X.L.) - both in Beijing; Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital (D.Z.), the Division for Viral Disease Detection, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (B.Y., F.Z.), and the Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (W.T.) - all in Wuhan; and the Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China (W.S.)
| | - Weifeng Shi
- From the NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (N.Z., W.W., J.S., X.Z., B.H., R.L., P.N., X.M., D.W., W.X., G.W., G.F.G., W.T.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (X.L.) - both in Beijing; Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital (D.Z.), the Division for Viral Disease Detection, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (B.Y., F.Z.), and the Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (W.T.) - all in Wuhan; and the Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China (W.S.)
| | - Roujian Lu
- From the NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (N.Z., W.W., J.S., X.Z., B.H., R.L., P.N., X.M., D.W., W.X., G.W., G.F.G., W.T.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (X.L.) - both in Beijing; Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital (D.Z.), the Division for Viral Disease Detection, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (B.Y., F.Z.), and the Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (W.T.) - all in Wuhan; and the Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China (W.S.)
| | - Peihua Niu
- From the NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (N.Z., W.W., J.S., X.Z., B.H., R.L., P.N., X.M., D.W., W.X., G.W., G.F.G., W.T.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (X.L.) - both in Beijing; Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital (D.Z.), the Division for Viral Disease Detection, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (B.Y., F.Z.), and the Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (W.T.) - all in Wuhan; and the Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China (W.S.)
| | - Faxian Zhan
- From the NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (N.Z., W.W., J.S., X.Z., B.H., R.L., P.N., X.M., D.W., W.X., G.W., G.F.G., W.T.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (X.L.) - both in Beijing; Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital (D.Z.), the Division for Viral Disease Detection, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (B.Y., F.Z.), and the Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (W.T.) - all in Wuhan; and the Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China (W.S.)
| | - Xuejun Ma
- From the NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (N.Z., W.W., J.S., X.Z., B.H., R.L., P.N., X.M., D.W., W.X., G.W., G.F.G., W.T.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (X.L.) - both in Beijing; Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital (D.Z.), the Division for Viral Disease Detection, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (B.Y., F.Z.), and the Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (W.T.) - all in Wuhan; and the Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China (W.S.)
| | - Dayan Wang
- From the NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (N.Z., W.W., J.S., X.Z., B.H., R.L., P.N., X.M., D.W., W.X., G.W., G.F.G., W.T.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (X.L.) - both in Beijing; Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital (D.Z.), the Division for Viral Disease Detection, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (B.Y., F.Z.), and the Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (W.T.) - all in Wuhan; and the Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China (W.S.)
| | - Wenbo Xu
- From the NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (N.Z., W.W., J.S., X.Z., B.H., R.L., P.N., X.M., D.W., W.X., G.W., G.F.G., W.T.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (X.L.) - both in Beijing; Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital (D.Z.), the Division for Viral Disease Detection, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (B.Y., F.Z.), and the Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (W.T.) - all in Wuhan; and the Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China (W.S.)
| | - Guizhen Wu
- From the NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (N.Z., W.W., J.S., X.Z., B.H., R.L., P.N., X.M., D.W., W.X., G.W., G.F.G., W.T.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (X.L.) - both in Beijing; Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital (D.Z.), the Division for Viral Disease Detection, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (B.Y., F.Z.), and the Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (W.T.) - all in Wuhan; and the Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China (W.S.)
| | - George F Gao
- From the NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (N.Z., W.W., J.S., X.Z., B.H., R.L., P.N., X.M., D.W., W.X., G.W., G.F.G., W.T.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (X.L.) - both in Beijing; Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital (D.Z.), the Division for Viral Disease Detection, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (B.Y., F.Z.), and the Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (W.T.) - all in Wuhan; and the Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China (W.S.)
| | - Wenjie Tan
- From the NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (N.Z., W.W., J.S., X.Z., B.H., R.L., P.N., X.M., D.W., W.X., G.W., G.F.G., W.T.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (X.L.) - both in Beijing; Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital (D.Z.), the Division for Viral Disease Detection, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (B.Y., F.Z.), and the Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (W.T.) - all in Wuhan; and the Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China (W.S.)
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