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Deng TX, Ma XY, Duan A, Lu XR, Abdel-Shafy H. Genome-wide copy number variant analysis reveals candidate genes associated with milk production traits in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:7022-7037. [PMID: 38762109 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Buffaloes are vital contributors to the global dairy industry. Understanding the genetic basis of milk production traits in buffalo populations is essential for breeding programs and improving productivity. In this study, we conducted whole-genome resequencing on 387 buffalo genomes from 29 diverse Asian breeds, including 132 river buffaloes, 129 swamp buffaloes, and 126 crossbred buffaloes. We identified 36,548 copy number variants (CNV) spanning 133.29 Mb of the buffalo genome, resulting in 2,100 CNV regions (CNVR), with 1,993 shared CNVR being found within the studied buffalo types. Analyzing CNVR highlighted distinct genetic differentiation between river and swamp buffalo subspecies, verified by evolutionary tree and principal component analyses. Admixture analysis grouped buffaloes into river and swamp categories, with crossbred buffaloes displaying mixed ancestry. To identify candidate genes associated with milk production traits, we employed 3 approaches. First, we used Vst-based population differentiation, revealing 11 genes within CNVR that exhibited significant divergence between different buffalo breeds, including genes linked to milk production traits. Second, expression quantitative loci analysis revealed differentially expressed CNVR-derived genes (DECG) associated with milk production traits. Notably, known milk production-related genes were among these DECG, validating their relevance. Last, a GWAS identified 3 CNVR significantly linked to peak milk yield. Our study provides comprehensive genomic insights into buffalo populations and identifies candidate genes associated with milk production traits. These findings facilitate genetic breeding programs aimed at increasing milk yield and improving quality in this economically important livestock species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Xian Deng
- Guangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China.
| | - Xiao-Ya Ma
- Guangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Anqin Duan
- Guangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Xing-Rong Lu
- Guangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Hamdy Abdel-Shafy
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, 12613, Giza, Egypt
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Zaks N, Mahjani B, Reichenberg A, Birnbaum R. CLINICAL AND COGNITIVE PHENOTYPING OF COPY NUMBER VARIANTS PATHOGENIC FOR NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS FROM A MULTI-ANCESTRY BIOBANK. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.07.16.24310489. [PMID: 39072027 PMCID: PMC11275656 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.16.24310489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Background Rare copy number variants (CNVs) are pathogenic for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) and effect neurocognitive impairment. In aggregate, NDD CNVs may present in up to 2% of population cohorts with implications for neuropsychiatric disease risk and cognitive health. However, analyses of NDD CNVs in biobanks or population cohorts have been hindered by limited clinical or cognitive phenotypes, and a lack of ancestral diversity. In the current proof-of-concept study, NDD CNV carriers were recontacted from BioMe, a multi-ancestry biobank derived from the Mount Sinai healthcare system, to enable 'deep phenotyping' beyond electronic health record outcomes. Methods From BioMe biobank, 892 adult participants were recontacted, including 335 harboring NDD CNVs, 217 with schizophrenia and 340 neurotypical controls as comparators. Clinical and cognitive assessments were administered to each recruited participant. Results Seventy-three participants completed study assessments (mean age=48.8 years; 66% female; 36% African, 26% European, 34% Hispanic), or 8% of the recontacted subset, including 30 NDD CNV carriers across 15 loci. Among NDD CNV carriers, assessments indicated 40% with mood and anxiety disorders, 30% with learning disorders, and 13% with a history of special education. NDD CNV carriers were significantly cognitively impaired compared to controls on digit span backwards (Beta=-1.76, FDR=0.04) and digit span sequencing (Beta=-2.01, FDR=0.04). Conclusions Feasibility of "recall-by-genotype" from a multi-ancestry biobank was established for NDD CNV carriers, along with comparator groups. The current study corroborated past reports of NDD CNVs effects of cognitive impairment, while elucidating clinical phenotypes for recalled individuals. Future "recall-by-genotype" studies may further facilitate clinical characterization of disease-relevant genomic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Zaks
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Langone Health
| | - Behrang Mahjani
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Abraham Reichenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Rebecca Birnbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
- Department of Genetic and Genomics Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
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3
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Vaez M, Montalbano S, Calle Sánchez X, Georgii Hellberg KL, Dehkordi SR, Krebs MD, Meijsen J, Shorter J, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Mortensen PB, Børglum AD, Hougaard DM, Nordentoft M, Geschwind DH, Buil A, Schork AJ, Helenius D, Raznahan A, Thompson WK, Werge T, Ingason A. Population-Based Risk of Psychiatric Disorders Associated With Recurrent Copy Number Variants. JAMA Psychiatry 2024:2820398. [PMID: 38922630 PMCID: PMC11209205 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Importance Recurrent copy number variants (rCNVs) have been associated with increased risk of psychiatric disorders in case-control studies, but their population-level impact is unknown. Objective To provide unbiased population-based estimates of prevalence and risk associated with psychiatric disorders for rCNVs and to compare risks across outcomes, rCNV dosage type (deletions or duplications), and locus features. Design, Setting, and Participants This genetic association study is an analysis of data from the Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH) case-cohort sample of individuals born in Denmark in 1981-2008 and followed up until 2015, including (1) all individuals (n = 92 531) with a hospital discharge diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD), or schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) and (2) a subcohort (n = 50 625) randomly drawn from the source population. Data were analyzed from January 2021 to August 2023. Exposures Carrier status of deletions and duplications at 27 autosomal rCNV loci was determined from neonatal blood samples genotyped on single-nucleotide variant microarrays. Main Outcomes and Measures Population-based rCNV prevalence was estimated with a survey model using finite population correction to account for oversampling of cases. Hazard ratio (HR) estimates and 95% CIs for psychiatric disorders were derived using weighted Cox proportional hazard models. Risks were compared across outcomes, dosage type, and locus features using generalized estimating equation models. Results A total of 3547 rCNVs were identified in 64 735 individuals assigned male at birth (53.8%) and 55 512 individuals assigned female at birth (46.2%) whose age at the end of follow-up ranged from 7.0 to 34.7 years (mean, 21.8 years). Most observed increases in rCNV-associated risk for ADHD, ASD, or SSD were moderate, and risk estimates were highly correlated across these disorders. Notable exceptions included high ASD-associated risk observed for Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome duplications (HR, 20.8; 95% CI, 7.9-55). No rCNV was associated with increased MDD risk. Also, rCNV-associated risk was positively correlated with locus size and gene constraint but not with dosage type. Comparison with published case-control and community-based studies revealed a higher prevalence of deletions and lower associated increase in risk for several rCNVs in iPSYCH2015. Conclusions and Relevance This study found that several rCNVs were more prevalent and conferred less risk of psychiatric disorders than estimated previously. Most case-control studies overestimate rCNV-associated risk of psychiatric disorders, likely because of selection bias. In an era where genetics is increasingly being clinically applied, these results highlight the importance of population-based risk estimates for genetics-based predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Vaez
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simone Montalbano
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Xabier Calle Sánchez
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kajsa-Lotta Georgii Hellberg
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Saeid Rasekhi Dehkordi
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten Dybdahl Krebs
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Joeri Meijsen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
| | - John Shorter
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Preben B. Mortensen
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders D. Børglum
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine – Human Genetics and the iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David M. Hougaard
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel H. Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego
- Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Alfonso Buil
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew J. Schork
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGEN), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Dorte Helenius
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Armin Raznahan
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wesley K. Thompson
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma
| | - Thomas Werge
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrés Ingason
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Chang X, Qu H, Liu Y, Glessner J, Hakonarson H. A Protective Role of Low Polygenic Risk Score in Healthy Individuals Carrying Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-Associated Copy Number Variations. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:881-887. [PMID: 37865391 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have implicated both rare copy number variations (CNVs) and common variants in liability for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, how common and rare genetic variants jointly contribute to individual liability requires further investigation in larger cohorts. METHODS This study comprises 9385 participants of European descent and 7810 participants of African American ancestry who were recruited from the greater Philadelphia area by the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. The polygenic risk score (PRS) of each participant was estimated by linkage disequilibrium pruning and p-value thresholding (P + T) methods using PRSice-2. We investigated whether the risk of ADHD follows a polygenic liability threshold model wherein 1) the risk of ADHD requires less contribution from common variants in the presence of a rare CNV, and 2) control carriers of ADHD-associated CNVs have lower common risk allele burden than noncarriers. RESULTS CNVs previously reported in ADHD cases were significantly associated with ADHD risk in both the European American cohort and the African American cohort. Healthy control participants carrying those same risk CNVs had lower PRSs than those without risk CNVs in the European American cohort. This result was replicated in the African American cohort. However, PRSs were not significantly different in case participants carrying risk CNVs versus those without risk CNVs. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence in support of interactive effects of PRS and ADHD-associated CNVs on disease risk and add novel insights into the genetic basis of ADHD by highlighting a protective role of low PRS in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chang
- College of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data for Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China; Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Huiqi Qu
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yichuan Liu
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Glessner
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
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5
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Kendall KM, Duffin D, Doherty J, Irving R, Procter A, Walters JTR. The translation of psychiatric genetic findings to the clinic. Schizophr Res 2024; 267:470-472. [PMID: 37919212 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Mental health and neurodevelopmental disorders are highly heritable and can affect morbidity and mortality. A large, growing body of evidence has implicated both common and rare variation in the risk of these disorders. Testing for rare variants, such as copy number variants, has been available in clinical practice for some time in the context of developmental disorders. However, until recently, individuals with mental health and neurodevelopmental disorders in the UK have not tended to access genetic counselling and testing. Here, we describe the development of the All Wales Psychiatric Genomics Service, a collaborative effort between psychiatric and clinical genetics services and the first of its kind in the UK. We provide an overview of the structure and function of the service, our referral criteria, a summary of the 40 referrals we have received to date and our future plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley Marie Kendall
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Donna Duffin
- All Wales Medical Genomics Service, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XW, United Kingdom.
| | - Joanne Doherty
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Rachel Irving
- All Wales Medical Genomics Service, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XW, United Kingdom.
| | - Annie Procter
- All Wales Medical Genomics Service, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XW, United Kingdom
| | - James Tynan Rhys Walters
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom.
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Auwerx C, Jõeloo M, Sadler MC, Tesio N, Ojavee S, Clark CJ, Mägi R, Reymond A, Kutalik Z. Rare copy-number variants as modulators of common disease susceptibility. Genome Med 2024; 16:5. [PMID: 38185688 PMCID: PMC10773105 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-023-01265-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copy-number variations (CNVs) have been associated with rare and debilitating genomic disorders (GDs) but their impact on health later in life in the general population remains poorly described. METHODS Assessing four modes of CNV action, we performed genome-wide association scans (GWASs) between the copy-number of CNV-proxy probes and 60 curated ICD-10 based clinical diagnoses in 331,522 unrelated white British UK Biobank (UKBB) participants with replication in the Estonian Biobank. RESULTS We identified 73 signals involving 40 diseases, all of which indicating that CNVs increased disease risk and caused earlier onset. We estimated that 16% of these associations are indirect, acting by increasing body mass index (BMI). Signals mapped to 45 unique, non-overlapping regions, nine of which being linked to known GDs. Number and identity of genes affected by CNVs modulated their pathogenicity, with many associations being supported by colocalization with both common and rare single-nucleotide variant association signals. Dissection of association signals provided insights into the epidemiology of known gene-disease pairs (e.g., deletions in BRCA1 and LDLR increased risk for ovarian cancer and ischemic heart disease, respectively), clarified dosage mechanisms of action (e.g., both increased and decreased dosage of 17q12 impacted renal health), and identified putative causal genes (e.g., ABCC6 for kidney stones). Characterization of the pleiotropic pathological consequences of recurrent CNVs at 15q13, 16p13.11, 16p12.2, and 22q11.2 in adulthood indicated variable expressivity of these regions and the involvement of multiple genes. Finally, we show that while the total burden of rare CNVs-and especially deletions-strongly associated with disease risk, it only accounted for ~ 0.02% of the UKBB disease burden. These associations are mainly driven by CNVs at known GD CNV regions, whose pleiotropic effect on common diseases was broader than anticipated by our CNV-GWAS. CONCLUSIONS Our results shed light on the prominent role of rare CNVs in determining common disease susceptibility within the general population and provide actionable insights for anticipating later-onset comorbidities in carriers of recurrent CNVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Auwerx
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Genopode building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Maarja Jõeloo
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marie C Sadler
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Genopode building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolò Tesio
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sven Ojavee
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Genopode building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Charlie J Clark
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alexandre Reymond
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Genopode building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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7
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Halvorsen M, de Schipper E, Boberg J, Strom N, Hagen K, Lindblad-Toh K, Karlsson E, Pedersen N, Bulik C, Fundín B, Landén M, Kvale G, Hansen B, Haavik J, Mattheisen M, Rück C, Mataix-Cols D, Crowley J. A Burden of Rare Copy Number Variants in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3749504. [PMID: 38260575 PMCID: PMC10802697 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3749504/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Current genetic research on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) supports contributions to risk specifically from common single nucleotide variants (SNVs), along with rare coding SNVs and small insertion-deletions (indels). The contribution to OCD risk from large, rare copy number variants (CNVs), however, has not been formally assessed at a similar scale. Here we describe an analysis of rare CNVs called from genotype array data in 2,248 deeply phenotyped OCD cases and 3,608 unaffected controls from Sweden and Norway. We found that in general cases carry an elevated burden of large (>30kb, at least 15 probes) CNVs (OR=1.12, P=1.77×10-3). The excess rate of these CNVs in cases versus controls was around 0.07 (95% CI 0.02-0.11, P=2.58×10-3). This signal was largely driven by CNVs overlapping protein-coding regions (OR=1.19, P=3.08×10-4), particularly deletions impacting loss-of-function intolerant genes (pLI>0.995, OR=4.12, P=2.54×10-5). We did not identify any specific locus where CNV burden was associated with OCD case status at genome-wide significance, but we noted non-random recurrence of CNV deletions in cases (permutation P = 2.60×10-3). In cases where sufficient clinical data were available (n=1612) we found that carriers of neurodevelopmental duplications were more likely to have comorbid autism (P<0.001), and that carriers of deletions overlapping neurodevelopmental genes had lower treatment response (P=0.02). The results demonstrate a contribution of large, rare CNVs to OCD risk, and suggest that studies of rare coding variation in OCD would have increased power to identify risk genes if this class of variation were incorporated into formal tests.
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8
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Detera-Wadleigh SD, Kassem L, Besancon E, Lopes F, Akula N, Sung H, Blattner M, Sheridan L, Lacbawan LN, Garcia J, Gordovez F, Hosey K, Donner C, Salvini C, Schulze T, Chen DTW, England B, Cross J, Jiang X, Corona W, Russ J, Mallon B, Dutra A, Pak E, Steiner J, Malik N, de Guzman T, Horato N, Mallmann MB, Mendes V, Dűck AL, Nardi AE, McMahon FJ. A resource of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines including clinical, genomic, and cellular data from genetically isolated families with mood and psychotic disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:397. [PMID: 38104115 PMCID: PMC10725500 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02641-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide (GWAS) and copy number variant (CNV) association studies have reproducibly identified numerous risk alleles associated with bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and schizophrenia (SCZ), but biological characterization of these alleles lags gene discovery, owing to the inaccessibility of live human brain cells and inadequate animal models for human psychiatric conditions. Human-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide a renewable cellular reagent that can be differentiated into living, disease-relevant cells and 3D brain organoids carrying the full complement of genetic variants present in the donor germline. Experimental studies of iPSC-derived cells allow functional characterization of risk alleles, establishment of causal relationships between genes and neurobiology, and screening for novel therapeutics. Here we report the creation and availability of an iPSC resource comprising clinical, genomic, and cellular data obtained from genetically isolated families with BD and related conditions. Results from the first 324 study participants, 61 of whom have validated pluripotent clones, show enrichment of rare single nucleotide variants and CNVs overlapping many known risk genes and pathogenic CNVs. This growing iPSC resource is available to scientists pursuing functional genomic studies of BD and related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevilla D Detera-Wadleigh
- Genetic Basis of Mood & Anxiety Disorders Section, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Layla Kassem
- Genetic Basis of Mood & Anxiety Disorders Section, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Emily Besancon
- Genetic Basis of Mood & Anxiety Disorders Section, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Fabiana Lopes
- Genetic Basis of Mood & Anxiety Disorders Section, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Laboratorio de Panico e Respiracao, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 22410-003, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Nirmala Akula
- Genetic Basis of Mood & Anxiety Disorders Section, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Heejong Sung
- Genetic Basis of Mood & Anxiety Disorders Section, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Meghan Blattner
- Genetic Basis of Mood & Anxiety Disorders Section, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Laura Sheridan
- Genetic Basis of Mood & Anxiety Disorders Section, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ley Nadine Lacbawan
- Genetic Basis of Mood & Anxiety Disorders Section, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Joshua Garcia
- Genetic Basis of Mood & Anxiety Disorders Section, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Francis Gordovez
- Genetic Basis of Mood & Anxiety Disorders Section, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Katherine Hosey
- Genetic Basis of Mood & Anxiety Disorders Section, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Cassandra Donner
- Genetic Basis of Mood & Anxiety Disorders Section, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Claudio Salvini
- Genetic Basis of Mood & Anxiety Disorders Section, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Laboratorio de Panico e Respiracao, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 22410-003, Brazil
| | - Thomas Schulze
- Genetic Basis of Mood & Anxiety Disorders Section, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, LMU Munich, 80336, München, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Upstate University Hospital, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - David T W Chen
- Genetic Basis of Mood & Anxiety Disorders Section, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Bryce England
- Genetic Basis of Mood & Anxiety Disorders Section, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Joanna Cross
- Genetic Basis of Mood & Anxiety Disorders Section, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Xueying Jiang
- Genetic Basis of Mood & Anxiety Disorders Section, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Winston Corona
- Genetic Basis of Mood & Anxiety Disorders Section, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jill Russ
- Genetic Basis of Mood & Anxiety Disorders Section, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Barbara Mallon
- Center for Scientific Review, Neurotechnology and Vision Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Amalia Dutra
- Cytogenetics and Microscopy Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Evgenia Pak
- Cytogenetics and Microscopy Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Joe Steiner
- Neurotherapeutics Development Unit, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nasir Malik
- Neurotherapeutics Development Unit, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Theresa de Guzman
- Genetic Basis of Mood & Anxiety Disorders Section, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Natia Horato
- Laboratorio de Panico e Respiracao, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 22410-003, Brazil
| | - Mariana B Mallmann
- Laboratorio de Panico e Respiracao, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 22410-003, Brazil
| | - Victoria Mendes
- Laboratorio de Panico e Respiracao, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 22410-003, Brazil
| | - Amanda L Dűck
- Laboratorio de Panico e Respiracao, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 22410-003, Brazil
| | - Antonio E Nardi
- Laboratorio de Panico e Respiracao, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 22410-003, Brazil
| | - Francis J McMahon
- Genetic Basis of Mood & Anxiety Disorders Section, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Mollon J, Schultz LM, Huguet G, Knowles EEM, Mathias SR, Rodrigue A, Alexander-Bloch A, Saci Z, Jean-Louis M, Kumar K, Douard E, Almasy L, Jacquemont S, Glahn DC. Impact of Copy Number Variants and Polygenic Risk Scores on Psychopathology in the UK Biobank. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 94:591-600. [PMID: 36764568 PMCID: PMC10409883 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our understanding of the impact of copy number variants (CNVs) on psychopathology and their joint influence with polygenic risk scores (PRSs) remains limited. METHODS The UK Biobank recruited 502,534 individuals ages 37 to 73 years living in the United Kingdom between 2006 and 2010. After quality control, genotype data from 459,855 individuals were available for CNV calling. A total of 61 commonly studied recurrent neuropsychiatric CNVs were selected for analyses and examined individually and in aggregate (any CNV, deletion, or duplication). CNV risk scores were used to quantify intolerance of CNVs to haploinsufficiency. Major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder PRSs were generated for White British individuals (N = 408,870). Mood/anxiety factor scores were generated using item-level questionnaire data (N = 501,289). RESULTS CNV carriers showed higher mood/anxiety scores than noncarriers, with the largest effects seen for intolerant deletions. A total of 11 individual deletions and 8 duplications were associated with higher mood/anxiety. Carriers of the 9p24.3 (DMRT1) duplication showed lower mood/anxiety. Associations remained significant for most CNVs when excluding individuals with psychiatric diagnoses. Nominally significant CNV × PRS interactions provided preliminary evidence that associations between select individual CNVs, but not CNVs in aggregate, and mood/anxiety may be modulated by PRSs. CONCLUSIONS CNVs associated with risk for psychiatric disorders showed small to large effects on dimensional mood/anxiety scores in a general population cohort, even when excluding individuals with psychiatric diagnoses. CNV × PRS interactions showed that associations between select CNVs and mood/anxiety may be modulated by PRSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Mollon
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Laura M Schultz
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Guillaume Huguet
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Center Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emma E M Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Samuel R Mathias
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amanda Rodrigue
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aaron Alexander-Bloch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zohra Saci
- Department of Pediatrics, Center Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martineau Jean-Louis
- Department of Pediatrics, Center Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kuldeep Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Center Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elise Douard
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Center Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, Penn-CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sebastien Jacquemont
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Center Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, Connecticut
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10
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Büki G, Hadzsiev K, Bene J. Copy Number Variations in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13671. [PMID: 37761973 PMCID: PMC10530736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are complex conditions that represent a significant global health burden with complex and multifactorial etiologies. Technological advances in recent years have improved our understanding of the genetic architecture of the major neuropsychiatric disorders and the genetic loci involved. Previous studies mainly investigated genome-wide significant SNPs to elucidate the cross-disorder and disorder-specific genetic basis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Although copy number variations represent a major source of genetic variations, they are known risk factors in developing a variety of human disorders, including certain neuropsychiatric diseases. In this review, we demonstrate the current understanding of CNVs contributing to liability for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Judit Bene
- Department of Medical Genetics, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (G.B.); (K.H.)
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11
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Vaez M, Montalbano S, Sánchez XC, Georgii Hellberg KL, Rasekhi Dehkordi S, Dybdahl Krebs M, Meijsen J, Shorter J, Byberg-Grauholm J, Mortensen PB, Børglum AD, Hougaard DM, Nordentoft M, Geschwind DH, Buil A, Schork AJ, Helenius D, Raznahan A, Thompson WK, Werge T, Ingason A. Population-based Risk of Psychiatric Disorders Associated with Recurrent CNVs. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.09.04.23294975. [PMID: 37886536 PMCID: PMC10602037 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.04.23294975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent copy number variants (rCNVs) are associated with increased risk of neuropsychiatric disorders but their pathogenic population-level impact is unknown. We provide population-based estimates of rCNV-associated risk of neuropsychiatric disorders for 34 rCNVs in the iPSYCH2015 case-cohort sample (n=120,247). Most observed significant increases in rCNV-associated risk for ADHD, autism or schizophrenia were moderate (HR:1.42-5.00), and risk estimates were highly correlated across these disorders, the most notable exception being high autism-associated risk with Prader-Willi/Angelman Syndrome duplications (HR=20.8). No rCNV was associated with significant increase in depression risk. Also, rCNV-associated risk was positively correlated with locus size and gene constraint. Comparison with published rCNV studies suggests that prevalence of some rCNVs is higher, and risk of psychiatric disorders lower, than previously estimated. In an era where genetics is increasingly being clinically applied, our results highlight the importance of population-based risk estimates for genetics-based predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Vaez
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simone Montalbano
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Xabier Calle Sánchez
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kajsa-Lotta Georgii Hellberg
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Saeid Rasekhi Dehkordi
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten Dybdahl Krebs
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Joeri Meijsen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
| | - John Shorter
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jonas Byberg-Grauholm
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Preben B Mortensen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, DK-8210 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics and the iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David M Hougaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alfonso Buil
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew J Schork
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Neurogenomics Division, The Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGEN), Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Dorte Helenius
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Armin Raznahan
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wesley K Thompson
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Thomas Werge
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrés Ingason
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Kumar K, Modenato C, Moreau C, Ching CRK, Harvey A, Martin-Brevet S, Huguet G, Jean-Louis M, Douard E, Martin CO, Younis N, Tamer P, Maillard AM, Rodriguez-Herreros B, Pain A, Richetin S, Kushan L, Isaev D, Alpert K, Ragothaman A, Turner JA, Wang L, Ho TC, Schmaal L, Silva AI, van den Bree MB, Linden DE, Owen MJ, Hall J, Lippé S, Dumas G, Draganski B, Gutman BA, Sønderby IE, Andreassen OA, Schultz L, Almasy L, Glahn DC, Bearden CE, Thompson PM, Jacquemont S. Subcortical Brain Alterations in Carriers of Genomic Copy Number Variants. Am J Psychiatry 2023; 180:685-698. [PMID: 37434504 PMCID: PMC10885337 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20220304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Copy number variants (CNVs) are well-known genetic pleiotropic risk factors for multiple neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders (NPDs), including autism (ASD) and schizophrenia. Little is known about how different CNVs conferring risk for the same condition may affect subcortical brain structures and how these alterations relate to the level of disease risk conferred by CNVs. To fill this gap, the authors investigated gross volume, vertex-level thickness, and surface maps of subcortical structures in 11 CNVs and six NPDs. METHODS Subcortical structures were characterized using harmonized ENIGMA protocols in 675 CNV carriers (CNVs at 1q21.1, TAR, 13q12.12, 15q11.2, 16p11.2, 16p13.11, and 22q11.2; age range, 6-80 years; 340 males) and 782 control subjects (age range, 6-80 years; 387 males) as well as ENIGMA summary statistics for ASD, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, and major depression. RESULTS All CNVs showed alterations in at least one subcortical measure. Each structure was affected by at least two CNVs, and the hippocampus and amygdala were affected by five. Shape analyses detected subregional alterations that were averaged out in volume analyses. A common latent dimension was identified, characterized by opposing effects on the hippocampus/amygdala and putamen/pallidum, across CNVs and across NPDs. Effect sizes of CNVs on subcortical volume, thickness, and local surface area were correlated with their previously reported effect sizes on cognition and risk for ASD and schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrate that subcortical alterations associated with CNVs show varying levels of similarities with those associated with neuropsychiatric conditions, as well distinct effects, with some CNVs clustering with adult-onset conditions and others with ASD. These findings provide insight into the long-standing questions of why CNVs at different genomic loci increase the risk for the same NPD and why a single CNV increases the risk for a diverse set of NPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Kumar
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Canada
| | - Claudia Modenato
- LREN - Department of clinical neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clara Moreau
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 3571, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, Paris, France
| | - Christopher R. K. Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA
| | - Annabelle Harvey
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Canada
| | - Sandra Martin-Brevet
- LREN - Department of clinical neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Huguet
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Elise Douard
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Nadine Younis
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Canada
| | - Petra Tamer
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Canada
| | - Anne M. Maillard
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l’Autisme et apparentés, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Borja Rodriguez-Herreros
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l’Autisme et apparentés, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Pain
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l’Autisme et apparentés, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Richetin
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l’Autisme et apparentés, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Leila Kushan
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Dmitry Isaev
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kathryn Alpert
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anjani Ragothaman
- Department of biomedical engineering, Oregon Health and Science university, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jessica A. Turner
- Psychology & Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Tiffany C. Ho
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ana I. Silva
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Netherlands
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Marianne B.M. van den Bree
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David E.J. Linden
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Netherlands
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Hall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Lippé
- LREN - Department of clinical neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Dumas
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Canada
| | - Bogdan Draganski
- LREN - Department of clinical neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- Neurology Department, Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Boris A. Gutman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ida E. Sønderby
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Laura Schultz
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - David C. Glahn
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA
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Jonsson L, Martin J, Lichtenstein P, Magnusson PKE, Lundström S, Westberg L, Tammimies K. Examining neurodevelopmental problems in 15q11.2 (BP1-BP2) copy number variation carriers at ages 9/12 and 18 in a Swedish twin sample. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2023; 11:e2191. [PMID: 37156729 PMCID: PMC10422071 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several copy number variations (CNVs) are associated with increased risk for neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. The CNV 15q11.2 (BP1-BP2) deletion has been associated with learning difficulties, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), epilepsy, and brain morphology; however, many carriers present mild or no symptoms. Carrying the reciprocal duplication does not seem to confer risk for these disorders or traits. Our aim was to examine the impact of carrying either 15q11.2 deletion and reciprocal duplication on neurodevelopmental problems in a population-based sample of children. METHODS Twins with genotype and phenotype information in the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS) were included (N = 12,040). We included measures of neurodevelopmental problems (NDPs), including learning problems, from the questionnaire Autism-Tics, ADHD, and other Comorbidities inventory (A-TAC) at age 9/12, ADHD and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) questionnaires at age 18, as well as information about lifetime psychiatric diagnoses and epileptic seizures. We tested the association between these phenotypic measurements and carrying the 15q11.2 deletion, the reciprocal duplication, and other CNVs with previously reported strong associations with neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders (i.e., psychiatric CNVs). RESULTS We identified 57 carriers of the 15q11.2 deletion, 75 carriers of the reciprocal duplication, and 67 carriers of other psychiatric CNVs. We did not find an increased risk for NDPs or psychiatric diagnoses in the 15q11.2 deletion carriers. For 15q11.2 duplication carriers, we found an increased risk for math learning problems and fewer self-reported ADHD symptoms at age 18 but not for other NDPs. In line with previous studies, we found an increased risk of NDPs and other evaluated phenotypes in carriers of psychiatric CNVs. CONCLUSIONS Our results support previous findings that carrying 15q11.2 deletion does not have a large effect on NDPs in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Jonsson
- Department of Psychiatry and NeurochemistryInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Joanna Martin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and GenomicsDivision of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Patrik K. E. Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Sebastian Lundström
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry CentreInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Lars Westberg
- Department of PharmacologyInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Kristiina Tammimies
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND)Centre for Psychiatry ResearchDepartment of Women's and Children's HealthKarolinska Institutet and Child and Adolescent PsychiatryStockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County CouncilStockholmSweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children's HospitalKarolinska University Hospital, Region StockholmSolnaSweden
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Abstract
Strabismus, or misalignment of the eyes, is the most common ocular disorder in the pediatric population, affecting approximately 2%-4% of children. Strabismus leads to the disruption of binocular vision, amblyopia, social and occupational discrimination, and decreased quality of life. Although it has been recognized since ancient times that strabismus runs in families, its inheritance patterns are complex, and its precise genetic mechanisms have not yet been defined. Family, population, and twin studies all support a role of genetics in the development of strabismus. There are multiple forms of strabismus, and it is not known if they have shared genetic mechanisms or are distinct genetic disorders, which complicates studies of strabismus. Studies assuming that strabismus is a Mendelian disorder have found areas of linkage and candidate genes in particular families, but no definitive causal genes. Genome-wide association studies searching for common variation that contributes to strabismus risk have identified two risk loci and three copy number variants in white populations. Causative genes have been identified in congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders, syndromes in which eye movement is limited or paralyzed. The causative genes lead to either improper differentiation of cranial motor neurons or abnormal axon guidance. This article reviews the evidence for a genetic contribution to strabismus and the recent advances that have been made in the genetics of comitant strabismus, the most common form of strabismus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Martinez Sanchez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mary C. Whitman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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Niarchou M, Cunningham AC, Chawner SJRA, Moulding H, Sopp M, Hall J, Owen MJ, van den Bree MBM. Psychopathology in mothers of children with pathogenic Copy Number Variants. J Med Genet 2023; 60:706-711. [PMID: 36446581 PMCID: PMC10359584 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2022-108752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caring for children with pathogenic neurodevelopmental Copy Number Variants (CNVs) (ie, deletions and duplications of genetic material) can place a considerable burden on parents and their quality of life. Our study is the first to examine the frequency of psychiatric diagnoses in mothers of children with CNVs compared with the frequency of psychiatric problems in age-matched mothers from a large community study. METHODS Case-control study. 268 mothers of children with a CNV diagnosed in a medical genetics clinic and 2680 age-matched mothers taking part in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children study. RESULTS Mothers of children with CNVs reported higher frequency of depression, anorexia, bulimia, alcohol abuse and drug addiction problems compared with the age-matched mothers from the community sample. Focusing on psychiatric problems arising immediately after the birth of the index child, we found that the levels of depression symptoms were similar between the two groups (48% in mothers of children with CNVs vs 44% in mothers of the community sample, p=0.43), but mothers of children with CNVs had higher frequency of anxiety symptoms (55%) compared with mothers from the community sample (30%, p=0.03). CONCLUSION Our study highlights the need for healthcare providers to devise treatment plans that not only focus on meeting the child's needs but also assess and, if needed, address the mental health needs of the parent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Niarchou
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Adam C Cunningham
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Samuel J R A Chawner
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Centre for Human Development Science, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Hayley Moulding
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, Swindon, UK
| | - Matthew Sopp
- Psychology Department, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marianne B M van den Bree
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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16
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Donnelly N, Cunningham A, Salas SM, Bracher-Smith M, Chawner S, Stochl J, Ford T, Raymond FL, Escott-Price V, van den Bree MBM. Identifying the neurodevelopmental and psychiatric signatures of genomic disorders associated with intellectual disability: a machine learning approach. Mol Autism 2023; 14:19. [PMID: 37221545 PMCID: PMC10207854 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-023-00549-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic conditions can be associated with developmental delay, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, and physical and mental health symptoms. They are individually rare and highly variable in presentation, which limits the use of standard clinical guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. A simple screening tool to identify young people with genomic conditions associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (ND-GCs) who could benefit from further support would be of considerable value. We used machine learning approaches to address this question. METHOD A total of 493 individuals were included: 389 with a ND-GC, mean age = 9.01, 66% male) and 104 siblings without known genomic conditions (controls, mean age = 10.23, 53% male). Primary carers completed assessments of behavioural, neurodevelopmental and psychiatric symptoms and physical health and development. Machine learning techniques (penalised logistic regression, random forests, support vector machines and artificial neural networks) were used to develop classifiers of ND-GC status and identified limited sets of variables that gave the best classification performance. Exploratory graph analysis was used to understand associations within the final variable set. RESULTS All machine learning methods identified variable sets giving high classification accuracy (AUROC between 0.883 and 0.915). We identified a subset of 30 variables best discriminating between individuals with ND-GCs and controls which formed 5 dimensions: conduct, separation anxiety, situational anxiety, communication and motor development. LIMITATIONS This study used cross-sectional data from a cohort study which was imbalanced with respect to ND-GC status. Our model requires validation in independent datasets and with longitudinal follow-up data for validation before clinical application. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we developed models that identified a compact set of psychiatric and physical health measures that differentiate individuals with a ND-GC from controls and highlight higher-order structure within these measures. This work is a step towards developing a screening instrument to identify young people with ND-GCs who might benefit from further specialist assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Donnelly
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Adam Cunningham
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Sergio Marco Salas
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Matthew Bracher-Smith
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Samuel Chawner
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Jan Stochl
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Kinanthropology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tamsin Ford
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - F Lucy Raymond
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Marianne B M van den Bree
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
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Khramtsova EA, Wilson MA, Martin J, Winham SJ, He KY, Davis LK, Stranger BE. Quality control and analytic best practices for testing genetic models of sex differences in large populations. Cell 2023; 186:2044-2061. [PMID: 37172561 PMCID: PMC10266536 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic sex-based differences exist for many complex traits. In other cases, phenotypes may be similar, but underlying biology may vary. Thus, sex-aware genetic analyses are becoming increasingly important for understanding the mechanisms driving these differences. To this end, we provide a guide outlining the current best practices for testing various models of sex-dependent genetic effects in complex traits and disease conditions, noting that this is an evolving field. Insights from sex-aware analyses will not only teach us about the biology of complex traits but also aid in achieving the goals of precision medicine and health equity for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Khramtsova
- Population Analytics and Insights, Data Science Analytics & Insights, Janssen R&D, Lower Gwynedd Township, PA, USA.
| | - Melissa A Wilson
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85282, USA
| | - Joanna Martin
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stacey J Winham
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Division of Computational Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Karen Y He
- Population Analytics and Insights, Data Science Analytics & Insights, Janssen R&D, Lower Gwynedd Township, PA, USA
| | - Lea K Davis
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Barbara E Stranger
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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18
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Adams RL, Baird A, Smith J, Williams N, van den Bree MBM, Linden DEJ, Owen MJ, Hall J, Linden SC. Psychopathology in adults with copy number variants. Psychol Med 2023; 53:3142-3149. [PMID: 35144709 PMCID: PMC10244007 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721005201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copy number variants (CNVs) have been associated with the risk of schizophrenia, autism and intellectual disability. However, little is known about their spectrum of psychopathology in adulthood. METHODS We investigated the psychiatric phenotypes of adult CNV carriers and compared probands, who were ascertained through clinical genetics services, with carriers who were not. One hundred twenty-four adult participants (age 18-76), each bearing one of 15 rare CNVs, were recruited through a variety of sources including clinical genetics services, charities for carriers of genetic variants, and online advertising. A battery of psychiatric assessments was used to determine psychopathology. RESULTS The frequencies of psychopathology were consistently higher for the CNV group compared to general population rates. We found particularly high rates of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) (48%), mood disorders (42%), anxiety disorders (47%) and personality disorders (73%) as well as high rates of psychiatric multimorbidity (median number of diagnoses: 2 in non-probands, 3 in probands). NDDs [odds ratio (OR) = 4.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.32-16.51; p = 0.017) and psychotic disorders (OR = 6.8, 95% CI 1.3-36.3; p = 0.025) occurred significantly more frequently in probands (N = 45; NDD: 39[87%]; psychosis: 8[18%]) than non-probands (N = 79; NDD: 20 [25%]; psychosis: 3[4%]). Participants also had somatic diagnoses pertaining to all organ systems, particularly conotruncal cardiac malformations (in individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome specifically), musculoskeletal, immunological, and endocrine diseases. CONCLUSIONS Adult CNV carriers had a markedly increased rate of anxiety and personality disorders not previously reported and high rates of psychiatric multimorbidity. Our findings support in-depth psychiatric and medical assessments of carriers of CNVs and the establishment of multidisciplinary clinical services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael L. Adams
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alister Baird
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jacqueline Smith
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Nigel Williams
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marianne B. M. van den Bree
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David E. J. Linden
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Live Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael J. Owen
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stefanie C. Linden
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Health, Ethics and Society, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Mollon J, Almasy L, Jacquemont S, Glahn DC. The contribution of copy number variants to psychiatric symptoms and cognitive ability. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1480-1493. [PMID: 36737482 PMCID: PMC10213133 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-01978-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Copy number variants (CNVs) are deletions and duplications of DNA sequence. The most frequently studied CNVs, which are described in this review, are recurrent CNVs that occur in the same locations on the genome. These CNVs have been strongly implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders, namely autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability (ID), and developmental delay (DD), but also in schizophrenia. More recent work has also shown that CNVs increase risk for other psychiatric disorders, namely, depression, bipolar disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Many of the same CNVs are implicated across all of these disorders, and these neuropsychiatric CNVs are also associated with cognitive ability in the general population, as well as with structural and functional brain alterations. Neuropsychiatric CNVs also show incomplete penetrance, such that carriers do not always develop any psychiatric disorder, and may show only mild symptoms, if any. Variable expressivity, whereby the same CNVs are associated with many different phenotypes of varied severity, also points to highly complex mechanisms underlying disease risk in CNV carriers. Comprehensive and longitudinal phenotyping studies of individual CNVs have provided initial insights into these mechanisms. However, more work is needed to estimate and predict the effect of non-recurrent, ultra-rare CNVs, which also contribute to psychiatric and cognitive outcomes. Moreover, delineating the broader phenotypic landscape of neuropsychiatric CNVs in both clinical and general population cohorts may also offer important mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Mollon
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, Penn-CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sebastien Jacquemont
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Center Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, USA
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Jung B, Ahn K, Justice C, Norman L, Price J, Sudre G, Shaw P. Rare copy number variants in males and females with childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1240-1247. [PMID: 36517639 PMCID: PMC10010944 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01906-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is more prevalent in males than females, genetic contributors to this effect have not been established. Here, we explore sex differences in the contribution of common and/or rare genetic variants to ADHD. Participants were from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study (N = 1253 youth meeting DSM-5 criteria for ADHD [mean age = 11.46 years [SD = 0.87]; 31% female] and 5577 unaffected individuals [mean age = 11.42 years [SD = 0.89]; 50% female], overall 66% White, non-Hispanic (WNH), 19% Black/African American, and 15% other races. Logistic regression tested for interactions between sex (defined genotypically) and both rare copy number variants (CNV) and polygenic (common variant) risk in association with ADHD. There was a significant interaction between sex and the presence of a CNV deletion larger than 200 kb, both in the entire cohort (β = -0.74, CI = [-1.27 to -0.20], FDR-corrected p = 0.048) and, at nominal significance levels in the WNH ancestry subcohort (β = -0.86, CI = [-1.51 to -0.20], p = 0.010). Additionally, the number of deleted genes interacted with sex in association with ADHD (whole cohort. β = -0.13, CI = [-0.23 to -0.029], FDR-corrected p = 0.048; WNH. β = -0.17, CI = [-0.29 to -0.050], FDR-corrected p = 0.044) as did the total length of CNV deletions (whole cohort. β = -0.12, CI = [-0.19 to -0.044], FDR-corrected p = 0.028; WNH. β = -0.17, CI = [-0.28 to -0.061], FDR-corrected p = 0.034). This sex effect was driven by increased odds of childhood ADHD for females but not males in the presence of CNV deletions. No similar sex effect was found for CNV duplications or polygenic risk scores. The association between CNV deletions and ADHD was partially mediated by measures of cognitive flexibility. In summary, CNV deletions were associated with increased odds for childhood ADHD in females, but not males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Jung
- Neurobehavioral Clinical Research Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kwangmi Ahn
- Neurobehavioral Clinical Research Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Cristina Justice
- Neurobehavioral Clinical Research Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Luke Norman
- Neurobehavioral Clinical Research Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jolie Price
- Neurobehavioral Clinical Research Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Gustavo Sudre
- Neurobehavioral Clinical Research Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Philip Shaw
- Neurobehavioral Clinical Research Section, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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21
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Kumar K, Modenato C, Moreau C, Ching CRK, Harvey A, Martin-Brevet S, Huguet G, Jean-Louis M, Douard E, Martin CO, Younis N, Tamer P, Maillard AM, Rodriguez-Herreros B, Pain A, Richetin S, Kushan L, Isaev D, Alpert K, Ragothaman A, Turner JA, Wang L, Ho TC, Schmaal L, Silva AI, van den Bree MBM, Linden DEJ, Owen MJ, Hall J, Lippé S, Dumas G, Draganski B, Gutman BA, Sønderby IE, Andreassen OA, Schultz L, Almasy L, Glahn DC, Bearden CE, Thompson PM, Jacquemont S. Subcortical brain alterations in carriers of genomic copy number variants. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.02.14.23285913. [PMID: 36865328 PMCID: PMC9980268 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.14.23285913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Copy number variants (CNVs) are well-known genetic pleiotropic risk factors for multiple neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders (NPDs) including autism (ASD) and schizophrenia (SZ). Overall, little is known about how different CNVs conferring risk for the same condition may affect subcortical brain structures and how these alterations relate to the level of disease risk conferred by CNVs. To fill this gap, we investigated gross volume, and vertex level thickness and surface maps of subcortical structures in 11 different CNVs and 6 different NPDs. Methods Subcortical structures were characterized using harmonized ENIGMA protocols in 675 CNV carriers (at the following loci: 1q21.1, TAR, 13q12.12, 15q11.2, 16p11.2, 16p13.11, and 22q11.2) and 782 controls (Male/Female: 727/730; age-range: 6-80 years) as well as ENIGMA summary-statistics for ASD, SZ, ADHD, Obsessive-Compulsive-Disorder, Bipolar-Disorder, and Major-Depression. Results Nine of the 11 CNVs affected volume of at least one subcortical structure. The hippocampus and amygdala were affected by five CNVs. Effect sizes of CNVs on subcortical volume, thickness and local surface area were correlated with their previously reported effect sizes on cognition and risk for ASD and SZ. Shape analyses were able to identify subregional alterations that were averaged out in volume analyses. We identified a common latent dimension - characterized by opposing effects on basal ganglia and limbic structures - across CNVs and across NPDs. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that subcortical alterations associated with CNVs show varying levels of similarities with those associated with neuropsychiatric conditions. We also observed distinct effects with some CNVs clustering with adult conditions while others clustered with ASD. This large cross-CNV and NPDs analysis provide insight into the long-standing questions of why CNVs at different genomic loci increase the risk for the same NPD, as well as why a single CNV increases the risk for a diverse set of NPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Kumar
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Canada
| | - Claudia Modenato
- LREN - Department of clinical neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clara Moreau
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 3571, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, Paris, France
| | - Christopher R K Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA
| | - Annabelle Harvey
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Canada
| | - Sandra Martin-Brevet
- LREN - Department of clinical neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Huguet
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Elise Douard
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Nadine Younis
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Canada
| | - Petra Tamer
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Canada
| | - Anne M Maillard
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Borja Rodriguez-Herreros
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Pain
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Richetin
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme et apparentés, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leila Kushan
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Dmitry Isaev
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kathryn Alpert
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anjani Ragothaman
- Department of biomedical engineering, Oregon Health and Science university, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jessica A Turner
- Psychology & Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Tiffany C Ho
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ana I Silva
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Netherlands
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Marianne B M van den Bree
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David E J Linden
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Netherlands
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Hall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Lippé
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Canada
| | - Guillaume Dumas
- Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine and University of Montréal, Canada
| | - Bogdan Draganski
- LREN - Department of clinical neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- Neurology Department, Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Boris A Gutman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ida E Sønderby
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Laura Schultz
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - David C Glahn
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital, Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA
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22
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Forrest MP, Dos Santos M, Piguel NH, Wang YZ, Hawkins NA, Bagchi VA, Dionisio LE, Yoon S, Simkin D, Martin-de-Saavedra MD, Gao R, Horan KE, George AL, LeDoux MS, Kearney JA, Savas JN, Penzes P. Rescue of neuropsychiatric phenotypes in a mouse model of 16p11.2 duplication syndrome by genetic correction of an epilepsy network hub. Nat Commun 2023; 14:825. [PMID: 36808153 PMCID: PMC9938216 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs) are frequently co-morbid with epilepsy, but the biological basis of shared risk remains poorly understood. The 16p11.2 duplication is a copy number variant that confers risk for diverse NPDs including autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, intellectual disability and epilepsy. We used a mouse model of the 16p11.2 duplication (16p11.2dup/+) to uncover molecular and circuit properties associated with this broad phenotypic spectrum, and examined genes within the locus capable of phenotype reversal. Quantitative proteomics revealed alterations to synaptic networks and products of NPD risk genes. We identified an epilepsy-associated subnetwork that was dysregulated in 16p11.2dup/+ mice and altered in brain tissue from individuals with NPDs. Cortical circuits from 16p11.2dup/+ mice exhibited hypersynchronous activity and enhanced network glutamate release, which increased susceptibility to seizures. Using gene co-expression and interactome analysis, we show that PRRT2 is a major hub in the epilepsy subnetwork. Remarkably, correcting Prrt2 copy number rescued aberrant circuit properties, seizure susceptibility and social deficits in 16p11.2dup/+ mice. We show that proteomics and network biology can identify important disease hubs in multigenic disorders, and reveal mechanisms relevant to the complex symptomatology of 16p11.2 duplication carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P Forrest
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Marc Dos Santos
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Nicolas H Piguel
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Yi-Zhi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Nicole A Hawkins
- Department of Pharmacology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Vikram A Bagchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Leonardo E Dionisio
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Sehyoun Yoon
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Dina Simkin
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Pharmacology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Maria Dolores Martin-de-Saavedra
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruoqi Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Katherine E Horan
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Alfred L George
- Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Pharmacology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Mark S LeDoux
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA
- Veracity Neuroscience LLC, Memphis, TN, 38157, USA
| | - Jennifer A Kearney
- Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Pharmacology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Savas
- Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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23
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Zamariolli M, Auwerx C, Sadler MC, van der Graaf A, Lepik K, Schoeler T, Moysés-Oliveira M, Dantas AG, Melaragno MI, Kutalik Z. The impact of 22q11.2 copy-number variants on human traits in the general population. Am J Hum Genet 2023; 110:300-313. [PMID: 36706759 PMCID: PMC9943723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
While extensively studied in clinical cohorts, the phenotypic consequences of 22q11.2 copy-number variants (CNVs) in the general population remain understudied. To address this gap, we performed a phenome-wide association scan in 405,324 unrelated UK Biobank (UKBB) participants by using CNV calls from genotyping array. We mapped 236 Human Phenotype Ontology terms linked to any of the 90 genes encompassed by the region to 170 UKBB traits and assessed the association between these traits and the copy-number state of 504 genotyping array probes in the region. We found significant associations for eight continuous and nine binary traits associated under different models (duplication-only, deletion-only, U-shape, and mirror models). The causal effect of the expression level of 22q11.2 genes on associated traits was assessed through transcriptome-wide Mendelian randomization (TWMR), revealing that increased expression of ARVCF increased BMI. Similarly, increased DGCR6 expression causally reduced mean platelet volume, in line with the corresponding CNV effect. Furthermore, cross-trait multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR) suggested a predominant role of genuine (horizontal) pleiotropy in the CNV region. Our findings show that within the general population, 22q11.2 CNVs are associated with traits previously linked to genes in the region, and duplications and deletions act upon traits in different fashions. We also showed that gain or loss of distinct segments within 22q11.2 may impact a trait under different association models. Our results have provided new insights to help further the understanding of the complex 22q11.2 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malú Zamariolli
- Genetics Division, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Auwerx
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie C Sadler
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Kaido Lepik
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tabea Schoeler
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Anelisa G Dantas
- Genetics Division, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland; University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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24
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Andreassen OA, Hindley GFL, Frei O, Smeland OB. New insights from the last decade of research in psychiatric genetics: discoveries, challenges and clinical implications. World Psychiatry 2023; 22:4-24. [PMID: 36640404 PMCID: PMC9840515 DOI: 10.1002/wps.21034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric genetics has made substantial progress in the last decade, providing new insights into the genetic etiology of psychiatric disorders, and paving the way for precision psychiatry, in which individual genetic profiles may be used to personalize risk assessment and inform clinical decision-making. Long recognized to be heritable, recent evidence shows that psychiatric disorders are influenced by thousands of genetic variants acting together. Most of these variants are commonly occurring, meaning that every individual has a genetic risk to each psychiatric disorder, from low to high. A series of large-scale genetic studies have discovered an increasing number of common and rare genetic variants robustly associated with major psychiatric disorders. The most convincing biological interpretation of the genetic findings implicates altered synaptic function in autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. However, the mechanistic understanding is still incomplete. In line with their extensive clinical and epidemiological overlap, psychiatric disorders appear to exist on genetic continua and share a large degree of genetic risk with one another. This provides further support to the notion that current psychiatric diagnoses do not represent distinct pathogenic entities, which may inform ongoing attempts to reconceptualize psychiatric nosology. Psychiatric disorders also share genetic influences with a range of behavioral and somatic traits and diseases, including brain structures, cognitive function, immunological phenotypes and cardiovascular disease, suggesting shared genetic etiology of potential clinical importance. Current polygenic risk score tools, which predict individual genetic susceptibility to illness, do not yet provide clinically actionable information. However, their precision is likely to improve in the coming years, and they may eventually become part of clinical practice, stressing the need to educate clinicians and patients about their potential use and misuse. This review discusses key recent insights from psychiatric genetics and their possible clinical applications, and suggests future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guy F L Hindley
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olav B Smeland
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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25
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Maihofer AX, Engchuan W, Huguet G, Klein M, MacDonald JR, Shanta O, Thiruvahindrapuram B, Jean-Louis M, Saci Z, Jacquemont S, Scherer SW, Ketema E, Aiello AE, Amstadter AB, Avdibegović E, Babic D, Baker DG, Bisson JI, Boks MP, Bolger EA, Bryant RA, Bustamante AC, Caldas-de-Almeida JM, Cardoso G, Deckert J, Delahanty DL, Domschke K, Dunlop BW, Dzubur-Kulenovic A, Evans A, Feeny NC, Franz CE, Gautam A, Geuze E, Goci A, Hammamieh R, Jakovljevic M, Jett M, Jones I, Kaufman ML, Kessler RC, King AP, Kremen WS, Lawford BR, Lebois LAM, Lewis C, Liberzon I, Linnstaedt SD, Lugonja B, Luykx JJ, Lyons MJ, Mavissakalian MR, McLaughlin KA, McLean SA, Mehta D, Mellor R, Morris CP, Muhie S, Orcutt HK, Peverill M, Ratanatharathorn A, Risbrough VB, Rizzo A, Roberts AL, Rothbaum AO, Rothbaum BO, Roy-Byrne P, Ruggiero KJ, Rutten BPF, Schijven D, Seng JS, Sheerin CM, Sorenson MA, Teicher MH, Uddin M, Ursano RJ, Vinkers CH, Voisey J, Weber H, Winternitz S, Xavier M, Yang R, McD Young R, Zoellner LA, Salem RM, Shaffer RA, Wu T, Ressler KJ, Stein MB, Koenen KC, Sebat J, Nievergelt CM. Rare copy number variation in posttraumatic stress disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:5062-5069. [PMID: 36131047 PMCID: PMC9763110 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01776-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a heritable (h2 = 24-71%) psychiatric illness. Copy number variation (CNV) is a form of rare genetic variation that has been implicated in the etiology of psychiatric disorders, but no large-scale investigation of CNV in PTSD has been performed. We present an association study of CNV burden and PTSD symptoms in a sample of 114,383 participants (13,036 cases and 101,347 controls) of European ancestry. CNVs were called using two calling algorithms and intersected to a consensus set. Quality control was performed to remove strong outlier samples. CNVs were examined for association with PTSD within each cohort using linear or logistic regression analysis adjusted for population structure and CNV quality metrics, then inverse variance weighted meta-analyzed across cohorts. We examined the genome-wide total span of CNVs, enrichment of CNVs within specified gene-sets, and CNVs overlapping individual genes and implicated neurodevelopmental regions. The total distance covered by deletions crossing over known neurodevelopmental CNV regions was significant (beta = 0.029, SE = 0.005, P = 6.3 × 10-8). The genome-wide neurodevelopmental CNV burden identified explains 0.034% of the variation in PTSD symptoms. The 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 microdeletion region was significantly associated with PTSD (beta = 0.0206, SE = 0.0056, P = 0.0002). No individual significant genes interrupted by CNV were identified. 22 gene pathways related to the function of the nervous system and brain were significant in pathway analysis (FDR q < 0.05), but these associations were not significant once NDD regions were removed. A larger sample size, better detection methods, and annotated resources of CNV are needed to explore this relationship further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam X Maihofer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Worrawat Engchuan
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Genetics and Genome Biology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children, The Centre for Applied Genomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guillaume Huguet
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Centre de Recherche, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marieke Klein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey R MacDonald
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Genetics and Genome Biology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Omar Shanta
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Martineau Jean-Louis
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Centre de Recherche, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zohra Saci
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Centre de Recherche, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sebastien Jacquemont
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Centre de Recherche, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Genetics and Genome Biology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, McLaughlin Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Ketema
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Allison E Aiello
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert N Butler Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ananda B Amstadter
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Esmina Avdibegović
- Department of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Dragan Babic
- Department of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Dewleen G Baker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
- Psychiatry Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan I Bisson
- MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, UK
| | - Marco P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth A Bolger
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Richard A Bryant
- Department of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Angela C Bustamante
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Graça Cardoso
- Lisbon Institute of Global Mental Health and Comprehensive Health Research Centre, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jurgen Deckert
- University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Center of Mental Health, Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Douglas L Delahanty
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Research and Sponsored Programs, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Basics in Neuromodulation, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Boadie W Dunlop
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alma Dzubur-Kulenovic
- Department of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Alexandra Evans
- MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, UK
| | - Norah C Feeny
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Carol E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Aarti Gautam
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Elbert Geuze
- Netherlands Ministry of Defence, Brain Research and Innovation Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Aferdita Goci
- Department of Psychiatry, University Clinical Centre of Kosovo, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Medical Readiness Systems Biology, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Miro Jakovljevic
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marti Jett
- US Medical Research & Development Comm, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Headquarter, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ian Jones
- MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, UK
| | - Milissa L Kaufman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Ronald C Kessler
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anthony P King
- Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bruce R Lawford
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Lauren A M Lebois
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Catrin Lewis
- MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, UK
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Sarah D Linnstaedt
- Institute for Trauma Recovery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bozo Lugonja
- MRC Centre for Psychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, UK
| | - Jurjen J Luykx
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michael J Lyons
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Samuel A McLean
- Institute for Trauma Recovery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, UNC Institute for Trauma Recovery, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Divya Mehta
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Rebecca Mellor
- Gallipoli Medical Research Foundation, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Greenslopes, QLD, Australia
| | - Charles Phillip Morris
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Seid Muhie
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Holly K Orcutt
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - Matthew Peverill
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew Ratanatharathorn
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailmain School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victoria B Risbrough
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Albert Rizzo
- University of Southern California, Institute for Creative Technologies, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrea L Roberts
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alex O Rothbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Barbara O Rothbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Peter Roy-Byrne
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kenneth J Ruggiero
- Department of Nursing and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Bart P F Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht Universitair Medisch Centrum, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, Limburg, the Netherlands
| | - Dick Schijven
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Julia S Seng
- University of Michigan, School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Women's and Gender Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan, Institute for Research on Women and Gender, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christina M Sheerin
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael A Sorenson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Martin H Teicher
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Monica Uddin
- Genomics Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Robert J Ursano
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christiaan H Vinkers
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Sleep & Stress Program, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joanne Voisey
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Heike Weber
- University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Center of Mental Health, Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sherry Winternitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Miguel Xavier
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Nova Medical School, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ruoting Yang
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ross McD Young
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Clinical Sciences, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
- University of the Sunshine Coast, The Chancellory, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Lori A Zoellner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rany M Salem
- University of California San Diego, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Richard A Shaffer
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Sciences, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tianying Wu
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Diego State University, School of Public Health, San Diego, CA, USA
- University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Murray B Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Psychiatry Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- University of California San Diego, School of Public Health, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (PNGU), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Sebat
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Caroline M Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, USA
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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26
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Jensen CZ, la Cour JL, Watt T, Kanters JK, Poulsen HE, Faber J, Ellervik C, Nygaard B. Association of Levothyroxine Treatment and Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies with Antidepressant Use: A Danish Population-Based Longitudinal Study. Thyroid 2022; 32:1477-1487. [PMID: 36222609 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2022.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background: Subjects receiving levothyroxine (LT4) treatment have increased prevalence of depression, anxiety, and antidepressant use, but whether the underlying mechanism relates to thyroid autoimmunity is still unclarified. Methods: This is a population-based longitudinal study. Baseline biochemical and questionnaire data from the Danish General Suburban Population Study (GESUS) in 2010-2013 were linked with individual-level longitudinal data in national health registries. The aim was to investigate the associations between thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAbs) and LT4 treatment, separately and through interaction, and at least one redeemed prescription for antidepressants. Logistic and Cox regression were used to evaluate initiation of antidepressant use before and after the baseline examination in GESUS, respectively. All exposures and covariates were fixed at the date of baseline examination. Thyroid autoimmunity was defined as serum TPOAbs >60 U/mL. Adjustments included sex, age, education, income, Charlson comorbidity index, smoking, and alcohol. Sensitivity analyses were performed for missing variables, exclusion of lithium use, exclusion of thyroid surgery, and conservative definitions for LT4 treatment and antidepressant use requiring at least two prescriptions. Results: We included 12,894 individuals, of whom 2353 (18%) had "past or current" antidepressant use at baseline, leaving 10,541 individuals at risk for incident antidepressant use after baseline. The median follow-up was 7.8 years during which 783 individuals (7.4% of 10,541 individuals) had incident antidepressant use. TPOAb positivity was not associated with "past or current" (odds ratio [OR] 0.90 [confidence interval, CI 0.78-1.03], p = 0.13) nor incident antidepressant use (hazard ratio [HR] 1.02 [CI 0.83-1.25], p = 0.88). LT4 treatment was associated with increased "past or current" antidepressant use (OR 1.33 [CI 1.10-1.62], p = 0.004) and increased incident antidepressant use (HR 1.38 [CI 1.03-1.85], p = 0.03). There were no interactions between the effects of TPOAb positivity and LT4 treatment on the use of antidepressants in logistic (p = 0.87) or Cox regression models (p = 0.82). Sensitivity analyses were robust, except that incident use of at least two redeemed antidepressant prescriptions was not statistically significant. Conclusions: LT4 treatment, but not TPOAb positivity, was associated with increased prevalent or incident antidepressant use with at least one prescription. Our findings do not support that thyroid autoimmunity is an important factor for antidepressant use in patients receiving LT4 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Zinck Jensen
- Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Lerche la Cour
- Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Torquil Watt
- Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Kim Kanters
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Enghusen Poulsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Derpartment of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-North Zealand, Hilleroed, Denmark
| | - Jens Faber
- Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Ellervik
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Data Support, Region Zealand, Sorø, Denmark
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Birte Nygaard
- Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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27
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Wang Y, Meng W, Liu Z, An Q, Hu X. Cognitive impairment in psychiatric diseases: Biomarkers of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1046692. [DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1046692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric diseases, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and major depressive disorder, place a huge health burden on society. Cognitive impairment is one of the core characteristics of psychiatric disorders and a vital determinant of social function and disease recurrence in patients. This review thus aims to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms of cognitive impairment in major psychiatric disorders and identify valuable biomarkers for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of patients.
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28
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Jalbrzikowski M, Lin A, Vajdi A, Grigoryan V, Kushan L, Ching CRK, Schleifer C, Hayes RA, Chu SA, Sugar CA, Forsyth JK, Bearden CE. Longitudinal trajectories of cortical development in 22q11.2 copy number variants and typically developing controls. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4181-4190. [PMID: 35896619 PMCID: PMC9718681 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01681-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Probing naturally-occurring, reciprocal genomic copy number variations (CNVs) may help us understand mechanisms that underlie deviations from typical brain development. Cross-sectional studies have identified prominent reductions in cortical surface area (SA) and increased cortical thickness (CT) in 22q11.2 deletion carriers (22qDel), with the opposite pattern in duplication carriers (22qDup), but the longitudinal trajectories of these anomalies-and their relationship to clinical symptomatology-are unknown. Here, we examined neuroanatomic changes within a longitudinal cohort of 261 22q11.2 CNV carriers and demographically-matched typically developing (TD) controls (84 22qDel, 34 22qDup, and 143 TD; mean age 18.35, ±10.67 years; 50.47% female). A total of 431 magnetic resonance imaging scans (164 22qDel, 59 22qDup, and 208 TD control scans; mean interscan interval = 20.27 months) were examined. Longitudinal FreeSurfer analysis pipelines were used to parcellate the cortex and calculate average CT and SA for each region. First, general additive mixed models (GAMMs) were used to identify regions with between-group differences in developmental trajectories. Secondly, we investigated whether these trajectories were associated with clinical outcomes. Developmental trajectories of CT were more protracted in 22qDel relative to TD and 22qDup. 22qDup failed to show normative age-related SA decreases. 22qDel individuals with psychosis spectrum symptoms showed two distinct periods of altered CT trajectories relative to 22qDel without psychotic symptoms. In contrast, 22q11.2 CNV carriers with autism spectrum diagnoses showed early alterations in SA trajectories. Collectively, these results provide new insights into altered neurodevelopment in 22q11.2 CNV carriers, which may shed light on neural mechanisms underlying distinct clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jalbrzikowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy Lin
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ariana Vajdi
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vardui Grigoryan
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leila Kushan
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher R K Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Charles Schleifer
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca A Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie A Chu
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Catherine A Sugar
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer K Forsyth
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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29
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Davoudi P, Do DN, Rathgeber B, Colombo SM, Sargolzaei M, Plastow G, Wang Z, Karimi K, Hu G, Valipour S, Miar Y. Genome-wide detection of copy number variation in American mink using whole-genome sequencing. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:649. [PMID: 36096727 PMCID: PMC9468235 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08874-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copy number variations (CNVs) represent a major source of genetic diversity and contribute to the phenotypic variation of economically important traits in livestock species. In this study, we report the first genome-wide CNV analysis of American mink using whole-genome sequence data from 100 individuals. The analyses were performed by three complementary software programs including CNVpytor, DELLY and Manta. RESULTS A total of 164,733 CNVs (144,517 deletions and 20,216 duplications) were identified representing 5378 CNV regions (CNVR) after merging overlapping CNVs, covering 47.3 Mb (1.9%) of the mink autosomal genome. Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses of 1391 genes that overlapped CNVR revealed potential role of CNVs in a wide range of biological, molecular and cellular functions, e.g., pathways related to growth (regulation of actin cytoskeleton, and cAMP signaling pathways), behavior (axon guidance, circadian entrainment, and glutamatergic synapse), lipid metabolism (phospholipid binding, sphingolipid metabolism and regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes), and immune response (Wnt signaling, Fc receptor signaling, and GTPase regulator activity pathways). Furthermore, several CNVR-harbored genes associated with fur characteristics and development (MYO5A, RAB27B, FGF12, SLC7A11, EXOC2), and immune system processes (SWAP70, FYN, ORAI1, TRPM2, and FOXO3). CONCLUSIONS This study presents the first genome-wide CNV map of American mink. We identified 5378 CNVR in the mink genome and investigated genes that overlapped with CNVR. The results suggest potential links with mink behaviour as well as their possible impact on fur quality and immune response. Overall, the results provide new resources for mink genome analysis, serving as a guideline for future investigations in which genomic structural variations are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pourya Davoudi
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Duy Ngoc Do
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Bruce Rathgeber
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Stefanie M Colombo
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Mehdi Sargolzaei
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Select Sires Inc., Plain City, OH, USA
| | - Graham Plastow
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Zhiquan Wang
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Karim Karimi
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Guoyu Hu
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Shafagh Valipour
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Younes Miar
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada.
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30
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Thapar A, Eyre O, Patel V, Brent D. Depression in young people. Lancet 2022; 400:617-631. [PMID: 35940184 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Depression rates in young people have risen sharply in the past decade, especially in females, which is of concern because adolescence is a period of rapid social, emotional, and cognitive development and key life transitions. Adverse outcomes associated with depression in young people include depression recurrence; the onset of other psychiatric disorders; and wider, protracted impairments in interpersonal, social, educational, and occupational functioning. Thus, prevention and early intervention for depression in young people are priorities. Preventive and early intervention strategies typically target predisposing factors, antecedents, and symptoms of depression. Young people who have a family history of depression, exposure to social stressors (eg, bullying, discordant relationships, or stressful life events), and belong to certain subgroups (eg, having a chronic physical health problem or being a sexual minority) are at especially high risk of depression. Clinical antecedents include depressive symptoms, anxiety, and irritability. Evidence favours indicated prevention and targeted prevention to universal prevention. Emerging school-based and community-based social interventions show some promise. Depression is highly heterogeneous; therefore, a stepwise treatment approach is recommended, starting with brief psychosocial interventions, then a specific psychological therapy, and then an antidepressant medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Thapar
- Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental Health and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Section, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Olga Eyre
- Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental Health and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Section, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Vikram Patel
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Brent
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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31
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Alexander-Bloch A, Huguet G, Schultz LM, Huffnagle N, Jacquemont S, Seidlitz J, Saci Z, Moore TM, Bethlehem RAI, Mollon J, Knowles EK, Raznahan A, Merikangas A, Chaiyachati BH, Raman H, Schmitt JE, Barzilay R, Calkins ME, Shinohara RT, Satterthwaite TD, Gur RC, Glahn DC, Almasy L, Gur RE, Hakonarson H, Glessner J. Copy Number Variant Risk Scores Associated With Cognition, Psychopathology, and Brain Structure in Youths in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. JAMA Psychiatry 2022; 79:699-709. [PMID: 35544191 PMCID: PMC9096695 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Importance Psychiatric and cognitive phenotypes have been associated with a range of specific, rare copy number variants (CNVs). Moreover, IQ is strongly associated with CNV risk scores that model the predicted risk of CNVs across the genome. But the utility of CNV risk scores for psychiatric phenotypes has been sparsely examined. Objective To determine how CNV risk scores, common genetic variation indexed by polygenic scores (PGSs), and environmental factors combine to associate with cognition and psychopathology in a community sample. Design, Setting, and Participants The Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort is a community-based study examining genetics, psychopathology, neurocognition, and neuroimaging. Participants were recruited through the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia pediatric network. Participants with stable health and fluency in English underwent genotypic and phenotypic characterization from November 5, 2009, through December 30, 2011. Data were analyzed from January 1 through July 30, 2021. Exposures The study examined (1) CNV risk scores derived from models of burden, predicted intolerance, and gene dosage sensitivity; (2) PGSs from genomewide association studies related to developmental outcomes; and (3) environmental factors, including trauma exposure and neighborhood socioeconomic status. Main Outcomes and Measures The study examined (1) neurocognition, with the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery; (2) psychopathology, with structured interviews based on the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children; and (3) brain volume, with magnetic resonance imaging. Results Participants included 9498 youths aged 8 to 21 years; 4906 (51.7%) were female, and the mean (SD) age was 14.2 (3.7) years. After quality control, 18 185 total CNVs greater than 50 kilobases (10 517 deletions and 7668 duplications) were identified in 7101 unrelated participants genotyped on Illumina arrays. In these participants, elevated CNV risk scores were associated with lower overall accuracy on cognitive tests (standardized β = 0.12; 95% CI, 0.10-0.14; P = 7.41 × 10-26); lower accuracy across a range of cognitive subdomains; increased overall psychopathology; increased psychosis-spectrum symptoms; and higher deviation from a normative developmental model of brain volume. Statistical models of developmental outcomes were significantly improved when CNV risk scores were combined with PGSs and environmental factors. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, elevated CNV risk scores were associated with lower cognitive ability, higher psychopathology including psychosis-spectrum symptoms, and greater deviations from normative magnetic resonance imaging models of brain development. Together, these results represent a step toward synthesizing rare genetic, common genetic, and environmental factors to understand clinically relevant outcomes in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Alexander-Bloch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Guillaume Huguet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laura M. Schultz
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicholas Huffnagle
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Sebastien Jacquemont
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jakob Seidlitz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Zohra Saci
- Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tyler M. Moore
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | | | - Josephine Mollon
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emma K. Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Armin Raznahan
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alison Merikangas
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Barbara H. Chaiyachati
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | | | - J. Eric Schmitt
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ran Barzilay
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Monica E. Calkins
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Russel T. Shinohara
- Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Penn Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Theodore D. Satterthwaite
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - David C. Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura Almasy
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- The Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Neurodevelopment and Psychosis Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Joseph Glessner
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Auwerx C, Lepamets M, Sadler MC, Patxot M, Stojanov M, Baud D, Mägi R, Porcu E, Reymond A, Kutalik Z, Metspalu A, Milani L, Mägi R, Nelis M. The individual and global impact of copy-number variants on complex human traits. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:647-668. [PMID: 35240056 PMCID: PMC9069145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of copy-number variations (CNVs) on complex human traits remains understudied. We called CNVs in 331,522 UK Biobank participants and performed genome-wide association studies (GWASs) between the copy number of CNV-proxy probes and 57 continuous traits, revealing 131 signals spanning 47 phenotypes. Our analysis recapitulated well-known associations (e.g., 1q21 and height), revealed the pleiotropy of recurrent CNVs (e.g., 26 and 16 traits for 16p11.2-BP4-BP5 and 22q11.21, respectively), and suggested gene functionalities (e.g., MARF1 in female reproduction). Forty-eight CNV signals (38%) overlapped with single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-GWASs signals for the same trait. For instance, deletion of PDZK1, which encodes a urate transporter scaffold protein, decreased serum urate levels, while deletion of RHD, which encodes the Rhesus blood group D antigen, associated with hematological traits. Other signals overlapped Mendelian disorder regions, suggesting variable expressivity and broad impact of these loci, as illustrated by signals mapping to Rotor syndrome (SLCO1B1/3), renal cysts and diabetes syndrome (HNF1B), or Charcot-Marie-Tooth (PMP22) loci. Total CNV burden negatively impacted 35 traits, leading to increased adiposity, liver/kidney damage, and decreased intelligence and physical capacity. Thirty traits remained burden associated after correcting for CNV-GWAS signals, pointing to a polygenic CNV architecture. The burden negatively correlated with socio-economic indicators, parental lifespan, and age (survivorship proxy), suggesting a contribution to decreased longevity. Together, our results showcase how studying CNVs can expand biological insights, emphasizing the critical role of this mutational class in shaping human traits and arguing in favor of a continuum between Mendelian and complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Auwerx
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland
| | - Maarja Lepamets
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia; Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Marie C Sadler
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland
| | - Marion Patxot
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Miloš Stojanov
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department Woman-Mother-Child, CHUV, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - David Baud
- Materno-fetal and Obstetrics Research Unit, Department Woman-Mother-Child, CHUV, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
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- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Eleonora Porcu
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Reymond
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; University Center for Primary Care and Public Health, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland.
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Major Depressive Disorder: Existing Hypotheses about Pathophysiological Mechanisms and New Genetic Findings. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040646. [PMID: 35456452 PMCID: PMC9025468 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mental disorder generally characterized by symptoms associated with mood, pleasure and effectiveness in daily life activities. MDD is ranked as a major contributor to worldwide disability. The complex pathogenesis of MDD is not yet understood, and this is a major cause of failure to develop new therapies and MDD recurrence. Here we summarize the literature on existing hypotheses about the pathophysiological mechanisms of MDD. We describe the different approaches undertaken to understand the molecular mechanism of MDD using genetic data. Hundreds of loci have now been identified by large genome-wide association studies (GWAS). We describe these studies and how they have provided information on the biological processes, cell types, tissues and druggable targets that are enriched for MDD risk genes. We detail our understanding of the genetic correlations and causal relationships between MDD and many psychiatric and non-psychiatric disorders and traits. We highlight the challenges associated with genetic studies, including the complexity of MDD genetics in diverse populations and the need for a study of rare variants and new studies of gene-environment interactions.
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34
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Roberts K. Copy number variants in the context of evolving psychogenomic understanding. BJPSYCH ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1192/bja.2022.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
There are well-established links between recurring copy number variants (CNVs) (ubiquitous structural variations within chromosomes) and many psychiatric diagnoses. This article considers potential advances that enhanced understanding of CNVs might offer psychiatry – a scientifically rigorous footing for the discipline and personalised prescribing based on genetic data that would benefit patients from pre-diagnosis to treatment.
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Abstract
The rapid progress in psychiatric genetics over the past 10 years, while exciting from a research perspective, has not yet had an impact on clinical practice. How will we really be able to put genetics to work in the psychiatric clinic? This overview will attempt to answer this question. A survey of widely used methods and major study designs highlights key findings that have emerged so far. These findings inform a broad conceptual model of how genetic risk may act to influence dimensions of psychopathology and clinical presentations. The overview concludes with highlights of some of the most clinically relevant findings to date and their implications for psychiatric practice in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis J McMahon
- Human Genetics Branch, NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Md
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36
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Jacquemont S, Huguet G, Klein M, Chawner SJRA, Donald KA, van den Bree MBM, Sebat J, Ledbetter DH, Constantino JN, Earl RK, McDonald-McGinn DM, van Amelsvoort T, Swillen A, O'Donnell-Luria AH, Glahn DC, Almasy L, Eichler EE, Scherer SW, Robinson E, Bassett AS, Martin CL, Finucane B, Vorstman JAS, Bearden CE, Gur RE. Genes To Mental Health (G2MH): A Framework to Map the Combined Effects of Rare and Common Variants on Dimensions of Cognition and Psychopathology. Am J Psychiatry 2022; 179:189-203. [PMID: 35236119 PMCID: PMC9345000 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.21040432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Rare genomic disorders (RGDs) confer elevated risk for neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. In this era of intense genomics discoveries, the landscape of RGDs is rapidly evolving. However, there has not been comparable progress to date in scalable, harmonized phenotyping methods. As a result, beyond associations with categorical diagnoses, the effects on dimensional traits remain unclear for many RGDs. The nature and specificity of RGD effects on cognitive and behavioral traits is an area of intense investigation: RGDs are frequently associated with more than one psychiatric condition, and those studied to date affect, to varying degrees, a broad range of developmental and cognitive functions. Although many RGDs have large effects, phenotypic expression is typically influenced by additional genomic and environmental factors. There is emerging evidence that using polygenic risk scores in individuals with RGDs offers opportunities to refine prediction, thus allowing for the identification of those at greatest risk of psychiatric illness. However, translation into the clinic is hindered by roadblocks, which include limited genetic testing in clinical psychiatry, and the lack of guidelines for following individuals with RGDs, who are at high risk of developing psychiatric symptoms. The Genes to Mental Health Network (G2MH) is a newly funded National Institute of Mental Health initiative that will collect, share, and analyze large-scale data sets combining genomics and dimensional measures of psychopathology spanning diverse populations and geography. The authors present here the most recent understanding of the effects of RGDs on dimensional behavioral traits and risk for psychiatric conditions and discuss strategies that will be pursued within the G2MH network, as well as how expected results can be translated into clinical practice to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Jacquemont
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Guillaume Huguet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Marieke Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Samuel J R A Chawner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Kirsten A Donald
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Marianne B M van den Bree
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Jonathan Sebat
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - David H Ledbetter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - John N Constantino
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Rachel K Earl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Ann Swillen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Anne H O'Donnell-Luria
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Evan E Eichler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Elise Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Christa Lese Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Brenda Finucane
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Jacob A S Vorstman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
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- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Sainte Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal (Jacquemont, Huguet); Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Klein, Sebat); Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (Chawner, van den Bree); Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (Donald); Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pa. (Ledbetter, Martin, Finucane); Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (Constantino); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (Earl); Division of Human Genetics, 22q and You Center, Section of Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (McDonald-McGinn); Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands (van Amelsvoort); Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (Swillen); Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (O'Donnell-Luria); Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (O'Donnell-Luria); Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston (Glahn); Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Glahn); Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Almasy); Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (Eichler); Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle (Eichler); Center for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Scherer); McLaughlin Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto (Scherer); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. (Robinson); Department of Psychiatry, Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto (Bassett); Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto Clinical Genetics Research Program, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Bassett); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Vorstman); Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Vorstman);Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden); Lifespan Brain Institute, Penn Medicine, and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Gur); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (Gur)
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Birnbaum R, Mahjani B, Loos RJF, Sharp AJ. Clinical Characterization of Copy Number Variants Associated With Neurodevelopmental Disorders in a Large-scale Multiancestry Biobank. JAMA Psychiatry 2022; 79:250-259. [PMID: 35080590 PMCID: PMC8792794 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.4080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Past studies identified rare copy number variants (CNVs) as risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. However, the clinical characterization of NDD CNVs is understudied in population cohorts unselected for neuropsychiatric disorders and in cohorts of diverse ancestry. OBJECTIVE To identify individuals harboring NDD CNVs in a multiancestry biobank and to query their enrichment for select neuropsychiatric disorders as well as association with multiple medical disorders. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS In a series of phenotypic enrichment and association analyses, NDD CNVs were clinically characterized among 24 877 participants in the BioMe biobank, an electronic health record-linked biobank derived from the Mount Sinai Health System, New York, New York. Participants were recruited into the biobank since September 2007 across diverse ancestry and medical and neuropsychiatric specialties. For the current analyses, electronic health record data were analyzed from May 2004 through May 2019. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES NDD CNVs were identified using a consensus of 2 CNV calling algorithms, based on whole-exome sequencing and genotype array data, followed by novel in-silico clinical assessments. RESULTS Of 24 877 participants, 14 586 (58.7%) were female; self-reported ancestry categories included 5965 (24.0%) who were of African ancestry, 7892 (31.7%) who were of European ancestry, and 8536 (34.3%) who were of Hispanic ancestry; and the mean (SD) age was 50.5 (17.3) years. Among 24 877 individuals, the prevalence of 64 NDD CNVs was 2.5% (n = 627), with prevalence varying by locus, corroborating the presence of some relatively highly prevalent NDD CNVs (eg, 15q11.2 deletion/duplication). An aggregate set of NDD CNVs were enriched for congenital disorders (odds ratio, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1-3.5; P = .01) and major depressive disorder (odds ratio, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.0; P = .01). In a meta-analysis of medical diagnoses (n = 195 hierarchically clustered diagnostic codes), NDD CNVs were significantly associated with several medical outcomes, including essential hypertension (z score = 3.6; P = 2.8 × 10-4), kidney failure (z score = 3.3; P = 1.1 × 10-3), and obstructive sleep apnea (z score = 3.4; P = 8.1 × 10-4) and, in another analysis, morbid obesity (z score = 3.8; P = 1.3 × 10-4). Further, NDD CNVs were associated with increased body mass index in a multiancestry analysis (β = 0.19; 95% CI, 0.10-0.31; P = .003). For 36 common serum tests, there was no association with NDD CNVs. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Clinical features of individuals harboring NDD CNVs were elucidated in a large-scale, multiancestry biobank, identifying enrichments for congenital disorders and major depressive disorder as well as associations with several medical outcomes, including hypertension, kidney failure, and obesity and obesity-related phenotypes, specifically obstructive sleep apnea and increased body mass index. The association between NDD CNVs and obesity outcomes indicate further potential pleiotropy of NDD CNVs beyond neurodevelopmental outcomes previously reported. Future clinical genetic investigations may lead to insights of at-risk individuals and therapeutic strategies targeting specific genetic variants. The importance of diverse inclusion within biobanks and considering the effect of rare genetic variants in a multiancestry context is evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Birnbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Behrang Mahjani
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- NovoNordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew J. Sharp
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Lynham AJ, Jones IR, Walters JTR. Web-Based Cognitive Testing in Psychiatric Research: Validation and Usability Study. J Med Internet Res 2022; 24:e28233. [PMID: 35142640 PMCID: PMC8874806 DOI: 10.2196/28233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cognitive impairments are features of many psychiatric disorders and affect functioning. A barrier to cognitive research on psychiatric disorders is the lack of large cross-disorder data sets. However, the collection of cognitive data can be logistically challenging and expensive. Web-based collection may be an alternative; however, little is known about who does and does not complete web-based cognitive assessments for psychiatric research. Objective The aims of this study are to develop a web-based cognitive battery for use in psychiatric research, validate the battery against the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery, and compare the characteristics of the participants who chose to take part with those of the individuals who did not participate. Methods Tasks were developed by The Many Brains Project and selected to measure the domains specified by the MATRICS initiative. We undertook a cross-validation study of 65 participants with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, or no history of psychiatric disorders to compare the web-based tasks with the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery. Following validation, we invited participants from 2 large ongoing genetic studies, which recruited participants with psychiatric disorders to complete the battery and evaluated the demographic and clinical characteristics of those who took part. Results Correlations between web-based and MATRICS tasks ranged between 0.26 and 0.73. Of the 961 participants, 887 (92.3%) completed at least one web-based task, and 644 (67%) completed all tasks, indicating adequate completion rates. Predictors of web-based participation included being female (odds ratio [OR] 1.3, 95% CI 1.07-1.58), ethnicity other than White European (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.46-0.96), higher levels of education (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.11-1.29), diagnosis of an eating disorder (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.17-4) or depression and anxiety (OR 5.12, 95% CI 3.38-7.83), and absence of a diagnosis of schizophrenia (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.35-0.94). Lower performance on the battery was associated with poorer functioning (B=−1.76, SE 0.26; P<.001). Conclusions Our findings offer valuable insights into the advantages and disadvantages of testing cognitive function remotely for mental health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Joanne Lynham
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Jones
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James T R Walters
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Giangrande EJ, Weber RS, Turkheimer E. What Do We Know About the Genetic Architecture of Psychopathology? Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2022; 18:19-42. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-091234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the second half of the twentieth century, twin and family studies established beyond a reasonable doubt that all forms of psychopathology are substantially heritable and highly polygenic. These conclusions were simultaneously an important theoretical advance and a difficult methodological obstacle, as it became clear that heritability is universal and undifferentiated across forms of psychopathology, and the radical polygenicity of genetic effects limits the biological insight provided by genetically informed studies at the phenotypic level. The paradigm-shifting revolution brought on by the Human Genome Project has recapitulated the great methodological promise and the profound theoretical difficulties of the twin study era. We review these issues using the rubric of genetic architecture, which we define as a search for specific genetic insight that adds to the general conclusion that psychopathology is heritable and polygenic. Although significant problems remain, we see many promising avenues for progress. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, Volume 18 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J. Giangrande
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ramona S. Weber
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Eric Turkheimer
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Calle Sánchez X, Helenius D, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Pedersen C, Hougaard DM, Børglum AD, Nordentoft M, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Geschwind DH, Montalbano S, Raznahan A, Thompson WK, Ingason A, Werge T. Comparing Copy Number Variations in a Danish Case Cohort of Individuals With Psychiatric Disorders. JAMA Psychiatry 2022; 79:59-69. [PMID: 34817560 PMCID: PMC8733851 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.3392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Importance Although the association between several recurrent genomic copy number variants (CNVs) and mental disorders has been studied for more than a decade, unbiased, population-based estimates of the prevalence, disease risks and trajectories, fertility, and mortality to contrast chromosomal abnormalities and advance precision health care are lacking. Objective To generate unbiased, population-based estimates of prevalence, disease risks and trajectories, fertility, and mortality of CNVs implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders. Design, Setting, and Participants In a population-based case-cohort study, using the Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH) 2012 database, individuals born between May 1, 1981, and December 31, 2005, and followed up until December 31, 2012, were analyzed. All individuals (n = 57 377) with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia (SCZ), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), or bipolar disorder (BPD) were included, as well as 30 000 individuals randomly drawn from the database. Data analysis was conducted from July 1, 2017, to September 7, 2021. Exposures Copy number variants at 6 genomic loci (1q21.1, 15q11.2, 15q13.3, 16p11.2, 17p12, and 17q12). Main Outcomes and Measures Population-unbiased hazard ratio (HR) and survival estimates of CNV associations with the 5 ascertained psychiatric disorders, epilepsy, intellectual disability, selected somatic disorders, fertility, and mortality. Results Participants' age ranged from 1 to 32 years (mean, 12.0 [IQR, 6.9] years) during follow-up, and 38 662 were male (52.3%). Copy number variants broadly associated with an increased risk of autism spectrum disorder and ADHD, whereas risk estimates of SCZ for most CNVs were lower than previously reported. Comparison with previous studies suggests that the lower risk estimates are associated with a higher CNV prevalence in the general population than in control samples of most case-control studies. Significant risk of major depressive disorder (HR, 5.8; 95% CI, 1.5-22.2) and sex-specific risk of bipolar disorder (HR, 17; 95% CI, 1.5-189.3, in men only) were noted for the 1q21.1 deletion. Although CNVs at 1q21.1 and 15q13.3 were associated with increased risk across most diagnoses, the 17p12 deletion consistently conferred less risk of psychiatric disorders (HR 0.4-0.8), although none of the estimates differed significantly from the general population. Trajectory analyses noted that, although diagnostic risk profiles differed across loci, they were similar for deletions and duplications within each locus. Sex-stratified analyses suggest that pathogenicity of many CNVs may be modulated by sex. Conclusions and Relevance The findings of this study suggest that the iPSYCH population case cohort reveals broad disease risk for some of the studied CNVs and narrower risk for others, in addition to sex differential liability. This finding on genomic risk variants at the level of a population may be important for health care planning and clinical decision making, and thus the advancement of precision health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Calle Sánchez
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dorte Helenius
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Section of Neonatal Screening and Hormones, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology and Genetics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Pedersen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research at Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David M. Hougaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Section of Neonatal Screening and Hormones, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology and Genetics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders D. Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and iSEQ-Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Preben B. Mortensen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and iSEQ-Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Daniel H. Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles
- Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego
- Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles
| | - Simone Montalbano
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Armin Raznahan
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wesley K. Thompson
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Andrés Ingason
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Sønderby IE, Ching CRK, Thomopoulos SI, van der Meer D, Sun D, Villalon‐Reina JE, Agartz I, Amunts K, Arango C, Armstrong NJ, Ayesa‐Arriola R, Bakker G, Bassett AS, Boomsma DI, Bülow R, Butcher NJ, Calhoun VD, Caspers S, Chow EWC, Cichon S, Ciufolini S, Craig MC, Crespo‐Facorro B, Cunningham AC, Dale AM, Dazzan P, de Zubicaray GI, Djurovic S, Doherty JL, Donohoe G, Draganski B, Durdle CA, Ehrlich S, Emanuel BS, Espeseth T, Fisher SE, Ge T, Glahn DC, Grabe HJ, Gur RE, Gutman BA, Haavik J, Håberg AK, Hansen LA, Hashimoto R, Hibar DP, Holmes AJ, Hottenga J, Hulshoff Pol HE, Jalbrzikowski M, Knowles EEM, Kushan L, Linden DEJ, Liu J, Lundervold AJ, Martin‐Brevet S, Martínez K, Mather KA, Mathias SR, McDonald‐McGinn DM, McRae AF, Medland SE, Moberget T, Modenato C, Monereo Sánchez J, Moreau CA, Mühleisen TW, Paus T, Pausova Z, Prieto C, Ragothaman A, Reinbold CS, Reis Marques T, Repetto GM, Reymond A, Roalf DR, Rodriguez‐Herreros B, Rucker JJ, Sachdev PS, Schmitt JE, Schofield PR, Silva AI, Stefansson H, Stein DJ, Tamnes CK, Tordesillas‐Gutiérrez D, Ulfarsson MO, Vajdi A, van 't Ent D, van den Bree MBM, Vassos E, Vázquez‐Bourgon J, Vila‐Rodriguez F, Walters GB, Wen W, Westlye LT, Wittfeld K, Zackai EH, Stefánsson K, Jacquemont S, Thompson PM, Bearden CE, Andreassen OA. Effects of copy number variations on brain structure and risk for psychiatric illness: Large-scale studies from the ENIGMA working groups on CNVs. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:300-328. [PMID: 33615640 PMCID: PMC8675420 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis copy number variant (ENIGMA-CNV) and 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Working Groups (22q-ENIGMA WGs) were created to gain insight into the involvement of genetic factors in human brain development and related cognitive, psychiatric and behavioral manifestations. To that end, the ENIGMA-CNV WG has collated CNV and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from ~49,000 individuals across 38 global research sites, yielding one of the largest studies to date on the effects of CNVs on brain structures in the general population. The 22q-ENIGMA WG includes 12 international research centers that assessed over 533 individuals with a confirmed 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, 40 with 22q11.2 duplications, and 333 typically developing controls, creating the largest-ever 22q11.2 CNV neuroimaging data set. In this review, we outline the ENIGMA infrastructure and procedures for multi-site analysis of CNVs and MRI data. So far, ENIGMA has identified effects of the 22q11.2, 16p11.2 distal, 15q11.2, and 1q21.1 distal CNVs on subcortical and cortical brain structures. Each CNV is associated with differences in cognitive, neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric traits, with characteristic patterns of brain structural abnormalities. Evidence of gene-dosage effects on distinct brain regions also emerged, providing further insight into genotype-phenotype relationships. Taken together, these results offer a more comprehensive picture of molecular mechanisms involved in typical and atypical brain development. This "genotype-first" approach also contributes to our understanding of the etiopathogenesis of brain disorders. Finally, we outline future directions to better understand effects of CNVs on brain structure and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida E. Sønderby
- Department of Medical GeneticsOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and AddictionOslo University Hospital and University of OsloOsloNorway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental DisordersUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Christopher R. K. Ching
- Imaging Genetics CenterMark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaMarina del ReyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sophia I. Thomopoulos
- Imaging Genetics CenterMark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaMarina del ReyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dennis van der Meer
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and AddictionOslo University Hospital and University of OsloOsloNorway
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life SciencesMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Daqiang Sun
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and PsychologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Mental HealthVeterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Julio E. Villalon‐Reina
- Imaging Genetics CenterMark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaMarina del ReyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical PsychiatryUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Psychiatric ResearchDiakonhjemmet HospitalOsloNorway
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐1)Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
- Cecile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical FacultyUniversity Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryInstitute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, IsSGM, Universidad Complutense, School of MedicineMadridSpain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
| | | | - Rosa Ayesa‐Arriola
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
- Department of PsychiatryMarqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute (IDIVAL)SantanderSpain
| | - Geor Bakker
- Department of Psychiatry and NeuropsychologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Anne S. Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research ProgramCentre for Addiction and Mental HealthTorontoOntarioCanada
- Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for Adults with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Toronto General HospitalUniversity Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological PsychologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health (APH) Research InstituteAmsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Robin Bülow
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and NeuroradiologyUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Nancy J. Butcher
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Child Health Evaluative SciencesThe Hospital for Sick Children Research InstituteTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Vince D. Calhoun
- Tri‐institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS)Georgia State, Georgia Tech, EmoryAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Svenja Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐1)Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
- Institute for Anatomy IMedical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, University of DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Eva W. C. Chow
- Clinical Genetics Research ProgramCentre for Addiction and Mental HealthTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐1)Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
- Institute of Medical Genetics and PathologyUniversity Hospital BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Simone Ciufolini
- Department of Psychosis StudiesInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael C. Craig
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental SciencesThe Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's CollegeLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Adam C. Cunningham
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Anders M. Dale
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and GeneticsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department RadiologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Department of Psychological MedicineInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Greig I. de Zubicaray
- Faculty of HealthQueensland University of Technology (QUT)BrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical GeneticsOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
- NORMENT, Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Joanne L. Doherty
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC)CardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Center for Neuroimaging, Genetics and GenomicsSchool of Psychology, NUI GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Bogdan Draganski
- LREN, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of NeuroscienceUniversity Hospital Lausanne and University LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- Neurology DepartmentMax‐Planck Institute for Human Brain and Cognitive SciencesLeipzigGermany
| | - Courtney A. Durdle
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental NeurosciencesFaculty of Medicine, TU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Beverly S. Emanuel
- Department of PediatricsPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of PsychologyBjørknes CollegeOsloNorway
| | - Simon E. Fisher
- Language and Genetics DepartmentMax Planck Institute for PsycholinguisticsNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Tian Ge
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics UnitCenter for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - David C. Glahn
- Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease ResearchBoston Children's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Hans J. Grabe
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)Site Rostock/GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Youth Suicide Prevention, Intervention and Research CenterChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Boris A. Gutman
- Medical Imaging Research Center, Department of Biomedical EngineeringIllinois Institute of TechnologyChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Jan Haavik
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Division of PsychiatryHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
| | - Asta K. Håberg
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineSt. Olavs HospitalTrondheimNorway
| | - Laura A. Hansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral SciencesUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology of Mental DiseasesNational Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and PsychiatryTokyoJapan
- Department of PsychiatryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineOsakaJapan
| | - Derrek P. Hibar
- Personalized Healthcare AnalyticsGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Avram J. Holmes
- Department of PsychologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Department of PsychiatryYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Jouke‐Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological PsychologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Emma E. M. Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of PsychiatryBoston Children's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Leila Kushan
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human BehaviorUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - David E. J. Linden
- School for Mental Health and NeuroscienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Jingyu Liu
- Tri‐institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS)Georgia State, Georgia Tech, EmoryAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Computer ScienceGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Astri J. Lundervold
- Department of Biological and Medical PsychologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Sandra Martin‐Brevet
- LREN, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of NeuroscienceUniversity Hospital Lausanne and University LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Kenia Martínez
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryInstitute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, IsSGM, Universidad Complutense, School of MedicineMadridSpain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
- Facultad de PsicologíaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Karen A. Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Samuel R. Mathias
- Department of PsychiatryHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of PsychiatryBoston Children's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Donna M. McDonald‐McGinn
- Department of PediatricsPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Division of Human GeneticsChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Division of Human Genetics and 22q and You CenterChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Allan F. McRae
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- Psychiatric GeneticsQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Torgeir Moberget
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social SciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Claudia Modenato
- LREN, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of NeuroscienceUniversity Hospital Lausanne and University LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Jennifer Monereo Sánchez
- School for Mental Health and NeuroscienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life SciencesMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Clara A. Moreau
- Sainte Justine Hospital Research CenterUniversity of Montreal, MontrealQCCanada
| | - Thomas W. Mühleisen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM‐1)Research Centre JülichJülichGermany
- Cecile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical FacultyUniversity Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Tomas Paus
- Bloorview Research InstituteHolland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation HospitalTorontoOntarioCanada
- Departments of Psychology and PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Carlos Prieto
- Bioinformatics Service, NucleusUniversity of SalamancaSalamancaSpain
| | | | - Céline S. Reinbold
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Centre for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Tiago Reis Marques
- Department of Psychosis StudiesInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Hammersmith HospitalImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Gabriela M. Repetto
- Center for Genetics and GenomicsFacultad de Medicina, Clinica Alemana Universidad del DesarrolloSantiagoChile
| | - Alexandre Reymond
- Center for Integrative GenomicsUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - David R. Roalf
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - James J. Rucker
- Department of Psychological MedicineInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Perminder S. Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Neuropsychiatric InstituteThe Prince of Wales HospitalSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - James E. Schmitt
- Department of Radiology and PsychiatryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Peter R. Schofield
- Neuroscience Research AustraliaSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- School of Medical SciencesUNSW SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Ana I. Silva
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life SciencesMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Dan J. Stein
- SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Christian K. Tamnes
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and AddictionOslo University Hospital and University of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Psychiatric ResearchDiakonhjemmet HospitalOsloNorway
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Diana Tordesillas‐Gutiérrez
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
- Neuroimaging Unit, Technological FacilitiesValdecilla Biomedical Research Institute (IDIVAL), SantanderSpain
| | - Magnus O. Ulfarsson
- Population Genomics, deCODE genetics/AmgenReykjavikIceland
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of Iceland, ReykjavikIceland
| | - Ariana Vajdi
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human BehaviorUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dennis van 't Ent
- Department of Biological PsychologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marianne B. M. van den Bree
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Evangelos Vassos
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Javier Vázquez‐Bourgon
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
- Department of PsychiatryMarqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute (IDIVAL)SantanderSpain
- School of MedicineUniversity of CantabriaSantanderSpain
| | - Fidel Vila‐Rodriguez
- Department of PsychiatryThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - G. Bragi Walters
- Population Genomics, deCODE genetics/AmgenReykjavikIceland
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of IcelandReykjavikIceland
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Lars T. Westlye
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental DisordersUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and AddictionOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)Site Rostock/GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medicine GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Elaine H. Zackai
- Department of PediatricsPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Division of Human GeneticsChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kári Stefánsson
- Population Genomics, deCODE genetics/AmgenReykjavikIceland
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of IcelandReykjavikIceland
| | - Sebastien Jacquemont
- Sainte Justine Hospital Research CenterUniversity of Montreal, MontrealQCCanada
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Montreal, MontrealQCCanada
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics CenterMark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaMarina del ReyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and PsychologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Center for Neurobehavioral GeneticsUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and AddictionOslo University Hospital and University of OsloOsloNorway
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Wainberg M, Merico D, Huguet G, Zarrei M, Jacquemont S, Scherer SW, Tripathy SJ. Deletion of Loss-of-Function-Intolerant Genes and Risk of 5 Psychiatric Disorders. JAMA Psychiatry 2022; 79:78-81. [PMID: 34851367 PMCID: PMC8733829 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.3211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
This study examines 2 gene-level metrics of variation constraint against protein-truncating variants—probability of loss-of-function intolerance and loss-of-function observed/expected upper bound fraction—and their association with the psychiatric consequences of both recurrent and nonrecurrent gene deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wainberg
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniele Merico
- Deep Genomics Inc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guillaume Huguet
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,UHC Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mehdi Zarrei
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sebastien Jacquemont
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,UHC Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephen W. Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shreejoy J. Tripathy
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Cheng MC, Chien WH, Huang YS, Fang TH, Chen CH. Translational Study of Copy Number Variations in Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010457. [PMID: 35008879 PMCID: PMC8745588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare copy number variations (CNVs) are part of the genetics of schizophrenia; they are highly heterogeneous and personalized. The CNV Analysis Group of the Psychiatric Genomic Consortium (PGC) conducted a large-scale analysis and discovered that recurrent CNVs at eight genetic loci were pathogenic to schizophrenia, including 1q21.1, 2p16.3 (NRXN1), 3q29, 7q11.23, 15q13.3, distal 16p11.2, proximal 16p11.2, and 22q11.2. We adopted a two-stage strategy to translate this knowledge into clinical psychiatric practice. As a screening test, we first developed a real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) panel that simultaneously detected these pathogenic CNVs. Then, we tested the utility of this screening panel by investigating a sample of 557 patients with schizophrenia. Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) was used to confirm positive cases from the screening test. We detected and confirmed thirteen patients who carried CNVs at these hot loci, including two patients at 1q21.1, one patient at 7q11.2, three patients at 15q13.3, two patients at 16p11.2, and five patients at 22q11.2. The detection rate in this sample was 2.3%, and the concordance rate between the RT-qPCR test panel and CMA was 100%. Our results suggest that a two-stage approach is cost-effective and reliable in achieving etiological diagnosis for some patients with schizophrenia and improving the understanding of schizophrenia genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chih Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuli Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hualien 981, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Hsien Chien
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Shu Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Ting-Hsuan Fang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Department and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Elevated common variant genetic risk for tourette syndrome in a densely-affected pedigree. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7522-7529. [PMID: 34526668 PMCID: PMC8881309 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01277-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a highly heritable neuropsychiatric disorder with complex patterns of genetic inheritance. Recent genetic findings in TS have highlighted both numerous common variants with small effects and a few rare variants with moderate or large effects. Here we searched for genetic causes of TS in a large, densely-affected British pedigree using a systematic genomic approach. This pedigree spans six generations and includes 122 members, 85 of whom were individually interviewed, and 53 of whom were diagnosed as "cases" (consisting of 28 with definite or probable TS, 20 with chronic multiple tics [CMT], and five with obsessive-compulsive behaviors [OCB]). A total of 66 DNA samples were available (25 TS, 15 CMT, 4 OCB cases, and 22 unaffecteds) and all were genotyped using a dense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array to identify shared segments, copy number variants (CNVs), and to calculate genetic risk scores. Eight cases were also whole genome sequenced to test whether any rare variants were shared identical by descent. While we did not identify any notable CNVs, single nucleotide variants, indels or repeat expansions of near-Mendelian effect, the most distinctive feature of this family proved to be an unusually high load of common risk alleles for TS. We found that cases within this family carried a higher load of TS common variant risk similar to that previously found in unrelated TS cases. Thus far, the strongest evidence from genetic data for contribution to TS risk in this family comes from multiple common risk variants rather than one or a few variants of strong effect.
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45
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Dalvie S, Chatzinakos C, Al Zoubi O, Georgiadis F, Lancashire L, Daskalakis NP. From genetics to systems biology of stress-related mental disorders. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100393. [PMID: 34584908 PMCID: PMC8456113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Many individuals will be exposed to some form of traumatic stress in their lifetime which, in turn, increases the likelihood of developing stress-related disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders (ANX). The development of these disorders is also influenced by genetics and have heritability estimates ranging between ∼30 and 70%. In this review, we provide an overview of the findings of genome-wide association studies for PTSD, depression and ANX, and we observe a clear genetic overlap between these three diagnostic categories. We go on to highlight the results from transcriptomic and epigenomic studies, and, given the multifactorial nature of stress-related disorders, we provide an overview of the gene-environment studies that have been conducted to date. Finally, we discuss systems biology approaches that are now seeing wider utility in determining a more holistic view of these complex disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shareefa Dalvie
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Chris Chatzinakos
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - Obada Al Zoubi
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - Foivos Georgiadis
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | | | - Lee Lancashire
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
- Department of Data Science, Cohen Veterans Bioscience, New York, USA
| | - Nikolaos P. Daskalakis
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
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46
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Kendall KM, Van Assche E, Andlauer TFM, Choi KW, Luykx JJ, Schulte EC, Lu Y. The genetic basis of major depression. Psychol Med 2021; 51:2217-2230. [PMID: 33682643 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721000441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common, debilitating, phenotypically heterogeneous disorder with heritability ranges from 30% to 50%. Compared to other psychiatric disorders, its high prevalence, moderate heritability, and strong polygenicity have posed major challenges for gene-mapping in MDD. Studies of common genetic variation in MDD, driven by large international collaborations such as the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, have confirmed the highly polygenic nature of the disorder and implicated over 100 genetic risk loci to date. Rare copy number variants associated with MDD risk were also recently identified. The goal of this review is to present a broad picture of our current understanding of the epidemiology, genetic epidemiology, molecular genetics, and gene-environment interplay in MDD. Insights into the impact of genetic factors on the aetiology of this complex disorder hold great promise for improving clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Kendall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - E Van Assche
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - T F M Andlauer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - K W Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA02114, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA02114, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115, USA
| | - J J Luykx
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Outpatient Second Opinion Clinic, GGNet Mental Health, Warnsveld, The Netherlands
| | - E C Schulte
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Y Lu
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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47
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Martin J, Shameem Agha S, Eyre O, Riglin L, Langley K, Hubbard L, Stergiakouli E, O'Donovan M, Thapar A. Sex differences in anxiety and depression in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Investigating genetic liability and comorbidity. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2021; 186:412-422. [PMID: 33939260 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
It is unknown why attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is more common in males, whereas anxiety and depression show a female population excess. We tested the hypothesis that anxiety and depression risk alleles manifest as ADHD in males. We also tested whether anxiety and depression in children with ADHD show a different etiology to typical anxiety and depression and whether this differs by sex. The primary clinical ADHD sample consisted of 885 (14% female) children. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed using standardized interviews. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) were derived using large genetic studies. Replication samples included independent clinical ADHD samples (N = 3,794; 25.7% female) and broadly defined population ADHD samples (N = 995; 33.4% female). We did not identify sex differences in anxiety or depression PRS in children with ADHD. In the primary sample, anxiety PRS were associated with social and generalized anxiety in males, with evidence of a sex-by-PRS interaction for social anxiety. These results did not replicate in the broadly defined ADHD sample. Depression PRS were not associated with comorbid depression symptoms. The results suggest that anxiety and depression genetic risks are not more likely to lead to ADHD in males. Also, the evidence for shared etiology between anxiety symptoms in those with ADHD and typical anxiety was weak and needs replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Martin
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sharifah Shameem Agha
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board Health Board, Wales, UK
| | - Olga Eyre
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lucy Riglin
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kate Langley
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Leon Hubbard
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Evie Stergiakouli
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Michael O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Anita Thapar
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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48
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Özaltun MF, Geyik S, Yılmaz ŞG. Screening for Copy Number Variations of the 15q13.3 Hotspot in CHRNA7 Gene and Expression in Patients with Migraines. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:1090-1113. [PMID: 34563047 PMCID: PMC8929100 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: a migraine is a neurological disease. Copy number variation (CNV) is a phenomenon in which parts of the genome are repeated. We investigated the effects of the CNV and gene expression at the location 15q13.3 in the Cholinergic Receptor Nicotinic Alpha 7 Subunit (CHRNA7) gene, which we believe to be effective in the migraine clinic. Methods: we evaluated changes in CHRNA7 gene expression levels and CNV of 15q13.3 in patients with migraine (n = 102, with aura, n = 43; without aura, n = 59) according to healthy controls (n = 120) by q-PCR. The data obtained were analyzed against the reference telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene with the double copy number by standard curve analysis. Copy numbers were graded as a normal copy (2), gain (2>), and loss (<2). Results: we analyzed using the 2−ΔΔCT calculation method. The CHRNA7 gene was significantly downregulated in patients (p < 0.05). The analysis of CNV in the CHRNA7 gene was statistically significant in the patient group, according to healthy controls (p < 0.05). A decreased copy number indicates a dosage loss. However, no significant difference was observed among gain, normal, and loss copy numbers and expression values in patients (p > 0.05). The change in CNV was not associated with the downregulation of the CHRNA7 gene. Conclusion: Downregulation of the CHRNA7 gene may contribute to the formation of migraine by inactivation of the alpha-7 nicotinic receptor (α7nAChR). The association of CNV gains and losses with migraines will lead to better understanding of the molecular mechanisms and pathogenesis, to better define the disease, to be used as a treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Fatih Özaltun
- Department of Neurology, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep 27310, Turkey; (M.F.Ö.); (S.G.)
| | - Sırma Geyik
- Department of Neurology, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep 27310, Turkey; (M.F.Ö.); (S.G.)
| | - Şenay Görücü Yılmaz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep 27310, Turkey
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +90-(342)-360-1200; Fax: +90-(342)-360-8795
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49
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Martin J, Asjadi K, Hubbard L, Kendall K, Pardiñas AF, Jermy B, Lewis CM, Baune BT, Boomsma DI, Hamilton SP, Lucae S, Magnusson PK, Martin NG, McIntosh AM, Mehta D, Mors O, Mullins N, Penninx BWJH, Preisig M, Rietschel M, Jones I, Walters JTR, Rice F, Thapar A, O’Donovan M. Examining sex differences in neurodevelopmental and psychiatric genetic risk in anxiety and depression. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248254. [PMID: 34473692 PMCID: PMC8412369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety and depression are common mental health disorders and have a higher prevalence in females. They are modestly heritable, share genetic liability with other psychiatric disorders, and are highly heterogeneous. There is evidence that genetic liability to neurodevelopmental disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with anxiety and depression, particularly in females. We investigated sex differences in family history for neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders and neurodevelopmental genetic risk burden (indexed by ADHD polygenic risk scores (PRS) and rare copy number variants; CNVs) in individuals with anxiety and depression, also taking into account age at onset. We used two complementary datasets: 1) participants with a self-reported diagnosis of anxiety or depression (N = 4,178, 65.5% female; mean age = 41.5 years; N = 1,315 with genetic data) from the National Centre for Mental Health (NCMH) cohort and 2) a clinical sample of 13,273 (67.6% female; mean age = 45.2 years) patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC). We tested for sex differences in family history of psychiatric problems and presence of rare CNVs (neurodevelopmental and >500kb loci) in NCMH only and for sex differences in ADHD PRS in both datasets. In the NCMH cohort, females were more likely to report family history of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders, but there were no robust sex differences in ADHD PRS or presence of rare CNVs. There was weak evidence of higher ADHD PRS in females compared to males in the PGC MDD sample, particularly in those with an early onset of MDD. These results do not provide strong evidence of sex differences in neurodevelopmental genetic risk burden in adults with anxiety and depression. This indicates that sex may not be a major index of neurodevelopmental genetic heterogeneity, that is captured by ADHD PRS and rare CNV burden, in adults with anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Martin
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kimiya Asjadi
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Leon Hubbard
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberley Kendall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio F. Pardiñas
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Bradley Jermy
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cathryn M. Lewis
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard T. Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Dept. of Biological Psychology & EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherland
| | - Steven P. Hamilton
- Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Patrik K. Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew M. McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Divya Mehta
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ole Mors
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niamh Mullins
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Brenda W. J. H. Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, Netherland
| | - Martin Preisig
- Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Ian Jones
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Mental Health, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James T. R. Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Mental Health, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Frances Rice
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anita Thapar
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Mental Health, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael O’Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Mental Health, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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50
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Halvorsen M, Samuels J, Wang Y, Greenberg BD, Fyer AJ, McCracken JT, Geller DA, Knowles JA, Zoghbi AW, Pottinger TD, Grados MA, Riddle MA, Bienvenu OJ, Nestadt PS, Krasnow J, Goes FS, Maher B, Nestadt G, Goldstein DB. Exome sequencing in obsessive-compulsive disorder reveals a burden of rare damaging coding variants. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:1071-1076. [PMID: 34183866 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00876-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affects 1-2% of the population, and, as with other complex neuropsychiatric disorders, it is thought that rare variation contributes to its genetic risk. In this study, we performed exome sequencing in the largest OCD cohort to date (1,313 total cases, consisting of 587 trios, 41 quartets and 644 singletons of affected individuals) and describe contributions to disease risk from rare damaging coding variants. In case-control analyses (n = 1,263/11,580), the most significant single-gene result was observed in SLITRK5 (odds ratio (OR) = 8.8, 95% confidence interval 3.4-22.5, P = 2.3 × 10-6). Across the exome, there was an excess of loss of function (LoF) variation specifically within genes that are LoF-intolerant (OR = 1.33, P = 0.01). In an analysis of trios, we observed an excess of de novo missense predicted damaging variants relative to controls (OR = 1.22, P = 0.02), alongside an excess of de novo LoF mutations in LoF-intolerant genes (OR = 2.55, P = 7.33 × 10-3). These data support a contribution of rare coding variants to OCD genetic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Halvorsen
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jack Samuels
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin D Greenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Abby J Fyer
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - James T McCracken
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel A Geller
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James A Knowles
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Anthony W Zoghbi
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tess D Pottinger
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marco A Grados
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark A Riddle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - O Joseph Bienvenu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul S Nestadt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janice Krasnow
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fernando S Goes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brion Maher
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gerald Nestadt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - David B Goldstein
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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