1
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Wu T, Yang P, Xie X, Cao X, Deng Y, Ding X, Zhang Z. Bio-inspired hierarchical wearable patch for fast sweat collection. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 260:116430. [PMID: 38815465 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Sweat contains abundant physiological and metabolic data to evaluate an individual's physical health. Since the non-exercise sweat secretion rate is low, with an average value of 1-10 μl h-1 cm-2, sweat is generally collected during exercise for existing wearable sweat sensors. To expand their applications to include daily scenarios, these sensors developed for sports and fitness are challenged by the difficulty of collecting trace amounts of sweat. This study proposes a wearable patch inspired by the hierarchical structure of Sarracenia trichomes, allowing for the spontaneous and fast collection of a small amount of secreted sweat. The patch contains microfluidic channels featuring a 20 μm-wide rib structure, fully utilizing the capillary force, thereby eliminating the issue of sweat hysteresis. Furthermore, with only 0.5 μl of the sweat secreted at the collection site, it can converge on the detection medium located within the center reservoir. Volunteer verification demonstrated a twofold increase in sweat collection efficiency compared to traditional wearable patches. This patch serves as an efficient sweat-collection configuration, promising potential for diverse in situ sweat colorimetric analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjie Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Pufan Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xintong Xie
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xi Cao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yujun Deng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Xianting Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zhinan Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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2
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Yu S, Sun X, Liu J, Li S. OECT - Inspired electrical detection. Talanta 2024; 275:126180. [PMID: 38703480 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Organic Electrochemical Transistors (OECTs) are integral in detecting human bioelectric signals, attributing their significance to distinct electrochemical properties, the utilization of soft materials, compact dimensions, and pronounced biocompatibility. This review traverses the technological evolution of OECT, highlighting its profound impact on non-invasive detection methodologies within the biomedicalfield. Four sensor types rooted in OECT technology were introduced: Electrocardiogram (ECG), Electroencephalogram (EEG), Electromyography (EMG), and Electrooculography (EOG), which hold promise for integration into wearable detection systems. The fundamental detection principles, material compositions, and functional attributes of these sensors are examined. Additionally, the performance metrics and delineates viable optimization strategies for assorted physiological electrical detection sensors are discussed. The overarching goal of this review is to foster deeper insights into the generation, propagation, and modulation of electrophysiological signals, thereby advancing the application and development of OECT in medical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixin Yu
- School of Automation Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012, China
| | - Xiaojun Sun
- School of Automation Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- School of Automation Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, 132012, China.
| | - Shuang Li
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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3
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Chen Y, Cui M, Liu B, Gao L, Mitome N, Hirono-Hara Y, Hara KY, Méhes G, Miyake T. A Multienzyme Logic H + and Na + Biotransducer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:37521-37529. [PMID: 38985575 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Sodium ions and protons regulate various fundamental processes at the cell and tissue levels across all biological kingdoms. It is therefore pivotal for bioelectronic devices, such as biosensors and biotransducers, to control the transport of these ions through biological membranes. Our study explores the regulation of proton and sodium concentrations by integrating an Na+-type ATP synthase, a glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), and a urease into a multienzyme logic system. This system is designed to operate using various chemical control input signals, while the output current corresponds to the local change in proton or sodium concentrations. Therein, a H+ and Na+ biotransducer was integrated to fulfill the roles of signal transducers for the monitoring and simultaneous control of Na+ and H+ levels, respectively. To increase the proton concentration at the output, we utilized GDH driven by the inputs of glucose and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), while recorded the signal change from the biotransducer, together acting as an AND enzyme logic gate. On the contrary, we introduced urease enzyme which hydrolyzed urea to control the decrease in proton concentration, serving as a NOT gate and reset. By integrating these two enzyme logic gates we formed a simple multienzyme logic system for the control of proton concentrations. Furthermore, we also demonstrate a more complex, Na+-type ATP synthase-urease multienzyme logic system, controlled by the two different inputs of ADP and urea. By monitoring the voltage of the peak current as the output signal, this logic system acts as an AND enzyme logic gate. This study explores how multienzyme logic systems can modulate biologically important ion concentrations, opening the door toward advanced biological on-demand control of a variety of bioelectronic enzyme-based devices, such as biosensors and biotransducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Chen
- Graduate School of Information, Production and Systems, Waseda University, 2-7 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Mingyin Cui
- Graduate School of Information, Production and Systems, Waseda University, 2-7 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Bingfu Liu
- Graduate School of Information, Production and Systems, Waseda University, 2-7 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Liyun Gao
- Graduate School of Information, Production and Systems, Waseda University, 2-7 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Noriyo Mitome
- Faculty of Education, Tokoha University, 6-1 Yayoicho, Suruga, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8581, Japan
| | - Yoko Hirono-Hara
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka, Suruga-ku 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Y Hara
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka, Suruga-ku 422-8526, Japan
| | - Gábor Méhes
- Graduate School of Information, Production and Systems, Waseda University, 2-7 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Takeo Miyake
- Graduate School of Information, Production and Systems, Waseda University, 2-7 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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Zhang Y, Ma Y, Wang L, Li C, Wu L, Zhong C, Sun B, Chen Y, Jiang L. Nanofluidic Membrane-Assisted Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Bioinspired Gustatory Sensation Based on Selective Cation Transport. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403629. [PMID: 38958098 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Natural organisms have evolved precise sensing systems relying on unique ion channels, which can efficiently perceive various physical/chemical stimuli based on ionic signal transmission in biological fluid environments. However, it is still a huge challenge to achieve extensive applications of the artificial counterparts as an efficient wet sensing platform due to the fluidity of the working medium. Herein, nanofluidic membranes with selective cation transport properties and solid-state organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) with amplified signals are integrated together to mimic human gustatory sensation, achieving ionic gustatory reagent recognition and a portable configuration. Cu-HHTP nanofluidic membranes with selective cation transport through their uniform micropores are constructed first, followed by assembly with OECTs to form the designed nanofluidic membrane-assisted OECTs (nanofluidic OECTs). As a result, they can distinguish typically ionic gustatory reagents, and even ionic liquids (ILs), demonstrating enhanced gustatory perception performance under a wide concentration range (10-7-10-1 m) compared with those of conventional OECTs. The linear correlations between the response and the reagent concentration further indicate the promising potential for practical application as a next-generation sensing platform. It is suggested that nanofluidic membranes mediated intramembrane cation transport based on the steric hindrance effect, resulting in distinguishable and improved response to multiple ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yutian Ma
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Lili Wang
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Lijuan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Bing Sun
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yupeng Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
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5
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Haghayegh F, Norouziazad A, Haghani E, Feygin AA, Rahimi RH, Ghavamabadi HA, Sadighbayan D, Madhoun F, Papagelis M, Felfeli T, Salahandish R. Revolutionary Point-of-Care Wearable Diagnostics for Early Disease Detection and Biomarker Discovery through Intelligent Technologies. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2400595. [PMID: 38958517 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Early-stage disease detection, particularly in Point-Of-Care (POC) wearable formats, assumes pivotal role in advancing healthcare services and precision-medicine. Public benefits of early detection extend beyond cost-effectively promoting healthcare outcomes, to also include reducing the risk of comorbid diseases. Technological advancements enabling POC biomarker recognition empower discovery of new markers for various health conditions. Integration of POC wearables for biomarker detection with intelligent frameworks represents ground-breaking innovations enabling automation of operations, conducting advanced large-scale data analysis, generating predictive models, and facilitating remote and guided clinical decision-making. These advancements substantially alleviate socioeconomic burdens, creating a paradigm shift in diagnostics, and revolutionizing medical assessments and technology development. This review explores critical topics and recent progress in development of 1) POC systems and wearable solutions for early disease detection and physiological monitoring, as well as 2) discussing current trends in adoption of smart technologies within clinical settings and in developing biological assays, and ultimately 3) exploring utilities of POC systems and smart platforms for biomarker discovery. Additionally, the review explores technology translation from research labs to broader applications. It also addresses associated risks, biases, and challenges of widespread Artificial Intelligence (AI) integration in diagnostics systems, while systematically outlining potential prospects, current challenges, and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Haghayegh
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnologies for Health Assessments (Lab-HA), Biomedical Engineering Program, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Canada
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Alireza Norouziazad
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnologies for Health Assessments (Lab-HA), Biomedical Engineering Program, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Canada
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Elnaz Haghani
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnologies for Health Assessments (Lab-HA), Biomedical Engineering Program, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Canada
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Ariel Avraham Feygin
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnologies for Health Assessments (Lab-HA), Biomedical Engineering Program, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Canada
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Reza Hamed Rahimi
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnologies for Health Assessments (Lab-HA), Biomedical Engineering Program, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Canada
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Hamidreza Akbari Ghavamabadi
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnologies for Health Assessments (Lab-HA), Biomedical Engineering Program, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Canada
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Deniz Sadighbayan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Faress Madhoun
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnologies for Health Assessments (Lab-HA), Biomedical Engineering Program, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Canada
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Manos Papagelis
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Tina Felfeli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3A9, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M6, Canada
| | - Razieh Salahandish
- Laboratory of Advanced Biotechnologies for Health Assessments (Lab-HA), Biomedical Engineering Program, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Canada
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
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6
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Poursharifi N, Hassanpouramiri M, Zink A, Ucuncu M, Parlak O. Transdermal Sensing of Enzyme Biomarker Enabled by Chemo-Responsive Probe-Modified Epidermal Microneedle Patch in Human Skin Tissue. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2403758. [PMID: 38733567 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Wearable bioelectronics represents a significant breakthrough in healthcare settings, particularly in (bio)sensing which offers an alternative way to track individual health for diagnostics and therapy. However, there has been no notable improvement in the field of cancer, particularly for skin cancer. Here, a wearable bioelectronic patch is established for transdermal sensing of the melanoma biomarker, tyrosinase (Tyr), using a microneedle array integrated with a surface-bound chemo-responsive smart probe to enable target-specific electrochemical detection of Tyr directly from human skin tissue. The results presented herein demonstrate the feasibility of a transdermal microneedle sensor for direct quantification of enzyme biomarkers in an ex vivo skin model. Initial performance analysis of the transdermal microneedle sensor proves that the designed methodology can be an alternative for fast and reliable diagnosis of melanoma and the evaluation of skin moles. The innovative approach presented here may revolutionize the landscape of skin monitoring by offering a nondisruptive means for continuous surveillance and timely intervention of skin anomalies, such as inflammatory skin diseases or allergies and can be extended to the screening of multiple responses of complementary biomarkers with simple modification in device design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Poursharifi
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - Morteza Hassanpouramiri
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Zink
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Muhammed Ucuncu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, İzmir, 35620, Türkiye
| | - Onur Parlak
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80802, Munich, Germany
- Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 171 64, Sweden
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7
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Yang Y, Lv TR, Zhang WH, Zhang JY, Yin MJ, An QF. Tailored Polypyrrole Nanofibers as Ion-to-Electron Transduction Membranes for Wearable K + Sensors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311802. [PMID: 38258398 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Conductive polymers are recognized as ideal candidates for the development of noninvasive and wearable sensors for real-time monitoring of potassium ions (K+) in sweat to ensure the health of life. However, the low ion-to-electron transduction efficiency and limited active surface area hamper the development of high-performance sensors for low-concentration K+ detection in the sweat. Herein, a wearable K+ sensor is developed by tailoring the nanostructure of polypyrrole (PPy), serving as an ion-to-electron transduction layer, for accurately and stably tracing the K+ fluctuation in human sweat. The PPy nanostructures can be tailored from nanospheres to nanofibers by controlling the supramolecular assembly process during PPy polymerization. Resultantly, the ion-to-electron transduction efficiency (17-fold increase in conductivity) and active surface area (1.3-fold enhancement) are significantly enhanced, accompanied by minimized water layer formation. The optimal PPy nanofibers-based K+ sensor achieved a high sensitivity of 62 mV decade-1, good selectivity, and solid stability. After being integrated with a temperature sensor, the manufactured wearable sensor realized accurate monitoring of K+ fluctuation in the human sweat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Tian-Run Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Wen-Hai Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Jia-Yue Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Ming-Jie Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Quan-Fu An
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
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8
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Song J, Liu H, Zhao Z, Lin P, Yan F. Flexible Organic Transistors for Biosensing: Devices and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2300034. [PMID: 36853083 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable biosensors can offer seamless and conformable biological-electronic interfaces for continuously acquiring high-fidelity signals, permitting numerous emerging applications. Organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) are ideal transducers for flexible and stretchable biosensing due to their soft nature, inherent amplification function, biocompatibility, ease of functionalization, low cost, and device diversity. In consideration of the rapid advances in flexible-OTFT-based biosensors and their broad applications, herein, a timely and comprehensive review is provided. It starts with a detailed introduction to the features of various OTFTs including organic field-effect transistors and organic electrochemical transistors, and the functionalization strategies for biosensing, with a highlight on the seminal work and up-to-date achievements. Then, the applications of flexible-OTFT-based biosensors in wearable, implantable, and portable electronics, as well as neuromorphic biointerfaces are detailed. Subsequently, special attention is paid to emerging stretchable organic transistors including planar and fibrous devices. The routes to impart stretchability, including structural engineering and material engineering, are discussed, and the implementations of stretchable organic transistors in e-skin and smart textiles are included. Finally, the remaining challenges and the future opportunities in this field are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Song
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Peng Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials and Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Research Institute of Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
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9
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Carey T, Maughan J, Doolan L, Caffrey E, Garcia J, Liu S, Kaur H, Ilhan C, Seyedin S, Coleman JN. Knot Architecture for Biocompatible and Semiconducting 2D Electronic Fiber Transistors. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2301654. [PMID: 38602193 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Wearable devices have generally been rigid due to their reliance on silicon-based technologies, while future wearables will utilize flexible components for example transistors within microprocessors to manage data. Two-dimensional (2D) semiconducting flakes have yet to be investigated in fiber transistors but can offer a route toward high-mobility, biocompatible, and flexible fiber-based devices. Here, the electrochemical exfoliation of semiconducting 2D flakes of tungsten diselenide (WSe2) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is shown to achieve homogeneous coatings onto the surface of polyester fibers. The high aspect ratio (>100) of the flake yields aligned and conformal flake-to-flake junctions on polyester fibers enabling transistors with mobilities μ ≈1 cm2 V-1 s-1 and a current on/off ratio, Ion/Ioff ≈102-104. Furthermore, the cytotoxic effects of the MoS2 and WSe2 flakes with human keratinocyte cells are investigated and found to be biocompatible. As an additional step, a unique transistor 'knot' architecture is created by leveraging the fiber diameter to establish the length of the transistor channel, facilitating a route to scale down transistor channel dimensions (≈100 µm) and utilize it to make a MoS2 fiber transistor with a human hair that achieves mobilities as high as μ ≈15 cm2 V-1 s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Carey
- School of Physics, CRANN & AMBER Research Centers, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jack Maughan
- School of Physics, CRANN & AMBER Research Centers, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Luke Doolan
- School of Physics, CRANN & AMBER Research Centers, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Eoin Caffrey
- School of Physics, CRANN & AMBER Research Centers, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - James Garcia
- School of Physics, CRANN & AMBER Research Centers, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Shixin Liu
- School of Physics, CRANN & AMBER Research Centers, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Harneet Kaur
- School of Physics, CRANN & AMBER Research Centers, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Cansu Ilhan
- School of Physics, CRANN & AMBER Research Centers, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Shayan Seyedin
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Jonathan N Coleman
- School of Physics, CRANN & AMBER Research Centers, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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10
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Huang Y, Yang R, Zhong H, Lee CKW, Pan Y, Tan M, Chen Y, Jiang N, Li MG. High-Throughput Automatic Laser Printing Strategy toward Cost-effective Portable Integrated Urea Tele-Monitoring System. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301184. [PMID: 38019189 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
A portable sweat urea sensing system is a promising solution to satisfy the booming requirement of kidney function tele-monitoring. However, the complicated manufacturing route and the cumbersome electrochemical testing system still need to be improved to develop the urea point-of-care testing (POCT) and tele-monitoring devices. Here, a universal technical route based on a high-throughput automatic laser printing strategy for fabricating the portable integrated urea monitoring system is proposed. This integrated system includes a high-performance laser-printed urea sensing electrode, a planar three-electrode system, and a self-developed wireless mini-electrochemical workstation. A precursor donor layer is activated by laser scribing and in situ transferred into functional nanoparticles for the drop-on-demand printing of the urea sensing electrode. The obtained electrodes show high sensitivity, low detection limit, fast response time, high selectivity, good average recovery, and long-term stability for urea sensing. Additionally, a laser-induced graphene circuit-based miniature planar three-electrode system and a wireless mini-electrochemical workstation are designed for sensing data collection and transmitting, achieving real-time urea POCT and tele-monitoring. This scalable method provides a universal solution for high-throughput and ultra-fast fabrication of urea-sensing electrodes. The portable integrated urea monitoring system is a competitive option to achieve cost-effective POCT and tele-monitoring for kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyi Huang
- Research Center on Smart Manufacturing, Division of Integrative Systems and Design, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Rongliang Yang
- Research Center on Smart Manufacturing, Division of Integrative Systems and Design, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Haosong Zhong
- Research Center on Smart Manufacturing, Division of Integrative Systems and Design, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Connie Kong Wai Lee
- Research Center on Smart Manufacturing, Division of Integrative Systems and Design, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yexin Pan
- Research Center on Smart Manufacturing, Division of Integrative Systems and Design, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Min Tan
- Research Center on Smart Manufacturing, Division of Integrative Systems and Design, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yi Chen
- Research Center on Smart Manufacturing, Division of Integrative Systems and Design, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Na Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No. 160, Pujian Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Mitch Guijun Li
- Research Center on Smart Manufacturing, Division of Integrative Systems and Design, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
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11
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Tian H, Ma J, Li Y, Xiao X, Zhang M, Wang H, Zhu N, Hou C, Ulstrup J. Electrochemical sensing fibers for wearable health monitoring devices. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 246:115890. [PMID: 38048721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of health conditions is an emerging strong issue in health care, internet information, and other strongly evolving areas. Wearable electronics are versatile platforms for non-invasive sensing. Among a variety of wearable device principles, fiber electronics represent cutting-edge development of flexible electronics. Enabled by electrochemical sensing, fiber electronics have found a wide range of applications, providing new opportunities for real-time monitoring of health conditions by daily wearing, and electrochemical fiber sensors as explored in the present report are a promising emerging field. In consideration of the key challenges and corresponding solutions for electrochemical sensing fibers, we offer here a timely and comprehensive review. We discuss the principles and advantages of electrochemical sensing fibers and fabrics. Our review also highlights the importance of electrochemical sensing fibers in the fabrication of "smart" fabric designs, focusing on strategies to address key issues in fiber-based electrochemical sensors, and we provide an overview of smart clothing systems and their cutting-edge applications in therapeutic care. Our report offers a comprehensive overview of current developments in electrochemical sensing fibers to researchers in the fields of wearables, flexible electronics, and electrochemical sensing, stimulating forthcoming development of next-generation "smart" fabrics-based electrochemical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China
| | - Junlin Ma
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, PR China
| | - Yaogang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China.
| | - Xinxin Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Minwei Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Gentic Engineering, College of Life Science & Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, PR China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China
| | - Nan Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, PR China.
| | - Chengyi Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China.
| | - Jens Ulstrup
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
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12
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Zhang P, Zhu B, Du P, Travas-Sejdic J. Electrochemical and Electrical Biosensors for Wearable and Implantable Electronics Based on Conducting Polymers and Carbon-Based Materials. Chem Rev 2024; 124:722-767. [PMID: 38157565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Bioelectronic devices are designed to translate biological information into electrical signals and vice versa, thereby bridging the gap between the living biological world and electronic systems. Among different types of bioelectronics devices, wearable and implantable biosensors are particularly important as they offer access to the physiological and biochemical activities of tissues and organs, which is significant in diagnosing and researching various medical conditions. Organic conducting and semiconducting materials, including conducting polymers (CPs) and graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), are some of the most promising candidates for wearable and implantable biosensors. Their unique electrical, electrochemical, and mechanical properties bring new possibilities to bioelectronics that could not be realized by utilizing metals- or silicon-based analogues. The use of organic- and carbon-based conductors in the development of wearable and implantable biosensors has emerged as a rapidly growing research field, with remarkable progress being made in recent years. The use of such materials addresses the issue of mismatched properties between biological tissues and electronic devices, as well as the improvement in the accuracy and fidelity of the transferred information. In this review, we highlight the most recent advances in this field and provide insights into organic and carbon-based (semi)conducting materials' properties and relate these to their applications in wearable/implantable biosensors. We also provide a perspective on the promising potential and exciting future developments of wearable/implantable biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peikai Zhang
- Centre for Innovative Materials for Health, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Bicheng Zhu
- Centre for Innovative Materials for Health, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Peng Du
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- Centre for Innovative Materials for Health, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
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13
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Ehtesabi H, Kalji SO. Carbon nanomaterials for sweat-based sensors: a review. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:77. [PMID: 38177621 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Sweat is easily accessible from the human skin's surface. It is secreted by the eccrine glands and contains a wealth of physiological information, including metabolites and electrolytes like glucose and Na ions. Sweat is a particularly useful biofluid because of its easy and non-invasive access, unlike other biofluids, like blood. On the other hand, nanomaterials have started to show promise operation as a competitive substitute for biosensors and molecular sensors throughout the last 10 years. Among the most synthetic nanomaterials that are studied, applied, and discussed, carbon nanomaterials are special. They are desirable candidates for sensor applications because of their many intrinsic electrical, magnetic, and optical characteristics; their chemical diversity and simplicity of manipulation; their biocompatibility; and their effectiveness as a chemically resistant platform. Carbon nanofibers (CNFs), carbon dots (CDs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and graphene have been intensively investigated as molecular sensors or as components that can be integrated into devices. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the use of carbon nanomaterials as sweat sensors and consider how they can be utilized to detect a diverse range of analytes in sweat, such as glucose, ions, lactate, cortisol, uric acid, and pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamide Ehtesabi
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed-Omid Kalji
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Zheng XT, Goh WP, Yu Y, Sutarlie L, Chen DY, Tan SCL, Jiang C, Zhao M, Ba T, Li H, Su X, Yang L. Skin-Attachable Ink-Dispenser-Printed Paper Fluidic Sensor Patch for Colorimetric Sweat Analysis. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302173. [PMID: 37897264 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
In situ analysis of sweat biomarkers potentially provides noninvasive lifestyle monitoring and early diagnosis. Quantitative detection of sweat rate is crucial for thermoregulation and preventing heat injuries. Here, a skin-attachable paper fluidic patch is reported for in situ colorimetric sensing of multiple sweat markers (pH, glucose, lactate, and uric acid) with concurrent sweat rate tracking. Two sets of fluidic patterns-multiplexed detection zones and a longitudinal sweat rate channel-are directly printed by an automated ink dispenser from a specially developed ceramic-based ink. The ceramic ink thermal-cures into an impervious barrier, confining sweat within the channels. The ceramic-ink-printed boundary achieves higher pattern resolution, prevents fluid leakage, attains pattern thermal stability, and resistant to organic solvents. The cellulose matrix of the detection zones is modified with nanoparticles to improve the color homogeneity and sweat sensor sensitivity. The sweat rate channel is made moisture sensitive by incorporating a metal-salt-based dye. The change in saturation/color of the detection zones and/or channels upon sweat addition can be visually detected or quantified by a smartphone camera. A cost-effective way is provided to fabricate paper fluidic sensor patches, successfully demonstrating on-body multiplexed evaluation of sweat analytes. Such skin wearables offer on-site analysis, meaningful to an increasingly health-conscious population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ting Zheng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wei Peng Goh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yong Yu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Laura Sutarlie
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Der Ying Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sherwin Chong Li Tan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Changyun Jiang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Meng Zhao
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Te Ba
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, Connexis #16-16, Singapore, 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hongying Li
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, Connexis #16-16, Singapore, 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xiaodi Su
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Le Yang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Republic of Singapore
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15
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Zhang Y, Chen D, He W, Chen N, Zhou L, Yu L, Yang Y, Yuan Q. Interface-Engineered Field-Effect Transistor Electronic Devices for Biosensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2306252. [PMID: 38048547 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Promising advances in molecular medicine have promoted the urgent requirement for reliable and sensitive diagnostic tools. Electronic biosensing devices based on field-effect transistors (FETs) exhibit a wide range of benefits, including rapid and label-free detection, high sensitivity, easy operation, and capability of integration, possessing significant potential for application in disease screening and health monitoring. In this perspective, the tremendous efforts and achievements in the development of high-performance FET biosensors in the past decade are summarized, with emphasis on the interface engineering of FET-based electrical platforms for biomolecule identification. First, an overview of engineering strategies for interface modulation and recognition element design is discussed in detail. For a further step, the applications of FET-based electrical devices for in vitro detection and real-time monitoring in biological systems are comprehensively reviewed. Finally, the key opportunities and challenges of FET-based electronic devices in biosensing are discussed. It is anticipated that a comprehensive understanding of interface engineering strategies in FET biosensors will inspire additional techniques for developing highly sensitive, specific, and stable FET biosensors as well as emerging designs for next-generation biosensing electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Duo Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Wang He
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Na Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Liping Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Lilei Yu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yanbing Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Quan Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
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16
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Saha T, Del Caño R, De la Paz E, Sandhu SS, Wang J. Access and Management of Sweat for Non-Invasive Biomarker Monitoring: A Comprehensive Review. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206064. [PMID: 36433842 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sweat is an important biofluid presents in the body since it regulates the internal body temperature, and it is relatively easy to access on the skin unlike other biofluids and contains several biomarkers that are also present in the blood. Although sweat sensing devices have recently displayed tremendous progress, most of the emerging devices primarily focus on the sensor development, integration with electronics, wearability, and data from in vitro studies and short-term on-body trials during exercise. To further the advances in sweat sensing technology, this review aims to present a comprehensive report on the approaches to access and manage sweat from the skin toward improved sweat collection and sensing. It is begun by delineating the sweat secretion mechanism through the skin, and the historical perspective of sweat, followed by a detailed discussion on the mechanisms governing sweat generation and management on the skin. It is concluded by presenting the advanced applications of sweat sensing, supported by a discussion of robust, extended-operation epidermal wearable devices aiming to strengthen personalized healthcare monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamoghna Saha
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla, California, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Rafael Del Caño
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla, California, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Applied Thermodynamics, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, E-14014, Spain
| | - Ernesto De la Paz
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla, California, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Samar S Sandhu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla, California, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla, California, CA, 92093, USA
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17
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Kim JH, Halaksa R, Jo IY, Ahn H, Gilhooly-Finn PA, Lee I, Park S, Nielsen CB, Yoon MH. Peculiar transient behaviors of organic electrochemical transistors governed by ion injection directionality. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7577. [PMID: 38016963 PMCID: PMC10684893 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42840-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the growing interest in dynamic behaviors at the frequency domain, there exist very few studies on molecular orientation-dependent transient responses of organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors. In this research, we investigated the effect of ion injection directionality on transient electrochemical transistor behaviors by developing a model mixed conductor system. Two polymers with similar electrical, ionic, and electrochemical characteristics but distinct backbone planarities and molecular orientations were successfully synthesized by varying the co-monomer unit (2,2'-bithiophene or phenylene) in conjunction with a novel 1,4-dithienylphenylene-based monomer. The comprehensive electrochemical analysis suggests that the molecular orientation affects the length of the ion-drift pathway, which is directly correlated with ion mobility, resulting in peculiar OECT transient responses. These results provide the general insight into molecular orientation-dependent ion movement characteristics as well as high-performance device design principles with fine-tuned transient responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hwan Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Roman Halaksa
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Il-Young Jo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungju Ahn
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Inho Lee
- Department of Intelligence Semiconductor Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun Park
- Department of Intelligence Semiconductor Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Christian B Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Myung-Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Montero-Jimenez M, Lugli-Arroyo J, Fenoy GE, Piccinini E, Knoll W, Marmisollé WA, Azzaroni O. Transduction of Amine-Phosphate Supramolecular Interactions and Biosensing of Acetylcholine through PEDOT-Polyamine Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37851945 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are important devices for the development of flexible and wearable sensors due to their flexibility, low power consumption, sensitivity, selectivity, ease of fabrication, and compatibility with other flexible materials. These features enable the creation of comfortable, versatile, and efficient portable devices that can monitor and detect a wide range of parameters for various applications. Herein, we present OECTs based on PEDOT-polyamine thin films for the selective monitoring of phosphate-containing compounds. Our findings reveal that supramolecular single phosphate-amino interaction induces higher changes in the OECT response compared to ATP-amino interactions, even at submillimolar concentrations. The steric character of binding anions plays a crucial role in OECT sensing, resulting in a smaller shift in maximum transconductance voltage and threshold voltage for bulkier binding species. The OECT response reflects not only the polymer/solution interface but also events within the conducting polymer film, where ion transport and concentration are affected by the ion size. Additionally, the investigation of enzyme immobilization reveals the influence of phosphate species on the assembly behavior of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) on PEDOT-PAH OECTs, with increasing phosphate concentrations leading to reduced enzyme anchoring. These findings contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of OECT sensing and highlight the importance of careful design and optimization of the biosensor interface construction for diverse sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Montero-Jimenez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata B1904DPI, Argentina
| | - Juan Lugli-Arroyo
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata B1904DPI, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo E Fenoy
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata B1904DPI, Argentina
| | - Esteban Piccinini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata B1904DPI, Argentina
| | - Wolfgang Knoll
- Laboratory for Life Sciences and Technology (LiST), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Waldemar A Marmisollé
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata B1904DPI, Argentina
| | - Omar Azzaroni
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata B1904DPI, Argentina
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19
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Yao Y, Huang W, Chen J, Liu X, Bai L, Chen W, Cheng Y, Ping J, Marks TJ, Facchetti A. Flexible and Stretchable Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Physiological Sensing Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209906. [PMID: 36808773 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable bioelectronics provides a biocompatible interface between electronics and biological systems and has received tremendous attention for in situ monitoring of various biological systems. Considerable progress in organic electronics has made organic semiconductors, as well as other organic electronic materials, ideal candidates for developing wearable, implantable, and biocompatible electronic circuits due to their potential mechanical compliance and biocompatibility. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), as an emerging class of organic electronic building blocks, exhibit significant advantages in biological sensing due to the ionic nature at the basis of the switching behavior, low driving voltage (<1 V), and high transconductance (in millisiemens range). During the past few years, significant progress in constructing flexible/stretchable OECTs (FSOECTs) for both biochemical and bioelectrical sensors has been reported. In this regard, to summarize major research accomplishments in this emerging field, this review first discusses structure and critical features of FSOECTs, including working principles, materials, and architectural engineering. Next, a wide spectrum of relevant physiological sensing applications, where FSOECTs are the key components, are summarized. Last, major challenges and opportunities for further advancing FSOECT physiological sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Xiaoxue Liu
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
| | - Libing Bai
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yuhua Cheng
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Ping
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- Innovation Platform of Micro/Nano Technology for Biosensing, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311200, P. R. China
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
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20
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Keene ST, Rao A, Malliaras GG. The relationship between ionic-electronic coupling and transport in organic mixed conductors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi3536. [PMID: 37647402 PMCID: PMC10468126 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi3536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) directly convert between ionic and electronic charge through electrochemical (de)doping, enabling a wide range of applications in bioelectronics, neuromorphic computing, and energy storage and conversion. While both ionic and electronic transport are individually well characterized, their combined transport has been difficult to describe self-consistently. We use in situ measurements of electrochemical (de)doping of an archetypal OMIEC to inform a quasi-field drift-diffusion model, which accurately captures experimentally measured ion transport across a range of potentials. We find that the chemical potential of holes, which is modulated by changes in doping level, represents a major driving force for mixed charge transport. Using numerical simulations at device-relevant time scales and potentials, we find that the competition between hole drift and diffusion leads to diffuse space charge regions despite high charge densities. This effect is unique to mixed conducting systems where mobile ionic charges can compensate the accumulation or depletion of electronic charge, thereby screening electrostatic driving forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T. Keene
- Department of Engineering, Electrical Engineering Division, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Akshay Rao
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - George G. Malliaras
- Department of Engineering, Electrical Engineering Division, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
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21
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Khadka B, Lee B, Kim KT. Drug Delivery Systems for Personal Healthcare by Smart Wearable Patch System. Biomolecules 2023; 13:929. [PMID: 37371509 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart wearable patch systems that combine biosensing and therapeutic components have emerged as promising approaches for personalized healthcare and therapeutic platforms that enable self-administered, noninvasive, user-friendly, and long-acting smart drug delivery. Sensing components can continuously monitor physiological and biochemical parameters, and the monitoring signals can be transferred to various stimuli using actuators. In therapeutic components, stimuli-responsive carrier-based drug delivery systems (DDSs) provide on-demand drug delivery in a closed-loop manner. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in smart wearable patch systems, focusing on sensing components, stimuli, and therapeutic components. Additionally, this review highlights the potential of fully integrated smart wearable patch systems for personalized medicine. Furthermore, challenges associated with the clinical applications of this system and future perspectives are discussed, including issues related to drug loading and reloading, biocompatibility, accuracy of sensing and drug delivery, and largescale fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikram Khadka
- Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences (BK21 Four), Biomedical and Healthcare Research Institute (BHRI), Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongmoon Lee
- Soft Hybrid Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Taek Kim
- Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences (BK21 Four), Biomedical and Healthcare Research Institute (BHRI), Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
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22
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Chen Y, Ma B, Zuo Y, Chen G, Hao Q, Zhao C, Liu H. Versatile sweat bioanalysis on demand with hydrogel-programmed wearables. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 235:115412. [PMID: 37236013 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sweat bioanalysis is promising for non-invasive diagnostics of diseases. However, collection of representative sweat samples without disturbing daily life and wearable bioanalysis of targets that are clinically significant are still challenging. In this work, we report on a versatile method for the sweat bioanalysis. The method is based on a thermoresponsive hydrogel which can imperceptibly absorb slowly secreted sweat without stimulation such as heat or sport exercise. The wearable bioanalysis is accomplished by programmed electric heating of hydrogel modules to 42°C to release absorbed sweat or preloaded reagents into a microfluidic detection channel. Using our method, not only one-step detection of glucose but also multi-step immunoassay of cortisol is accomplished within 1 h, even at a very low sweat rate. Our test results are also compared with those obtained with conventional blood samples and stimulated sweat samples to evaluate the applicability of our method to non-invasive clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Biao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Yinxiu Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Gangsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Qing Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
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23
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Hua Y, Guan M, Xia L, Chen Y, Mai J, Zhao C, Liao C. Highly Stretchable and Robust Electrochemical Sensor Based on 3D Graphene Oxide-CNT Composite for Detecting Ammonium in Sweat. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:409. [PMID: 36979621 PMCID: PMC10046566 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electrochemical sensors have attracted tremendous attention and have been experiencing rapid growth in recent years. Sweat, one of the most suitable biological fluids for non-invasive monitoring, contains various chemical elements relating abundant information about human health conditions. In this work, a new type of non-invasive and highly stretchable potentiometric sweat sensor was developed based on all-solid-state ion-selective electrode (ISE) coupled with poly(dimethylsiloxane; PDMS) and polyurethane (PU). This highly stretchable composite of PDMS-PU allows the sensor to be robust, with the PDMS providing a flexible backbone and the PU enhancing the adhesion between the electrodes and the substrate. In addition, graphene-carbon nanotube (CNT) network 3D nanomaterials were introduced to modify the ion selective membrane (ISM) in order to increase the charge transfer activity of the ISEs, which also could minimize the formation of water layers on the electrode surface, as such nanomaterials are highly hydrophobic. As a result, the sensor demonstrated a wide detection range of NH4+ from 10-6 M to 10-1 M with high stability and sensitivity-showing a high sensitivity of 59.6 ± 1.5 mV/log [NH4+] and an LOD lower than 10-6 M. Under a strain of 40%, the sensor still showed a sensitivity of 42.7 ± 3.1 mV/log [NH4+]. The proposed highly stretchable and robust electrochemical sweat sensor provides a new choice for wearable-device-based personal daily healthcare management beyond hospital-centric healthcare monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhi Hua
- Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Mingxiang Guan
- Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Linzhong Xia
- Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Junhao Mai
- Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Cong Zhao
- Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Changrui Liao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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24
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Ohayon D, Druet V, Inal S. A guide for the characterization of organic electrochemical transistors and channel materials. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1001-1023. [PMID: 36637165 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00920j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) is one of the most versatile devices within the bioelectronics toolbox, with its compatibility with aqueous media and the ability to transduce and amplify ionic and biological signals into an electronic output. The OECT operation relies on the mixed (ionic and electronic charge) conduction properties of the material in its channel. With the increased popularity of OECTs in bioelectronics applications and to benchmark mixed conduction properties of channel materials, the characterization methods have broadened somewhat heterogeneously. We intend this review to be a guide for the characterization methods of the OECT and the channel materials used. Our review is composed of two main sections. First, we review techniques to fabricate the OECT, introduce different form factors and configurations, and describe the device operation principle. We then discuss the OECT performance figures of merit and detail the experimental procedures to obtain these characteristics. In the second section, we shed light on the characterization of mixed transport properties of channel materials and describe how to assess films' interactions with aqueous electrolytes. In particular, we introduce experimental methods to monitor ion motion and diffusion, charge carrier mobility, and water uptake in the films. We also discuss a few theoretical models describing ion-polymer interactions. We hope that the guidelines we bring together in this review will help researchers perform a more comprehensive and consistent comparison of new materials and device designs, and they will be used to identify advances and opportunities to improve the device performance, progressing the field of organic bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ohayon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Victor Druet
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sahika Inal
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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25
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Fang P, Ji X, Zhao X, Yan-Do R, Wan Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Shi P. Self-Healing Electronics for Prognostic Monitoring of Methylated Circulating Tumor DNAs. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207282. [PMID: 36412926 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Methylated circulating DNAs (ctDNAs) have recently been reported as a promising biomarker for early cancer diagnostics, but limited tools are currently available for continuous and dynamic profiling of ctDNAs and their methylation levels, especially when such assays need to be conducted in point-of-care (POC) scenarios. Here, a self-healing bioelectronic patch (iMethy) is developed that combines transdermal interstitial fluid (ISF) extraction and field effect transistor-based (FET-based) biosensing for dynamic monitoring of methylated ctDNAs as a prognostic approach for cancer risk management. The projection micro-stereolithography-based 3D patterning of an Eutectic Gallium-Indium (EGaIn) circuit with an unprecedented 10 µm resolution enables the construction of self-healing EGaIn microfluidic circuits that remain conductive under 100% strain and self-healing under severe destruction. In combination with continuous transdermal ISF sampling of methylated ctDNAs, iMethy can detect ctDNAs as low as 10-16 m in cellular models and is capable of phenotypic analysis of tumor growth in rodent animals. As the first demonstration of a wearable device for real-time in vivo analysis of disease-indicative biomarkers, this proof-of-concept study well demonstrated the potential of the iMethy platform for cancer risk management based on dynamic transdermal surveillance of methylated ctDNAs via a painless and self-administrable procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tong Ren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Xianglin Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Richard Yan-Do
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Youyang Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuanting Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Peng Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), The City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518000, China
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26
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Wang Y, Zhou W, Shen C, Jiang G, Yang C. Flexible and printable integrated biosensors for monitoring sweat and skin condition. Anal Biochem 2023; 661:114985. [PMID: 36414087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Wearable and flexible sensors are playing increasing roles in health monitoring (like physiological electrical signals and components of biofluids). Therein, sweat as a carrier of informative biomarkers would attract great attention for health status identification. However, most wearable biosensors have a short lifetime with complex fabrication processes and expensive costs, which would largely limit the application scene to some extent. Here, we developed a state-of-the-art flexible and integrated sensor patch with screen-printing technology for in-situ and real-time monitoring of electrolyte balance and skin state. The screen-printed sensor patch was easily fabricated, highly reproducible, disposable and relatively stable, which was extremely for sweat sensors with low cost. The state of art sensors on the patch of Na+, pH, skin impedance and temperature all showed excellent performance with high linearity (coefficient of determinations (R2) are 0.998, 0.994, 0.998 and 0.997, respectively). Besides, the detection ranges of Na+ and pH sensors are wide enough for sweat analysis of 10-100 mM and 2-8, respectively. The proposed device provides a new strategy for real-time sweat analysis, preventing dehydration and skin state monitoring during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223002, China
| | - Wujun Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223002, China
| | - Chaonan Shen
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223002, China
| | - Guan Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China.
| | - Chunsheng Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223002, China.
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27
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Zhang T, Ratajczak AM, Chen H, Terrell JA, Chen C. A Step Forward for Smart Clothes─Fabric-Based Microfluidic Sensors for Wearable Health Monitoring. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3857-3866. [PMID: 36455259 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
We report the first demonstration of fabric-based microfluidics for wearable sensing. A new technology to develop microfluidics on fabrics, as a part of an undergarment, is described here. Compared to conventional microfluidics from polydimethylsiloxane, fabric-based microfluidics are simple to make, robust, and suitable for efficient sweat delivery. Specifically, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) films with precut microfluidic patterns were infused through fabrics to form hydrophobic areas in a specially controlled sandwich structure. Experimental tests and simulations confirmed the sweat delivery efficiency of the microfluidics. Electrodes were screen-printed onto the fabric-based microfluidic. A novel wearable potentiometer based on Arduino was also developed as the transducer and signal readouts, which was low-cost, standardized, open-source, and capable of wireless data transfer. We applied the sensor system as a standalone or as a module of a T-shirt to quantify [Ca2+] in a wearer's sweat, with physiological and accurate results generated. Overall, this work represents a critical step in turning regular undergarments into biochemically smart platforms for health monitoring, which will broadly benefit human healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, 21250, United States
| | - Adam Michael Ratajczak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, 21250, United States
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, 21250, United States
| | - John A Terrell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, 21250, United States
| | - Chengpeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, 21250, United States
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28
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Abstract
Time is an often-neglected variable in biological research. Plants respond to biotic and abiotic stressors with a range of chemical signals, but as plants are non-equilibrium systems, single-point measurements often cannot provide sufficient temporal resolution to capture these time-dependent signals. In this article, we critically review the advances in continuous monitoring of chemical signals in living plants under stress. We discuss methods for sustained measurement of the most important chemical species, including ions, organic molecules, inorganic molecules and radicals. We examine analytical and modelling approaches currently used to identify and predict stress in plants. We also explore how the methods discussed can be used for applications beyond a research laboratory, in agricultural settings. Finally, we present the current challenges and future perspectives for the continuous monitoring of chemical signals in plants.
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29
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Shi Z, Li X, Shuai Y, Lu Y, Liu Q. The development of wearable technologies and their potential for measuring nutrient intake: Towards precision nutrition. NUTR BULL 2022; 47:388-406. [PMID: 36134894 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate food intake and nutritional status are crucial for the maintenance of health and disease prevention. Conventional dietary assessment is mainly based on comparisons of nutrient intakes with reference intakes, failing to meet the needs of personalised nutritional guidance based on individual nutritional status. Given their capability of providing insights into health information non-invasively in real time, wearable technologies offer great opportunities for nutrition monitoring. Nutrient metabolic profiles can be monitored immediately and continuously which could potentially offer the possibility for the tracking and guiding of nutrient intake. Here, we review and highlight the recent advances in wearable sensors from the perspective of sensing technologies for nutrient detection in biofluids. The integration of biosensors with wearable devices serves as an ideal platform for the analysis of biofluids including sweat, saliva and tears. The wearable sensing systems applied to the analysis of typical nutrients and important metabolites are demonstrated in terms of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals and others. Taking advantage of their high flexibility and lightweight, wearable sensors have been widely developed for the in situ quantitative detection of metabolic biomarkers. The technical principles, detection methods and applications are summarised. The challenges and future perspectives for wearable nutrition monitoring devices are discussed including the need to better determine relationships among nutrient metabolic profile, nutrient intake and food intake. With the development of materials, sensing techniques and manufacturing processes, wearable technologies are paving the way towards personalised precision nutrition, although there is still a long way to go before they can be utilised for practical clinical applications. Joint research efforts between nutrition scientists, doctors, engineers and sensor researchers are essential to further accelerate the realisation of reliable and practical wearable nutrition monitoring platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghan Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Shuai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanli Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingjun Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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30
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Jia S, Gao H, Xue Z, Meng X. Recent Advances in Multifunctional Wearable Sensors and Systems: Design, Fabrication, and Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12111057. [PMID: 36421175 PMCID: PMC9688294 DOI: 10.3390/bios12111057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional wearable sensors and systems are of growing interest over the past decades because of real-time health monitoring and disease diagnosis capability. Owing to the tremendous efforts of scientists, wearable sensors and systems with attractive advantages such as flexibility, comfort, and long-term stability have been developed, which are widely used in temperature monitoring, pulse wave detection, gait pattern analysis, etc. Due to the complexity of human physiological signals, it is necessary to measure multiple physiological information simultaneously to evaluate human health comprehensively. This review summarizes the recent advances in multifunctional wearable sensors, including single sensors with various functions, planar integrated sensors, three-dimensional assembled sensors, and stacked integrated sensors. The design strategy, manufacturing method, and potential application of each type of sensor are discussed. Finally, we offer an outlook on future developments and provide perspectives on the remaining challenges and opportunities of wearable multifunctional sensing technology.
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31
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Ibrahim NFA, Sabani N, Johari S, Manaf AA, Wahab AA, Zakaria Z, Noor AM. A Comprehensive Review of the Recent Developments in Wearable Sweat-Sensing Devices. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7670. [PMID: 36236769 PMCID: PMC9573257 DOI: 10.3390/s22197670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sweat analysis offers non-invasive real-time on-body measurement for wearable sensors. However, there are still gaps in current developed sweat-sensing devices (SSDs) regarding the concerns of mixing fresh and old sweat and real-time measurement, which are the requirements to ensure accurate the measurement of wearable devices. This review paper discusses these limitations by aiding model designs, features, performance, and the device operation for exploring the SSDs used in different sweat collection tools, focusing on continuous and non-continuous flow sweat analysis. In addition, the paper also comprehensively presents various sweat biomarkers that have been explored by earlier works in order to broaden the use of non-invasive sweat samples in healthcare and related applications. This work also discusses the target analyte's response mechanism for different sweat compositions, categories of sweat collection devices, and recent advances in SSDs regarding optimal design, functionality, and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Fatin Adini Ibrahim
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Norhayati Sabani
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Center of Excellance Micro System Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Shazlina Johari
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Center of Excellance Micro System Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Asrulnizam Abd Manaf
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia
| | - Asnida Abdul Wahab
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - Zulkarnay Zakaria
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Sports Engineering Research Center, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Anas Mohd Noor
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Center of Excellance Micro System Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
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32
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Duan YR, Wu HL, Gan HF. Synthesis of 2-Arylmethylbenzoxazoles by S8-Mediated Cyclization of 2-Aminophenols with Styrenes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428022100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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33
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Demuru S, Kim J, El Chazli M, Bruce S, Dupertuis M, Binz PA, Saubade M, Lafaye C, Briand D. Antibody-Coated Wearable Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Cortisol Detection in Human Sweat. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2721-2731. [PMID: 36054907 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The dysregulation of the hormone cortisol is related to several pathological states, and its monitoring could help prevent severe stress, fatigue, and mental diseases. While wearable antibody-based biosensors could allow real-time and simple monitoring of antigens, an accurate and low-cost antibody-based cortisol detection through electrochemical methods is considerably challenging due to its low concentration and the high ionic strength of real biofluids. Here, a label-free and fast sensor for cortisol detection is proposed based on antibody-coated organic electrochemical transistors. The developed devices show unprecedented high sensitivities of 50 μA/dec for cortisol sensing in high-ionic-strength solutions with effective cortisol detection demonstrated with real human sweat. The sensing mechanism is analyzed through impedance spectroscopy and confirmed with electrical models. Compared to existing methods requiring bulky and expensive laboratory equipment, these wearable devices enable point-of-care cortisol detection in 5 min with direct sweat collection for personalized well-being monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Demuru
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Jaemin Kim
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Marwan El Chazli
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Bruce
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Michael Dupertuis
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Alain Binz
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Saubade
- Sports Medicine Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Céline Lafaye
- Sports Medicine Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Danick Briand
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
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34
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Keene ST, Gueskine V, Berggren M, Malliaras GG, Tybrandt K, Zozoulenko I. Exploiting mixed conducting polymers in organic and bioelectronic devices. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19144-19163. [PMID: 35942679 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02595g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Efficient transport of both ionic and electronic charges in conjugated polymers (CPs) has enabled a wide range of novel electrochemical devices spanning applications from energy storage to bioelectronic devices. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of the fundamental physical processes which underlie the operation of mixed conducting polymer (MCP) devices. While charge injection and transport have been studied extensively in both ionic and electronic conductors, translating these principles to mixed conducting systems proves challenging due to the complex relationships among the individual materials properties. We break down the process of electrochemical (de)doping, the basic feature exploited in mixed conducting devices, into its key steps, highlighting recent advances in the study of these physical processes in the context of MCPs. Furthermore, we identify remaining challenges in further extending fundamental understanding of MCP-based device operation. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of the elementary processes governing operation in MCPs will drive the advancement in both materials design and device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Keene
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, 9 JJ Thompson Ave., CB3 0FA Cambridge, UK
| | - Viktor Gueskine
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, 9 JJ Thompson Ave., CB3 0FA Cambridge, UK
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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35
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Cucchi M, Weissbach A, Bongartz LM, Kantelberg R, Tseng H, Kleemann H, Leo K. Thermodynamics of organic electrochemical transistors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4514. [PMID: 35922437 PMCID: PMC9349225 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32182-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their increasing usefulness in a wide variety of applications, organic electrochemical transistors still lack a comprehensive and unifying physical framework able to describe the current-voltage characteristics and the polymer/electrolyte interactions simultaneously. Building upon thermodynamic axioms, we present a quantitative analysis of the operation of organic electrochemical transistors. We reveal that the entropy of mixing is the main driving force behind the redox mechanism that rules the transfer properties of such devices in electrolytic environments. In the light of these findings, we show that traditional models used for organic electrochemical transistors, based on the theory of field-effect transistors, fall short as they treat the active material as a simple capacitor while ignoring the material properties and energetic interactions. Finally, by analyzing a large spectrum of solvents and device regimes, we quantify the entropic and enthalpic contributions and put forward an approach for targeted material design and device applications. Though models describing the operating mechanism of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have been developed, these models are unable to accurately reproduce OECT electrical characteristics. Here, the authors report a thermodynamic-based framework that accurately models OECT operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Cucchi
- Laboratory for Soft Bioelectronic Interfaces, Neuro-X Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland. .,Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | | | | | | | - Hsin Tseng
- Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Karl Leo
- Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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36
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Carbon composite thermoplastic electrodes integrated with mini-printed circuit board for wireless detection of calcium ions. ANAL SCI 2022; 38:1233-1243. [PMID: 35861910 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00164-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Here, a smartphone-based portable sensing system is developed for real-time detection of Ca2+ ions in a variety of biofluids. A solid-contact calcium-selective electrode (Ca2+-ISE) consisting of an ion-selective membrane (ISM), carbon black nanomaterial and polystyrene-graphite nanoplatelets as a solid contact was fabricated. The polyvinylchloride (PVC)-based ISM was optimized using different plasticizers and ion-exchangers. Under optimized conditions, the solid contacts were electrochemically characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), chronopotentiometric and potentiometric measurements. The Ca2+-ISE showed a Nernst response with a slope of 31.2 ± 0.6 mV/decade in the concentration range from 0.1 M to 10-4 M Ca2+ with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.0 × 10-5 M. In addition, the ISEs exhibited good selectivity to Ca2+ ions over various interfering electrolytes and metabolites. The Ca2+-ISEs were applied in human urine and, artificial serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples. The ISEs showed good recoveries between 90 and 105%, indicating potential applicability of these electrodes in biological fluids. The portable lab-made potentiometer provides wireless data signaling and transmission to a smartphone and final Ca2+ concentration display due to its customized software. Therefore, the developed smartphone-based sensing platform offers low cost (< $25), rapid, user-friendly detection of Ca2+ especially in resource-limited areas.
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37
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Wang H, Chen R, Zhang F, Yu Z, Wang Y, Tang Z, Yang L, Tang X, Xiong B. Superhydrophobic Paper-Based Microfluidic Field-Effect Transistor Biosensor Functionalized with Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube and DNAzyme for Hypocalcemia Diagnosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147799. [PMID: 35887147 PMCID: PMC9318675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypocalcemia is caused by a sharp decline in blood calcium concentration after dairy cow calving, which can lead to various diseases or even death. It is necessary to develop an inexpensive, easy-to-operate, reliable sensor to diagnose hypocalcemia. The cellulose-paper-based microfluidic field-effect biosensor is promising for point-of-care, but it has poor mechanical strength and a short service life after exposure to an aqueous solution. Octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS), as a popular organosilane derivative, can improve the hydrophobicity of cellulose paper to overcome the shortage of cellulose paper. In this work, OTS was used to produce the superhydrophobic cellulose paper that enhances the mechanical strength and short service life of MFB, and a microfluidic field-effect biosensor (MFB) with semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and DNAzyme was then developed for the Ca2+ determination. Pyrene carboxylic acid (PCA) attached to SWNTs through a non-covalent π-π stacking interaction provided a carboxyl group that can bond with an amino group of DNAzyme. Two DNAzymes with different sensitivities were designed by changing the sequence length and cleavage site, which were functionalized with SPFET/SWNTs-PCA to form Dual-MFB, decreasing the interference of impurities in cow blood. After optimizing the detecting parameters, Dual-MFB could determine the Ca2+ concentration in the range of 25 μM to 5 mM, with a detection limit of 10.7 μM. The proposed Dual-MFB was applied to measure Ca2+ concentration in cow blood, which provided a new method to diagnose hypocalcemia after dairy cow calving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (R.C.); (F.Z.); (Z.Y.); (Y.W.); (Z.T.); (L.Y.)
| | - Ruipeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (R.C.); (F.Z.); (Z.Y.); (Y.W.); (Z.T.); (L.Y.)
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (R.C.); (F.Z.); (Z.Y.); (Y.W.); (Z.T.); (L.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhixue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (R.C.); (F.Z.); (Z.Y.); (Y.W.); (Z.T.); (L.Y.)
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (R.C.); (F.Z.); (Z.Y.); (Y.W.); (Z.T.); (L.Y.)
| | - Zhonglin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (R.C.); (F.Z.); (Z.Y.); (Y.W.); (Z.T.); (L.Y.)
| | - Liang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (R.C.); (F.Z.); (Z.Y.); (Y.W.); (Z.T.); (L.Y.)
| | - Xiangfang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (R.C.); (F.Z.); (Z.Y.); (Y.W.); (Z.T.); (L.Y.)
- Correspondence: (X.T.); (B.X.)
| | - Benhai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.W.); (R.C.); (F.Z.); (Z.Y.); (Y.W.); (Z.T.); (L.Y.)
- Correspondence: (X.T.); (B.X.)
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38
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Aerathupalathu Janardhanan J, Chen YL, Liu CT, Tseng HS, Wu PI, She JW, Hsiao YS, Yu HH. Sensitive Detection of Sweat Cortisol Using an Organic Electrochemical Transistor Featuring Nanostructured Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) Derivatives in the Channel Layer. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7584-7593. [PMID: 35588463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the influence of functionalized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanostructures decorated on the channel layer of an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) for the detection of sweat cortisol, an adrenocorticosteroid stress hormone. The OECT device featured a bilayer channel confined by a PEDOT:polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) underlayer and a nanostructure-decorated upper layer engineered from the monomers EDOT-COOH and EDOT-EG3 through template-free electrochemical polymerization. This molecular design allowed antibody conjugation using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide/N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide coupling through the carboxylic acid side chain, with EDOT-EG3 known to minimize nonspecific binding of biomolecules. We also engineered an OECT device having a channel area without any nanostructures to gain insight into the effect of the nanostructures on cortisol sensing. Our new nanostructure-embedded OECT device facilitated real-time detection of cortisol at concentrations ranging from 1 fg/mL to 1 μg/mL with a detection limit of 0.0088 fg/mL with good linearity (R2 = 0.9566), in addition to excellent selectivity toward cortisol among other structurally similar interfering compounds and high stability and reproducibility. With its rapid response for the detection of 100 ng/mL cortisol-spiked artificial sweat, this nanostructure-decorated OECT device has potential clinical practicality and utility in wearable sensors for future healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayakrishnan Aerathupalathu Janardhanan
- Smart Organic Materials Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Research Institute Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Sustainable Chemical Science & Technology (SCST), Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Research Institute Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University (NYCU), Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Lin Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (NTUST), Keelung Road, Da'an District, Taipei 106335, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ting Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Roosevelt Road, Da'an District, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Sheng Tseng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (NTUST), Keelung Road, Da'an District, Taipei 106335, Taiwan
| | - Po-I Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (NTUST), Keelung Road, Da'an District, Taipei 106335, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Wei She
- Smart Organic Materials Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Research Institute Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Nano Science & Technology Program, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Research Institute Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University (NTHU), Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Hsiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (NTUST), Keelung Road, Da'an District, Taipei 106335, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Hua Yu
- Smart Organic Materials Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Research Institute Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Sustainable Chemical Science & Technology (SCST), Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Research Institute Road, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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39
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Tan STM, Gumyusenge A, Quill TJ, LeCroy GS, Bonacchini GE, Denti I, Salleo A. Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conduction, a Multifunctional Property in Organic Conductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110406. [PMID: 35434865 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) have gained recent interest and rapid development due to their versatility in diverse applications ranging from sensing, actuation and computation to energy harvesting/storage, and information transfer. Their multifunctional properties arise from their ability to simultaneously participate in redox reactions as well as modulation of ionic and electronic charge density throughout the bulk of the material. Most importantly, the ability to access charge states with deep modulation through a large extent of its density of states and physical volume of the material enables OMIEC-based devices to display exciting new characteristics and opens up new degrees of freedom in device design. Leveraging the infinite possibilities of the organic synthetic toolbox, this perspective highlights several chemical and structural design approaches to modify OMIECs' properties important in device applications such as electronic and ionic conductivity, color, modulus, etc. Additionally, the ability for OMIECs to respond to external stimuli and transduce signals to myriad types of outputs has accelerated their development in smart systems. This perspective further illustrates how various stimuli such as electrical, chemical, and optical inputs fundamentally change OMIECs' properties dynamically and how these changes can be utilized in device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Ting Melissa Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Aristide Gumyusenge
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Tyler James Quill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Garrett Swain LeCroy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Giorgio Ernesto Bonacchini
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Giovanni Pascoli, 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Ilaria Denti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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40
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Li Y, Cui B, Zhang S, Li B, Li J, Liu S, Zhao Q. Ion-Selective Organic Electrochemical Transistors: Recent Progress and Challenges. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107413. [PMID: 35182018 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The charged species inside biofluids (blood, interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, urine, etc.) can reflect the human body's physiological conditions and thus be adopted to diagnose various diseases early. Among all personalized health management applications, ion-selective organic electrochemical transistors (IS-OECTs) have shown tremendous potential in point-of-care testing of biofluids due to low cost, ease of fabrication, high signal amplification, and low detection limit. Moreover, IS-OECTs exhibit excellent flexibility and biocompatibility that enable their application in wearable bioelectronics for continuous health monitoring. In this review, the working principle of IS-OECTs and the recent studies of IS-OECTs for performance improvement are reviewed. Specifically, contemporary studies on material design and device optimization to enhance the sensitivity of IS-OECTs are discussed. In addition, the progress toward the commercialization of IS-OECTs is highlighted, and the recently proposed solutions or alternatives are summarized. The main challenges and perspectives for fully exploiting IS-OECTs toward future preventive and personal medical devices are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, and College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Binbin Cui
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shiming Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bingxiang Li
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, and College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Jianmin Li
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, and College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Shujuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, and College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
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41
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Tian X, Liu D, Bai J, Chan KS, Ip LC, Chan PKL, Zhang S. Pushing OECTs toward Wearable: Development of a Miniaturized Analytical Control Unit for Wireless Device Characterization. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6156-6162. [PMID: 35385255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have emerged as a next-generation biosensing technology because of their water-stability, cost-effectiveness, and ability to obtain high sensitivity at low operation voltage (mV). However, a miniaturized readout unit that can wirelessly characterize the overall performance of an OECT is still missing, which hinders the assembling of truly wearable OECT systems for continuous health-monitoring applications. In this work, we present a coin-sized analytical unit for remote and wireless OECT characterization, namely, a personalized electronic reader for electrochemical transistors (PERfECT). It has been verified that PERfECT can measure the transfer, output, hysteresis, and transient behavior of OECTs with resolution and sampling rate on par with the bulky equipment used in laboratories. PERfECT is also capable of characterizing other low-voltage transistors. An integrated board for multiplexed OECT characterizations (32 channels) has also been demonstrated. This work provides a missing building block for developing next-generation OECT-based bioelectronics for digital wearable applications.
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42
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Oxygen Gas Sensing Using a Hydrogel-Based Organic Electrochemical Transistor for Work Safety Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14051022. [PMID: 35267844 PMCID: PMC8912781 DOI: 10.3390/polym14051022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen depletion in confined spaces represents one of the most serious and underestimated dangers for workers. Despite the existence of several commercially available and widely used gas oxygen sensors, injuries and deaths from reduced oxygen levels are still more common than for other hazardous gases. Here, we present hydrogel-based organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) made with the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as wearable and real-time oxygen gas sensors. After comparing OECT performances using liquid and hydrogel electrolytes, we identified the best PEDOT:PSS active layer and hydrogel coating (30 µm) combination for sensing oxygen in the concentration range of 13−21% (v/v), critical for work safety applications. The fast O2 solubilization in the hydrogel allowed for gaseous oxygen transduction in an electrical signal thanks to the electrocatalytic activity of PEDOT:PSS, while OECT architecture amplified the response (gain ~ 104). OECTs proved to have comparable sensitivities if fabricated on glass and thin plastic substrates, (−12.2 ± 0.6) and (−15.4 ± 0.4) µA/dec, respectively, with low power consumption (<40 µW). Sample bending does not influence the device response, demonstrating that our real-time conformable and lightweight sensor could be implemented as a wearable, noninvasive safety tool for operators working in potentially hazardous confined spaces.
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43
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Zhao H, Su R, Teng L, Tian Q, Han F, Li H, Cao Z, Xie R, Li G, Liu X, Liu Z. Recent advances in flexible and wearable sensors for monitoring chemical molecules. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:1653-1669. [PMID: 35040855 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06244a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, real-time health management has received increasing attention, benefiting from the rapid development of flexible and wearable devices. Conventionally, flexible and wearable devices are used for collecting health data such as electrophysiological signals, blood pressure, heart rate, etc. The monitoring of chemical factors has shown growing significance, providing the basis for the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of many diseases. Nowadays, in order to understand the health status of the human body more comprehensively and accurately, researchers in the community have started putting effort into developing wearable devices for monitoring chemical factors. Progressively, more flexible chemical sensors with wearable real-time health-monitoring functionality have been developed thanks to advances relating to wireless communications and flexible electronics. In this review, we describe the variety of chemical molecules and information that can currently be monitored, including pH levels, glucose, lactate, uric acid, ion levels, cytokines, nutrients, and other biomarkers. This review analyzes the pros and cons of the most advanced wearable chemical sensors in terms of wearability. At the end of this review, we discuss the current challenges and development trends relating to flexible and wearable chemical sensors from the aspects of materials, electrode designs, and soft-hard interface connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China.
- Neural Engineering Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Rui Su
- Research Center for Human Tissue and Organs Degeneration, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Lijun Teng
- Neural Engineering Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Qiong Tian
- Neural Engineering Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Fei Han
- Neural Engineering Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Hanfei Li
- Neural Engineering Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Zhengshuai Cao
- Center for Opto-Electronic Engineering and Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Ruijie Xie
- Neural Engineering Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Guanglin Li
- Neural Engineering Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Xijian Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Neural Engineering Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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44
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Ghoorchian A, Kamalabadi M, Moradi M, Madrakian T, Afkhami A, Bagheri H, Ahmadi M, Khoshsafar H. Wearable Potentiometric Sensor Based on Na 0.44MnO 2 for Non-invasive Monitoring of Sodium Ions in Sweat. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2263-2270. [PMID: 35050594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present a wearable potentiometric ion sensor for real-time monitoring of sodium ions (Na+) in human sweat samples using Na0.44MnO2 as the sensing material. Na0.44MnO2 is an attractive material for developing wearable electrochemical sensors due to its good Na+ incorporation ability, electrical conductivity, stability, and low fabrication cost. In the first step, the analytical performance of the electrode prepared using Na0.44MnO2 is presented. Then, a miniaturized potentiometric cell integrated into a wearable substrate is developed, which reveals a Nernstian response (58 mV dec-1). We achieved the detection of Na+ in the linear ranges of 0.21-24.54 mmol L-1, which is well within the physiological range of Na+. Finally, for on-body sweat analysis, the potentiometric sensor is fully integrated into a headband textile. This platform can be employed for non-invasive analysis of Na+ in human sweat for healthcare and disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Ghoorchian
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517838695, Iran
| | - Mahdie Kamalabadi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517838695, Iran
| | - Mahdi Moradi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517838695, Iran
| | - Tayyebeh Madrakian
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517838695, Iran.,Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7135646141, Iran
| | - Abbas Afkhami
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517838695, Iran.,D-8 International University, Hamedan 6517838695, Iran
| | - Hasan Bagheri
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1435916471, Iran
| | - Mazaher Ahmadi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517838695, Iran.,Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7135646141, Iran
| | - Hosein Khoshsafar
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1435916471, Iran
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45
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Lin T, Xu Y, Zhao A, He W, Xiao F. Flexible electrochemical sensors integrated with nanomaterials for in situ determination of small molecules in biological samples: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1207:339461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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46
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Faheem A, Cinti S. Non-invasive electrochemistry-driven metals tracing in human biofluids. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 200:113904. [PMID: 34959184 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wearable analytical devices represent the future for fast, de-centralized, and human-centered health monitoring. Electrochemistry-based platforms have been highlighted as the role model for future developments amid diverse strategies and transduction technologies. Among the various relevant analytes to be real-time and non-invasively monitored in bodily fluids, we review the latest wearable achievements towards determining essential and toxic metals. On-skin measurements represent an excellent possibility for humankind: real-time monitoring, digital/fast communication with specialists, quick interventions, removing barriers in developing countries. In this review, we discuss the achievements over the last 5 years in non-invasive electrochemical platforms, providing a comprehensive table for quick visualizing the diverse sensing/technological advances. In the final section, challenges and future perspectives about wearables are deeply discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aroosha Faheem
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Cinti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy; BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Napoli "Federico II", 80055, Naples, Italy.
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47
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Sharma R, Geranpayehvaghei M, Ejeian F, Razmjou A, Asadnia M. Recent advances in polymeric nanostructured ion selective membranes for biomedical applications. Talanta 2021; 235:122815. [PMID: 34517671 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nano structured ion-selective membranes (ISMs) are very attractive materials for a wide range of sensing and ion separation applications. The present review focuses on the design principles of various ISMs; nanostructured and ionophore/ion acceptor doped ISMs, and their use in biomedical engineering. Applications of ISMs in the biomedical field have been well-known for more than half a century in potentiometric analysis of biological fluids and pharmaceutical products. However, the emergence of nanotechnology and sophisticated sensing methods assisted in miniaturising ion-selective electrodes to needle-like sensors that can be designed in the form of implantable or wearable devices (smartwatch, tattoo, sweatband, fabric patch) for health monitoring. This article provides a critical review of recent advances in miniaturization, sensing and construction of new devices over last decade (2011-2021). The designing of tunable ISM with biomimetic artificial ion channels offered intensive opportunities and innovative clinical analysis applications, including precise biosensing, controlled drug delivery and early disease diagnosis. This paper will also address the future perspective on potential applications and challenges in the widespread use of ISM for clinical use. Finally, this review details some recommendations and future directions to improve the accuracy and robustness of ISMs for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Sharma
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Marzieh Geranpayehvaghei
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia; Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115-175, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ejeian
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 73441-81746, Iran
| | - Amir Razmjou
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 73441-81746, Iran; Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; UNESCO Center for Membrane Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Mohsen Asadnia
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
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48
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Xu P, Lu C, Wang D, Fu D. Combination of ultrathin micro-patterned MXene and PEDOT: Poly(styrenesulfonate) enables organic electrochemical transistor for amperometric determination of survivin protein in children osteosarcoma. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:301. [PMID: 34409498 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04947-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An ultrathin micro-patterned MXene/PEDOT:PSS-based organic electrochemical transistor biosensor was constructed, which can significantly amplify the amperometric signal and transistor's performance. A novel interdigitated OECTs biosensor has been developed for reliable determination of survivin for the following considerations: (1) The synergistic effect of intercalated MXene and ionic PEDOT:PSS enhanced the mobility and volumetric capacitance of OECTs biosensor. (2) Compared with the best previous literatures, our assay demonstrated enhanced detection limit of survivin down to 10 pg mL-1, as well as satisfactory selectivity, reproducibility, and reliability. (3) Comparison of OECTs against commercial ELISA kit yielded favorable linearity (Y = 1.0015*X + 0.0039) and correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9717). Those advantages are expected to pave the way to design of an OECTs biosensor with robustness, non-invasiveness, and miniaturization for the point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunwen Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dahui Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Dong Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
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49
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Choudhury S, Roy S, Bhattacharya G, Fishlock S, Deshmukh S, Bhowmick S, McLaughlign J, Roy SS. Potentiometric ion-selective sensors based on UV-ozone irradiated laser-induced graphene electrode. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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50
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Ajmal Mokhtar SM, Alvarez de Eulate E, Sethumadhavan V, Yamada M, Prow TW, Evans DR. Electrochemical stability of
PEDOT
for wearable
on‐skin
application. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siti Musliha Ajmal Mokhtar
- Future Industries Institute University of South Australia Mawson Lakes Australia
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Mara, Johor Branch, Pasir Gudang Campus Masai Malaysia
| | | | | | - Miko Yamada
- Future Industries Institute University of South Australia Mawson Lakes Australia
| | - Tarl W. Prow
- Future Industries Institute University of South Australia Mawson Lakes Australia
| | - Drew R. Evans
- Future Industries Institute University of South Australia Mawson Lakes Australia
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