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Kalra P, Ali S, Ocen S. Modelling on COVID-19 control with double and booster-dose vaccination. Gene 2024; 928:148795. [PMID: 39097207 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines have been illustrated to lessen the growth of sickness caused by the virus effectively. In any case, inoculation has consistently been controversial, with differing opinions and viewpoints. This has compelled some individuals to decide against receiving the vaccine. These divergent viewpoints have had a trivial impact on the epidemic's dynamics and the disease's development. In response to vaccinated individuals still falling ill, many countries have implemented booster vaccines to protect further. In this specific investigation, a mathematical model composed of seven compartments is employed to examine the effectiveness of a booster dose in preventing and treating the transmission of COVID-19. The principles of mathematics are employed to analyse and investigate the dynamics of the disease. Using a qualitative prototype analysis, we acquired valuable insights into its effectiveness. One essential aspect is the basic reproduction number, a critical determinant of the disease's spread. This calculation is determined by studying the system's equilibrium and evaluating its stability. Furthermore, we examined the balance from a local and global viewpoint, considering the possibility of bifurcation and the model's reproductive number sensitivity index. Through numerical simulations, we have visually illustrated the analytical findings outlined in this research paper and presented a thorough examination of the efficacy of booster shots as a preventive and therapeutic measure in the spread dynamics of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preety Kalra
- Department of Mathematics, School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India.
| | - Shoket Ali
- Department of Mathematics, School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Samuel Ocen
- Department of Mathematics, School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
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2
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Rader NA, Lee KS, Loes AN, Miller-Stump OA, Cooper M, Wong TY, Boehm DT, Barbier M, Bevere JR, Heath Damron F. Influenza virus strains expressing SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain protein confer immunity in K18-hACE2 mice. Vaccine X 2024; 20:100543. [PMID: 39221180 PMCID: PMC11364132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), rapidly spread across the globe in 2019. With the emergence of the Omicron variant, COVID-19 shifted into an endemic phase. Given the anticipated rise in cases during the fall and winter seasons, the strategy of implementing seasonal booster vaccines for COVID-19 is becoming increasingly valuable to protect public health. This practice already exists for seasonal influenza vaccines to combat annual influenza seasons. Our goal was to investigate an easily modifiable vaccine platform for seasonal use against SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we evaluated the genetically modified influenza virus ΔNA(RBD) as an intranasal vaccine candidate for COVID-19. This modified virus was engineered to replace the coding sequence for the neuraminidase (NA) protein with a membrane-anchored form of the receptor binding domain (RBD) protein of SARS-CoV-2. We designed experiments to assess the protection of ΔNA(RBD) in K18-hACE2 mice using lethal (Delta) and non-lethal (Omicron) challenge models. Controls of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and our lab's previously described intranasal virus like particle vaccine were used as comparisons. Immunization with ΔNA(RBD) expressing ancestral RBD elicited high anti-RBD IgG levels in the serum of mice, high anti-RBD IgA in lung tissue, and improved survival after Delta variant challenge. Modifying ΔNA(RBD) to express Omicron variant RBD shifted variant-specific antibody responses and limited viral burden in the lungs of mice after Omicron variant challenge. Overall, this data suggests that ΔNA(RBD) could be an effective intranasal vaccine platform that generates mucosal and systemic immunity towards SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel A. Rader
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Katherine S. Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Andrea N. Loes
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Olivia A. Miller-Stump
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Melissa Cooper
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ting Y. Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Dylan T. Boehm
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Mariette Barbier
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Justin R. Bevere
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - F. Heath Damron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA
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3
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Dinç HÖ, Can G, Budak B, Daşdemir FO, Keskin E, Kirkoyun-Uysal H, Aydoğan O, Balkan II, Karaali R, Ergin S, Saltoğlu N, Kocazeybek B. Antibody responses post-booster COVID-19 vaccination: Insights from a single-center prospective cohort study. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 110:116425. [PMID: 39098282 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the effect of booster dose COVID-19 vaccines on prevention and humoral immune response in individuals with different vaccination schemes during the period BA.4 and BA.5 omicron sub-variants were globally dominant. The study included 146 individuals who preferred different vaccination schemes for booster doses. Anti-spike/RBD-IgG and neutralizing antibody levels were measured 28 days after the booster dose vaccination upon their consent. There is no significant difference between median antibody titers detected according to different vaccination schemes. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody inhibition percentages were detected significantly higher in serum samples before and after the last booster dose in 2 BNT162b2+1 BNT162b2(99.42 %), 2 BNT162b2 + 2 BNT162b2(99.42 %), and 2 BNT162b2 + 3 BNT162b2(99.42 %) vaccination schemes (p = 0.004, p = 0.044, p = 0.002,respectively). The study indicated that a booster vaccination dose provides a high level of protection against severe COVID-19 and death. We think that the variant-specific pancoronavirus vaccines will be necessary to protect against breakthrough infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harika-Öykü Dinç
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, 34768, Turkey
| | - Günay Can
- Department of Public Health, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Beyhan Budak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Ferhat-Osman Daşdemir
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Elif Keskin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Hayriye Kirkoyun-Uysal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - Okan Aydoğan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul 34810, Turkey
| | - Ilker-Inanç Balkan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Rıdvan Karaali
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Ergin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Neşe Saltoğlu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Bekir Kocazeybek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey.
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Kanokudom S, Chansaenroj J, Suntronwong N, Wongsrisang L, Aeemjinda R, Vichaiwattana P, Thatsanathorn T, Chantima W, Pakchotanon P, Duangchinda T, Sudhinaraset N, Honsawek S, Poovorawan Y. Safety and antibody responses of Omicron BA.4/5 bivalent booster vaccine among hybrid immunity with diverse vaccination histories: A cohort study. Vaccine X 2024; 20:100538. [PMID: 39211731 PMCID: PMC11359987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This cohort study, conducted between July and August 2023, evaluated the adverse events (AEs) and immune response to a bivalent mRNA-1273.222 (containing sequences of the original Wuhan-H1 strain and the Omicron BA.4/5 variant) booster vaccine in 122 participants. The study included individuals with diverse vaccination histories, and their responses were assessed based on anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG levels and neutralizing antibodies against the wild-type, Omicron BA.5, and XBB.1.16 variants. Following administration of the BA.4/5 bivalent vaccine, AEs were generally mild to moderate and well-tolerated within a few days. There were no reports of vomiting and no serious AEs or death. The findings demonstrated robust immune responses, with significant increases in anti-RBD IgG levels, particularly in groups that had received 3 -6 doses before the booster dose. The BA.4/5 bivalent booster effectively induced neutralizing antibodies against the vaccine strains, providing robust neutralization, including the XBB.1.16 strain. The study also highlighted that individuals with hybrid immunity, especially those assumed infected with the BA.5 strain or who had been infected twice, showed higher levels of robust neutralizing activity against Omicron XBB.1.16. Overall, these results indicate that the BA.4/5 bivalent booster vaccines can induce potent and good antibody responses in emerging Omicron subvariants, supporting its efficacy as a booster in individuals with diverse vaccination histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitthichai Kanokudom
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeleton, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jira Chansaenroj
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nungruthai Suntronwong
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Lakkhana Wongsrisang
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Ratchadawan Aeemjinda
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Preeyaporn Vichaiwattana
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Thaksaporn Thatsanathorn
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Warangkana Chantima
- Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Pattarakul Pakchotanon
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Thaneeya Duangchinda
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Natthinee Sudhinaraset
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sittisak Honsawek
- Center of Excellence in Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeleton, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Fellow of the Royal Society of Thailand (FRS [T]), The Royal Society of Thailand, Sanam Sueapa, Dusit, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
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5
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Aiello A, Ruggieri S, Navarra A, Tortorella C, Vanini V, Haggiag S, Prosperini L, Cuzzi G, Salmi A, Quartuccio ME, Altera AMG, Meschi S, Matusali G, Vita S, Galgani S, Maggi F, Nicastri E, Gasperini C, Goletti D. Anti-RBD Antibody Levels and IFN-γ-Specific T Cell Response Are Associated with a More Rapid Swab Reversion in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis after the Booster Dose of COVID-19 Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:926. [PMID: 39204049 PMCID: PMC11359508 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12080926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the incidence and severity of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections (BIs) and the time to swab reversion in patients with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) after the booster dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. We enrolled 64 PwMS who had completed the three-dose mRNA vaccine schedule and had never experienced COVID-19 before. Among the 64 PwMS, 43.8% had BIs with a median time since the third vaccine dose of 155 days. BIs occurred more frequently in ocrelizumab-treated patients (64.7%). Patients with a relapsing-remitting MS course showed a reduced incidence of BIs compared with those with a primary-progressive disease (p = 0.002). Having anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) antibodies represented a protective factor reducing the incidence of BIs by 60% (p = 0.042). The majority of BIs were mild, and the only severe COVID-19 cases were reported in patients with a high Expanded Disability Status Scale score (EDSS > 6). The median time for a negative swab was 11 days. Notably, fingolimod-treated patients take longer for a swab-negativization (p = 0.002). Conversely, having anti-RBD antibodies ≥ 809 BAU/mL and an IFN-γ-specific T cell response ≥ 16 pg/mL were associated with a shorter time to swab-negativization (p = 0.051 and p = 0.018, respectively). In conclusion, the immunological protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection may differ among PwMS according to DMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Aiello
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (V.V.); (G.C.); (A.S.); (A.M.G.A.)
| | - Serena Ruggieri
- Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy; (S.R.); (C.T.); (S.H.); (M.E.Q.); (S.G.); (C.G.)
| | - Assunta Navarra
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, National Institute for Infectious Disease Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy;
| | - Carla Tortorella
- Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy; (S.R.); (C.T.); (S.H.); (M.E.Q.); (S.G.); (C.G.)
| | - Valentina Vanini
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (V.V.); (G.C.); (A.S.); (A.M.G.A.)
- Simple Operating Unit Technical Healthcare Professions , National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Shalom Haggiag
- Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy; (S.R.); (C.T.); (S.H.); (M.E.Q.); (S.G.); (C.G.)
| | - Luca Prosperini
- Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy; (S.R.); (C.T.); (S.H.); (M.E.Q.); (S.G.); (C.G.)
| | - Gilda Cuzzi
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (V.V.); (G.C.); (A.S.); (A.M.G.A.)
| | - Andrea Salmi
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (V.V.); (G.C.); (A.S.); (A.M.G.A.)
| | - Maria Esmeralda Quartuccio
- Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy; (S.R.); (C.T.); (S.H.); (M.E.Q.); (S.G.); (C.G.)
| | - Anna Maria Gerarda Altera
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (V.V.); (G.C.); (A.S.); (A.M.G.A.)
| | - Silvia Meschi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (G.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Giulia Matusali
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (G.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Serena Vita
- Clinical Division of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; (S.V.); (E.N.)
| | - Simonetta Galgani
- Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy; (S.R.); (C.T.); (S.H.); (M.E.Q.); (S.G.); (C.G.)
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (G.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Emanuele Nicastri
- Clinical Division of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; (S.V.); (E.N.)
| | - Claudio Gasperini
- Department of Neurosciences, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy; (S.R.); (C.T.); (S.H.); (M.E.Q.); (S.G.); (C.G.)
| | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (V.V.); (G.C.); (A.S.); (A.M.G.A.)
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Mi Y, Xu K, Wang W, Kong W, Xu X, Rong X, Tan J. Sequential Immunization with Vaccines Based on SARS-CoV-2 Virus-like Particles Induces Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:927. [PMID: 39204050 PMCID: PMC11359007 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12080927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Although many people have been vaccinated against COVID-19, infections with SARS-CoV-2 seem hard to avoid. There is a need to develop more effective vaccines and immunization strategies against emerging variants of infectious diseases. To understand whether different immunization strategies using variants sequence-based virus-like particles (VLPs) vaccines could offer superior immunity against future SARS-CoV-2 variants, our team constructed VLPs for the original Wuhan-Hu-1 strain (prototype), Delta (δ) variant, and Omicron (ο) variant of SARS-CoV-2, using baculovirus-insect expression system. Then we used these VLPs to assess the immune responses induced by homologous prime-boost, heterologous prime-boost, and sequential immunizations strategies in a mouse model. Our results showed that the pro+δ+ο sequential strategies elicited better neutralizing antibody responses. These sequential strategies also take advantage of inducing CD4+ T and CD8+ T lymphocytes proliferation and tendency to cytokine of Th1. Currently, our data suggest that sequential immunization with VLPs of encoding spike protein derived from SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern may be a potential vaccine strategy against emerging diseases, such as "Disease X".
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Mi
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of BasicMedical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (W.W.); (W.K.); (X.X.); (X.R.)
| | - Kun Xu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
- People’s Hospital of Qianxinan Prefecture, Xingyi 562400, China
| | - Wenting Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (W.W.); (W.K.); (X.X.); (X.R.)
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
| | - Weize Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (W.W.); (W.K.); (X.X.); (X.R.)
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
| | - Xiaonan Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (W.W.); (W.K.); (X.X.); (X.R.)
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
| | - Xifeng Rong
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (W.W.); (W.K.); (X.X.); (X.R.)
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
| | - Jiying Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (W.W.); (W.K.); (X.X.); (X.R.)
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
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7
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Liu FC, Xie M, Rao W. Clinical application of COVID-19 vaccine in liver transplant recipients. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2024; 23:339-343. [PMID: 37620225 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solid organ transplant (SOT) activities, such as liver transplant, have been greatly influenced by the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Immunosuppressed individuals of liver transplant recipients (LTRs) tend to have a high risk of COVID-19 infection and related complications. Therefore, COVID-19 vaccination has been recommended to be administered as early as possible in LTRs. DATA SOURCES The keywords "liver transplant", "SARS-CoV-2", and "vaccine" were used to retrieve articles published in PubMed. RESULTS The antibody response following the 1st and 2nd doses of vaccination was disappointingly low, and the immune responses among LTRs remarkably improved after the 3rd or 4th dose of vaccination. Although the 3rd or 4th dose of COVID-19 vaccine increased the antibody titer, a proportion of patients remained unresponsive. Furthermore, recent studies showed that SARS-CoV-2 vaccine could trigger adverse events in LTRs, including allograft rejection and liver injury. CONCLUSIONS This review provides the recently reported data on the antibody response of LTRs following various doses of vaccine, risk factors for poor serological response and adverse events after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Chao Liu
- Division of Hepatology, Liver Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China; Organ Transplantation Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China; Institute of Organ Donation and Transplantation of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Man Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Wei Rao
- Division of Hepatology, Liver Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China; Organ Transplantation Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China; Institute of Organ Donation and Transplantation of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China.
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8
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Suleiman A, Munoz-Acuna R, Redaelli S, Ahrens E, Tartler TM, Ashrafian S, Hashish MM, Santarisi A, Chen G, Riedel S, Talmor D, Baedorf Kassis EN, Schaefer MS, Goodspeed V. Previous Coronavirus Disease-2019 Infection and Lung Mechanics in Surgical Patients: A Hospital Registry Study. Anesth Analg 2024:00000539-990000000-00882. [PMID: 39058628 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000007015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term pulmonary complications have been reported after a coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). We hypothesized that a history of COVID-19 is associated with a measurable decrease in baseline respiratory system compliance in patients undergoing general anesthesia. METHODS In this hospital registry study, we included adult patients undergoing general anesthesia between January 2020 and March 2022 at a tertiary health care network in Massachusetts. We excluded patients with an American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status >IV, laryngoscopic surgeries, and patients who arrived intubated. The primary exposure was a history of COVID-19. The primary outcome was baseline respiratory system compliance (mL/cmH2O). Effects of severity of infection, surges (Alpha1, Alpha2, Delta, and Omicron), patient demographics, and time between infection and assessment of compliance were investigated. RESULTS A total of 19,921 patients were included. Approximately 1386 (7.0%) patients had a history of COVID-19. A history of COVID-19 at any time before surgery was associated with a measurably lower baseline respiratory system compliance (ratio of meansadj = 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.94-0.97; P < .001; adjusted compliance difference: -1.6 mL/cmH2O). The association was more pronounced in patients with a severe form of COVID-19 (ratio of meansadj = 0.95; 95% CI, 0.90-0.99; P = .02, adjusted compliance difference: -2 mL/cmH2O). Alpha1, Alpha2, and Delta surges, but not Omicron, led to a lower baseline respiratory system compliance (P < .001, P = .02, and P < .001). The Delta surge effect was magnified in Hispanic ethnicity (P-for-interaction = 0.003; ratio of meansadj = 0.83; 95% CI, 0.74-0.93; P = .001; adjusted compliance difference: -4.6 mL/cmH2O). CONCLUSIONS A history of COVID-19 infection during Alpha1, Alpha2, and Delta surges was associated with a measurably lower baseline respiratory system compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiman Suleiman
- From the Center for Anesthesia Research Excellence (CARE), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ricardo Munoz-Acuna
- From the Center for Anesthesia Research Excellence (CARE), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Simone Redaelli
- From the Center for Anesthesia Research Excellence (CARE), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anesthesia, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Ahrens
- From the Center for Anesthesia Research Excellence (CARE), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tim M Tartler
- From the Center for Anesthesia Research Excellence (CARE), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah Ashrafian
- From the Center for Anesthesia Research Excellence (CARE), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - May M Hashish
- From the Center for Anesthesia Research Excellence (CARE), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Abeer Santarisi
- From the Center for Anesthesia Research Excellence (CARE), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Guanqing Chen
- From the Center for Anesthesia Research Excellence (CARE), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stefan Riedel
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel Talmor
- From the Center for Anesthesia Research Excellence (CARE), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elias N Baedorf Kassis
- From the Center for Anesthesia Research Excellence (CARE), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maximilian S Schaefer
- From the Center for Anesthesia Research Excellence (CARE), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anesthesiology, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Valerie Goodspeed
- From the Center for Anesthesia Research Excellence (CARE), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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9
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Chen Q, Chen Y, Huang Y, Yang Q, He DY, Fang BJ, Ren Y, Liu J. Anxiety symptoms and risk factors in patients with SARS-cov-2 omicron variant in shanghai, China. Int J Psychiatry Med 2024:912174241264671. [PMID: 39041583 DOI: 10.1177/00912174241264671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic may include anxiety. However, the association between demographic and physiological factors in COVID-19 associated anxiety symptoms is poorly understood. Therefore, the present cross-sectional study was conducted to examine anxiety symptoms and associated factors among patients with the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant during quarantine in Shanghai. METHODS The study was conducted between April 16, 2022, and May 21, 2022, at Fangcang Shelter Hospital in Shanghai, China. Data were collected using an anonymous online questionnaire. Demographic characteristics, respiratory symptoms, vaccine dose, comorbidities (such as hypertension and diabetes), type of work, and mental health symptoms were evaluated. Logistic regression was used to investigate the relationship between anxiety symptoms and risk factors. Stratification analysis was performed to investigate potential interactions. RESULTS A total of 2132 patients with confirmed omicron variant SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled. The results showed that sex, age, type of work, respiratory symptoms, and comorbidities were positively associated with anxiety symptoms. Female gender (OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.11-1.94), nonmanual labor (OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.25-2.09), respiratory symptoms (OR = 3.19, 95% CI = 2.30-4.43), and other comorbidities (OR = 1.65, 95% = 1.09-2.50)were positively associated with anxiety symptoms. A significant interaction was observed between gender and nonmanual labor (OR = 1.54, 95% = 1.29-1.85), respiratory symptoms (OR = 2.06, 95% = 1.72-2.48), and comorbidities (OR = 1.57, 95% = 1.16-2.12), such that effects were stronger in women compared to men. There were also significant interactions between age group and nonmanual labor and respiratory symptoms in their association with anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Alleviation of respiratory symptoms, addressing comorbidities, and both psychological and psychopharmacological treatments may help reduce anxiety symptoms following infection with the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant in mainland China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chen
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Maternal & Child Health and Exposure Science of Guizhou Higher Education Institutes, Zunyi, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Classical Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Classical Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Qinglin Yang
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Maternal & Child Health and Exposure Science of Guizhou Higher Education Institutes, Zunyi, China
| | - De-Ying He
- Department of Classical Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Bang-Jiang Fang
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Classical Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Maternal & Child Health and Exposure Science of Guizhou Higher Education Institutes, Zunyi, China
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10
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Hatfield K, Wiegand R, Reddy S, Patel A, Baggs J, Franceschini T, Gensheimer A, Link-Gelles R, Jernigan J, Wallace M. Effectiveness of COVID-19 bivalent vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection among residents of US nursing homes, November 2022 - March 2023. Vaccine 2024:S0264-410X(24)00754-0. [PMID: 39013694 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Residents of nursing homes remain an epidemiologically important population for COVID-19 prevention efforts, including vaccination. We aim to understand effectiveness of bivalent vaccination for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections in this population. METHODS We used a retrospective cohort of nursing home residents from November 1, 2022, through March 31, 2023, to identify new SARS-CoV-2 infections. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate hazard ratios comparing residents with a bivalent vaccination compared with residents not up to date with vaccination recommendations. Vaccine effectiveness was estimated as (1 - Hazard Ratio) * 100. RESULTS Among 6,916 residents residing in 76 nursing homes included in our cohort, 3,211 (46%) received a bivalent vaccine 7 or more days prior to censoring. Adjusted vaccine effectiveness against laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection comparing receipt of a bivalent vaccine versus not up to date vaccine status was 29% (95% Confidence interval 18% to 39%). Vaccine effectiveness for receipt of a bivalent vaccine against residents who were unvaccinated or vaccinated more than a year prior was 32% (95% CI: 20% to 42%,) and was 25% compared with residents who were vaccinated with a monovalent vaccine in the past 61-365 days (95% CI:10% to 37%). CONCLUSIONS Bivalent COVID-19 vaccines provided additional protection against SARS-CoV-2 infections in nursing home residents during our study time-period, compared to both no vaccination or vaccination more than a year ago and monovalent vaccination 60 - 365 days prior. Ensuring nursing home residents stay up to date with vaccine recommendations remains a critical tool for COVID-19 prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Hatfield
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Ryan Wiegand
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sujan Reddy
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Arshiya Patel
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States; Chenega Enterprise, Systems, and Solutions, Anchorage, AK, United States
| | - James Baggs
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | | | - Ruth Link-Gelles
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - John Jernigan
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Megan Wallace
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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11
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Lipsitch M, Bassett MT, Brownstein JS, Elliott P, Eyre D, Grabowski MK, Hay JA, Johansson MA, Kissler SM, Larremore DB, Layden JE, Lessler J, Lynfield R, MacCannell D, Madoff LC, Metcalf CJE, Meyers LA, Ofori SK, Quinn C, Bento AI, Reich NG, Riley S, Rosenfeld R, Samore MH, Sampath R, Slayton RB, Swerdlow DL, Truelove S, Varma JK, Grad YH. Infectious disease surveillance needs for the United States: lessons from Covid-19. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1408193. [PMID: 39076420 PMCID: PMC11285106 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1408193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to upgrade systems for infectious disease surveillance and forecasting and modeling of the spread of infection, both of which inform evidence-based public health guidance and policies. Here, we discuss requirements for an effective surveillance system to support decision making during a pandemic, drawing on the lessons of COVID-19 in the U.S., while looking to jurisdictions in the U.S. and beyond to learn lessons about the value of specific data types. In this report, we define the range of decisions for which surveillance data are required, the data elements needed to inform these decisions and to calibrate inputs and outputs of transmission-dynamic models, and the types of data needed to inform decisions by state, territorial, local, and tribal health authorities. We define actions needed to ensure that such data will be available and consider the contribution of such efforts to improving health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Lipsitch
- Center for Forecasting and Outbreak Analytics, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mary T. Bassett
- François-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - John S. Brownstein
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Eyre
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - M. Kate Grabowski
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - James A. Hay
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. Johansson
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Stephen M. Kissler
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Daniel B. Larremore
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Layden
- Office of Public Health Data, Surveillance, and Technology, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Justin Lessler
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ruth Lynfield
- Minnesota Department of Health, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Duncan MacCannell
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office of Advanced Molecular Detection, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - C. Jessica E. Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Lauren A. Meyers
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Sylvia K. Ofori
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Celia Quinn
- Division of Disease Control, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Ana I. Bento
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Nicholas G. Reich
- Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Steven Riley
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roni Rosenfeld
- Departments of Computer Science and Computational Biology, Carnegie Melon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Matthew H. Samore
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | | | - Rachel B. Slayton
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - David L. Swerdlow
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shaun Truelove
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jay K. Varma
- SIGA Technologies, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Yonatan H. Grad
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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12
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Dean N, Amin AB. Test-Negative Study Designs for Evaluating Vaccine Effectiveness. JAMA 2024; 332:163-164. [PMID: 38865112 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2024.5633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
This JAMA Guide to Statistics and Methods article explains the test-negative study design, an observational study design routinely used to estimate vaccine effectiveness, and examines its use in a study that estimated the performance of messenger RNA boosters against the Omicron variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Dean
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Avnika B Amin
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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13
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Hollstein MM, Dierks S, Schön MP, Groß U, Thiele K, Leha A, Zautner AE, Fischer A, Erpenbeck L, Schnelle M. Anti-rubella IgG serum levels predict risk for SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections. Allergy 2024. [PMID: 38979807 DOI: 10.1111/all.16232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz M Hollstein
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sascha Dierks
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary UMG Laboratory, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael P Schön
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational Dermatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Groß
- Interdisciplinary UMG Laboratory, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Karin Thiele
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary UMG Laboratory, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Leha
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas E Zautner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Fischer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary UMG Laboratory, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Luise Erpenbeck
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Moritz Schnelle
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary UMG Laboratory, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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14
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Zhang J, Meng Y, Yang M, Hao W, Liu J, Wu L, Yu X, Zhang Y, Lin B, Xie C, Ge L, Zhijie Zhang, Tong W, Chang Q, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Qin X. A prospective cohort-based artificial intelligence evaluation system for the protective efficacy and immune response of SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccines. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112141. [PMID: 38733819 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel coronaviruses constitute a significant health threat, prompting the adoption of vaccination as the primary preventive measure. However, current evaluations of immune response and vaccine efficacy are deemed inadequate. OBJECTIVES The study sought to explore the evolving dynamics of immune response at various vaccination time points and during breakthrough infections. It aimed to elucidate the synergistic effects of epidemiological factors, humoral immunity, and cellular immunity. Additionally, regression curves were used to determine the correlation between the protective efficacy of the vaccine and the stimulated immune response. METHODS Employing LASSO for high-dimensional data analysis, the study utilised four machine learning algorithms-logistical regression, random forest, LGBM classifier, and AdaBoost classifier-to comprehensively assess the immune response following booster vaccination. RESULTS Neutralising antibody levels exhibited a rapid surge post-booster, escalating to 102.38 AU/mL at one week and peaking at 298.02 AU/mL at two weeks. Influential factors such as sex, age, disease history, and smoking status significantly impacted post-booster antibody levels. The study further constructed regression curves for neutralising antibodies, non-switched memory B cells, CD4+T cells, and CD8+T cells using LASSO combined with the random forest algorithm. CONCLUSION The establishment of an artificial intelligence evaluation system emerges as pivotal for predicting breakthrough infection prognosis after the COVID-19 booster vaccination. This research underscores the intricate interplay between various components of immunity and external factors, elucidating key insights to enhance vaccine effectiveness. 3D modelling discerned distinctive interactions between humoral and cellular immunity within prognostic groups (Class 0-2). This underscores the critical role of the synergistic effect of humoral immunity, cellular immunity, and epidemiological factors in determining the protective efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines post-booster administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Meng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Wudi Hao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoxu Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Chonghong Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Ge
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Tong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixiao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaosong Qin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Cao Z, Sun F, Ding H, Tian Z, Cui Y, Yang W, Hu S, Shi L. A retrospective analysis of the influencing factors of nucleic acid CT value fluctuation in COVID-19 patients infected with Omicron variant virus in Changchun city. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1377135. [PMID: 38947348 PMCID: PMC11211536 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1377135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with fluctuations in nucleic acid CT values in patients infected with the Omicron variant during an outbreak at a hospital in Changchun city. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on general information, medical history, vaccination history, and laboratory test data of COVID-19 patients infected with the Omicron variant and admitted to the hospital in Changchun from March 2022 to April 2022. The study aimed to explore the factors influencing nucleic acid CT value fluctuations in COVID-19 patients infected with the Omicron variant in Changchun city. Results Fluctuations in nucleic acid CT values were significantly correlated with occupation composition (p = 0.030), hospital stay duration (p = 0.000), heart rate (p = 0.026), creatinine (p = 0.011), platelet count (p = 0.000), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (p = 0.045), and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (p = 0.017). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed significant correlations between hospital stay duration (p = 0.000), platelet count (p = 0.019), heart rate (p = 0.036), and nucleic acid CT value fluctuations (p < 0.05), indicating that they were independent risk factors. Red blood cell count was identified as a factor influencing nucleic acid CT value fluctuations in Group A patients. Occupation composition, direct bilirubin, and platelet count were identified as factors influencing nucleic acid CT value fluctuations in Group B patients. Further binary logistic regression analysis indicated that occupational composition and direct bilirubin are significant independent factors for nucleic acid CT value fluctuations in Group B patients, positively correlated with occupational risk and negatively correlated with direct bilirubin. Conclusion Therefore, enhancing patients' immunity, increasing physical exercise to improve myocardial oxygen consumption, reducing the length of hospital stays, and closely monitoring liver function at the onset of hospitalization to prevent liver function abnormalities are effective measures to control fluctuations in nucleic acid CT values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghua Cao
- Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Feng Sun
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Huan Ding
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhiyu Tian
- Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yingzi Cui
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shaodan Hu
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Li Shi
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
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16
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Lei J, MacNab Y. Bayesian hierarchical spatiotemporal models for prediction of (under)reporting rates and cases: COVID-19 infection among the older people in the United States during the 2020-2022 pandemic. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2024; 49:100658. [PMID: 38876569 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2024.100658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The gap between the reported and actual COVID-19 infection cases has been an issue of concern. Here, we present Bayesian hierarchical spatiotemporal disease mapping models for state-level predictions of COVID-19 infection risks and (under)reporting rates among people aged 65 and above during the first two years of the pandemic in the United States. With prior elicitation based on recent prevalence studies, the study suggests that the median state-level reporting rate of COVID-19 infection was 90% (interquartile range: [78%, 96%]). Our study uncovers spatiotemporal variations and dynamics in state-level infection risks and (under)reporting rates, suggesting time-varying associations between higher population density, higher percentage of minorities, and higher percentage of vaccination and increased risks of COVID-19 infection, as well as an association between more easily accessible tests and higher reporting rates. With sensitivity analyses, we highlight the impact and importance of incorporating covariates information and objective prior references for evaluating the issue of underreporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Lei
- School of Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada.
| | - Ying MacNab
- School of Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada
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17
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Lazar Neto F, Hitchings MD, Amin AB, de França GV, Lind ML, Scaramuzzini Torres MS, Tsuha DH, de Oliveira RD, Cummings DA, Dean NE, Andrews JR, Ko AI, Croda J, Ranzani OT. Effectiveness of the fourth dose of COVID-19 vaccines against severe COVID-19 among adults 40 years or older in Brazil: a population-based cohort study. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2024; 34:100755. [PMID: 38737773 PMCID: PMC11087726 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2024.100755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Background The emergence of COVID-19 variants with immune scape and the waning of primary vaccine schemes effectiveness have prompted many countries to indicate first and second booster COVID-19 vaccine doses to prevent severe COVID-19. However, current available evidence on second booster dose effectiveness are mostly limited to high-income countries, older adults, and mRNA-based vaccination schemes scenarios. We aimed to investigate the relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) of the fourth dose compared to three doses for severe COVID-19 outcomes in Brazil; and compare the rVE of a fourth dose with an mRNA vaccine compared to adenovirus-based product in the same settings. Methods We performed a target emulated trial using a population-based cohort of individuals aged 40 years or older who have received a homologous primary scheme of CoronaVac, ChAdOx1, or BNT162b2, and any third dose product and were eligible for the fourth dose in Brazil. The primary outcome was COVID-19 associated hospitalization or death. We built Cohort A matching individuals vaccinated with a fourth dose to individuals who received three doses to estimate the rVE of the fourth dose. We built Cohort B, a subset of Cohort A, matching mRNA-based (mRNA) to adenovirus-based fourth dose vaccinated individuals to compare their relative hazards for severe COVID-19. Findings 46,693,484 individuals were included in Cohort A and 6,763,016 in Cohort B. 45% of them were aged between 40 and 60 years old, and 48% between 60 and 79 years old. In Cohort A, the most common previous series was a ChAdOx1 two-dose followed by BNT162b2 (44%), and a CoronaVac two-dose followed by a BNT162b2 (36%). Among those fourth dose vaccinated, 36.9% received ChAdOx1, 32.7% Ad26.COV2.S, 25.8% BNT162b2, and 4.7% CoronaVac. In Cohort B, among those who received an adenovirus fourth dose, 53.7% received ChAdOx1 and 46.3% received Ad26.COV2.S. The estimated rVE for the primary outcome of four doses compared to three doses was 44.1% (95% CI 42.3-46.0), with some waning during follow-up (rVE 7-60 days 46.8% [95% CI 44.4-49.1], rVE after 120 days 33.8% [95% CI 18.0-46.6]). Among fourth dose vaccinated individuals, mRNA-based vaccinated individuals had lower hazards for hospitalization or death compared to adenovirus-vaccinated individuals (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.75-0.87). After 120 days, no difference in hazards between groups was observed (HR 1.35, 95% CI 0.93-1.97). Similar findings were observed for hospitalization and death separately, except no evidence for differences between fourth dose brands for death in Cohort B. Interpretation In a heterogeneous scenario of primary and first booster vaccination combinations, a fourth dose provided meaningful and durable protection against severe COVID-19 outcomes. Compared to adenovirus-based booster, a fourth dose wild-type mRNA vaccine was associated with immediate lower hazards of hospitalization or death unsustained after 120 days. Funding None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felippe Lazar Neto
- Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Matt D.T. Hitchings
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health & Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Avnika B. Amin
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory, University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Margaret L. Lind
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Roberto D. de Oliveira
- State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, MS, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil
| | - Derek A.T. Cummings
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Natalie E. Dean
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory, University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jason R. Andrews
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Julio Croda
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Fiocruz Mato Grosso do Sul, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, MS, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Otavio T. Ranzani
- Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Pourriyahi H, Hajizadeh N, Khosravi M, Pourriahi H, Soleimani S, Hosseini NS, Mohammad AP, Goodarzi A. New variants of COVID-19 (XBB.1.5 and XBB.1.16, the "Arcturus"): A review of highly questioned concerns, a brief comparison between different peaks in the COVID-19 pandemic, with a focused systematic review on expert recommendations for prevention, vaccination, and treatment measures in the general population and at-risk groups. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1323. [PMID: 38938013 PMCID: PMC11211615 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic has taken many forms and continues to evolve, now around the Omicron wave, raising concerns over the globe. With COVID-19 being declared no longer a "public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC)," the COVID pandemic is still far from over, as new Omicron subvariants of interest and concern have risen since January of 2023. Mainly with the XBB.1.5 and XBB.1.16 subvariants, the pandemic is still very much "alive" and "breathing." METHODS This review consists of five highly concerning questions about the current state of the COVID Omicron peak. We searched four main online databases to answer the first four questions. For the last one, we performed a systematic review of the literature, with keywords "Omicron," "Guidelines," and "Recommendations." RESULTS A total of 31 articles were included. The main symptoms of the current Omicron wave include a characteristically high fever, coughing, conjunctivitis (with itching eyes), sore throat, runny nose, congestion, fatigue, body ache, and headache. The median incubation period of the symptoms is shorter than the previous peaks. Vaccination against COVID can still be considered effective for the new subvariants. CONCLUSION Guidelines recommend continuation of personal protective measures, third and fourth dose boosters, along with administration of bivalent messenger RNA vaccine boosters. The consensus antiviral treatment is combination therapy using Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir, and the consensus for pre-exposure prophylaxis is Tixagevimab and Cilgavimab combination. We hope the present paper raises awareness for the continuing presence of COVID and ways to lower the risks, especially for at-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Pourriyahi
- Student Research Committee, School of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Nima Hajizadeh
- School of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mina Khosravi
- School of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Homayoun Pourriahi
- Student Research Committee, School of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Sanaz Soleimani
- Student Research Committee, School of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Rasool Akram Medical Complex Clinical Research Development Center (RCRDC), School of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | | | | | - Azadeh Goodarzi
- Department of Dermatology, Rasool Akram Medical Complex Clinical Research Development Center (RCRDC), School of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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19
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Quarleri J, Delpino MV, Galvan V. Anticipating the future of the COVID-19 pandemic: insights into the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variant JN.1 and its projected impact on older adults. GeroScience 2024; 46:2879-2883. [PMID: 38198026 PMCID: PMC11009205 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Quarleri
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Paraguay 2155, Piso 11, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - M Victoria Delpino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Paraguay 2155, Piso 11, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Veronica Galvan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs, Oklahoma City VA Health Care System, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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20
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Alwahaibi N, Al Maskari M, Al-Jaaidi S, Al Dhahli B, Al Issaei H, Al Bahlani S. COVID-19 in the Arab countries: Three-year study. F1000Res 2024; 12:1448. [PMID: 38854702 PMCID: PMC11157493 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.142541.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Twenty-two Arab countries share a common language, history, and culture. Nevertheless, governmental policies, healthcare systems, and resources differ from one Arab country to another. We have been following Coronavirus (COVID-19) from the beginning in each Arab country. In the present study, we aimed to assess the prevalence of COVID-19 in the Arab world and to compare these findings with other significantly affected countries. Methods Websites of the World Health Organization, World COVID-vaccinations tracker, Worldometer, and Ministries of Health were used to extract COVID-19 data in all Arab countries between the period January 2020 to December 2022. Results All Arab countries had 14,218,042 total confirmed COVID-19 cases, 13,384,924 total recovered cases and 173,544 total related deaths. The trend demonstrated that the third quarter of 2021 recorded the highest death toll and the first quarter of 2022 recorded the highest number of confirmed and recovered cases. Compared to the top 15 affected countries, the Arab world ranked last as it had the lowest overall incidence per million population (PMP) of 31,609. The data on total deaths PMP showed that India had the lowest number of deaths with only 377 cases followed by the Arab world with 386 cases. Conclusions Although the number of confirmed, death, and recovered cases of COVID-19 have greatly reduced in the last quarter of 2022 in most Arab countries, many Arab countries still need to re-campaign about COVID-19 vaccines and raise awareness programs about boosters. COVID-19 has had a relatively smaller impact on Arab countries than on other countries that have been significantly affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasar Alwahaibi
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Muscat Governorate, Oman
| | - Muna Al Maskari
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Muscat Governorate, Oman
| | - Samiya Al-Jaaidi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Muscat Governorate, Oman
| | - Buthaina Al Dhahli
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Muscat Governorate, Oman
| | - Halima Al Issaei
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Muscat Governorate, Oman
| | - Shadia Al Bahlani
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Muscat Governorate, Oman
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21
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Haq MA, Roy AK, Ahmed R, Kuddusi RU, Sinha M, Hossain MS, Vandenent M, Islam MZ, Zaman RU, Kibria MG, Razzaque A, Raqib R, Sarker P. Antibody longevity and waning following COVID-19 vaccination in a 1-year longitudinal cohort in Bangladesh. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11467. [PMID: 38769324 PMCID: PMC11106241 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61922-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines have been effective in preventing severe illness, hospitalization and death, however, the effectiveness diminishes with time. Here, we evaluated the longevity of antibodies generated by COIVD-19 vaccines and the risk of (re)infection in Bangladeshi population. Adults receiving two doses of AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Moderna or Sinopharm vaccines were enrolled at 2-4 weeks after second dosing and followed-up at 4-monthly interval for 1 year. Data on COVID-like symptoms, confirmed COVID-19 infection, co-morbidities, and receipt of booster dose were collected; blood was collected for measuring spike (S)- and nucleocapsid (N)-specific antibodies. S-specific antibody titers reduced by ~ 50% at 1st follow-up visit and continued to decline unless re-stimulated by booster vaccine dose or (re)infection. Individuals infected between follow-up visits showed significantly lower S-antibody titers at preceding visits compared to the uninfected individuals. Pre-enrolment infection between primary vaccination dosing exhibited 60% and 50% protection against reinfection at 5 and 9 months, respectively. mRNA vaccines provided highest odds of protection from (re)infection up to 5 months (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.08), however, protection persisted for 9 months in AstraZeneca vaccine recipients (OR = 0.06). In conclusion, vaccine-mediated protection from (re)infection is partially linked to elevated levels of S-specific antibodies. AstraZeneca vaccine provided the longest protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ahsanul Haq
- Immunobiology, Nutrition and Toxicology Laboratory, Nutrition Research Division, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Anjan Kumar Roy
- Immunobiology, Nutrition and Toxicology Laboratory, Nutrition Research Division, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Razu Ahmed
- Immunobiology, Nutrition and Toxicology Laboratory, Nutrition Research Division, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Rakib Ullah Kuddusi
- Immunobiology, Nutrition and Toxicology Laboratory, Nutrition Research Division, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Monika Sinha
- Immunobiology, Nutrition and Toxicology Laboratory, Nutrition Research Division, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shamim Hossain
- Immunobiology, Nutrition and Toxicology Laboratory, Nutrition Research Division, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | - Md Golam Kibria
- Sheikh Russel Gastroliver Institute and Hospital, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Abdur Razzaque
- Immunobiology, Nutrition and Toxicology Laboratory, Nutrition Research Division, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Rubhana Raqib
- Immunobiology, Nutrition and Toxicology Laboratory, Nutrition Research Division, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Protim Sarker
- Immunobiology, Nutrition and Toxicology Laboratory, Nutrition Research Division, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr, b), Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.
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22
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Acer Ö, Genç Bahçe Y, Özüdoğru O. Homologous and Heterologous Covid-19 Booster Vaccinations Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Elderly. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:171. [PMID: 38739274 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03689-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
A third booster doses for the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is widely used all over the world, especially in risky individuals, with the recommendation of WHO. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of mRNA (BNT162b2), and CoronaVac (Sinovac Biotech) vaccines as a reminder dose following two doses of CoronaVac against COVID-19 infection, serious illness, and mortality in the geriatric population aged 75 and older during the delta variant dominant period. Our study comprised 2730 individuals the age of 75 and older in total, of which 1082 (39.6%) were male and 1648 (60.4%) were female. The vaccine effectiveness (VE) of 2 doses of CoronaVac + 1 dose of BNT162b2 vaccine combination against COVID-19 was determined as 89.2% (95% Confidence interval (CI) 80.7-93.9%), while the VE of 3 doses of CoronaVac vaccine was determined as 80.4% (95% CI 60.5-90.2%). Geriatric patients who received three doses of CoronaVac vaccine did not need intensive care. No deaths were observed in the vaccinated groups. While the VE of vaccination with 2 doses of CoronaVac + 1 dose of BNT162b2 was 41.8% (95% CI 0-74.1%) against hospitalization, 64.4% (95% CI 0-94.7%) against intensive care unit admission, the VE of vaccination with three doses of the CoronaVac was 78.2% (95% CI 0-96.5%) against hospitalization. In conclusion, our research showed that, even with the emergence of viral variants, a third dose of the CoronaVac and BNT162b2 vaccines is highly effective against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Third-dose vaccination regimens, including heterologous and homologous vaccines, can be an effective tool in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic and the emergence of new variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Acer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Siirt University, 56100, Siirt, Türkiye.
| | - Yasemin Genç Bahçe
- Microbiology Laboratory, Siirt Training and Research Hospital, 56100, Siirt, Türkiye
| | - Osman Özüdoğru
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, 24100, Erzincan, Türkiye
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Lustig Y, Canetti M, Indenbaum V, Peretz Y, Weiss-Ottolenghi Y, Margalit I, Asraf K, Levin T, Zuckerman N, Tomer E, Mandelboim M, Doolman R, Barda N, Regev-Yochay G. SARS-CoV-2 IgG Levels as Predictors of XBB Variant Neutralization, Israel, 2022- and 2023. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1050-1052. [PMID: 38666742 PMCID: PMC11060444 DOI: 10.3201/eid3005.231739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Although a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-XBB.1.5 variant is available worldwide and recent infection is protective, the lack of recorded infection data highlights the need to assess variant-specific antibody neutralization levels. We analyzed IgG levels against receptor-binding domain-specific SARS-CoV-2 ancestral strain as a correlate for high neutralizing titers against XBB variants.
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24
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Bansal A, Nanjundappa A, Raymond D, Kirksey L, Khot UN. Longitudinal trends in acute pulmonary embolism hospitalizations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur J Intern Med 2024; 123:148-150. [PMID: 38310010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2024.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Agam Bansal
- Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Aravinda Nanjundappa
- Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Daniel Raymond
- Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Lee Kirksey
- Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Umesh N Khot
- Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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25
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Fang F, Clemens JD, Zhang ZF, Brewer TF. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines on Covid-19 incidence and mortality in the United States. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301830. [PMID: 38656933 PMCID: PMC11042718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the waning of vaccine effectiveness and the shifting of the most dominant strains in the U.S., it is imperative to understand the association between vaccination coverage and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease and mortality at the community levels and whether that association might vary according to the dominant SARS-CoV-2 strains in the U.S. METHODS Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate associations between U.S. county-level cumulative vaccination rates and booster distribution and the daily change in county-wide Coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) risks and mortality during Alpha, Delta and Omicron predominance. Models were adjusted for potential confounders at both county and state level. A 2-week lag and a 4-week lag were introduced to assess vaccination rate impact on incidence and mortality, respectively. RESULTS Among 3,073 counties in 48 states, the average county population complete vaccination rate of all age groups was 50.79% as of March 11th, 2022. Each percentage increase in vaccination rates was associated with reduction of 4% (relative risk (RR) 0.9607 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.9553, 0.9661)) and 3% (RR 0.9694 (95% CI: 0.9653, 0.9736)) in county-wide COVID-19 cases and mortality, respectively, when Alpha was the dominant variant. The associations between county-level vaccine rates and COVID-19 incidence diminished during the Delta and Omicron predominance. However, each percent increase in people receiving a booster shot was associated with reduction of 6% (RR 0.9356 (95% CI: 0.9235, 0.9479)) and 4% (RR 0.9595 (95% CI: 0.9431, 0.9761)) in COVID-19 incidence and mortality in the community, respectively, during the Omicron predominance. CONCLUSIONS Associations between complete vaccination rates and COVID-19 incidence and mortality appeared to vary with shifts in the dominant variant, perhaps due to variations in vaccine efficacy by variant or to waning vaccine immunity over time. Vaccine boosters were associated with notable protection against Omicron disease and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - John David Clemens
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- International Vaccination Institute (IVI), Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Zuo-Feng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Timothy F. Brewer
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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26
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Corrao G, Porcu G, Tratsevich A, Cereda D, Pavesi G, Bertolaso G, Franchi M. Estimating All-Cause Deaths Averted in the First Two Years of the COVID-19 Vaccination Campaign in Italy. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:413. [PMID: 38675795 PMCID: PMC11055119 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Comparing deaths averted by vaccination campaigns is a crucial public health endeavour. Excess all-cause deaths better reflect the impact of the pandemic than COVID-19 deaths. We used a seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average with exogenous factors model to regress daily all-cause deaths on annual trend, seasonality, and environmental temperature in three Italian regions (Lombardy, Marche and Sicily) from 2015 to 2019. The model was used to forecast excess deaths during the vaccinal period (December 2020-October 2022). We used the prevented fraction to estimate excess deaths observed during the vaccinal campaigns, those which would have occurred without vaccination, and those averted by the campaigns. At the end of the vaccinal period, the Lombardy region proceeded with a more intensive COVID-19 vaccination campaign than other regions (on average, 1.82 doses per resident, versus 1.67 and 1.56 in Marche and Sicily, respectively). A higher prevented fraction of all-cause deaths was consistently found in Lombardy (65% avoided deaths, as opposed to 60% and 58% in Marche and Sicily). Nevertheless, because of a lower excess mortality rate found in Lombardy compared to Marche and Sicily (12, 24 and 23 per 10,000 person-years, respectively), a lower rate of averted deaths was observed (22 avoided deaths per 10,000 person-years, versus 36 and 32 in Marche and Sicily). In Lombardy, early and full implementation of adult COVID-19 vaccination was associated with the largest reduction in all-cause deaths compared to Marche and Sicily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Corrao
- National Centre for Healthcare Research and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.C.); (A.T.); (M.F.)
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Porcu
- National Centre for Healthcare Research and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.C.); (A.T.); (M.F.)
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
- Specialization School of Health Statistics and Biometrics, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Alina Tratsevich
- National Centre for Healthcare Research and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.C.); (A.T.); (M.F.)
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Danilo Cereda
- Preventive Unit of Welfare Department, Lombardy Region, 20124 Milan, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Pavesi
- General Directorate of Welfare Department, Lombardy Region, 20124 Milan, Italy;
| | | | - Matteo Franchi
- National Centre for Healthcare Research and Pharmacoepidemiology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.C.); (A.T.); (M.F.)
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
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Johnston TS, Li SH, Painter MM, Atkinson RK, Douek NR, Reeg DB, Douek DC, Wherry EJ, Hensley SE. Immunological imprinting shapes the specificity of human antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Immunity 2024; 57:912-925.e4. [PMID: 38490198 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to accumulate substitutions, leading to breakthrough infections of vaccinated individuals. It remains unclear if exposures to antigenically distant SARS-CoV-2 variants can overcome memory B cell biases established by initial SARS-CoV-2 encounters. We determined the specificity and functionality of antibody and B cell responses following exposure to BA.5 and XBB variants in individuals who received ancestral SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines. BA.5 exposures elicited antibody responses that targeted epitopes conserved between the BA.5 and ancestral spike. XBB exposures also elicited antibody responses that primarily targeted epitopes conserved between the XBB.1.5 and ancestral spike. However, unlike BA.5, a single XBB exposure elicited low frequencies of XBB.1.5-specific antibodies and B cells in some individuals. Pre-existing cross-reactive B cells and antibodies were correlated with stronger overall responses to XBB but weaker XBB-specific responses, suggesting that baseline immunity influences the activation of variant-specific SARS-CoV-2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Johnston
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shuk Hang Li
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark M Painter
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Reilly K Atkinson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Naomi R Douek
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David B Reeg
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Scott E Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Abraham R, Biju A, Ittyachen AM. Diabetes Mellitus and Other Comorbidities: Outcome among Covid-19 Patients in Kerala: A Retrospective Observational Study. J Family Med Prim Care 2024; 13:1544-1549. [PMID: 38827707 PMCID: PMC11141971 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1529_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Covid-19 was declared by the WHO as a pandemic in 2020; India was also severely affected. Diabetes, a major lifestyle disorder, has seen its prevalence rate rising in developing countries. India is home to the world's second-largest population of diabetes. Several studies have reported greater severity and mortality of Covid-19 in diabetic patients. Methodology This was a hospital-based retrospective study done in a rural-based medical college in Kerala State. Data was collected using a semi-structured proforma and analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences software version 25. The study was part of the STS research program of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). Results There were 567 patients in the study. Those with pre-existing diabetes had a worse outcome compared to those with newly detected diabetes. The presence of CKD was associated with a poor outcome. Patients admitted to the ICU, and those on assisted ventilation also had a lower survival rate; within the subgroup, those on non-invasive ventilation had a better outcome. Conclusion Mortality in Covid-19 is multifactorial. Those with diabetes have a poor outcome. Comorbidities have been reported to confer a high mortality rate in Covid-19 but this was not so in our study (except for CKD). Variability in outcome with respect to comorbidities and better outcomes in those who were non-invasively ventilated calls for more research to establish the relationship between pre-existing conditions and severity of disease. The use of non-invasive ventilation could also provide succor to resource-limited communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahael Abraham
- Department of Medicine, M.O.S.C Medical College and Hospital, Kolenchery, Ernakulam District, Kerala, India
| | - Asha Biju
- Department of Medicine, M.O.S.C Medical College and Hospital, Kolenchery, Ernakulam District, Kerala, India
| | - Abraham M. Ittyachen
- Department of Medicine, M.O.S.C Medical College and Hospital, Kolenchery, Ernakulam District, Kerala, India
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Zhu C, Pang S, Liu J, Duan Q. Current Progress, Challenges and Prospects in the Development of COVID-19 Vaccines. Drugs 2024; 84:403-423. [PMID: 38652356 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-024-02013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in over 772 million confirmed cases, including nearly 7 million deaths, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Leveraging rapid development, accelerated vaccine approval processes, and large-scale production of various COVID-19 vaccines using different technical platforms, the WHO declared an end to the global health emergency of COVID-19 on May 5, 2023. Current COVID-19 vaccines encompass inactivated, live attenuated, viral vector, protein subunit, nucleic acid (DNA and RNA), and virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines. However, the efficacy of these vaccines is diminishing due to the constant mutation of SARS-CoV-2 and the heightened immune evasion abilities of emerging variants. This review examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the biological characteristics of the virus, and its diverse variants. Moreover, the review underscores the effectiveness, advantages, and disadvantages of authorized COVID-19 vaccines. Additionally, it analyzes the challenges, strategies, and future prospects of developing a safe, broad-spectrum vaccine that confers sufficient and sustainable immune protection against new variants of SARS-CoV-2. These discussions not only offer insight for the development of next-generation COVID-19 vaccines but also summarize experiences for combating future emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congrui Zhu
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Shengmei Pang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Qiangde Duan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Hong Y, Che T, Shen X, Chen J, Wang K, Zhao L, Gao W, Zhang Y, Ge W, Gu Y, Zou D. The association of three vaccination doses with reduced gastrointestinal symptoms after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1377926. [PMID: 38562376 PMCID: PMC10982480 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1377926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The protective efficacy of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination against the new-onset gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms following COVID-19 infection is critical among patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, the optimal protective vaccine dose remains unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify whether there is a correlation between SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations and GI symptoms following Omicron infection in patients with IBD. Methods We conducted a multicenter cross-sectional study of IBD patients among three tertiary hospitals in eastern China. Professional physicians collected all data using online questionnaires. The patients were stratified into four groups: patients who were unvaccinated and patients who received one, two, or three vaccination doses. The primary outcome was the presence of any new-onset GI symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection before a negative SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test or a negative self-testing for antigens. Results In total, 536 patients with IBD (175 unvaccinated, 31 vaccinated, 166 vaccinated with two doses, and 164 vaccinated with three doses) reported having COVID-19 infection. Compared with the unvaccinated, the three vaccination doses group was associated with reduced GI symptoms after infection (adjusted odds ratio = 0.56, 95% confidence interval 0.34-0.90, P < 0.05). Reduced diarrhea (adjusted odds ratio = 0.54, 95% confidence interval 0.31-0.92, P < 0.05) and nausea or vomiting (adjusted odds ratio = 0.45, 95% confidence interval 0.21-0.92, P < 0.05) were observed in the three vaccination doses group compared with the unvaccinated group. Conclusions In conclusion, in the 536 patients with IBD who reported COVID-19 infection, we found that the three vaccination doses, but not the one or two doses group, were associated with reduced GI symptoms after infection compared with the unvaccinated group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyi Che
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangguo Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Wusong Central Hospital (Zhongshan Hospital Wusong Branch, Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Public Health and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingying Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weitong Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wensong Ge
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yubei Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Duowu Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Giannouchos TV, Hair NL, Olatosi B, Li X. Waning effectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines against inpatient and emergency department encounters. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300198. [PMID: 38452010 PMCID: PMC10919609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In the United States, most real-world estimates of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness are based on data drawn from large health systems or sentinel populations. More data is needed to understand how the benefits of vaccination may vary across US populations with disparate risk profiles and policy contexts. We aimed to provide estimates of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against moderate and severe outcomes of COVID-19 based on state population-level data sources. Using statewide integrated administrative and clinical data and a test-negative case-control study design, we assessed mRNA COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2-related hospitalizations and emergency department visits among adults in South Carolina. We presented estimates of vaccine effectiveness at discrete time intervals for adults who received one, two or three doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine compared to adults who were unvaccinated. We also evaluated changes in vaccine effectiveness over time (waning) for the overall sample and in subgroups defined by age. We showed that while two doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine were initially highly effective, vaccine effectiveness waned as time elapsed since the second dose. Compared to protection against hospitalizations, protection against emergency department visits was found to wane more sharply. In all cases, a third dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine conferred significant gains in protection relative to waning protection after two doses. Further, over more than 120 days of follow-up, the data revealed relatively limited waning of vaccine effectiveness after a third dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros V. Giannouchos
- Department of Health Policy and Organization, The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Nicole L. Hair
- Department of Health Services Policy and Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
| | - Bankole Olatosi
- Department of Health Services Policy and Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
- Big Data Health Science Research Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Big Data Health Science Research Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
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Zheng Z, Wu H, Sun X, Lu Y, Song Y, Luo Y, Zhou T, Feng M, Wan P, Zhu J, Shen N, Cao Q, Liang J, Xia Q, Xue F. Evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of sequential vaccination with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and Ad5-nCoV booster in pediatric liver transplant recipients. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29543. [PMID: 38528839 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, uncertainty persists among caregivers regarding the vaccination of pediatric liver transplant recipients (PLTRs). This study evaluates the immunogenicity and safety of COVID-19 vaccination in this vulnerable population. A cohort of 30 PLTRs underwent sequential vaccinations with an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine followed by an Ad5-nCoV booster. We collected and analyzed blood samples pre-vaccination and four weeks post-vaccination to quantify antibody and IGRA (IFN-γ Release Assay) levels. We also documented any adverse reactions occurring within seven days post-vaccination and monitored participants for infections over six months post-vaccination, culminating in a comprehensive statistical analysis. The Ad5-nCoV booster substantially elevated IgG (T1: 18.01, 20%; T2: 66.61, 55%) and nAb (T1: 119.29, 8%; T2: 3799.75, 80%) levels, as well as T-cell responses, in comparison to the initial dose. The first dose was associated with some common adverse reactions, such as injection site pain (13.3%) and fever (16.6%), but a low rate of systemic reactions (16.0%). There was no significant difference in Omicron infection rates or RTPCR conversion times between vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. Notably, following Omicron infection, vaccinated individuals exhibited significantly higher SARS-CoV-2 IgG and nAb titers (average IgG: 231.21 vs. 62.09 S/CO, p = 0.0003; nAb: 5246.11 vs. 2592.07 IU/mL, p = 0.0002). The use of inactivated vaccines followed by an Ad5-nCoV booster in PLTRs is generally safe and elicits a robust humoral response, albeit with limited T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Zheng
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Wu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowei Sun
- Clinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yefeng Lu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Song
- Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingxuan Feng
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Wan
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Zhu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Shen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, National Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Cao
- Shanghai Children's Medical Center-bioMérieux Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Liang
- Shanghai Children's Medical Center-bioMérieux Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- bioMérieux (Shanghai) Company Limited, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Transplantation and Immunology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Xue
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Park JS, Jeon J, Um J, Choi YY, Kim MK, Lee KS, Sung HK, Jang HC, Chin B, Kim CK, Oh MD, Lee CS. Magnitude and Duration of Serum Neutralizing Antibody Titers Induced by a Third mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination against Omicron BA.1 in Older Individuals. Infect Chemother 2024; 56:25-36. [PMID: 38014726 PMCID: PMC10990888 DOI: 10.3947/ic.2023.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) is dominating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide. The waning protective effect of available vaccines against the Omicron variant is a critical public health issue. This study aimed to assess the impact of the third COVID-19 vaccination on immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 strain in older individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adults aged ≥60 years who had completed two doses of the homologous COVID-19 vaccine with either BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech, New York, NY, USA, BNT) or ChAdOx1 nCoV (SK bioscience, Andong-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea, ChAd) were registered to receive the third vaccination. Participants chose either BNT or mRNA-1273 (Moderna, Norwood, MA, USA, m1273) mRNA vaccine for the third dose and were categorized into four groups: ChAd/ChAd/BNT, ChAd/ChAd/m1273, BNT/BNT/BNT, and BNT/BNT/m1273. Four serum specimens were obtained from each participant at 0, 4, 12, and 24 weeks after the third dose (V1, V2, V3, and V4, respectively). Serum-neutralizing antibody (NAb) activity against BetaCoV/Korea/KCDC03/2020 (NCCP43326, ancestral strain) and B.1.1.529 (NCCP43411, Omicron BA.1 variant) was measured using plaque reduction neutralization tests. A 50% neutralizing dilution (ND50) >10 was considered indicative of protective NAb titers. RESULTS In total, 186 participants were enrolled between November 24, 2021, and June 30, 2022. The respective groups received the third dose at a median (interquartile range [IQR]) of 132 (125 - 191), 123 (122 - 126), 186 (166 - 193), and 182 (175 - 198) days after the second dose. Overall, ND50 was lower at V1 against Omicron BA.1 than against the ancestral strain. NAb titers against the ancestral strain and Omicron BA.1 variant at V2 were increased at least 30-fold (median [IQR], 1235.35 [1021.45 - 2374.65)] and 129.8 [65.3 - 250.7], respectively). ND50 titers against the ancestral strain and Omicron variant did not differ significantly among the four groups (P = 0.57). NAb titers were significantly lower against the Omicron variant than against the ancestral strain at V3 (median [IQR], 36.4 (17.55 - 75.09) vs. 325.9 [276.07 - 686.97]; P = 0.012). NAb titers against Omicron at V4 were 16 times lower than that at V3. Most sera exhibited a protective level (ND50 >10) at V4 (75.0% [24/32], 73.0% [27/37], 73.3% [22/30], and 70.6% [12/17] in the ChAd/ChAd/BNT, ChAd/ChAd/m1273, BNT/BNT/BNT, and BNT/BNT/m1273 groups, respectively), with no significant differences among groups (P = 0.99). CONCLUSION A third COVID-19 mRNA vaccine dose restored waning NAb titers against Omicron BA.1. Our findings support a third-dose vaccination program to prevent the waning of humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Sun Park
- Research Institute for Public Healthcare, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaehyun Jeon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihye Um
- Research Institute for Public Healthcare, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn Young Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Kyung Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Shin Lee
- Research Institute for Public Healthcare, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Kyung Sung
- Research Institute for Public Healthcare, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Chang Jang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea
| | - BumSik Chin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choon Kwan Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, VHS Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-don Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Seop Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
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Shi Y, Zhen X, Zhang Y, Li Y, Koo S, Saiding Q, Kong N, Liu G, Chen W, Tao W. Chemically Modified Platforms for Better RNA Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2024; 124:929-1033. [PMID: 38284616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
RNA-based therapies have catalyzed a revolutionary transformation in the biomedical landscape, offering unprecedented potential in disease prevention and treatment. However, despite their remarkable achievements, these therapies encounter substantial challenges including low stability, susceptibility to degradation by nucleases, and a prominent negative charge, thereby hindering further development. Chemically modified platforms have emerged as a strategic innovation, focusing on precise alterations either on the RNA moieties or their associated delivery vectors. This comprehensive review delves into these platforms, underscoring their significance in augmenting the performance and translational prospects of RNA-based therapeutics. It encompasses an in-depth analysis of various chemically modified delivery platforms that have been instrumental in propelling RNA therapeutics toward clinical utility. Moreover, the review scrutinizes the rationale behind diverse chemical modification techniques aiming at optimizing the therapeutic efficacy of RNA molecules, thereby facilitating robust disease management. Recent empirical studies corroborating the efficacy enhancement of RNA therapeutics through chemical modifications are highlighted. Conclusively, we offer profound insights into the transformative impact of chemical modifications on RNA drugs and delineates prospective trajectories for their future development and clinical integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesi Shi
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xueyan Zhen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yongjiang Li
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Seyoung Koo
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Qimanguli Saiding
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Na Kong
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Feldstein LR, Britton A, Grant L, Wiegand R, Ruffin J, Babu TM, Briggs Hagen M, Burgess JL, Caban-Martinez AJ, Chu HY, Ellingson KD, Englund JA, Hegmann KT, Jeddy Z, Lauring AS, Lutrick K, Martin ET, Mathenge C, Meece J, Midgley CM, Monto AS, Newes-Adeyi G, Odame-Bamfo L, Olsho LEW, Phillips AL, Rai RP, Saydah S, Smith N, Steinhardt L, Tyner H, Vandermeer M, Vaughan M, Yoon SK, Gaglani M, Naleway AL. Effectiveness of Bivalent mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children and Adolescents Aged 5 to 17 Years. JAMA 2024; 331:408-416. [PMID: 38319331 PMCID: PMC10848053 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.27022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Importance Bivalent mRNA COVID-19 vaccines were recommended in the US for children and adolescents aged 12 years or older on September 1, 2022, and for children aged 5 to 11 years on October 12, 2022; however, data demonstrating the effectiveness of bivalent COVID-19 vaccines are limited. Objective To assess the effectiveness of bivalent COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection and symptomatic COVID-19 among children and adolescents. Design, Setting, and Participants Data for the period September 4, 2022, to January 31, 2023, were combined from 3 prospective US cohort studies (6 sites total) and used to estimate COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness among children and adolescents aged 5 to 17 years. A total of 2959 participants completed periodic surveys (demographics, household characteristics, chronic medical conditions, and COVID-19 symptoms) and submitted weekly self-collected nasal swabs (irrespective of symptoms); participants submitted additional nasal swabs at the onset of any symptoms. Exposure Vaccination status was captured from the periodic surveys and supplemented with data from state immunization information systems and electronic medical records. Main Outcome and Measures Respiratory swabs were tested for the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. SARS-CoV-2 infection was defined as a positive test regardless of symptoms. Symptomatic COVID-19 was defined as a positive test and 2 or more COVID-19 symptoms within 7 days of specimen collection. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios for SARS-CoV-2 infection and symptomatic COVID-19 among participants who received a bivalent COVID-19 vaccine dose vs participants who received no vaccine or monovalent vaccine doses only. Models were adjusted for age, sex, race, ethnicity, underlying health conditions, prior SARS-CoV-2 infection status, geographic site, proportion of circulating variants by site, and local virus prevalence. Results Of the 2959 participants (47.8% were female; median age, 10.6 years [IQR, 8.0-13.2 years]; 64.6% were non-Hispanic White) included in this analysis, 25.4% received a bivalent COVID-19 vaccine dose. During the study period, 426 participants (14.4%) had laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among these 426 participants, 184 (43.2%) had symptomatic COVID-19, 383 (89.9%) were not vaccinated or had received only monovalent COVID-19 vaccine doses (1.38 SARS-CoV-2 infections per 1000 person-days), and 43 (10.1%) had received a bivalent COVID-19 vaccine dose (0.84 SARS-CoV-2 infections per 1000 person-days). Bivalent vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection was 54.0% (95% CI, 36.6%-69.1%) and vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic COVID-19 was 49.4% (95% CI, 22.2%-70.7%). The median observation time after vaccination was 276 days (IQR, 142-350 days) for participants who received only monovalent COVID-19 vaccine doses vs 50 days (IQR, 27-74 days) for those who received a bivalent COVID-19 vaccine dose. Conclusion and Relevance The bivalent COVID-19 vaccines protected children and adolescents against SARS-CoV-2 infection and symptomatic COVID-19. These data demonstrate the benefit of COVID-19 vaccine in children and adolescents. All eligible children and adolescents should remain up to date with recommended COVID-19 vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leora R. Feldstein
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Amadea Britton
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lauren Grant
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ryan Wiegand
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jasmine Ruffin
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tara M. Babu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Melissa Briggs Hagen
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Helen Y. Chu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | | | | | | | - Adam S. Lauring
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | | | - Emily T. Martin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | | | - Jennifer Meece
- Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin
| | - Claire M. Midgley
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Arnold S. Monto
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sharon Saydah
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ning Smith
- Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon
| | - Laura Steinhardt
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Harmony Tyner
- St Luke’s Regional Health Care System, Duluth, Minnesota
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Ogwara CA, Ronberg JW, Cox SM, Wagner BM, Stotts JW, Chowell G, Spaulding AC, Fung ICH. Impact of public health policy and mobility change on transmission potential of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in Rhode Island, March 2020 - November 2021. Pathog Glob Health 2024; 118:65-79. [PMID: 37075167 PMCID: PMC10769146 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2023.2201984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the SARS-CoV-2 transmission potential in Rhode Island (RI) and its association with policy changes and mobility changes, the time-varying reproduction number, Rt, was estimated. The daily incident case counts (16 March 2020, through 30 November 2021) were bootstrapped within a 15-day sliding window and multiplied by Poisson-distributed multipliers (λ = 4, sensitivity analysis: 11) to generate 1000 estimated infection counts, to which EpiEstim was applied to generate Rt time series. The median Rt percentage change when policies changed was estimated. The time lag correlations were assessed between the 7-day moving average of the relative changes in Google mobility data in the first 90 days, and Rt and estimated infection count, respectively. There were three major pandemic waves in RI in 2020-2021: spring 2020, winter 2020-2021 and fall-winter 2021. The median Rt fluctuated within the range of 0.5-2 from April 2020 to November 2021. Mask mandate (18 April 2020) was associated with a decrease in Rt (-25.99%, 95% CrI: -37.42%, -14.30%). Termination of mask mandates on 6 July 2021 was associated with an increase in Rt (36.74%, 95% CrI: 27.20%, 49.13%). Positive correlations were found between changes in grocery and pharmacy, Rt retail and recreation, transit, and workplace visits, for both Rt and estimated infection count, respectively. Negative correlations were found between changes in residential area visits for both Rt and estimated infection count, respectively. Public health policies enacted in RI were associated with changes in the pandemic trajectory. This ecological study provides further evidence of how non-pharmaceutical interventions and vaccination slowed COVID-19 transmission in RI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chigozie A. Ogwara
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer W. Ronberg
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Sierra M. Cox
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Briana M. Wagner
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Jacqueline W. Stotts
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Gerardo Chowell
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anne C. Spaulding
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Isaac Chun-Hai Fung
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
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Lapuente D, Winkler TH, Tenbusch M. B-cell and antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2: infection, vaccination, and hybrid immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:144-158. [PMID: 37945737 PMCID: PMC10805925 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01095-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019 prompted scientific, medical, and biotech communities to investigate infection- and vaccine-induced immune responses in the context of this pathogen. B-cell and antibody responses are at the center of these investigations, as neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are an important correlate of protection (COP) from infection and the primary target of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine modalities. In addition to absolute levels, nAb longevity, neutralization breadth, immunoglobulin isotype and subtype composition, and presence at mucosal sites have become important topics for scientists and health policy makers. The recent pandemic was and still is a unique setting in which to study de novo and memory B-cell (MBC) and antibody responses in the dynamic interplay of infection- and vaccine-induced immunity. It also provided an opportunity to explore new vaccine platforms, such as mRNA or adenoviral vector vaccines, in unprecedented cohort sizes. Combined with the technological advances of recent years, this situation has provided detailed mechanistic insights into the development of B-cell and antibody responses but also revealed some unexpected findings. In this review, we summarize the key findings of the last 2.5 years regarding infection- and vaccine-induced B-cell immunity, which we believe are of significant value not only in the context of SARS-CoV-2 but also for future vaccination approaches in endemic and pandemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Lapuente
- Institut für klinische und molekulare Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas H Winkler
- Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 1, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Institut für klinische und molekulare Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 1, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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Espino AM, Armina-Rodriguez A, Alvarez L, Ocasio-Malavé C, Ramos-Nieves R, Rodriguez Martinó EI, López-Marte P, Torres EA, Sariol CA. The Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG1 and IgG3 Antibody Isotypes with Limited Neutralizing Capacity against Omicron Elicited in a Latin Population a Switch toward IgG4 after Multiple Doses with the mRNA Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccine. Viruses 2024; 16:187. [PMID: 38399963 PMCID: PMC10893502 DOI: 10.3390/v16020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the profiles of IgG subclasses in COVID-19 convalescent Puerto Rican subjects and compare these profiles with those of non-infected immunocompetent or immunocompromised subjects that received two or more doses of an mRNA vaccine. The most notable findings from this study are as follows: (1) Convalescent subjects that were not hospitalized developed high and long-lasting antibody responses. (2) Both IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses were more prevalent in the SARS-CoV-2-infected population, whereas IgG1 was more prevalent after vaccination. (3) Individuals that were infected and then later received two doses of an mRNA vaccine exhibited a more robust neutralizing capacity against Omicron than those that were never infected and received two doses of an mRNA vaccine. (4) A class switch toward the "anti-inflammatory" antibody isotype IgG4 was induced a few weeks after the third dose, which peaked abruptly and remained at high levels for a long period. Moreover, the high levels of IgG4 were concurrent with high neutralizing percentages against various VOCs including Omicron. (5) Subjects with IBD also produced IgG4 antibodies after the third dose, although these antibody levels had a limited effect on the neutralizing capacity. Knowing that the mRNA vaccines do not prevent infections, the Omicron subvariants have been shown to be less pathogenic, and IgG4 levels have been associated with immunotolerance and numerous negative effects, the recommendations for the successive administration of booster vaccinations to people should be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Espino
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (A.A.-R.); (L.A.); (C.O.-M.); (R.R.-N.)
| | - Albersy Armina-Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (A.A.-R.); (L.A.); (C.O.-M.); (R.R.-N.)
| | - Laura Alvarez
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (A.A.-R.); (L.A.); (C.O.-M.); (R.R.-N.)
| | - Carlimar Ocasio-Malavé
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (A.A.-R.); (L.A.); (C.O.-M.); (R.R.-N.)
| | - Riseilly Ramos-Nieves
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (A.A.-R.); (L.A.); (C.O.-M.); (R.R.-N.)
| | - Esteban I. Rodriguez Martinó
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00925, USA; (E.I.R.M.); (P.L.-M.); (E.A.T.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
| | - Paola López-Marte
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00925, USA; (E.I.R.M.); (P.L.-M.); (E.A.T.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
| | - Esther A. Torres
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00925, USA; (E.I.R.M.); (P.L.-M.); (E.A.T.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
| | - Carlos A. Sariol
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; (A.A.-R.); (L.A.); (C.O.-M.); (R.R.-N.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
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Arashiro T, Miwa M, Nakagawa H, Takamatsu J, Oba K, Fujimi S, Kikuchi H, Iwasawa T, Kanbe F, Oyama K, Kanai M, Ogata Y, Asakura T, Asami T, Mizuno K, Sugita M, Jinta T, Nishida Y, Kato H, Atagi K, Higaki T, Nakano Y, Tsutsumi T, Doi K, Okugawa S, Ueda A, Nakamura A, Yoshida T, Shimada-Sammori K, Shimizu K, Fujita Y, Okochi Y, Tochitani K, Nakanishi A, Rinka H, Taniyama D, Yamaguchi A, Uchikura T, Matsunaga M, Aono H, Hamaguchi M, Motoda K, Nakayama S, Yamamoto K, Oka H, Tanaka K, Inoue T, Kobayashi M, Fujitani S, Tsukahara M, Takeda S, Stucky A, Suzuki T, Smith C, Hibberd M, Ariyoshi K, Fujino Y, Arima Y, Takeda S, Hashimoto S, Suzuki M. COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against severe COVID-19 requiring oxygen therapy, invasive mechanical ventilation, and death in Japan: A multicenter case-control study (MOTIVATE study). Vaccine 2024; 42:677-688. [PMID: 38114409 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant became dominant, assessing COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) against severe disease using hospitalization as an outcome became more challenging due to incidental infections via admission screening and variable admission criteria, resulting in a wide range of estimates. To address this, the World Health Organization (WHO) guidance recommends the use of outcomes that are more specific to severe pneumonia such as oxygen use and mechanical ventilation. METHODS A case-control study was conducted in 24 hospitals in Japan for the Delta-dominant period (August-November 2021; "Delta") and early Omicron (BA.1/BA.2)-dominant period (January-June 2022; "Omicron"). Detailed chart review/interviews were conducted in January-May 2023. VE was measured using various outcomes including disease requiring oxygen therapy, disease requiring invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), death, outcome restricting to "true" severe COVID-19 (where oxygen requirement is due to COVID-19 rather than another condition(s)), and progression from oxygen use to IMV or death among COVID-19 patients. RESULTS The analysis included 2125 individuals with respiratory failure (1608 cases [75.7%]; 99.2% of vaccinees received mRNA vaccines). During Delta, 2 doses provided high protection for up to 6 months (oxygen requirement: 95.2% [95% CI:88.7-98.0%] [restricted to "true" severe COVID-19: 95.5% {89.3-98.1%}]; IMV: 99.6% [97.3-99.9%]; fatal: 98.6% [92.3-99.7%]). During Omicron, 3 doses provided high protection for up to 6 months (oxygen requirement: 85.5% [68.8-93.3%] ["true" severe COVID-19: 88.1% {73.6-94.7%}]; IMV: 97.9% [85.9-99.7%]; fatal: 99.6% [95.2-99.97]). There was a trend towards higher VE for more severe and specific outcomes. CONCLUSION Multiple outcomes pointed towards high protection of 2 doses during Delta and 3 doses during Omicron. These results demonstrate the importance of using severe and specific outcomes to accurately measure VE against severe COVID-19, as recommended in WHO guidance in settings of intense transmission as seen during Omicron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Arashiro
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Maki Miwa
- Emergency and Critical Care Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Hiroo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Nakagawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junpei Takamatsu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kansai Rosai Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Oba
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujimi
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kikuchi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sagamihara Kyodo Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takamasa Iwasawa
- Department of Cardiology, Yokosuka General Hospital Uwamachi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Fumiko Kanbe
- Intensive Care Unit, Ageo Central General Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Oyama
- Kawaguchi Cardiovascular and Respiratory Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kanai
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Police Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Ogata
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Yao Tokushukai General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takanori Asakura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Asami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sano Kosei General Hospital, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Keiko Mizuno
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Sugita
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Torahiko Jinta
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nishida
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kato
- Infection Prevention and Control Department, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Atagi
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, Nara, Japan
| | - Taiki Higaki
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoshio Nakano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kinan Hospital, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Takeya Tsutsumi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kent Doi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shu Okugawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ueda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Nakamura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asahi General Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toru Yoshida
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kaoru Shimada-Sammori
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan TAMA Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiki Shimizu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan TAMA Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Fujita
- Department of Emergency, Akita Red Cross Hospital, Akita, Japan
| | - Yasumi Okochi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Japan Community Health Care Organization Tokyo Yamate Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tochitani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyoto City Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Asuka Nakanishi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Hiroo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Rinka
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Taniyama
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Showa General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asase Yamaguchi
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshio Uchikura
- Department of Emergency and General Internal Medicine, Yokosuka General Hospital Uwamachi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Maiko Matsunaga
- Department of Pharmacy, Tokyo Metropolitan Police Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Aono
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Police Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanari Hamaguchi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Yao Tokushukai General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Motoda
- Department of Clinical Research, Yao Tokushukai General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sohei Nakayama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Yamamoto
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hideaki Oka
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Katsushi Tanaka
- Infection Prevention and Control Department, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Clinical Research Support Center, Asahi General Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mieko Kobayashi
- Clinical Research Support Center, Asahi General Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeki Fujitani
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Maki Tsukahara
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saki Takeda
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ashley Stucky
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chris Smith
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Martin Hibberd
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Koya Ariyoshi
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuji Fujino
- Non-Profit Organization Japan ECMO Network, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yuzo Arima
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinhiro Takeda
- Kawaguchi Cardiovascular and Respiratory Hospital, Saitama, Japan; Non-Profit Organization Japan ECMO Network, Tokyo, Japan; Non-Profit Organization ICU Collaboration Network (ICON), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Hashimoto
- Non-Profit Organization Japan ECMO Network, Tokyo, Japan; Non-Profit Organization ICU Collaboration Network (ICON), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoi Suzuki
- Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Muhsen K, Waight PA, Kirsebom F, Andrews N, Letley L, Gower CM, Skarnes C, Quinot C, Lunt R, Bernal JL, Flasche S, Miller E. Association between COVID-19 Vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 Infection among Household Contacts of Infected Individuals: A Prospective Household Study in England. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:113. [PMID: 38400097 PMCID: PMC10892628 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated whether COVID-19 vaccination reduced SARS-CoV-2 infection risk among adult household contacts of COVID-19 index cases during the Alpha, Delta, and Omicron waves in England. METHODS Between February 2021 and February 2022, SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR nasal swabs were collected from COVID-19-confirmed index cases aged ≥20 years and their household contacts at enrolment and three and seven days thereafter. Generalized Estimating Equations models were fitted with SARS-CoV-2 positivity as the outcome and household contacts' vaccination status as the main exposure while adjusting for confounders. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed in 238/472 household contacts (50.4%) aged ≥20 years. The adjusted relative risk (95% confidence interval) of infection in vaccinated versus unvaccinated household contacts was 0.50 (0.35-0.72) and 0.69 (0.53-0.90) for receipt of two doses 8-90 and >90 days ago, respectively, and 0.34 (0.23-0.50) for vaccination with three doses 8-151 days ago. Primary vaccination protected household contacts against infection during the Alpha and Delta waves, but only three doses protected during the Omicron wave. Vaccination with three doses in the index case independently reduced contacts' infection risk: 0.45 (0.23-0.89). CONCLUSIONS Vaccination of household contacts reduces their risk of infection under conditions of household exposure though, for Omicron, only after a booster dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khitam Muhsen
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6139001, Israel
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (S.F.); (E.M.)
| | - Pauline A. Waight
- UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EU, UK; (P.A.W.); (F.K.); (N.A.); (C.S.); (J.L.B.)
| | - Freja Kirsebom
- UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EU, UK; (P.A.W.); (F.K.); (N.A.); (C.S.); (J.L.B.)
| | - Nick Andrews
- UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EU, UK; (P.A.W.); (F.K.); (N.A.); (C.S.); (J.L.B.)
| | - Louise Letley
- UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EU, UK; (P.A.W.); (F.K.); (N.A.); (C.S.); (J.L.B.)
| | - Charlotte M. Gower
- UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EU, UK; (P.A.W.); (F.K.); (N.A.); (C.S.); (J.L.B.)
| | - Catriona Skarnes
- UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EU, UK; (P.A.W.); (F.K.); (N.A.); (C.S.); (J.L.B.)
| | - Catherine Quinot
- UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EU, UK; (P.A.W.); (F.K.); (N.A.); (C.S.); (J.L.B.)
| | - Rachel Lunt
- UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EU, UK; (P.A.W.); (F.K.); (N.A.); (C.S.); (J.L.B.)
| | - Jamie Lopez Bernal
- UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EU, UK; (P.A.W.); (F.K.); (N.A.); (C.S.); (J.L.B.)
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Stefan Flasche
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (S.F.); (E.M.)
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (S.F.); (E.M.)
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41
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Bardosh K, Krug A, Jamrozik E, Lemmens T, Keshavjee S, Prasad V, Makary MA, Baral S, Høeg TB. COVID-19 vaccine boosters for young adults: a risk benefit assessment and ethical analysis of mandate policies at universities. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2024; 50:126-138. [PMID: 36600579 PMCID: PMC10850707 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2022-108449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In 2022, students at North American universities with third-dose COVID-19 vaccine mandates risk disenrolment if unvaccinated. To assess the appropriateness of booster mandates in this age group, we combine empirical risk-benefit assessment and ethical analysis. To prevent one COVID-19 hospitalisation over a 6-month period, we estimate that 31 207-42 836 young adults aged 18-29 years must receive a third mRNA vaccine. Booster mandates in young adults are expected to cause a net harm: per COVID-19 hospitalisation prevented, we anticipate at least 18.5 serious adverse events from mRNA vaccines, including 1.5-4.6 booster-associated myopericarditis cases in males (typically requiring hospitalisation). We also anticipate 1430-4626 cases of grade ≥3 reactogenicity interfering with daily activities (although typically not requiring hospitalisation). University booster mandates are unethical because they: (1) are not based on an updated (Omicron era) stratified risk-benefit assessment for this age group; (2) may result in a net harm to healthy young adults; (3) are not proportionate: expected harms are not outweighed by public health benefits given modest and transient effectiveness of vaccines against transmission; (4) violate the reciprocity principle because serious vaccine-related harms are not reliably compensated due to gaps in vaccine injury schemes; and (5) may result in wider social harms. We consider counterarguments including efforts to increase safety on campus but find these are fraught with limitations and little scientific support. Finally, we discuss the policy relevance of our analysis for primary series COVID-19 vaccine mandates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bardosh
- School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Allison Krug
- Epidemiology, Artemis Biomedical Communications, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | - Euzebiusz Jamrozik
- University of Oxford Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities, Oxford, UK
| | - Trudo Lemmens
- Faculty of Law and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Salmaan Keshavjee
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vinay Prasad
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Marty A Makary
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stefan Baral
- Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tracy Beth Høeg
- Clinical Research, Acumen, LLC, Burlingame, California, USA
- Sierra Nevada Memorial Hospital, Grass Valley, California, USA
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Martínez-López J, de la Cruz J, Gil-Manso R, Yuste VJ, Aspa-Cilleruelo JM, Escobar CE, López-Jiménez J, Duarte R, Yerovi CJ, Hernández-Rivas JÁ, Herráez R, Quiroz-Cervantes K, Bustelos-Rodriguez R, Benavente C, Martínez Barranco P, Bastos Oteiro M, Alegre A, Pérez-Oteyza J, Ruiz E, Marcheco-Pupo EA, Cedillo Á, de Soto Álvarez T, García Ramirez P, Alonso Trillo R, Herrera P, Bengochea Casado ML, Arroyo Barea A, Martin De Bustamante JM, Ortiz J, Calbacho Robles M, García-Suárez J. COVID-19 Outcomes in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies in the Era of COVID-19 Vaccination and the Omicron Variant. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:379. [PMID: 38254867 PMCID: PMC10814951 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A greater understanding of clinical trends in COVID-19 outcomes among patients with hematologic malignancies (HM) over the course of the pandemic, particularly the Omicron era, is needed. This ongoing, observational, and registry-based study with prospective data collection evaluated COVID-19 clinical severity and mortality in 1818 adult HM patients diagnosed with COVID-19 between 27 February 2020 and 1 October 2022, at 31 centers in the Madrid region of Spain. Of these, 1281 (70.5%) and 537 (29.5%) were reported in the pre-Omicron and Omicron periods, respectively. Overall, patients aged ≥70 years (odds ratio 2.16, 95% CI 1.64-2.87), with >1 comorbidity (2.44, 1.85-3.21), or with an underlying HM of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (1.64, 1.19-2.27), had greater odds of severe/critical COVID-19; odds were lower during the Omicron BA.1/BA.2 (0.28, 0.2-0.37) or BA.4/BA.5 (0.13, 0.08-0.19) periods and among patients vaccinated with one or two (0.51, 0.34-0.75) or three or four (0.22, 0.16-0.29) doses. The hospitalization rate (75.3% [963/1279], 35.7% [191/535]), rate of intensive care admission (30.0% [289/963], 14.7% [28/191]), and mortality rate overall (31.9% [409/1281], 9.9% [53/536]) and in hospitalized patients (41.3% [398/963], 22.0% [42/191]) decreased from the pre-Omicron to Omicron period. Age ≥70 years was the only factor associated with higher mortality risk in both the pre-Omicron (hazard ratio 2.57, 95% CI 2.03-3.25) and Omicron (3.19, 95% CI 1.59-6.42) periods. Receipt of prior stem cell transplantation, COVID-19 vaccination(s), and treatment with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir or remdesivir were associated with greater survival rates. In conclusion, COVID-19 mortality in HM patients has decreased considerably in the Omicron period; however, mortality in hospitalized HM patients remains high. Specific studies should be undertaken to test new treatments and preventive interventions in HM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Martínez-López
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, imas12 Madrid, Universidad Complutense, CNIO-ISCIII, CIBERONC, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier de la Cruz
- imas12 Research Institute, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Gil-Manso
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, imas12 Madrid, Universidad Complutense, CNIO-ISCIII, CIBERONC, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Javier López-Jiménez
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón Y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Duarte
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Regina Herráez
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, 28702 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Celina Benavente
- Hematology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mariana Bastos Oteiro
- Hematology Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Alegre
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, IIS-HUP, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Pérez-Oteyza
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario HM Sanchinarro, 28050 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Ruiz
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario del Tajo, 28300 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ángel Cedillo
- Asociación Madrileña de Hematología y Hemoterapia (AMHH), 28010 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Pilar Herrera
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón Y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Andrés Arroyo Barea
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, imas12 Madrid, Universidad Complutense, CNIO-ISCIII, CIBERONC, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Javier Ortiz
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, IIS-HUP, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Calbacho Robles
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, imas12 Madrid, Universidad Complutense, CNIO-ISCIII, CIBERONC, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio García-Suárez
- Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain
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Johnston TS, Li SH, Painter MM, Atkinson RK, Douek NR, Reeg DB, Douek DC, Wherry EJ, Hensley SE. Immunological imprinting shapes the specificity of human antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.01.08.24301002. [PMID: 38260304 PMCID: PMC10802657 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.08.24301002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to accumulate substitutions, leading to breakthrough infections of vaccinated individuals and prompting the development of updated booster vaccines. Here, we determined the specificity and functionality of antibody and B cell responses following exposure to BA.5 and XBB variants in individuals who received ancestral SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines. BA.5 exposures elicited antibody responses that primarily targeted epitopes conserved between the BA.5 and ancestral spike, with poor reactivity to the XBB.1.5 variant. XBB exposures also elicited antibody responses that targeted epitopes conserved between the XBB.1.5 and ancestral spike. However, unlike BA.5, a single XBB exposure elicited low levels of XBB.1.5-specific antibodies and B cells in some individuals. Pre-existing cross-reactive B cells and antibodies were correlated with stronger overall responses to XBB but weaker XBB-specific responses, suggesting that baseline immunity influences the activation of variant-specific SARS-CoV-2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S. Johnston
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH; Bethesda, MD
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Shuk Hang Li
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Mark M. Painter
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Reilly K. Atkinson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA
| | - Naomi R. Douek
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA
| | - David B. Reeg
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - E. John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA
| | - Scott E. Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA
- Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA
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44
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Xin S, Chen W, Yu Q, Gao L, Lu G. Effect of the number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination shots on the occurrence of pneumonia, severe pneumonia, and death in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1330106. [PMID: 38259762 PMCID: PMC10800481 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1330106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has posed a significant threat to the lives and health of people worldwide since its onset in 2019. However, the relationship between the number of vaccination shots and the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Chinese patients remains unclear. Methods We retrospectively collected information from 829 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital from December 05, 2022 to March 31, 2023, then divided them into four groups based on the severity of pneumonia. Last, we compared the difference in the number of shots of COVID-19 vaccine between the four groups, considering potential confounding factors using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Results Vaccination with two and three doses was positively associated with low prevalence of pneumonia and severe pneumonia both in crude and optimal models, while only three doses of the vaccine was correlated with low prevalence of death in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. In optimal models, male SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals with advanced age were positively associated with high prevalence of pneumonia, severe pneumonia, and death; comorbidity with hypertension (OR = 2.532, p < 0.001) was positively associated with high prevalence of pneumonia (OR = 2.532, p < 0.001); and comorbidity with diabetes was positively associated with high prevalence of death (OR = 1.856, p = 0.011). However, this is a cross-sectional study and the causal relationships need to be further studied. Conclusion One dose of vaccine may not have a protective effect against pneumonia, severe pneumonia, and death; more than one dose of vaccine is an independent protective factor for pneumonia and severe pneumonia; and three doses of vaccine is an independent protective factor for death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Genjie Lu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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45
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Nash D, Srivastava A, Shen Y, Penrose K, Kulkarni SG, Zimba R, You W, Berry A, Mirzayi C, Maroko A, Parcesepe AM, Grov C, Robertson MM. Seroincidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection prior to and during the rollout of vaccines in a community-based prospective cohort of U.S. adults. Sci Rep 2024; 14:644. [PMID: 38182731 PMCID: PMC10770061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-51029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
This study used repeat serologic testing to estimate infection rates and risk factors in two overlapping cohorts of SARS-CoV-2 N protein seronegative U.S. adults. One mostly unvaccinated sub-cohort was tracked from April 2020 to March 2021 (pre-vaccine/wild-type era, n = 3421), and the other, mostly vaccinated cohort, from March 2021 to June 2022 (vaccine/variant era, n = 2735). Vaccine uptake was 0.53% and 91.3% in the pre-vaccine and vaccine/variant cohorts, respectively. Corresponding seroconversion rates were 9.6 and 25.7 per 100 person-years. In both cohorts, sociodemographic and epidemiologic risk factors for infection were similar, though new risk factors emerged in the vaccine/variant era, such as having a child in the household. Despite higher incidence rates in the vaccine/variant cohort, vaccine boosters, masking, and social distancing were associated with substantially reduced infection risk, even through major variant surges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Nash
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA.
- CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, 55 W. 125th St., 6th Floor, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Avantika Srivastava
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
| | - Yanhan Shen
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
| | - Kate Penrose
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah G Kulkarni
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Zimba
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
| | - William You
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
| | - Amanda Berry
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
| | - Chloe Mirzayi
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Maroko
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
- Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
| | - Angela M Parcesepe
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christian Grov
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
- Department of Community Health and Social Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
| | - McKaylee M Robertson
- Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH), City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
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Kachikis A, Pike M, Eckert LO, Roberts E, Frank Y, Young AL, Goecker E, Gravett MG, Greninger AL, Englund JA. Timing of Maternal COVID-19 Vaccine and Antibody Concentrations in Infants Born Preterm. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2352387. [PMID: 38241046 PMCID: PMC10799259 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.52387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance COVID-19 vaccine-derived antibodies in pregnant people may protect infants from severe infection in the first 6 months of life via transplacental antibody transfer. Few data exist on maternally derived SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in preterm compared with full-term infants in association with vaccination timing. Objective To compare SARS-CoV-2 anti-Spike (anti-S) antibody levels in preterm and full-term infants in the context of vaccine dose timing before delivery. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective cohort study enrolled pregnant individuals and collected paired maternal and cord blood samples at delivery at the University of Washington between February 1, 2021, and January 31, 2023. Participants who had received at least 2 doses of a messenger RNA COVID-19 vaccine before delivery and did not have a history of prior COVID-19 infection or detectable anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibodies were included. Exposures Timing of the last vaccine dose and preterm or full-term gestational age at delivery. Main Outcomes and Measures Paired maternal and cord samples were tested for anti-S antibody, and linear regression was used to evaluate associations between preterm delivery and anti-S antibody levels. Covariates included timing of last dose, number of doses, insurance status, and immunosuppressing medications. Results A total of 220 participants (median [IQR] age, 34 [32-37] years; 212 [96.4%] female) with 36 preterm and 184 full-term deliveries were studied. Before delivery, 121 persons received 2 vaccine doses and 99 persons received 3 or more vaccine doses. The geometric mean concentration of maternal anti-S antibodies was 674 (95% CI, 577-787) after 2 doses and 8159 (95% CI, 6636-10 032) after 3 or more doses (P < .001). The cord anti-S antibody geometric mean concentration was 1000 (95% CI, 874-1144) after 2 doses and 9992 (95% CI, 8381-11 914) after 3 or more doses (P < .001). After adjustment for vaccine timing and number of doses before delivery, no association was found between preterm delivery and cord anti-S antibody levels (β = 0.44; 95% CI, -0.06 to 0.94). Conclusions and Relevance In this prospective cohort study of pregnant individuals with preterm and full-term deliveries, receipt of 3 or more compared with 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine before delivery resulted in 10-fold higher cord anti-S antibody levels. Maternal antibody concentration appeared more important than delivery gestational age in determining cord anti-S antibody levels. The number of doses and timing considerations for COVID-19 vaccine in pregnancy should include individuals at risk for preterm delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Kachikis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Mindy Pike
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Linda O. Eckert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Emma Roberts
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, San Diego
| | - Yael Frank
- School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amber L. Young
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Erin Goecker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Michael G. Gravett
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - Janet A. Englund
- Seattle Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle
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47
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Chenchula S, Chandra MB, Adusumilli MB, Ghanta SN, Bommasani A, Kuttiappan A, Padmavathi R, Amerneni KC, Chikatipalli R, Ghanta MK, Reddy SS, Mythili Bai K, Prakash S, Jogender G, Chavan M, Balakrishnan S. Immunogenicity, clinical efficacy and safety of additional second COVID-19 booster vaccines against Omicron and its subvariants: A systematic review. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2515. [PMID: 38282403 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The Omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is a new variant of concern (VOC) and an emerging subvariant that exhibits heightened infectivity, transmissibility, and immune evasion, escalating the incidence of moderate to severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It resists monoclonal antibodies and diminishes vaccine efficacy. Notably, new sublineages have outpaced earlier predominant sublineages. Although the primary vaccination series and initial boosters were robust against previous VOCs, their efficacy waned against Omicron and its subvariants. In this systematic review, we assessed real-world evidence on the immunogenicity, clinical efficacy, and safety of a second booster or fourth COVID-19 vaccine dose against the Omicron VOC and its subvariants. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar, bioRxiv, and medRxiv, and relevant studies published between 2022 and 30 May 2023 were reviewed. We found a total of 40 relevant articles focusing on a second booster dose for COVID-19, including clinical trials and observational studies, involving 3,972,856 patients. The results consistently revealed that an additional second booster dose restored and prolonged waning immunity, activating both humoral and cellular responses against Omicron and its subvariants. A second booster treatment correlated with enduring protection against COVID-19, notably preventing substantial symptomatic disease and mortality associated with severe Omicron infection. Both monovalent messenger RNA (mRNA) and nonmRNA vaccines demonstrated similar efficacy and safety, with bivalent mRNA vaccines exhibiting broader protection against emerging subvariants of Omicron. The safety profiles of second booster were favourable with only mild systemic and local symptoms reported in some recipients. In conclusion, this systematic review underscores the additional COVID-19 vaccine boosters, particularly with bivalent or multivalent mRNA vaccines, for countering the highly infectious emerging subvariants of Omicron.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Anitha Kuttiappan
- School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - R Padmavathi
- SVS Medical College and Hospital, Mahbubnagar, Telangana, India
| | | | | | | | | | - K Mythili Bai
- Siddhartha Medical College, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Satya Prakash
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - G Jogender
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Madhavrao Chavan
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - S Balakrishnan
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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48
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Hall VJ, Insalata F, Foulkes S, Kirwan P, Sparkes D, Atti A, Cole M, de Lacy E, Price L, Corrigan D, Brown CS, Islam J, Charlett A, Hopkins S. Effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine third doses and previous infection in protecting against SARS-CoV-2 infections during the Delta and Omicron variant waves; the UK SIREN cohort study September 2021 to February 2022. J Infect 2024; 88:30-40. [PMID: 37926119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2023.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Third doses of COVID-19 vaccines were widely deployed following the primary vaccine course waning and the emergence of the Omicron-variant. We investigated protection from third-dose vaccines and previous infection against SARS-CoV-2 infection during Delta-variant and Omicron-variant (BA.1 & BA.2) waves in our frequently PCR-tested cohort of healthcare-workers. Relative effectiveness of BNT162b2 third doses and infection-acquired immunity was assessed by comparing the time to PCR-confirmed infection in boosted participants with those with waned dose-2 protection (≥254 days after dose-2), by primary series vaccination type. Follow-up time was divided by dominant circulating variant: Delta 07 September 2021 to 30 November 2021, Omicron 13 December 2021t o 28 February 2022. We used a Cox regression model with adjustment/stratification for demographic characteristics and staff-type. We explored protection associated with vaccination, infection and both. We included 19,614 participants, 29% previously infected. There were 278 primary infections (4 per 10,000 person-days of follow-up) and 85 reinfections (0.8/10,000 person-days) during the Delta period and 2467 primary infections (43/10,000 person-days) and 881 reinfections (33/10,000) during the Omicron period. Relative Vaccine Effectiveness (VE) 0-2 months post-3rd dose (3rd dose) (3-doses BNT162b2) in the previously uninfected cohort against Delta infections was 63% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 40%-77%) and was lower (35%) against Omicron infection (95% CI 21%-47%). The relative VE of 3rd dose (heterologous BNT162b2) was greater for primary course ChAdOX1 recipients, with VE 0-2 months post-3rd dose over ≥68% higher for both variants. Third-dose protection waned rapidly against Omicron, with no significant difference between two and three BNT162b2 doses observed after 4-months. Previous infection continued to provide additional protection against Omicron (67% (CI 56%-75%) 3-6 months post-infection), but this waned to about 25% after 9-months, approximately three times lower than against Delta. Infection rates surged with Omicron emergence. Third doses of BNT162b2 vaccine provided short-term protection, with rapid waning against Omicron infections. Protection associated with infections incurred before Omicron was markedly diminished against the Omicron wave. Our findings demonstrate the complexity of an evolving pandemic with the potential emergence of immune-escape variants and the importance of continued monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Hall
- UK Health Security Agency, 10 South Colonnade, London E14 4PU, United Kingdom.
| | - Ferdinando Insalata
- UK Health Security Agency, 10 South Colonnade, London E14 4PU, United Kingdom; Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Sarah Foulkes
- UK Health Security Agency, 10 South Colonnade, London E14 4PU, United Kingdom.
| | - Peter Kirwan
- UK Health Security Agency, 10 South Colonnade, London E14 4PU, United Kingdom; MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Public Health, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SR, United Kingdom.
| | - Dominic Sparkes
- UK Health Security Agency, 10 South Colonnade, London E14 4PU, United Kingdom.
| | - Ana Atti
- UK Health Security Agency, 10 South Colonnade, London E14 4PU, United Kingdom.
| | - Michelle Cole
- UK Health Security Agency, 10 South Colonnade, London E14 4PU, United Kingdom.
| | - Elen de Lacy
- Public Health Wales, 2 Capital Quarter, Tyndall Street, Cardiff CF10 4BZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Lesley Price
- Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom; Public Health Scotland, Gyle Square 1 South Gyle Crescent, Edinburgh EH12 9EB, United Kingdom.
| | - Diane Corrigan
- Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Unit 12-22 Linenhall Street, Belfast BT2 8BS, United Kingdom.
| | - Colin S Brown
- UK Health Security Agency, 10 South Colonnade, London E14 4PU, United Kingdom.
| | - Jasmin Islam
- UK Health Security Agency, 10 South Colonnade, London E14 4PU, United Kingdom.
| | - Andre Charlett
- UK Health Security Agency, UK Health Security Agency, Nobel House, 17 Smith Square, London, SW1P 3JR.
| | - Susan Hopkins
- UK Health Security Agency, UK Health Security Agency, Nobel House, 17 Smith Square, London, SW1P 3JR.
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49
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Layton JB, Peetluk L, Wong HL, Jiao Y, Djibo DA, Bui C, Lloyd PC, Gruber JF, Miller M, Ogilvie RP, Deng J, Parambi R, Song J, Weatherby LB, Lo AC, Matuska K, Wernecke M, Clarke TC, Cho S, Bell EJ, Seeger JD, Yang GW, Illei D, Forshee RA, Anderson SA, McMahill-Walraven CN, Chillarige Y, Amend KL, Anthony MS, Shoaibi A. Effectiveness of monovalent COVID-19 booster/additional vaccine doses in the United States. Vaccine X 2024; 16:100447. [PMID: 38318230 PMCID: PMC10840109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Monovalent booster/additional doses of COVID-19 vaccines were first authorized in August 2021 in the United States. We evaluated the real-world effectiveness of receipt of a monovalent booster/additional dose of COVID-19 vaccine compared with receiving a primary vaccine series without a booster/additional dose. Methods Cohorts of individuals receiving a COVID-19 booster/additional dose after receipt of a complete primary vaccine series were identified in 2 administrative insurance claims databases (Optum, CVS Health) supplemented with state immunization information system data between August 2021 and March 2022. Individuals with a complete primary series but without a booster/additional dose were one-to-one matched to boosted individuals on calendar date, geography, and clinical factors. COVID-19 diagnoses were identified in any medical setting, or specifically in hospitals/emergency departments (EDs). Propensity score-weighted hazards ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated with Cox proportional hazards models; vaccine effectiveness (VE) was estimated as 1 minus the HR by vaccine brand overall and within subgroups of variant-specific eras, immunocompromised status, and homologous/heterologous booster status. Results Across both data sources, we identified 752,165 matched pairs for BNT162b2, 410,501 for mRNA-1273, and 11,398 for JNJ-7836735. For any medically diagnosed COVID-19, meta-analyzed VE estimates for BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and JNJ-7836735, respectively, were: BNT162b2, 54% (95% CI, 53%-56%); mRNA-1273, 58% (95% CI, 56%-59%); JNJ-7836735, 34% (95% CI, 23%-44%). For hospital/ED-diagnosed COVID-19, VE estimates ranged from 70% to 76%. VE was generally lower during the Omicron era than the Delta era and for immunocompromised individuals. There was little difference observed by homologous or heterologous booster status. Conclusion The original, monovalent booster/additional doses were reasonably effective in real-world use among the populations for which they were indicated during the study period. Additional studies may be informative in the future as new variants emerge and new vaccines become available.Registration: The study protocol was publicly posted on the BEST Initiative website (https://bestinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/C19-VX-Effectiveness-Protocol_2022_508.pdf).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hui Lee Wong
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Christine Bui
- RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Patricia C. Lloyd
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Joann F. Gruber
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Jie Deng
- Optum Epidemiology, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tainya C. Clarke
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sylvia Cho
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard A. Forshee
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Steven A. Anderson
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Azadeh Shoaibi
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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50
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SeyedAlinaghi S, Afsahi AM, Mirzapour P, Afzalian A, Shahidi R, Dashti M, Ghasemzadeh A, Paranjkhoo P, Parsaei Z, Pashaei A, Mohammadi P, Najafi MS, Mahrokhi S, Matini P, Moradi A, Karimi A, Afroughi S, Mehraeen E, Dadras O. Comparison of Omicron and Delta Variants of SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2024; 24:e050324227686. [PMID: 38445691 DOI: 10.2174/0118715265279242240216114548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in late 2019 in Wuhan, China. In early 2020, the disease spread rapidly around the world. Since the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved dramatically into a wide variety of variants endowed with devastating properties. As of March 6, 2022, five SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron strains have been identified. Due to the crucial importance of understanding the differences between the Omicron and Delta variants, this systematic review was conducted. METHODS This systematic review investigated new variants of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 based on current studies. Online databases were searched for English articles as of January 03, 2023. Selection of publications was a two-step process of title/abstract and full-text assessment against eligibility criteria. The relevant data from the included articles were systematically collected and organized in a designed table for analysis. To ensure the quality of the review, the PRISMA checklist and Newcastle- Ottawa Scale (NOS) of quality assessment were utilized. RESULTS The data extracted from 58 articles were analyzed, including 10003 pieces of evidence. Lower risk of hospitalization, ICU admission, and mortality after vaccination were reported in the Omicron variant compared to the Delta variant. Additionally, the Delta variant led to more severe clinical symptoms in comparison to the Omicron variant. CONCLUSION The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 results in less severe disease outcomes as compared to Delta. Nevertheless, it remains crucial to maintain ongoing monitoring, implement containment measures, and adapt vaccination protocols to effectively address the evolving variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Masoud Afsahi
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), California, USA
| | - Pegah Mirzapour
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arian Afzalian
- School of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Shahidi
- School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mohsen Dashti
- Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Ghasemzadeh
- Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parinaz Paranjkhoo
- Turpanjian College of Health Sciences, American University of Armenia, Yerevan, 0019, Armenia
| | - Zahra Parsaei
- Health Information Technology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ava Pashaei
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Parsa Mohammadi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadeq Najafi
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sona Mahrokhi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Matini
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Moradi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirali Karimi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solaiman Afroughi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health and Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Postal Code 7591875114, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Mehraeen
- Department of Health Information Technology, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran
| | - Omid Dadras
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, 5007, Norway
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