TNF alpha and the TNF receptor superfamily: structure-function relationship(s)

Xiaoer-Feire-Qing granules alleviate pyretic pulmonary syndrome induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae in young rats by affecting the lungs and intestines: An in vivo study based on network pharmacology

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Xiaoer-Feire-Qing granules (XEFRQ) has been used to treat pyretic pulmonary syndrome (PPS) in children for many years. The function of the lungs is considered to be closely related to the large intestine in TCM.

PURPOSE

We aimed to investigate the effects of XEFRQ on PPS and the underlying mechanisms via network pharmacology and animal experiments.

METHODS

The TCMSP platform was used to identify the ingredients and potential targets of XEFRQ. The GeneCards, OMIM, and TTD databases were used to predict PPS-associated targets. Cytoscape 3.9.1 was employed to construct the protein-protein interaction network, and target prediction was performed by GO and KEGG analyses. For the animal experiment, a PPS model was constructed by three cycles of nasal drip of Streptococcus pneumoniae (STP; 0.5 mL/kg). The animals were randomly divided into the following four groups according to their weight (n = 10 rats per group): the blank group, the model group, the XEFRQ-L (16.3 g/kg) group, and the XEFRQ-H (56.6 g/kg) group. Rats in the blank group and the model group were given 0.5% CMC-Na by gavage. The general conditions of the rats were observed, and their food-intake, body weight, and body temperature were recorded for 14 days. After the intervention of 14 days, serum was collected to detect inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and PGE2) and neurotransmitters (5-HT, SP, and VIP). H&E staining was used to observe the pathological morphology of lung and colon tissue. AQP3 expression was detected by Western blot. In addition, the gut microbiota in cecal content samples were analyzed by 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing.

RESULTS

Our network analysis revealed that XEFRQ may alleviate PPS injury by affecting the levels of inflammatory cytokines and neurotransmitters and mitigating STP-induced PPS.In vivo validation experiments revealed that XEFRQ improved STP-induced PPS and reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines and neurotransmitters. Notably, XEFRQ significantly decreased the protein expression levels of AQP3, which was associated with dry stool. Our gut microbiota analysis revealed that the relative abundance of [Eubacterium]_ruminantium_group, Colidextribacter, Romboutsia, and Oscillibacter was decreased, which means XEFRQ exerts therapeutic effects against PPS associated with these bacteria.

CONCLUSION

Our results demonstrate that XEFRQ alleviates PPS by affecting the lungs and intestines, further guiding its clinical application.

Design, synthesis and anti-inflammatory assessment of certain substituted 1,2,4-triazoles bearing tetrahydroisoquinoline scaffold as COX 1/2-inhibitors

Aiming to discover effective and safe non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, a new set of 1,2,4-triazole tetrahydroisoquinoline hybrids 9a-g, 11a-g and 12a-g was synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of COX-1 and COX-2. In order to overcome the adverse effects of highly selective COX-2 and non-selective COX-2 inhibitors, the compounds of this study were designed with the goal of obtaining moderately selective COX-2 inhibitors. In this study compounds 9e, 9g and 11f are the most effective derivatives against COX-2 with IC50 values 0.87, 1.27 and 0.58 µM, respectively which are better than or comparable to the standard drug celecoxib (IC50 = 0.82 µM) but with lower selectivity indices as required by our goal design. The results of the in vivo anti-inflammatory inhibition test revealed that compounds 9e, 9g and 11f displayed a higher significant anti-inflammatory activity than celecoxib at all-time intervals. In addition, these compounds significantly decreased the production of inflammatory mediators PGE-2, TNF-ɑ and IL-6. Compounds 9e, 9g and 11f had a safe gastric profile compared to indomethacin, also compound 11f (ulcerogenic index = 1.33) was less ulcerous than the safe celecoxib (ulcerogenic index = 3). Moreover, histopathological investigations revealed a normal architecture of both paw skin and gastric mucosa after oral treatment of rats with compound 11f. Furthermore, molecular docking studies were performed on COX-1 and COX-2 to study the binding pattern of compounds 9e, 9g and 11f on both isoenzymes.

Quantifying biomolecular organisation in membranes with brightness-transit statistics

Cells crucially rely on the interactions of biomolecules at their plasma membrane to maintain homeostasis. Yet, a methodology to systematically quantify biomolecular organisation, measuring diffusion dynamics and oligomerisation, represents an unmet need. Here, we introduce the brightness-transit statistics (BTS) method based on fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy and combine information from brightness and transit times to elucidate biomolecular diffusion and oligomerisation in both cell-free in vitro and in vitro systems incorporating living cells. We validate our approach in silico with computer simulations and experimentally using oligomerisation of EGFP tethered to supported lipid bilayers. We apply our pipeline to study the oligomerisation of CD40 ectodomain in vitro and endogenous CD40 on primary B cells. While we find a potential for CD40 to oligomerize in a concentration or ligand depended manner, we do not observe mobile oligomers on B cells. The BTS method combines sensitive analysis, quantification, and intuitive visualisation of dynamic biomolecular organisation.

The implications of the TNFα-TNFR2 immune checkpoint signaling pathway in cancer treatment: From immunoregulation to angiogenesis

Despite the tremendous advances that have been made in biomedical research, cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Several therapeutic approaches have been suggested and applied to treat cancer with impressive results. Immunotherapy based on targeting immune checkpoint signaling pathways proved to be one of the most efficient. In this review article, we will focus on the recently discovered TNFα-TNFR2 signaling pathway, which controls the immunological and pro-angiogenic properties of many immunoregulatory and pro-angiogenic cells such as endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Due to their biological properties, these cells can play a major role in cancer progression and metastasis. Therefore, we will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of an anti-TNFR2 treatment that could carry two faces under one hood. It interrupts the immunosuppressive and pro-angiogenic behaviors of the above-mentioned cells and interferes with tumor growth and survival.

Sodium p-perfluorinated noneoxybenzen sulfonate (OBS) induced neurotoxicity in zebrafish through mitochondrial dysfunction

Sodium p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate (OBS)-one of the main alternatives to perfluorooctane sulfonate-has been increasingly detected in both aquatic environments and human bodies. Therefore, the pathogenic risks of OBS exposure warrant attention, especially its central nervous system toxicity mechanism under long-term exposure. In this study, the effects and mechanisms of OBS on the zebrafish brain at 40 days post exposure were examined. The results demonstrated that at 3.2 μg/L, OBS had no significant effect on the zebrafish brain, but 32 μg/L OBS caused depression or poor social behavior in zebrafish and reduced both their memory and survival ability. These changes were accompanied by histological damage and cell apoptosis. Furthermore, OBS caused the accumulation of excessive reactive oxygen species in the fish brain, leading to oxidative stress and subsequently cell apoptosis. Moreover, an imbalance of both inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α, and NF-κB) and neurotransmitters (GABA and Glu) led to neuroinflammation. Additionally, 32 μg/L OBS induced decreases in mitochondrial membrane potential and Na+-K+-ATPase activity, leading to both mitochondrial structural damage and the emergence of mitochondrial autophagosomes, partly explaining the neurotoxicity of OBS. These results help to analyze the target sites and molecular mechanisms of OBS neurotoxicity and provide a basis for the scientific evaluation of its health risks to humans.

The role of TNF-α in osteoporosis, bone repair and inflammatory bone diseases: A review

Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a pleiotropic cytokine synthesised primarily by mononuclear cells; it has a potent pro-inflammatory effect, playing a crucial role in metabolic, immune, and inflammatory diseases. This cytokine has been studied in various biological systems. In bone tissue, TNF-α plays an integral role in skeletal disorders such as osteoporosis, fracture repair and rheumatoid arthritis through its involvement in regulating the balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, mediating inflammatory responses, promoting angiogenesis and exacerbating synovial proliferation. The biological effect TNF-α exerts in this context is determined by a combination of the signalling pathway it activates, the type of receptor it binds, and the concentration and duration of exposure. This review summarises the participation and pathophysiological role of TNF-α in osteoporosis, bone damage repair, chronic immunoinflammatory bone disease and spinal cord injury, and discusses its main mechanisms.

Cannabidiol as a possible treatment for endometriosis through suppression of inflammation and angiogenesis

BACKGROUND

Endometriosis is associated with a wide variety of signs and symptoms and can lead to infertility, embryo death, and even miscarriage. Although the exact pathogenesis and etiology of endometriosis is still unclear, it has been shown that it has a chronic inflammatory nature and angiogenesis is also involved in it.

OBJECTIVE

This review aims to explore the role of inflammation and angiogenesis in endometriosis and suggest a potential treatment targeting these pathways.

FINDINGS

Among the pro-inflammatory cytokines, studies have shown solid roles for interleukin 1β (IL-β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in the pathogenesis of this condition. Other than inflammation, angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing capillaries, is also involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Among angiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are more essential in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Interestingly, it has been shown that inflammation and angiogenesis share some similar pathways with each other that could be potentially targeted for treatment of diseases caused by these two processes. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive member of cannabinoids which has well-known and notable anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic properties. This agent has been shown to decrease IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, VEGF, TGFβ, and MMPs in different animal models of diseases.

CONCLUSION

It seems that CBD could be a possible treatment for endometriosis due to its anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic activity, however, further studies are needed.

No association between markers of systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction with Alzheimer's disease progression: a longitudinal study

INTRODUCTION

Systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are potentially modifiable factors implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which offer potential therapeutic targets to slow disease progression.

METHODS

We investigated the relationship between baseline circulating levels of inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1ß) and endothelial cell markers (VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin) and 18-month cognitive decline (ADAS-cog12) in 266 mild-to-moderate AD patients from the NILVAD study. We employed individual growth models to examine associations, potential mediation, and interaction effects while adjusting for confounders.

RESULTS

The average increase in ADAS-cog12 scores over all patients was 8.1 points in 18 months. No significant association was found between the markers and the rate of cognitive decline. Mediation analysis revealed no mediating role for endothelial cell markers, and interaction effects were not observed.

DISCUSSION

Our results do not support the role of systemic inflammation or endothelial dysfunction in progression in persons with AD.

Virus-Shaped Mesoporous Silica Nanostars to Improve the Transport of Drugs across the Blood-Brain Barrier

Conditions affecting the brain are the second leading cause of death globally. One of the main challenges for drugs targeting brain diseases is passing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here, the effectiveness of mesoporous silica nanostars (MSiNSs) with two different spike lengths to cross an in vitro BBB multicellular model was evaluated and compared to spherical nanoparticles (MSiNP). A modified sol-gel single-micelle epitaxial growth was used to produce MSiNS, which showed no cytotoxicity or immunogenicity at concentrations of up to 1 μg mL-1 in peripheral blood mononuclear and neuronal cells. The nanostar MSiNS effectively penetrated the BBB model after 24 h, and MSiNS-1 with a shorter spike length (9 ± 2 nm) crossed the in vitro BBB model more rapidly than the MSiNS-2 with longer spikes (18 ± 4 nm) or spherical MSiNP at 96 h, which accumulated in the apical and basolateral sides, respectively. Molecular dynamic simulations illustrated an increase in configurational flexibility of the lipid bilayer during contact with the MSiNS, resulting in wrapping, whereas the MSiNP suppressed membrane fluctuations. This work advances an effective brain drug delivery system based on virus-like shaped MSiNS for the treatment of different brain diseases and a mechanism for their interaction with lipid bilayers.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha: Ally and Enemy in Protean Cutaneous Sceneries

Skin is the forestage for a series of many-sided functions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), a proinflammatory cytokine with staggering versatility and sizable implications for tissue homeostasis, immune responses, angiogenesis, apoptosis, local and systemic inflammation. An aberrant TNF-α-mediated crosstalk has been linked to the pathogenesis of acute and chronic skin inflammatory diseases, and indeed, TNF-α dysregulation can contribute to the development and progression of psoriasis, vitiligo, local damage following exposition to ultraviolet light radiations, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, and acne vulgaris. Therapies that target TNF-α are conspicuously used in the treatment of different skin disorders, aiming to modulate the in vivo immune functions triggered by many cutaneous cells, including keratinocytes, mast cells, or Langerhans cells, and reduce inflammation taking place within the skin. Herein, we focus on the key relationships between TNF-α and distinct skin non-neoplastic inflammatory or physiologic conditions, showing that a natural induction of TNF-α may have a protective significance but that TNF-α overproduction may be harmful or even lethal. Many questions remain unraveled in the therapeutic practice, and caution should be exercised due to eventual backlashes exerted by TNF-α in maintaining skin health or in provoking skin disease.

Nutritional and Inflammatory Markers Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Elderly

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has posed unprecedented challenges to global health systems, particularly among vulnerable populations such as the elderly. Understanding the interplay between anthropometric markers, molecular profiles, and disease severity is crucial for effective clinical management and intervention strategies. We conducted a cohort study comprising 43 elderly COVID-19 patients admitted to São Lucas Hospital, PUCRS, Brazil. Anthropometric measurements, including calf circumference (CC) and abdominal circumference (AC), were assessed alongside molecular analyses of peripheral blood samples obtained within 48 h of hospital admission. Sociodemographic data were collected from electronic medical records for comprehensive analysis. Our findings revealed a possible relationship between overweight status, increased abdominal adiposity, and prolonged hospitalization duration, alongside heightened disease severity. We also found no significant correlations between BMI, vitamin D levels, and clinical outcomes. Elevated oxygen requirements were observed in both normal and overweight individuals, with the latter necessitating prolonged oxygen therapy. Molecular analyses revealed changes in the inflammatory profile regarding the outcome of the patients. Our study highlights the critical importance of both anthropometric and molecular markers in predicting disease severity and clinical outcomes in elderly individuals with COVID-19.

Assessment of the piroxicam-incited model of synchronized colitis in T-cell receptor alpha chain-deficient mice

BACKGROUND

A multitude of mouse models are utilized to emulate and study intestinal inflammation. T-cell receptor alpha chain (TCRα)-deficient mice are used as a model of spontaneous colitis that has similarities with human ulcerative colitis. However, colitis is triggered late in the life of the mouse (age: 4-5 months), and inflammation does not develop at the same time in different mice. A previously conducted study reported that the administration of the drug piroxicam triggered predictable and early colitis in TCRα-deficient mice at the age of 6-8 weeks. However, a detailed characterization of ensuing inflammation was not provided.

METHODS

We conducted an in-depth examination of piroxicam-triggered colitis in TCRα-deficient mice, with emphasis on spatial histopathologic changes and analysis of expression of inflammatory markers. Furthermore, we tested amelioration of colitis with dexamethasone.

RESULTS

We confirmed that piroxicam induced a time-prescribed colitis and did so in the proximal colon as well as the cecum of TCRα-deficient mice. Piroxicam administration was observed to induce epithelial hyperplasia, goblet cell loss, and leukocyte infiltration with occasional ulceration. A Swiss roll technique was used to examine the colon and cecum in its entirety. Importantly, we observed that inflammation was multifocal segmental, with areas of tissue damage in between healthy tissue. In addition, we observed variability in the severity of inflammation among replicate animals and treatments, and that the administration of dexamethasone only partially ameliorated inflammation in the proximal colon.

CONCLUSIONS

Piroxicam consistently induced multifocal segmental colitis in the proximal colon and cecum, although the degree of inflammation was reduced in the latter. Importantly, spatial variability in inflammation in the large intestine and the inter-replicate variation in the severity of inflammation must be taken into consideration when utilizing this murine model of synchronized colitis.

Aberrant Oxygen Concentrations Induce Systemic Inflammation in a Murine Model

INTRODUCTION

Hypoxia is a significant cause of secondary insult in the critically ill trauma or surgical patient. The cause of increased mortality following a brief period of hypoxia is not well understood. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of acute, isolated deviations in oxygen concentration on proinflammatory cytokine release and markers of endothelial stress in a murine model.

METHODS

Mice were randomized to either control, hypoxia, or hyperoxia group. The control group was exposed to room air for 60 min, the hyperoxia group was exposed to 70% fraction of inspired oxygen, and the hypoxia group was exposed to 10% fraction of inspired oxygen for 60 min. Whole blood collection was completed via cardiac puncture. Serum concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and endothelial stress markers were analyzed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS

Following exposure to hypoxic conditions, there was a significant increase in interleukin (IL)-1α (IL-1 α), IL-1 β, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor α . Following exposure to hyperoxic conditions, there was a significant increase in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted, as well as a significant decrease in IL-12, and IL-17. No clinically significant difference was noted in serum concentration of endothelial stress markers between the treatment groups.

DISCUSSION

Exposure to oxygen extremes induces systemic inflammation as measured by proinflammatory cytokines in a murine model. Hyperoxia also demonstrates the ability to downregulate certain inflammatory pathways while inducing others. No effect on serum concentration of endothelial stress markers is observed following acute, isolated hypoxic or hyperoxic conditions.

Endogenous bystander killing mechanisms enhance the activity of novel FAP-specific CAR-T cells against glioblastoma

Objectives

CAR-T cells are being investigated as a novel immunotherapy for glioblastoma, but clinical success has been limited. We recently described fibroblast activation protein (FAP) as an ideal target antigen for glioblastoma immunotherapy, with expression on both tumor cells and tumor blood vessels. However, CAR-T cells targeting FAP have never been investigated as a therapy for glioblastoma.

Methods

We generated a novel FAP targeting CAR with CD3ζ and CD28 signalling domains and tested the resulting CAR-T cells for their lytic activity and cytokine secretion function in vitro (using real-time impedance, flow cytometry, imaging and bead-based cytokine assays), and in vivo (using a xenograft mimicking the natural heterogeneity of human glioblastoma).

Results

FAP-CAR-T cells exhibited target specificity against model cell lines and potent cytotoxicity against patient-derived glioma neural stem cells, even when only a subpopulation expressed FAP, indicating a bystander killing mechanism. Using co-culture assays, we confirmed FAP-CAR-T cells mediate bystander killing of antigen-negative tumor cells, but only after activation by FAP-positive target cells. This bystander killing was at least partially mediated by soluble factors and amplified by IL-2 which activated the non-transduced fraction of the CAR-T product. Finally, a low dose of intravenously administered FAP-CAR-T cells controlled, without overt toxicity, the growth of subcutaneous tumors created using a mixture of antigen-negative and antigen-positive glioblastoma cells.

Conclusions

Our findings advance FAP as a leading candidate for clinical CAR-T therapy of glioblastoma and highlight under-recognised antigen nonspecific mechanisms that may contribute meaningfully to the antitumor activity of CAR-T cells.

Role of hydrogen sulfide in dermatological diseases

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), together with carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO), is recognized as a vital gasotransmitter. H2S is biosynthesized by enzymatic pathways in the skin and exerts significant physiological effects on a variety of biological processes, such as apoptosis, modulation of inflammation, cellular proliferation, and regulation of vasodilation. As a major health problem, dermatological diseases affect a large proportion of the population every day. It is urgent to design and develop effective drugs to deal with dermatological diseases. Dermatological diseases can arise from a multitude of etiologies, including neoplastic growth, infectious agents, and inflammatory processes. The abnormal metabolism of H2S is associated with many dermatological diseases, such as melanoma, fibrotic diseases, and psoriasis, suggesting its therapeutic potential in the treatment of these diseases. In addition, therapies based on H2S donors are being developed to treat some of these conditions. In the review, we discuss recent advances in the function of H2S in normal skin, the role of altering H2S metabolism in dermatological diseases, and the therapeutic potential of diverse H2S donors for the treatment of dermatological diseases.

GV-971 attenuates the progression of neuromyelitis optica in murine models and reverses alterations in gut microbiota and associated peripheral abnormalities

AIMS

Growing evidence suggests that an imbalanced gut microbiota composition plays a crucial role in the development of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), an inflammatory demyelinating disease primarily affecting the optic nerves and central nervous system (CNS). In light of this, we explored the potential therapeutic benefits of GV-971 in NMOSD. GV-971 is a drug used for treating mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease, which targets the gut-brain axis and reduces neuroinflammation.

METHODS

To evaluate GV-971's effects, we employed the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model to establish NMOSD animal models. This was achieved by injecting NMO-IgG into aged mice (11 months old) or using NMO-IgG along with complement injection and microbubble-enhanced low-frequency ultrasound (MELFUS) techniques in young mice (7 weeks old). We assessed the impact of GV-971 on incidence rate, clinical scores, body weight, and survival, with methylprednisolone serving as a positive control. In NMOSD models of young mice, we analyzed spinal cord samples through H&E staining, immunohistochemistry, and Luxol Fast Blue staining. Fecal samples collected at different time points underwent 16S rRNA gene sequencing, while plasma samples were analyzed using cytokine array and untargeted metabolomics analysis.

RESULTS

Our findings indicated that GV-971 significantly reduced the incidence of NMOSD, alleviated symptoms, and prolonged survival in NMOSD mouse models. The NMOSD model exhibited substantial neuroinflammation and injury, accompanied by imbalances in gut microbiota, peripheral inflammation, and metabolic disorders, suggesting a potentially vicious cycle that accelerates disease pathogenesis. Notably, GV-971 effectively reduces neuroinflammation and injury, and restores gut microbiota composition, as well as ameliorates peripheral inflammation and metabolic disorders.

CONCLUSIONS

GV-971 attenuates the progression of NMOSD in murine models and reduces neuroinflammation and injury, likely through its effects on remodeling gut microbiota and peripheral inflammation and metabolic disorders.

Indoxyl sulphate-TNFα axis mediates uremic encephalopathy in rodent acute kidney injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is often accompanied by uremic encephalopathy resulting from accumulation of uremic toxins in brain possibly due to impaired blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. Anionic uremic toxins are substrates or inhibitors of organic anionic transporters (OATs). In this study we investigated the CNS behaviors and expression/function of BBB OAT3 in AKI rats and mice, which received intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin 8 and 20 mg/kg, respectively. We showed that cisplatin treatment significantly inhibited the expressions of OAT3, synaptophysin and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), impaired locomotor and exploration activities, and increased accumulation of uremic toxins in the brain of AKI rats and mice. In vitro studies showed that uremic toxins neither alter OAT3 expression in human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, nor synaptophysin and MAP2 expressions in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells. In contrast, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and the conditioned medium (CM) from RAW264.7 cells treated with indoxyl sulfate (IS) significantly impaired OAT3 expression. TNFα and CM from IS-treated BV-2 cells also inhibited synaptophysin and MAP2 expressions in SH-SY5Y cells. The alterations caused by TNFα and CMs in vitro, and by AKI and TNFα in vivo were abolished by infliximab, a monoclonal antibody designed to intercept and neutralize TNFα, suggesting that AKI impaired the expressions of OAT3, synaptophysin and MAP2 in the brain via IS-induced TNFα release from macrophages or microglia (termed as IS-TNFα axis). Treatment of mice with TNFα (0.5 mg·kg-1·d-1, i.p. for 3 days) significantly increased p-p65 expression and reduced the expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1. Inhibiting NF-κB pathway, silencing p65, or activating Nrf2 and HO-1 obviously attenuated TNFα-induced downregulation of OAT3, synaptophysin and MAP2 expressions. Significantly increased p-p65 and decreased Nrf2 and HO-1 protein levels were also detected in brain of AKI mice and rats. We conclude that AKI inhibits the expressions of OAT3, synaptophysin and MAP2 due to IS-induced TNFα release from macrophages or microglia. TNFα impairs the expressions of OAT3, synaptophysin and MAP2 partly via activating NF-κB pathway and inhibiting Nrf2-HO-1 pathway.

A rare missense p.C125Y mutation in the TNFRSF1A gene identified in a Chinese family with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic fever syndrome

Background

Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder with a low incidence in Asia. The most frequent clinical manifestations include fever, rash, myalgia, joint pain and abdominal pain. Misdiagnosis rates are high because of the clinical and genetic variability of the disease. The pathogenesis of TRAPS is complex and yet to be fully defined. Early genetic diagnosis is the key to precise treatment.

Methods

In this study, a Chinese family with suspected TRAPS were analyzed by genome-wide SNP genotyping, linkage analysis and targeted sequencing for identification of mutations in causative genes. To study the pathogenicity of the identified gene mutation, we performed a conservation analysis of the mutation site and protein structure analysis. Flow cytometry was used to detect TNFRSF1A shedding and quantitative real-time PCR were used to assess the activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) in the mutation carriers and healthy individuals.

Results

A typical TRAPS family history, with a pattern of autosomal dominant inheritance, led to the identification of a rare mutation in the TNFRSF1A gene (c.G374A [p.Cys125Tyr]) with unknown significance. The patient responded well to corticosteroids, and long-term therapy with colchicine effectively reduced the inflammatory attacks. No amyloid complications occurred during the 6-year follow-up. In silico protein analysis showed that the mutation site is highly conversed and the mutation prevents the formation of intrachain disulfide bonds in the protein. Despite a normal shedding of the TNFRSF1A protein from stimulated monocytes in the TRAPS patients with p.C125Y mutation, the expression of CHOP and the splicing of XBP1 was significantly higher than healthy controls, suggesting the presence of an activation UPR.

Conclusion

This is the first report of a Chinese family with the rare p.C125Y mutation in TNFRSF1A. The p.C125Y mutation does not result in aberrant receptor shedding, but instead is associated with an activated UPR in these TRAPS patients, which may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of this rare mutation in TRAPS.

Gastroprotective effects of polysaccharides from purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) on an ethanol-induced gastric ulcer via regulating immunity and activating the PI3K/Akt/Rheb/mTOR pathway

The study aimed to investigate the alleviation of an ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in mice by apolysaccharide (PSP) from purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) and explore the mechanism. The anti-ulcer activity was determined by histopathological evaluation, total gastric acidity, pepsin activity, gastric ulcer index and gastric ulcer inhibition rate. The expression levels of inflammatory factors were detected using ELISA. A special protein meter was used to detect the content of immunoglobulin lgM, immunoglobulin lgG, and complements C3 and C4 in the serum of mice. The expression of CD4+/CD8+ lymphocyte subsets of mice was detected using flow cytometry. Western blot analysis was used to examine the effect of PSP on the PI3K/Akt/Rheb/mTOR pathway. The results showed that PSP could effectively reduce the total gastric acidity, pepsin activity, and the index and inhibition rate of gastric ulcers. At the same time, PSP could significantly increase the levels of immunoglobulins (lgG and lgM) and complements (C3 and C4). It could also increase the activity of peritoneal macrophages in mice and the expression of CD4+/CD8+ in the spleen. ELISA analysis showed that the contents of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly decreased and the content of IL-10 was significantly increased in the PSP group. The western blot analysis showed that PSP could upregulate the relative protein expressions of MUC5AC, PI3K, p-Akt, Rheb and mTOR. These results indicate that PSP can activate the PI3K/Akt/Rheb/mTOR signaling pathway to improve the immunity of mice and maintain the balance of the immune system, thereby protecting the gastric mucosa and improving stress gastric ulcers.

Neonatal Chlamydia muridarum respiratory infection causes neuroinflammation within the brainstem during the early postnatal period

Respiratory infections are one of the most common causes of illness and morbidity in neonates worldwide. In the acute phase infections are known to cause wide-spread peripheral inflammation. However, the inflammatory consequences to the critical neural control centres for respiration have not been explored. Utilising a well characterised model of neonatal respiratory infection, we investigated acute responses within the medulla oblongata which contains key respiratory regions. Neonatal mice were intranasally inoculated within 24 h of birth, with either Chlamydia muridarum or sham-infected, and tissue collected on postnatal day 15, the peak of peripheral inflammation. A key finding of this study is that, while the periphery appeared to show no sex-specific effects of a neonatal respiratory infection, sex had a significant impact on the inflammatory response of the medulla oblongata. There was a distinct sex-specific response in the medulla coincident with peak of peripheral inflammation, with females demonstrating an upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines and males showing very few changes. Microglia also demonstrated sex-specificity with the morphology of females and males differing based upon the nuclei. Astrocytes showed limited changes during the acute response to neonatal infection. These data highlight the strong sex-specific impact of a respiratory infection can have on the medulla in the acute inflammatory phase.

An Examination into the Effects of a Nutraceutical Supplement on Cognition, Stress, Eye Health, and Skin Satisfaction in Adults with Self-Reported Cognitive Complaints: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Background: Dietary quality and the consumption of antioxidant-rich foods have been shown to protect against memory decline. Therefore, this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study aimed to investigate the effects of a nutritional supplement on changes in cognitive performance. Methods: In adults aged 40 to 70 years with subjective memory complaints, participants were randomly allocated to take a supplement containing vitamin E, astaxanthin, and grape juice extract daily for 12 weeks or a matching placebo. The primary outcomes comprised changes in cognitive tasks assessing episodic memory, working memory, and verbal memory. Secondary and exploratory measures included changes in the speed of information processing, attention, and self-report measures of memory, stress, and eye and skin health. Moreover, changes in plasma concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, malondialdehyde, tumor-necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 were measured, along with changes in skin carotenoid concentrations. Results: Compared to the placebo, nutritional supplementation was associated with larger improvements in one primary outcome measure comprising episodic memory (p = 0.037), but not for working memory (p = 0.418) or verbal learning (p = 0.841). Findings from secondary and exploratory outcomes demonstrated that the nutraceutical intake was associated with larger improvements in the Everyday Memory Questionnaire (p = 0.022), increased plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (p = 0.030), decreased plasma malondialdehyde (p = 0.040), and increased skin carotenoid concentrations (p = 0.006). However, there were no group differences in changes in the remaining outcome measures. Conclusions: Twelve weeks of supplementation with a nutritional supplement was associated with improvements in episodic memory and several biological markers associated with cognitive health. Future research will be essential to extend and validate the current findings.

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: the biology of a neglected disease

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a chronic, debilitating disease characterised by a wide range of symptoms that severely impact all aspects of life. Despite its significant prevalence, ME/CFS remains one of the most understudied and misunderstood conditions in modern medicine. ME/CFS lacks standardised diagnostic criteria owing to variations in both inclusion and exclusion criteria across different diagnostic guidelines, and furthermore, there are currently no effective treatments available. Moving beyond the traditional fragmented perspectives that have limited our understanding and management of the disease, our analysis of current information on ME/CFS represents a significant paradigm shift by synthesising the disease's multifactorial origins into a cohesive model. We discuss how ME/CFS emerges from an intricate web of genetic vulnerabilities and environmental triggers, notably viral infections, leading to a complex series of pathological responses including immune dysregulation, chronic inflammation, gut dysbiosis, and metabolic disturbances. This comprehensive model not only advances our understanding of ME/CFS's pathophysiology but also opens new avenues for research and potential therapeutic strategies. By integrating these disparate elements, our work emphasises the necessity of a holistic approach to diagnosing, researching, and treating ME/CFS, urging the scientific community to reconsider the disease's complexity and the multifaceted approach required for its study and management.

The Blueprint of Logical Decisions in a NF-κB Signaling System

Nearly identical cells can exhibit substantially different responses to the same stimulus that causes phenotype diversity. Such interplay between phenotype diversity and the architecture of regulatory circuits is crucial since it determines the state of a biological cell. Here, we theoretically analyze how the circuit blueprints of NF-κB in cellular environments are formed and their role in determining the cells' metabolic state. The NF-κB is a collective name for a developmental conserved family of five different transcription factors that can form homodimers or heterodimers and often promote DNA looping to reprogram the inflammatory gene response. The NF-κB controls many biological functions, including cellular differentiation, proliferation, migration, and survival. Our model shows that nuclear localization of NF-κB differentially promotes logic operations such as AND, NAND, NOR, and OR in its regulatory network. Through the quantitative thermodynamic model of transcriptional regulation and systematic variation of promoter-enhancer interaction modes, we can account for the origin of various logic gates as formed in the NF-κB system. We further show that the interconversion or switching of logic gates yielded under systematic variations of the stimuli activity and DNA looping parameters. Such computation occurs in regulatory and signaling pathways in individual cells at a molecular scale, which one can exploit to design a biomolecular computer.

Intranasal Immunization for Zika in a Pre-Clinical Model

Humans continue to be at risk from the Zika virus. Although there have been significant research advancements regarding Zika, the absence of a vaccine or approved treatment poses further challenges for healthcare providers. In this study, we developed a microparticulate Zika vaccine using an inactivated whole Zika virus as the antigen that can be administered pain-free via intranasal (IN) immunization. These microparticles (MP) were formulated using a double emulsion method developed by our lab. We explored a prime dose and two-booster-dose vaccination strategy using MPL-A® and Alhydrogel® as adjuvants to further stimulate the immune response. MPL-A® induces a Th1-mediated immune response and Alhydrogel® (alum) induces a Th2-mediated immune response. There was a high recovery yield of MPs, less than 5 µm in size, and particle charge of -19.42 ± 0.66 mV. IN immunization of Zika MP vaccine and the adjuvanted Zika MP vaccine showed a robust humoral response as indicated by several antibodies (IgA, IgM, and IgG) and several IgG subtypes (IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG3). Vaccine MP elicited a balance Th1- and Th2-mediated immune response. Immune organs, such as the spleen and lymph nodes, exhibited a significant increase in CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell cellular response in both vaccine groups. Zika MP vaccine and adjuvanted Zika MP vaccine displayed a robust memory response (CD27 and CD45R) in the spleen and lymph nodes. Adjuvanted vaccine-induced higher Zika-specific intracellular cytokines than the unadjuvanted vaccine. Our results suggest that more than one dose or multiple doses may be necessary to achieve necessary immunological responses. Compared to unvaccinated mice, the Zika vaccine MP and adjuvanted MP vaccine when administered via intranasal route demonstrated robust humoral, cellular, and memory responses. In this pre-clinical study, we established a pain-free microparticulate Zika vaccine that produced a significant immune response when administered intranasally.

Structural characterization and immune modulation activities of Chinese Angelica polysaccharide (CAP) and selenizing CAP (sCAP) on dendritic cells

sCAP was obtained by the nitrate‑sodium selenite method. SEM, molecular weight evaluation, monosaccharide composition, FT-IR and NMR of sCAP were carried out. Compared with CAP, sCAP had a relatively smooth and lamellar sheet morphology with edge folds on the surface, presented molecular weights in range of 0.90-97.08 KDa, and was mainly composed of GalA, Ara and Gal. sCAP had both α and β configurations of the pyranose ring, the characteristic vibrational peak of Se-O-C and the signal of galacturonic acid residue. The phagocytic activity of immature BMDCs, the expression of CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHCII on BMDCs were detected by flow cytometry, the ability of sCAP-treated BMDCs to stimulate the proliferation of allogeneic lymphocytes, presentation of antigens, cytokines in the supernatants and the protein in MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway were detected. The results showed that the phagocytic activity of immature BMDCs was significantly enhanced when sCAP was at 3.92-1.96 μg·mL-1. The levels of IL-6, TGF-β1, INF-γ, and TNF-α were significantly elevated, IL-1β and MIP-1α were significantly reduced. These results indicate that sCAP could be as a new immunopotentiator by increasing MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. This study provides a reference for the research and development of new dosage forms of polysaccharide.

Molecular modeling and simulation approaches to characterize potential molecular targets for burdock inulin to instigate protection against autoimmune diseases

In the current study, we utilized molecular modeling and simulation approaches to define putative potential molecular targets for Burdock Inulin, including inflammatory proteins such as iNOS, COX-2, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1β. Molecular docking results revealed potential interactions and good binding affinity for these targets; however, IL-1β, COX-2, and iNOS were identified as the best targets for Inulin. Molecular simulation-based stability assessment demonstrated that inulin could primarily target iNOS and may also supplementarily target COX-2 and IL-1β during DSS-induced colitis to reduce the role of these inflammatory mechanisms. Furthermore, residual flexibility, hydrogen bonding, and structural packing were reported with uniform trajectories, showing no significant perturbation throughout the simulation. The protein motions within the simulation trajectories were clustered using principal component analysis (PCA). The IL-1β-Inulin complex, approximately 70% of the total motion was attributed to the first three eigenvectors, while the remaining motion was contributed by the remaining eigenvectors. In contrast, for the COX2-Inulin complex, 75% of the total motion was attributed to the eigenvectors. Furthermore, in the iNOS-Inulin complex, the first three eigenvectors contributed to 60% of the total motion. Furthermore, the iNOS-Inulin complex contributed 60% to the total motion through the first three eigenvectors. To explore thermodynamically favorable changes upon mutation, motion mode analysis was carried out. The Free Energy Landscape (FEL) results demonstrated that the IL-1β-Inulin achieved a single conformation with the lowest energy, while COX2-Inulin and iNOS-Inulin exhibited two lowest-energy conformations each. IL-1β-Inulin and COX2-Inulin displayed total binding free energies of - 27.76 kcal/mol and - 37.78 kcal/mol, respectively, while iNOS-Inulin demonstrated the best binding free energy results at - 45.89 kcal/mol. This indicates a stronger pharmacological potential of iNOS than the other two complexes. Thus, further experiments are needed to use inulin to target iNOS and reduce DSS-induced colitis and other autoimmune diseases.

TL1A inhibition for inflammatory bowel disease treatment: From inflammation to fibrosis

The pivotal role of TL1A in modulating immune pathways crucial for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and intestinal fibrosis offers a promising therapeutic target. Phase 2 trials (TUSCANY and ARTEMIS-UC) evaluating an anti-TL1A antibody show progress in expanding IBD therapeutic options. First-in-human data reveal reduced expression of genes associated with extracellular matrix remodeling and fibrosis post-anti-TL1A treatment. Investigational drug TEV-48574, potentially exerting dual antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects, is undergoing a phase 2 basket study in both ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn disease (CD). Results are eagerly awaited, marking advancements in IBD therapeutics. This critical review comprehensively examines the existing literature, illuminating TL1A and the intricate role of DR3 in IBD, emphasizing the evolving therapeutic landscape and ongoing clinical trials, with potential implications for more effective IBD management.

Association between cytokine polymorphisms and recurrent pregnancy loss: A review of current evidence

Cytokines are a type of protein that play an important role in the immune response and can also affect many physiological processes in the body. Cytokine polymorphisms refer to genetic variations or mutations that occur within the genes that code for cytokines, which may affect the level of cytokine production and function. Some cytokine polymorphisms have been associated with an increased risk of developing certain diseases, while others may be protective or have no significant effect on health. In recent years, the role of cytokine polymorphisms in the development of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) has been studied. RPL or miscarriage is defined as the occurrence of two or more consecutive pregnancy losses before the 20th week of gestation. There are diverse causes leading to RPL, including genetic, anatomical, hormonal, and immunological factors. With regard to cytokine polymorphisms, a few of them have been found to be associated with an increased risk of RPL, for instance, variations in the genes that code for interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-10. The exact mechanisms by which cytokine polymorphisms affect the risk of recurrent miscarriage are still being studied, and further research is essential to fully understand this complex condition. This brief review aims to summarize the recent literature on the association between cytokine polymorphisms and RPL.

The interaction between the costimulatory molecules CD80/86 and CD28 contributed to CD4+ T lymphocyte activation in flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

CD28 and CD80/86 are crucial co-stimulatory molecules for the T cell activation. Previous study illustrated that CD28 and CD80/86 present on T cells and antigen-presenting cells in flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), respectively. The co-stimulatory molecules were closely associated with cell immunity. In this paper, recombinant protein of flounder CD80/86 (rCD80/86) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were added to peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) in vitro. Lymphocytes were significantly proliferated with CFSE staining, and the proportion of CD4+ and CD28+ lymphocytes significantly increased. In the meantime, genes related to the CD28-CD80/86 signaling pathway or T cell markers were significantly upregulated (p < 0.05). For further study, the interaction between CD80/86 and CD28 was confirmed. The plasmid of CD28 (pCD28-FLAG and pVN-CD28) or CD80/86 (pVC-CD80/86) was successfully constructed. In addition, pVN-ΔCD28 without the conserved motif "TFPPPF" was constructed. The results showed that bands of pCD28-FLAG bound to rCD80/86 were detected by both anti-FLAG and anti-CD80/86. pVN-CD28 complemented to pVC-CD80/86 showing positive fluorescent signals, and pVN-ΔCD28 failed to combine with pVC-CD80/86. The motif "TFPPPF" in CD28 played a crucial role in this linkage. These results indicate that CD28 and CD80/86 molecules interact with each other, and their binding may modulate T lymphocytes immune response in flounder. This study proved the existence of CD28-CD80/86 signaling pathway in flounder.

The Effect of Parenteral Selenium Therapy on Serum Concentration of Inflammatory Mediators: a Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

Selenium can protect against inflammation through its incorporation in selenoenzymes; therefore, in this study, we assessed the effect of parenteral selenium on C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) through a systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials (RCTs). A systematic search was performed in the databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, clinicaltrials.gov, and ISI Web of Science, up to October 2022, with no limitation in study location or publication time. We calculated the effect size by the mean change from baseline in serum concentration of selected inflammatory mediators and their standard deviations. DerSimonian and Laird random effects model was used to estimate the heterogeneity and summary of the overall effects. Included studies in this systematic review and meta-analysis were 10 and 8 RCTs, respectively. Our results revealed parenteral selenium significantly decreased serum IL-6 (Weighted Mean Difference (WMD) = -3.85 pg/ml; 95% confidence interval (CI) = -7.37, -0.34 pg/ml; p = 0.032) but did not significantly change serum levels of CRP (WMD = 4.58 mg/L; 95% CI = -6.11, 15.27 mg/L; P = 0.401) compared to the comparison groups. According to our results, parenteral selenium supplementation might reduce serum levels of inflammatory mediators.

The effect of indoor air filtration on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress: a review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Improvement of indoor air quality is beneficial for human health. However, previous studies have not reached consistent conclusions regarding the effects of indoor air filtration on inflammation and oxidative stress. This study aims to determine the relationship between indoor air filtration and inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers. We conducted an electronic search that evaluated the association of indoor air filtration with biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in five databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus) from the beginning to April 23, 2023. Outcomes included the following markers: interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxy-2deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and 8-iso-prostaglandinF2α (8-isoPGF2α). We extracted data from the included studies according to the system evaluation and the preferred reporting item for meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and used the Cochrane risk of bias tool to assess bias risk. Our meta-analysis included 15 studies with 678 participants to assess the combined effect size. The meta-analysis demonstrated that indoor air filtration could have a marked reduction in IL-6 (SMD: -0.275, 95% CI: -0.545 to -0.005, p = 0.046) but had no significant effect on other markers of inflammation or oxidative stress. Subgroup analysis results demonstrated a significant reduction in 8-OHdG levels in the subgroup with < 1 day of duration (SMD: -0.916, 95% CI: -1.513 to -0.320; p = 0.003) and using filtrete air filter (SMD: -5.530, 95% CI: -5.962 to -5.099; p < 0.001). Our meta-analysis results depicted that indoor air filtration can significantly reduce levels of inflammation and oxidative stress markers. Considering the adverse effects of air pollution on human health, our study provides powerful evidence for applying indoor air filtration to heavy atmospheric pollution.

Impact of cow, buffalo, goat or camel milk consumption on oxidative stress, inflammation and immune response post weaning time

Milk is a whitish liquid that is secreted from mammary glands; and considered as the primary source of nutrition for newborns since they are not able to digest solid food. However, it contains primary nutrients, as well as growth and immune factors. Early weaning is a critical issue that face women and their babies in developing countries. To avoid infant malnutrition, they tend to use other milk types instead of baby formula. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the impact of cow, buffalo, goat or camel milk consumption on oxidative stress, inflammation and immune response in male and female Sprague Dawley rats post weaning time. The amino acids, fatty acids, minerals and vitamins in the tested milk types were evaluated. Animals were divided into 5 groups (control, cow, buffalo, goat and camel milk administrated groups) (10 rats/group); each animal was administrated by 3.4 ml/day. Rats were administered with milk for 6 weeks; at the end of the 5th week, five animals of each group were isolated and the remaining five animals were immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) and kept for another week to mount immune response. The effect of different milk types on rats' immune response towards SRBCs was evaluated through pro-inflammatory cytokines, antioxidants, ESR and CRP measurement; together, with the histopathological examination of spleen samples and hemagglutination assay. Camel milk consumption reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in spleen that resulted from SRBCs immunization; in addition to, B cell stimulation that was apparent from the high level of anti-SRBCs antibodies. Camel milk is recommended for newborn consumption, due to its high-water content, unsaturated fatty acids, and vitamin C, as well as low lactose and fat content.

Health-associated changes of the fecal microbiota in dairy heifer calves during the pre-weaning period

Introduction

Neonatal calf diarrhea is a multifactorial condition that occurs in early life when calves are particularly susceptible to enteric infection and dysbiosis of the gut microbiome. Good calf health is dependent on successful passive transfer of immunity from the dam through colostrum. There are limited studies on the developing gut microbiota from birth to weaning in calves.

Methodology

Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the effect of immune status and diarrheal incidence on the development of the fecal microbiota in Jersey (n = 22) and Holstein (n = 29) heifer calves throughout the pre-weaning period. Calves were hand-fed a colostrum volume equivalent to 8.5% of their birthweight, from either the calf's dam (n = 28) or re-heated mixed colostrum (≤2 cows, ≤1d; n = 23) within 2 h of birth. All calves were clinically assessed using a modified Wisconsin-Madison calf health scoring system and rectal temperature at day (d) 0, d7, d21, or disease manifestation (DM) and weaning (d83). Weights were recorded at d0, d21, and d83. Calf blood samples were collected at d7 for the determination of calf serum IgG (sIgG). Fecal samples were obtained at d7, d21/DM [mean d22 (SE 0.70)], and at weaning for 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of the fecal microbiota. Data were processed in R using DADA2; taxonomy was assigned using the SILVA database and further analyzed using Phyloseq and MaAsLin 2.

Results and discussion

Significant amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) and calf performance data underwent a Spearman rank-order correlation test. There was no effect (p > 0.05) of colostrum source or calf breed on serum total protein. An effect of calf breed (p < 0.05) was observed on sIgG concentrations such that Holstein calves had 6.49 (SE 2.99) mg/ml higher sIgG than Jersey calves. Colostrum source and calf breed had no effect (p > 0.05) on health status or the alpha diversity of the fecal microbiota. There was a relationship between health status and time interaction (p < 0.001), whereby alpha diversity increased with time; however, diarrheic calves had reduced microbial diversity at DM. No difference (p > 0.05) in beta diversity of the microbiota was detected at d7 or d83. At the genus level, 33 ASVs were associated (adj.p < 0.05) with health status over the pre-weaning period.

Sex-dependent effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia: implication for obstructive sleep apnea

BACKGROUND

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects 10-26% of adults in the United States with known sex differences in prevalence and severity. OSA is characterized by elevated inflammation, oxidative stress (OS), and cognitive dysfunction. However, there is a paucity of data regarding the role of sex in the OSA phenotype. Prior findings suggest women exhibit different OSA phenotypes than men, which could result in under-reported OSA prevalence in women. To examine the relationship between OSA and sex, we used chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) to model OSA in rats. We hypothesized that CIH would produce sex-dependent phenotypes of inflammation, OS, and cognitive dysfunction, and these sex differences would be dependent on mitochondrial oxidative stress (mtOS).

METHODS

Adult male and female Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to CIH or normoxia for 14 days to examine the impact of sex on CIH-associated circulating inflammation (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α), circulating steroid hormones, circulating OS, and behavior (recollective and spatial memory; gross and fine motor function; anxiety-like behaviors; and compulsive behaviors). Rats were implanted with osmotic minipumps containing either a mitochondria-targeting antioxidant (MitoTEMPOL) or saline vehicle 1 week prior to CIH initiation to examine how inhibiting mtOS would affect the CIH phenotype.

RESULTS

Sex-specific differences in CIH-induced inflammation, OS, motor function, and compulsive behavior were observed. In female rats, CIH increased inflammation (plasma IL-6 and IL-6/IL-10 ratio) and impaired fine motor function. Conversely, CIH elevated circulating OS and compulsivity in males. These sex-dependent effects of CIH were blocked by inhibiting mtOS. Interestingly, CIH impaired recollective memory in both sexes but these effects were not mediated by mtOS. No effects of CIH were observed on spatial memory, gross motor function, or anxiety-like behavior, regardless of sex.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicate that the impact of CIH is dependent on sex, such as an inflammatory response and OS response in females and males, respectively, that are mediated by mtOS. Interestingly, there was no effect of sex or mtOS in CIH-induced impairment of recollective memory. These results indicate that mtOS is involved in the sex differences observed in CIH, but a different mechanism underlies CIH-induced memory impairments.

Effects of Lonicera japonica Extract with Different Contents of Chlorogenic Acid on Lactation Performance, Serum Parameters, and Rumen Fermentation in Heat-Stressed Holstein High-Yielding Dairy Cows

This examined the effects of Lonicera japonica extract (LJE) with different chlorogenic acid (CGA) contents on lactation performance, antioxidant status and immune function and rumen fermentation in heat-stressed high-yielding dairy cows. In total, 45 healthy Chinese Holstein high-yielding dairy cows, all with similar milk yield, parity, and days in milk were randomly allocated to 3 groups: (1) the control group (CON) without LJE; (2) the LJE-10% CGA group, receiving 35 g/(d·head) of LJE-10% CGA, and (3) the LJE-20% CGA group, receiving 17.5 g/(d·head) of LJE-20% CGA. The results showed that the addition of LJE significantly reduced RT, and enhanced DMI, milk yield, milk composition, and improved rumen fermentation in high-yielding dairy cows experiencing heat stress. Through the analysis of the serum biochemical, antioxidant, and immune indicators, we observed a reduction in CREA levels and increased antioxidant and immune function. In this study, while maintaining consistent CGA content, the effects of addition from both types of LJE are similar. In conclusion, the addition of LJE at a level of 4.1 g CGA/(d·head) effectively relieved heat stress and improved the lactation performance of dairy cows, with CGA serving as the effective ingredient responsible for its anti-heat stress properties.

A Novel IRAK4 Inhibitor DW18134 Ameliorates Peritonitis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease

IRAK4 is a critical mediator in NF-κB-regulated inflammatory signaling and has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases; however, none of its inhibitors have received FDA approval. In this study, we identified a novel small-molecule IRAK4 kinase inhibitor, DW18134, with an IC50 value of 11.2 nM. DW18134 dose-dependently inhibited the phosphorylation of IRAK4 and IKK in primary peritoneal macrophages and RAW264.7 cells, inhibiting the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 in both cell lines. The in vivo study demonstrated the efficacy of DW18134, significantly attenuating behavioral scores in an LPS-induced peritonitis model. Mechanistically, DW18134 reduced serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels and attenuated inflammatory tissue injury. By directly blocking IRAK4 activation, DW18134 diminished liver macrophage infiltration and the expression of related inflammatory cytokines in peritonitis mice. Additionally, in the DSS-induced colitis model, DW18134 significantly reduced the disease activity index (DAI) and normalized food and water intake and body weight. Furthermore, DW18134 restored intestinal damage and reduced inflammatory cytokine expression in mice by blocking the IRAK4 signaling pathway. Notably, DW18134 protected DSS-threatened intestinal barrier function by upregulating tight junction gene expression. In conclusion, our findings reported a novel IRAK4 inhibitor, DW18134, as a promising candidate for treating inflammatory diseases, including peritonitis and IBD.

The clinical manifestations and molecular pathogenesis of radiation fibrosis

Advances in radiation techniques have enabled the precise delivery of higher doses of radiotherapy to tumours, while sparing surrounding healthy tissues. Consequently, the incidence of radiation toxicities has declined, and will likely continue to improve as radiotherapy further evolves. Nonetheless, ionizing radiation elicits tissue-specific toxicities that gradually develop into radiation-induced fibrosis, a common long-term side-effect of radiotherapy. Radiation fibrosis is characterized by an aberrant wound repair process, which promotes the deposition of extensive scar tissue, clinically manifesting as a loss of elasticity, tissue thickening, and organ-specific functional consequences. In addition to improving the existing technologies and guidelines directing the administration of radiotherapy, understanding the pathogenesis underlying radiation fibrosis is essential for the success of cancer treatments. This review integrates the principles for radiotherapy dosimetry to minimize off-target effects, the tissue-specific clinical manifestations, the key cellular and molecular drivers of radiation fibrosis, and emerging therapeutic opportunities for both prevention and treatment.

Mast cell-sensory neuron crosstalk in allergic diseases

Mast cells (MCs) are tissue-resident immune cells, well-positioned at the host-environment interface for detecting external antigens and playing a critical role in mobilizing innate and adaptive immune responses. Sensory neurons are afferent neurons innervating most areas of the body but especially in the periphery, where they sense external and internal signals and relay information to the brain. The significance of MC-sensory neuron communication is now increasingly becoming recognized, especially because both cell types are in close physical proximity at the host-environment interface and around major organs of the body and produce specific mediators that can activate each other. In this review, we explore the roles of MC-sensory neuron crosstalk in allergic diseases, shedding light on how activated MCs trigger sensory neurons to initiate signaling in pruritus, shock, and potentially abdominal pain in allergy, and how activated sensory neurons regulate MCs in homeostasis and atopic dermatitis associated with contact hypersensitivity and type 2 inflammation. Throughout the review, we also discuss how these 2 sentinel cell types signal each other, potentially resulting in a positive feedback loop that can sustain inflammation. Unraveling the mysteries of MC-sensory neuron crosstalk is likely to unveil their critical roles in various disease conditions and enable the development of new therapeutic approaches to combat these maladies.

RGD-coated polymeric microbubbles promote ultrasound-mediated drug delivery in an inflamed endothelium-pericyte co-culture model of the blood-brain barrier

Drug delivery to central nervous pathologies is compromised by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). A clinically explored strategy to promote drug delivery across the BBB is sonopermeation, which relies on the combined use of ultrasound (US) and microbubbles (MB) to induce temporally and spatially controlled opening of the BBB. We developed an advanced in vitro BBB model to study the impact of sonopermeation on the delivery of the prototypic polymeric drug carrier pHPMA as a larger molecule and the small molecule antiviral drug ribavirin. This was done under standard and under inflammatory conditions, employing both untargeted and RGD peptide-coated MB. The BBB model is based on human cerebral capillary endothelial cells and human placental pericytes, which are co-cultivated in transwell inserts and which present with proper transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER). Sonopermeation induced a significant decrease in TEER values and facilitated the trans-BBB delivery of fluorescently labeled pHPMA (Atto488-pHPMA). To study drug delivery under inflamed endothelial conditions, which are typical for e.g. tumors, neurodegenerative diseases and CNS infections, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was employed to induce inflammation in the BBB model. RGD-coated MB bound to and permeabilized the inflamed endothelium-pericyte co-culture model, and potently improved Atto488-pHPMA and ribavirin delivery. Taken together, our work combines in vitro BBB bioengineering with MB-mediated drug delivery enhancement, thereby providing a framework for future studies on optimization of US-mediated drug delivery to the brain.

An in vitro study to elucidate the effects of product Nkabinde on immune response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy donors

Introduction: A significant number of the South African population still rely on traditional medicines (TM) as their primary healthcare due to their belief in their holistic healing and immune-boosting properties. However, little to no scientific data is available on the effects of most TM products on cytokine and cellular biomarkers of the immune response. Here, we evaluated the impact of traditional medicine [Product Nkabinde (PN)] in inducing cellular and cytokine biomarkers of inflammation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from eight healthy volunteers. Methods: PN was supplied by a local Traditional Health Practitioner (THP). The IC50 (half maximum concentration) of the standardized extract on isolated PBMCs was established using the cell viability assay over 24 h of incubation. Luminex and flow cytometry assays were used to measure cytokine and cellular levels in PBMCs stimulated with PN and/or PHA over 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Results: The IC50 concentration of PN in treated PBMCs was established at 325.3 μg/mL. In the cellular activation assay, the percentages of CD38-HLA-DR + on total CD4+ T cells were significantly increased in PBMCs stimulated with PN compared to unstimulated controls after 24 h (p = 0.008). PN significantly induced the production of anti-inflammatory IL-10 (p = 0.041); proinflammatory cytokines IL-1α (p = 0.003), TNF-α (p < 0.0001); and chemokine MIP-1β (p = 0.046) compared to the unstimulated control after 24 h. At 48 h incubation, the production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1α (p = 0.034) and TNF-α (p = 0.011) were significantly induced following treatment with PN. Conclusion: We conclude that the PN possesses in vitro immunomodulatory properties that may influence immune and inflammatory responses. More studies using PN are needed to further understand key parameters mediating induction, expression, and regulation of the immune response in the context of pathogen-associated infections.

Influence of lead-induced toxicity on the inflammatory cytokines

Lead (Pb2+) is a hazardous heavy metal that is pervasive in the human environment as a result of anthropogenic activity, and poses serious health risks, particularly in children. Due to its innumerable unique physical and chemical properties, it has various applications; therefore, it has become a common environmental pollutant. Lead may cause oxidative stress, and accumulating evidence indicates that oxidative stress influences the pathophysiology of lead poisoning, also called plumbism. The immune system is continually exposed to various environmental pathogens and xenobiotics, including heavy metals such as lead, and appears to be one of the most vulnerable targets. After being exposed to lead, cells are subjected to oxidative stress as a result of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. When the generation and consumption of ROS are out of equilibrium, various cell structures, particularly phospholipids are disrupted leading to lipid peroxidation. Various inflammatory signalling pathways are activated as a consequence, along with reduced disease resistance, inflammation, autoimmunity, sensitization and disruption of the cell-mediated and humoral immune systems. Lead negatively affects the metabolism of cytokines, including the interleukins IL-2, IL-1b, IL-6, IL-4, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferon-gamma (IFN), as well as the expression and functioning of inflammatory enzymes such as cyclooxygenases. However, the cause of toxicity depends on the kind of lead, dosage, route of entry, exposure period, age, host and genetic predisposition.

Sex differences in systemic inflammation and immune function in diet-induced obesity rodent models: A systematic review

Understanding sex differences in immunological responses in the context of obesity is important to improve health outcomes. This systematic review aimed to investigate sex differences in systemic inflammation, immune cell phenotype, and function in diet-induced obesity (DIO) animal models. A systematic search in Medline, Embase, and CINAHL from inception to April 2023 was conducted, using a combination of the following concepts: sex, obesity, cytokines, and immune cell phenotypes/function. Forty-one publications reporting on systemic inflammation (61%), cell phenotype (44%), and/or function (7%) were included. Females had lower systemic inflammation compared with males in response to DIO intervention and a higher proportion of macrophage (M)2-like cells compared with males that had a higher proportion of M1-like in adipose tissue. Although there were no clear sex differences in immune function, high-fat DIO intervention remains an important factor in the development of immune dysfunction in both males and females, including disturbances in cytokine production, proliferation, and migration of immune cells. Yet, the mechanistic links between diet and obesity on such immune dysfunction remain unclear. Future studies should investigate the role of diet and obesity in the functionality of immune cells and employ adequate methods for a high-quality investigation of sex differences in this context.

Cardiovascular Protective Effect of Garcinia dulcis Flower Acetone Extract in 2-Kidney-1-Clip Hypertensive Rats

Morelloflavone and camboginol are bioactive compounds purified from Garcinia dulcis (GD), which has anti-inflammatory and antihypertensive properties. The objective of this study was to examine the cardiovascular protective effect of GD flower acetone extract in 2-kidney-1-clip (2K1C) hypertensive rats. Male Wistar rats underwent 2K1C or sham operation (SO) and were housed for 4 weeks. Each group of rats, then, was further divided into 2 subgroups receiving oral administration of either 50 mg/kg BW GD extract or corn oil (vehicle) daily for 4 weeks. Noninvasive blood pressure (BP) and body weight were measured weekly throughout the study. Subsequently, the invasive measurement of arterial BP and the heart rate were determined in all anesthetized rats. The baroreceptor reflex sensitivity (BRS) was investigated by injection of either phenylephrine or sodium nitroprusside for bradycardia or tachycardia response, respectively. Histological examination of the heart and thoracic aorta was also performed in order to investigate the general morphology and the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression. We found that the GD flower extract significantly diminished the BP and restored the impaired BRS. Moreover, it also decreased the TNF-α expression in the cardiac muscle and thoracic aorta of 2K1C when compared to the SO group. Taken together, our data showed that GD flower extract exhibits the cardiovascular protective effect in the 2K1C hypertensive rats.

Is There a Link between the Molecular Basis of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases? Systematic Review

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is currently the most common chronic rheumatic disease in children. It is known to have no single identity, but a variety of diagnoses. Under-diagnosis is a barrier to early treatment and reduced complications of the disease. Other immune-mediated diseases may coexist in the same patient, making research in this area relevant. The main objective was to analyse whether links could be established between the molecular basis of JIA and other immune-mediated diseases. Early diagnosis may benefit patients with JIA, which in most cases goes undetected, leading to under-diagnosis, which can have a negative impact on children affected by the disease as they grow up.

METHODS

We performed a PRISMA systematic review focusing on immune molecules present in different autoimmune diseases.

RESULTS

A total of 13 papers from different countries dealing with the molecular basis of JIA and other immune diseases were evaluated and reviewed.

CONCLUSIONS

Most of the autoimmune diseases analysed responded to the same group of drugs. Unfortunately, the reason for the under-diagnosis of these diseases remains unknown, as no evidence has been found to correlate the immunomolecular basis with the under-diagnosis of these immune-mediated diseases. The lack of information in this area means that further research is needed in order to provide a sound basis for preventing the development of immune-mediated diseases, especially in children, and to improve their quality of life through early diagnosis and treatment.

Could Tumor Necrosis Factor Serve as a Marker for Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Patients with Early-Onset Coronary Artery Disease?

Introduction: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, can be produced by cardiomyocytes, leading to metabolic disorders in the myocardium. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between plasma levels of the TNF cytokine and the presence of known biochemical and clinical risk factors for cardiovascular disease, along with the parameters of cardiac morphology in patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease (CAD) at a young age. Materials and Methods: The study group included 75 men aged up to 50 years and 25 women aged up to 55 years. The plasma TNF concentration was measured by use of the ELISA assay. Echocardiography and electrocardiographic examinations were performed in all patients. Results: We observed positive correlations for TNF with the BMI ratio, weight, waist and hip circumference. We also found negative correlations for TNF with HDL levels and ApoA concentrations, and positive correlations with the ApoB/ApoA1 ratio, Apo B, IL6, LDL and TG concentrations. These results suggest an association between higher plasma TNF concentrations and components of metabolic syndrome, including dyslipidemia. TNF may be a potential risk factor for impaired diastolic function. Conclusions: While TNF may be useful for diagnosing certain risks in CAD patients, the TNF measurement cannot be used as a surrogate test for echocardiography.

Nanosphere pharmacodynamics improves safety of immunostimulatory cytokine therapy

Systemic administration of interleukin (IL)-12 induces potent anti-tumor immune responses in preclinical cancer models through the systemic activation of effector immune cells and release of proinflammatory cytokines. IL-12-loaded PLGA nanospheres (IL12ns) are hypothesized to improve therapeutic efficacy and thwart unwanted side effects observed in previous human clinical trials. Through the investigation of peripheral blood and local tissue immune responses in healthy BALB/c mice, the immune-protective pharmacodynamics of IL12ns were suggested. Nanospheres increased pro-inflammatory plasma cytokines/chemokines (IFN-γ, IL-6, TNF-α, and CXCL10) without inducing maladaptive transcriptomic signatures in circulating peripheral immune cells. Gene expression profiling revealed activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways in systemic tissues, the likely source of these effector cytokines. These data support that nanosphere pharmacodynamics, including shielding IL-12 from circulating immune cells, depositing peripherally in systemic immune tissues, and then slowly eluting bioactive cytokine, thereafter, are essential to safe immunostimulatory therapy.

Cytokine gene polymorphisms implicated in the pathogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum infection outcome

Cytokines play a critical role in the immune mechanisms involved in fighting infections including malaria. Polymorphisms in cytokine genes may affect immune responses during an infection with Plasmodium parasites and immunization outcomes during routine administration of malaria vaccines. These polymorphisms can increase or reduce susceptibility to this deadly infection, and this may affect the physiologically needed balance between anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The purpose of this review is to present an overview of the effect of selected cytokine gene polymorphisms on immune responses against malaria.

Effects of Nesting Material Provision and High-Dose Vitamin C Supplementation during the Peripartum Period on Prepartum Nest-Building Behavior, Farrowing Process, Oxidative Stress Status, Cortisol Levels, and Preovulatory Follicle Development in Hyperprolific Sows

Hyperprolific sows often experience increased oxidative stress during late gestation and lactation periods, which can adversely affect the farrowing process and overall lactation performance. This study examines the influence of providing a coconut coir mat (CCM; 1 × 1 m) as nesting material, supplementing high-dose vit-C (HVC; 20% vit-C, 10 g/kg feed) as an antioxidant, or both on maternal behavior, the farrowing process, oxidative status, cortisol levels, and preovulatory follicle developments in sows with large litters. In total, 35 sows (Landrace × Yorkshire; litter size 15.43 ± 0.27) were allocated to the following four treatment groups: control (n = 9, basal diet), vit-C (n = 8, basal diet + HVC), mat (n = 10, basal diet + CCM), and mat + vit-C (n = 8, basal diet + HVC + CCM). A post-hoc analysis showed that compared with sows that were not provided CCM, mat and mat + vit-C groups demonstrated increased durations of nest-building behavior during the period from 24 h to 12 h before parturition (p < 0.05 for both), reduced farrowing durations, and decreased intervals from birth to first udder contact (p < 0.01 for both). The mat group exhibited lower advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) levels during late gestation and lactation periods than the control group (p < 0.05). Sows with HVC supplementation showed longer farrowing durations than those without HVC supplementation (p < 0.0001). The vit-C group had higher salivary cortisol levels on day 1 after farrowing than the other treatment groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the follicle diameters on day 3 after weaning in the vit-C group tended to be smaller than those in the control group (p = 0.077). HVC supplementation prolonged farrowing and increased the physiological stress on postpartum, and no advantageous effects on maternal behavior and developmental progression of preovulatory follicles were observed. Hence, alternative solutions beyond nutritional approaches are required to address increased oxidative stress in hyperprolific sows and secure their welfare and reproductive performance. The present results substantiated the positive impact of providing CCM as nesting material for sows with large litters on nest-building behavior and the farrowing process, which could mitigate the deleterious consequences induced by peripartum physiological and oxidative stress.

Tumour necrosis factor inhibitors and serious infections in reproductive-age women and their offspring: a narrative review

Tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) are commonly used to treat patients with chronic inflammatory diseases, and function by inhibiting the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Although beneficial in reducing disease activity, they are associated with an increased risk of serious infections. Data on the risk of serious infections associated with TNFi use during the reproductive years, particularly in pregnancy, are limited. For pregnant women, there is an additional risk of immunosuppression in the offspring as TNFi can be actively transported across the placenta, which increases in the second and third trimesters. Several studies have explored the risk of serious infections with TNFi exposure in non-pregnant and pregnant patients and offspring exposed in utero, indicating an increased risk in non-pregnant patients and a potentially increased risk in pregnant patients. The studies on TNFi-exposed offspring showed conflicting results between in utero TNFi exposure and serious infections during the offspring's first year. Further research is needed to understand differential risks based on TNFi subtypes. Guidelines conditionally recommend the rotavirus vaccine before 6 months of age for offspring exposed to TNFi in utero, but more data are needed to support these recommendations because of limited evidence. This narrative review provides an overview of the risk in non-pregnant patients and summarizes evidence on how pregnancy can increase vulnerability to certain infections and how TNFi may influence this susceptibility. This review focuses on the evidence regarding the risk of serious infections in pregnant patients exposed to TNFi and the risk of infections in their offspring.