Surface and Interface Engineering for Nanocellulosic Advanced Materials

Unveiling potential of cellulose gel electrolyte: Molecular engineering for enhanced electrostatic interactions with Mg adatoms in Mg-ion battery

The Mg-ion battery faces significant limitations due to its liquid electrolyte, which suffers from inherent issues such as leakage and the growth of Mg dendrites. In contrast, gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) offer heightened safety, a wide voltage window, and excellent flexibility, making them a promising alternative with outstanding electrochemical performance. In this study, a cyano-modified cellulose (CEC) GPE was engineered to aim at enhancing ion transportation and promoting uniform ion-flux through interactions between N and Mg2+ ions. The resulting CEC-based GPE demonstrated a high ionic conductivity of 1.73 mS cm-1 at room temperature. Furthermore, it exhibited remarkable Mg plating/stripping performance (coulombic efficiency ∼96.7 %) and compatibility with electrodes. Importantly, when employed in a Mo6S8//Mg battery configuration, the CEC GPE displayed exceptional cycle stability, with virtually no degradation observed even after 650 cycles at 1C, thereby significantly advancing Mg-ion battery technology due to its excellent electrochemical properties. This study provides valuable insights into the molecular engineering of cellulose-based GPEs.

Lysine-mediated surface modification of cellulose nanocrystal films for multi-channel anti-counterfeiting

Utilizing advanced multiple channels for information encryption offers a powerful strategy to achieve high-capacity and highly secure data protection. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) offer a sustainable resource for developing information protection materials. In this study, we present an approach that is easy to implement and adapt for the covalent attachment of various fluorescence molecules onto the surface of CNCs using the Mannich reaction in aqueous-based medium. Through the use of the Mannich reaction-based surface modification technique, we successfully achieved multi-color fluorescence in the resulting CNCs. The resulting CNC derivatives were thoroughly characterized by two dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance (2D HSQC NMR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopy. Notably, the optical properties of CNCs were well maintained after modification, resulting in films exhibiting blue and red structural colors. This enables the engineering of highly programmable and securely encoded anti-counterfeit labels. Moreover, subsequent coating of the modified CNCs with MXene yielded a highly secure encrypted matrix, offering advanced security and encryption capabilities under ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared wavelengths. This CNC surface-modification enables the development of multimodal security labels with potential applications across various practical scenarios.

Nanocellulose from agro-industrial wastes: A review on sources, production, applications, and current challenges

Significant volumes of agricultural and industrial waste are produced annually. With the global focus shifting towards sustainable and environmentally friendly practices, there is growing emphasis on recycling and utilizing materials derived from such waste, such as cellulose and lignin. In response to this imperative situation, nanocellulose materials have surfaced attracting heightened attention and research interest owing to their superior properties in terms of strength, stiffness, biodegradability, and water resistance. The current manuscript provided a comprehensive review encompassing the resources of nanocellulose, detailed pretreatment and extraction methods, and present applications of nanocellulose. More importantly, it highlighted the challenges related to its processing and utilization, along with potential solutions. After evaluating the benefits and drawbacks of different methods for producing nanocellulose, ultrasound combined with acid hydrolysis emerges as the most promising approach for large-scale production. While nanocellulose has established applications in water treatment, its potential within the food industry appears even more encouraging. Despite the numerous potential applications across various sectors, challenges persist regarding its modification, characterization, industrial-scale manufacturing, and regulatory policies. Overcoming these obstacles requires the development of new technologies and assessment tools aligned with policy. In essence, nanocellulose presents itself as an eco-friendly material with extensive application possibilities, prompting the need for additional research into its extraction, application suitability, and performance enhancement. This review focused on the wide application scenarios of nanocellulose, the challenges of nanocellulose application, and the possible solutions.

"Bottom-up" and "top-down" strategies toward strong cellulose-based materials

Cellulose, as the most abundant natural polymer on Earth, has long captured researchers' attention due to its high strength and modulus. Nevertheless, transferring its exceptional mechanical properties to macroscopic 2D and 3D materials poses numerous challenges. This review provides an overview of the research progress in the development of strong cellulose-based materials using both the "bottom-up" and "top-down" approaches. In the "bottom-up" strategy, various forms of regenerated cellulose-based materials and nanocellulose-based high-strength materials assembled by different methods are discussed. Under the "top-down" approach, the focus is on the development of reinforced cellulose-based materials derived from wood, bamboo, rattan and straw. Furthermore, a brief overview of the potential applications fordifferent types of strong cellulose-based materials is given, followed by a concise discussion on future directions.

Cellulose Nanofibrils/Alginates Double-Network Composites: Effects of Interfibrillar Interaction and G/M Ratio of Alginates on Mechanical Performance

Interfibrillar phases and bonding in cellulose nanofibril (CNF)-based composites are crucial for materials performances. In this study, we investigated the influence of CNF surface characteristics, the guluronic acid/mannuronic acid ratio, and the molecular weight of alginates on the structure, mechanical, and barrier properties of CNF/alginate composite films. Three types of CNFs with varying surface charges and nanofibril dimensions were prepared from wood pulp fibers. The interfacial bonding through calcium ion cross-linking between alginate and carboxylated CNFs (TCNFs) led to significantly enhanced stiffness and strength due to the formation of an interpenetrating double network, compared to composites from alginates and CNFs with native negative or cationic surface charges. Various alginates extracted from Alaria esculenta (AE) and Laminaria hyperborea (LH) were also examined. The TCNF/AE composite, prepared from alginate with a high mannuronic acid proportion and high molecular weight, exhibited a Young's modulus of 20.3 GPa and a tensile strength of 331 MPa under dry conditions and a Young's modulus of 430 MPa and a tensile strength of 9.3 MPa at the wet state. Additionally, the TCNF/AE composite demonstrated protective properties as a barrier coating for fruit, significantly reducing browning of banana peels and weight loss of bananas stored under ambient conditions.

Lignocellulosic biomass-derived functional nanocellulose for food-related applications: A review

In recent years, nanocellulose (NC) has gained significant attention due to its remarkable properties, such as adjustable surface chemistry, extraordinary biological properties, low toxicity and low density. This review summarizes the preparation of NC derived from lignocellulosic biomass (LCB), including cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), and lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNF). It focuses on examining the impact of non-cellulosic components such as lignin and hemicellulose on the functionality of NC. Additionally, various surface modification strategies of NC were discussed, including esterification, etherification and silylation. The review also emphasizes the progress of NC application in areas such as Pickering emulsions, food packaging materials, food additives, and hydrogels. Finally, the prospects for producing NC from LCB and its application in food-related fields are examined. This work aims to demonstrate the effective benefits of preparing NC from lignocellulosic biomass and its potential application in the food industry.

In situ self-assembly of pulp microfibers and nanofibers into a transparent, high-performance and degradable film

Despite the significant properties of fossil plastics, the current unsustainable methods employed in production, usage and disposal present a grave threat to both energy and environment. The development of degradable biomass materials as substitutes for fossil plastics can effectively address the energy-environment paradox at the source. Here, we prepared novel micro-nano multiscale composite films through assembling and crosslinking nanocellulose with coniferous wood pulp microfibers. The composite film combines the advantages of microfibers and nanocellulose, achieving a maximum transmittance of 91 %, foldability, excellent mechanical properties (tensile strength: 51.3 MPa, elongation at break: 4 %, young's modulus: 3.4 GPa), high thermal stability and complete degradation within 40 days. The composite film exhibits mechanochemical self-healing and retains properties even after fracture. Such exceptional performance fully meets the requirements for substituting petroleum plastics. By incorporating CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ into the composite film, it enables dual emission of red and blue light, thereby being able to promote plant growth and presenting potential as a novel sustainable alternative for agricultural films. By assembling microfiber and nanocellulose, such novel strategy is presented for the fabrication of high-quality biomass materials, thereby offering a promising avenue towards environment-friendly resource-sustainable new materials.

Synergistically improve the strength and porosity of carbon paper by using a novel phenol formaldehyde resin modified with cellulose nanofiber for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

To optimize the imbalance between the interfacial bonding and porosity properties of carbon paper (CP) caused by phenol formaldehyde resin (PF) impregnation, and therefore improve the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), a new approach through cellulose nanofibers grafted with methyl methacrylate (CNFM) as a modified reinforcement and pore-forming agent for PF is investigated. Through suppressing the methylene backbone fracture of CNFM-modified PF during its thermal depolymerization, the interfacial bonding between PF matrix carbon and carbon fibers is enhanced. Compared with unmodified CP, the in-plane resistivity of CNFM-modified CP is reduced by 35.78 %, while the connected porosity increases to 82.26 %, and more homogeneous pore size distribution (PSD) in the range of 20-40 μm is obtained for CNFM-modified CP. Besides, the tensile strength, flexural strength, and air permeability of CNFM-modified CP increase by 72.78 %, 298.4 %, and 103.97 %, respectively. In addition, CNFM-modified CP achieves the peak power density of PEMFCs to 701.81 mW·cm-2, exhibiting 10.98 % improvement compared with commercial CP (632.39 mW·cm-2), evidently achieving an integral promotion of CP and comprehensive performance.

Biosustainable Multiscale Transparent Nanocomposite Films for Sensitive Pressure and Humidity Sensors

Light weight, thinness, transparency, flexibility, and insulation are the key indicators for flexible electronic device substrates. The common flexible substrates are usually polymer materials, but their recycling is an overwhelming challenge. Meanwhile, paper substrates are limited in practical applications because of their poor mechanical and thermal stability. However, natural biomaterials have excellent mechanical properties and versatility thanks to their organic-inorganic multiscale structures, which inspired us to design an organic-inorganic nanocomposite film. For this purpose, a bio-inspired multiscale film was developed using cellulose nanofibers with abundant hydrophilic functional groups to assist in dispersing hydroxyapatite nanowires. The thickness of the biosustainable film is only 40 μm, and it incorporates distinctive mechanical properties (strength: 52.8 MPa; toughness: 0.88 MJ m-3) and excellent optical properties (transmittance: 80.0%; haze: 71.2%). Consequently, this film is optimal as a substrate employed for flexible sensors, which can transmit capacitance and resistance signals through wireless Bluetooth, showing an ultrasensitive response to pressure and humidity (for example, responding to finger pressing with 5000% signal change and exhaled water vapor with 4000% signal change). Therefore, the comprehensive performance of the biomimetic multiscale organic-inorganic composite film confers a prominent prospect in flexible electronics devices, food packaging, and plastic substitution.

Fabrication of flame-retardant and water-resistant nanopapers through electrostatic complexation of phosphorylated cellulose nanofibers and chitin nanocrystals

Biogenic, sustainable two-dimensional architectures, such as films and nanopapers, have garnered considerable interest because of their low carbon footprint, biodegradability, advanced optical/mechanical characteristics, and diverse potential applications. Here, bio-based nanopapers with tailored characteristics were engineered by the electrostatic complexation of oppositely charged colloidal phosphorylated cellulose nanofibers (P-CNFs) and deacetylated chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs). The electrostatic interaction between anionic P-CNFs and cationic ChNCs enhanced the stretchability and water stability of the nanopapers. Correspondingly, they exhibited a wet tensile strength of 17.7 MPa after 24 h of water immersion. Furthermore, the nanopapers exhibited good thermal stability and excellent self-extinguishing behavior, triggered by both phosphorous and nitrogen. These features make the nanopapers sustainable and promising structures for application in advanced fields, such as optoelectronics.

Nanocellulose-mediated bilayer hydrogel actuators with thermo-responsive, shape memory and self-sensing performances

Inspired by creatures, abundant stimulus-responsive hydrogel actuators with diverse functionalities have been manufactured for applications in soft robotics. However, constructing a shape memory and self-sensing bilayer hydrogel actuator with high mechanical strength and strong interfacial bonding still remains a challenge. Herein, a novel bilayer hydrogel with a stimulus-responsive TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (TOCN/PNIPAM) layer and a non-responsive TOCN/polyacrylamide (TOCN/PAM) layer is proposed as a thermosensitive actuator. TOCNs as a nano-reinforced phase provide a high mechanical strength and endow the hydrogel actuator with a strong interfacial bonding. Due to the incorporation of TOCNs, the TOCN/PNIPAM hydrogel exhibits a high compressive strength (~89.2 kPa), elongation at break (~170.7 %) and tensile strength (~24.0 kPa). The prepared PNIPAM/TOCN/PAM hydrogel actuator performs the roles of an encapsulation, jack, temperature-controlled fluid valve and temperature-control manipulator. The incorporation of Fe3+ further endows the bilayer hydrogel actuator with a synergistic performance of shape memory and temperature-driven, which can be used as a temperature-responsive switch to detect ambient temperature. The PNIPAM/TOCN/PAM-Fe3+ conductive hydrogel can be assembled into a flexible sensor and generate sensing signals when driven by temperature changes to achieve real-time feedback. This research may lead to new insights into the design and manufacturing of intelligent flexible soft robots.

Flexible cellulose nanofiber aerogel with enhanced porous structure and its applications in copper(II) removal

In order to achieve an aerogel with both rigid pore structures and desired flexibility, stiff carboxyl-functionalized cellulose nanofiber (CNFs) were introduced into a flexible polyvinyl alcohol-polyethyleneimine (PVA-PEI) crosslinking network, with 4-formylphenylboronic acid (4FPBA) bridging within the PVA-PEI network to enable dynamic boroxine and imine bond formation. The strong covalent bonds and hydrogen connections between CNF and the crosslinking network enhanced the wet stability of the aerogel while also contributed to its thermal stability. Importantly, the harmonious coordination between the stiff CNF and the flexible polymer chains not only facilitated aerogel flexibility but also enhanced its increased specific surface area by improving pore structure. Moreover, the inclusion of CNF enhanced the adsorption capacity of the aerogel, rendering it effective for removing heavy metal ions. The specific surface area and adsorption capacity for copper ions of the aerogel increased significantly with a 3 wt% addition CNF suspension, reaching 19.74 m2 g-1 and 60.28 mg g-1, respectively. These values represent a remarkable increase of 590.21 % and 213.96 %, respectively, compared to the blank aerogel. The CNF-enhanced aerogel in this study, characterized by its well-defined pore structures, and desired flexibility, demonstrates versatile applicability across multiple domains, including environmental protection, thermal insulation, electrode fabrication, and beyond.

Rheology of Suspensions Thickened by Cellulose Nanocrystals

The steady rheological behavior of suspensions of solid particles thickened by cellulose nanocrystals is investigated. Two different types and sizes of particles are used in the preparation of suspensions, namely, TG hollow spheres of 69 µm in Sauter mean diameter and solospheres S-32 of 14 µm in Sauter mean diameter. The nanocrystal concentration varies from 0 to 3.5 wt% and the particle concentration varies from 0 to 57.2 vol%. The influence of salt (NaCl) concentration and pH on the rheology of suspensions is also investigated. The suspensions generally exhibit shear-thinning behavior. The degree of shear-thinning is stronger in suspensions of smaller size particles. The experimental viscosity data are adequately described by a power-law model. The variations in power-law parameters (consistency index and flow behavior index) under different conditions are determined and discussed in detail.

Large-Scale Engineerable Films Tailored with Cellulose Nanofibrils for Lighting Management and Thermal Insulation

Fibrillated cellulose-based nanocomposites can improve energy efficiency of building envelopes, especially windows, but efficiently engineering them with a flexible ability of lighting and thermal management remains highly challenging. Herein, a scalable interfacial engineering strategy is developed to fabricate haze-tunable thermal barrier films tailored with phosphorylated cellulose nanofibrils (PCNFs). Clear films with an extremely low haze of 1.6% (glass-scale) are obtained by heat-assisted surface void packing without hydrophobization of nanocellulose. PCNF gel cakes serve here as templates for surface roughening, thereby resulting in a high haze (73.8%), and the roughened films can block heat transfer by increasing solar reflection in addition to a reduced thermal conduction. Additionally, obtained films can tune distribution of light from visible to near-infrared spectral range, enabling uniform colored lighting and inhibiting localized heating. Furthermore, an integrated simulation of lighting and cooling energy consumption in the case of office buildings shows that the film can reduce the total energy use by 19.2-38.1% under reduced lighting levels. Such a scalable and versatile engineering strategy provides an opportunity to endow nanocellulose-reinforced materials with tunable optical and thermal functionalities, moving their practical applications in green buildings forward.

Interfacial Engineering of Soft Matter Substrates by Solid-State Polymer Adsorption

Polymer coating to substrates alters surface chemistry and imparts bulk material functionalities with a minute thickness, even in nanoscale. Specific surface modification of a substate usually requires an active substrate that, e.g., undergoes a chemical reaction with the modifying species. Here, we present a generic method for surface modification, namely, solid-state adsorption, occurring purely by entropic strive. Formed by heating above the melting point or glass transition and subsequent rinsing of the excess polymer, the emerging ultrathin (<10 nm) layers are known in fundamental polymer physics but have never been utilized as building blocks for materials and they have never been explored on soft matter substrates. We show with model surfaces as well as bulk substrates, how solid-state adsorption of common polymers, such as polystyrene and poly(lactic acid), can be applied on soft, cellulose-based substrates. Our study showcases the versatility of solid-state adsorption across various polymer/substrate systems. Specifically, we achieve proof-of-concept hydrophobization on flexible cellulosic substrates, maintaining irreversible and miniscule adsorption yet with nearly 100% coverage without compromising the bulk material properties. The method can be considered generic for all polymers whose Tg and Tm are below those of the to-be-coated adsorbed layer, and whose integrity can withstand the solvent leaching conditions. Its full potential has broad implications for diverse materials systems where surface coatings play an important role, such as packaging, foldable electronics, or membrane technology.

Tailoring the Holocellulose Fiber/Acrylic Resin Composite Interface with Hydrophobic Carboxymethyl Cellulose to Enhance Optical and Mechanical Properties

Interface engineering is essential for cellulosic fiber-reinforced polymer composites to achieve high strength and toughness. In this study, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) functionalized with hydrophobic quaternary ammonium ions (QAs) were utilized to modify the interface between holocellulose fibers (HF) and acrylic resin. The wet HF/CMC papers were prepared by vacuum filtration, akin to papermaking, followed by cationic ion exchange with different hydrophobic QAs. Subsequently, the modified papers were dried, impregnated with an acrylic resin monomer, and cured to produce transparent composite films. The effect of the hydrophobic QA moieties on the structure and optical and mechanical properties of the HF/CMC/acrylic resin composites were investigated. The composite film with cetyltrimethylammonium (CTA)-functionalized CMC showed high optical transmittance (87%) with low haze (43%), while the composite film with phenyltrimethylammonium (PTMA)-functionalized CMC demonstrated high Young's modulus of 7.6 GPa and high tensile strength of 180 MPa. These properties are higher than those of the composites prepared through covalent interfacial modification strategies. The results highlighted the crucial role of hydrophobic functionalized CMCs in facilitating homogeneous resin impregnation in the HF fiber network, producing a composite with enhanced interfacial adhesion strength, increased optical transparency, and mechanical strength. This facile use of hydrophobic CMCs as interfacial compatibilizers provides an energy-efficient route for preparing transparent, thin, and flexible composite films favorable in optoelectronic applications.

Directly Converting Bulk Wood into Branch Micro-Nano Fibers to Synergistically Enhance the Strength and Toughness via Interface Engineering

Hierarchical biobased micro/nanomaterials offer great potential as the next-generation building blocks for robust films or macroscopic fibers with high strength, while their capability in suppressing crack propagation when subject to damage is hindered by their limited length. Herein, we employed an approach to directly convert bulk wood into fibers with a high aspect ratio and nanosized branching structures. Particularly, the length of microfibers surpassed 1 mm with that of the nanosized branches reaching up to 300 μm. The presence of both interwoven micro- and nanofibers endowed the product with substantially improved tensile strength (393.99 MPa) and toughness (19.07 MJ m-3). The unique mechanical properties arose from mutual filling and the hierarchical deformation facilitated by branched nanofibers, which collectively contributed to effective energy dissipation. Hence, the nanotransformation strategy opens the door toward a facial, scalable method for building high-strength film or macroscopic fibers available in various advanced applications.

Nanocellulose-mediated conductive hydrogels with NIR photoresponse and fatigue resistance for multifunctional wearable sensors

The rapid development of hydrogels has garnered significant attention in health monitoring and human motion sensing. However, the synthesis of multifunctional conductive hydrogels with excellent strain/pressure sensing and photoresponsiveness remains a challenge. Herein, the conductive hydrogels (BPTP) with excellent mechanical properties, fatigue resistance and photoresponsive behavior composed of polyacrylamide (PAM) matrix, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yloxy-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCNs) reinforcement and polydopamine-modified black phosphorus (BP@PDA) photosensitizer are prepared through a facile free-radical polymerization approach. The PDA adhered to the BP surface by π-π stacking promotes the optical properties of BP while also preventing BP oxidation from water. Through hydrogen bonding interactions, TOCNs improve the homogeneous dispersion of BP@PDA nanosheets and the mechanical toughness of BPTP. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of PDA and TOCNs, the conductive BPTP integrates superior mechanical performances, excellent photoelectric response and photothermal conversion capability. The BPTP-based sensor with high cycling stability demonstrates superior strain sensitivity (GF = 6.0) and pressure sensing capability (S = 0.13 kPa-1) to monitor various human activities. Therefore, this work delivers an alternative construction strategy for generating high-performance conductive hydrogels as multifunctional wearable sensors.

Reversible Surface Engineering of Cellulose Elementary Fibrils: From Ultralong Nanocelluloses to Advanced Cellulosic Materials

Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are supramolecular assemblies of cellulose chains that provide outstanding mechanical support and structural functions for cellulosic organisms. However, traditional chemical pretreatments and mechanical defibrillation of natural cellulose produce irreversible surface functionalization and adverse effects of morphology of the CNFs, respectively, which limit the utilization of CNFs in nanoassembly and surface functionalization. Herein, this work presents a facile and energetically efficient surface engineering strategy to completely exfoliate cellulose elementary fibrils from various bioresources, which provides CNFs with ultrahigh aspect ratios (≈1400) and reversible surface. During the mild process of swelling and esterification, the crystallinity and the morphology of the elementary fibrils are retained, resulting in high yields (98%) with low energy consumption (12.4 kJ g-1). In particular, on the CNF surface, the surface hydroxyl groups are restored by removal of the carboxyl moieties via saponification, which offers a significant opportunity for reconstitution of stronger hydrogen bonding interfaces. Therefore, the resultant CNFs can be used as sustainable building blocks for construction of multidimensional advanced cellulosic materials, e.g., 1D filaments, 2D films, and 3D aerogels. The proposed surface engineering strategy provides a new platform for fully utilizing the characteristics of the cellulose elementary fibrils in the development of high-performance cellulosic materials.

Current progress in functionalization of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) for active food packaging

There is a growing interest in utilizing renewable biomass resources to manufacture environmentally friendly active food packaging, against the petroleum-based polymers. Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) have received significant attention recently due to their sustainability, biodegradability, and widely available sources. CNFs are generally obtained through chemical or physical treatment, wherein the original surface chemistry and interfacial interactions can be changed if the functionalization process is applied. This review focuses on promising and sustainable methods of functionalization to broaden the potential uses of CNFs in active food packaging. Novel aspects, including functionalization before, during and after cellulose isolation, and functionalization during and after material processing are addressed. The CNF-involved structural construction including films, membranes, hydrogels, aerogels, foams, and microcapsules, is illustrated, which enables to explore the correlations between structure and performance in active food packaging. Additionally, the enhancement of CNFs on multiple properties of active food packaging are discussed, in which the interaction between active packaging systems and encapsulated food or the internal environment are highlighted. This review emphasizes novel approaches and emerging trends that have the potential to revolutionize the field, paving the way for advancements in the properties and applications of CNF-involved active food packaging.

Nanocellulose-stabilized nanocomposites for effective Hg(II) removal and detection: a comprehensive review

Mercury pollution, with India ranked as the world's second-largest emitter, poses a critical environmental and public health challenge and underscores the need for rigorous research and effective mitigation strategies. Nanocellulose is derived from cellulose, the most abundant natural polymer on earth, and stands out as an excellent choice for mercury ion remediation due to its remarkable adsorption capacity, which is attributed to its high specific surface area and abundant functional groups, enabling efficient Hg(II) ion removal from contaminated water sources. This review paper investigates the compelling potential of nanocellulose as a scavenging tool for Hg(II) ion contamination. The comprehensive examination encompasses the fundamental attributes of nanocellulose, its diverse fabrication techniques, and the innovative development methods of nanocellulose-based nanocomposites. The paper further delves into the mechanisms that underlie Hg removal using nanocellulose, as well as the integration of nanocellulose in Hg detection methodologies, and also acknowledges the substantial challenges that lie ahead. This review aims to pave the way for sustainable solutions in mitigating Hg contamination using nanocellulose-based nanocomposites to address the global context of this environmental concern.

Biopolymeric Nanocomposites for CO2 Capture

Carbon dioxide (CO2) impacts the greenhouse effect significantly and results in global warming, prompting urgent attention to climate change concerns. In response, CO2 capture has emerged as a crucial process to capture carbon produced in industrial and power processes before its release into the atmosphere. The main aim of CO2 capture is to mitigate the emissions of greenhouse gas and reduce the anthropogenic impact on climate change. Biopolymer nanocomposites offer a promising avenue for CO2 capture due to their renewable nature. These composites consist of biopolymers derived from biological sources and nanofillers like nanoparticles and nanotubes, enhancing the properties of the composite. Various biopolymers like chitosan, cellulose, carrageenan, and others, possessing unique functional groups, can interact with CO2 molecules. Nanofillers are incorporated to improve mechanical, thermal, and sorption properties, with materials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and metallic nanoparticles enhancing surface area and porosity. The CO2 capture mechanism within biopolymer nanocomposites involves physical absorption, chemisorption, and physisorption, driven by functional groups like amino and hydroxyl groups in the biopolymer matrix. The integration of nanofillers further boosts CO2 adsorption capacity by increasing surface area and porosity. Numerous advanced materials, including biopolymeric derivatives like cellulose, alginate, and chitosan, are developed for CO2 capture technology, offering accessibility and cost-effectiveness. This semi-systematic literature review focuses on recent studies involving biopolymer-based materials for CO2 capture, providing an overview of composite materials enriched with nanomaterials, specifically based on cellulose, alginate, chitosan, and carrageenan; the choice of these biopolymers is dictated by the lack of a literature perspective focused on a currently relevant topic such as these biorenewable resources in the framework of carbon capture. The production and efficacy of biopolymer-based adsorbents and membranes are examined, shedding light on potential trends in global CO2 capture technology enhancement.

Advancements in Hybrid Cellulose-Based Films: Innovations and Applications in 2D Nano-Delivery Systems

This review paper delves into the realm of hybrid cellulose-based materials and their applications in 2D nano-delivery systems. Cellulose, recognized for its biocompatibility, versatility, and renewability, serves as the core matrix for these nanomaterials. The paper offers a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in the creation, analysis, and application of these materials, emphasizing their significance in nanotechnology and biomedical domains. It further illuminates the integration of nanomaterials and advanced synthesis techniques that have significantly improved the mechanical, chemical, and biological properties of hybrid cellulose-based materials.

Fabrication of an Ultrastrong Formaldehyde-Free Wood Adhesive with an Organic-Inorganic Cross-Linking Network

The wood industry faces challenges in producing eco-friendly, high-performance, and formaldehyde-free adhesives. In this study, carboxylated styrene-butadiene rubber (XSBR) was blended with polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resin, and a controlled amount of CaCO3 powder was incorporated to create an adhesive with exceptional strength. The resulting three-layer plywood demonstrated remarkable dry and wet shear strengths of 3.09 and 2.36 MPa, respectively, and of 2.27 MPa after boiling water tests, comparable to that of phenolic resins. Additionally, the adhesive exhibited strong adhesion across various materials including glass, metal, etc. This exceptional performance was due to two primary factors: (1) the high-density chemical cross-linking reaction and the physical entanglement between XSBR and PAE; (2) the organic-inorganic hybrid involving metal ion complexation developed by CaCO3, which fostered molecular chain connections and enhanced the adhesive-material interface. These findings offer valuable references for further research in the field of wood adhesives.

Growth of ZnO nanorods/flowers on the carbon fiber surfaces using sodium alginate as medium to enhance the mechanical properties of composites

The chemical inertness of the carbon fiber (CF) surface results in suboptimal mechanical properties of the prepared composites. To address this issue, we employed a combination of tannic acid and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane mixture (TA-APTES) grafted sodium alginate (SA) as a medium to enhance the interfacial properties of composites through the growth of ZnO nanoparticles on CF surfaces. ZnO nanolayers with rod-like and flower-like structures were obtained by adjusting the pH of the reaction system (pH = 10 and 12, respectively). Characterization results show that in comparison with the untreated CF composites, in the flexural strength, flexural modulus, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and interfacial shear strength (IFSS) of the as-prepared CF/TA-APTES/SA/ZnO10 (nanorods) composites were improved by 40.8 %, 58.4 %, 44.9 % and 47.8 %, respectively. The prepared CF/TA-APTES/SA/ZnO12 (nanoflowers) composite showed an increase in flexural strength, flexural modulus, ILSS and IFSS by 39.8 %, 63.6 %, 47.3 % and 48.2 %, respectively. These positive results indicate that the ZnO nanolayers increase the interfacial phase area and fiber surface roughness, thereby enhancing mechanical interlocking and load transfer between the fibers and resin matrix. This work provides a novel interfacial modification method for preparing CF composites used in longer and more durable wind turbine blades.

Nanocellulose based ultra-elastic and durable foams for smart packaging applications

Foams with advanced sensing properties and excellent mechanical properties are promising candidates for smart packaging materials. However, the fabrication of ultra-elastic and durable foams is still challenging. Herein, we report a universal strategy to obtain ultra-elastic and durable foams by crosslinking cellulose nanofiber and MXene via strong covalent bonds and assembling the composites into anisotropic cellular structures. The obtained composite foam shows an excellent compressive strain of up to 90 % with height retention of 97.1 % and retains around 90.3 % of its original height even after 100,000 compressive cycles at 80 % strain. Their cushioning properties were systematically investigated, which are superior to that of wildly-used petroleum-based expanded polyethylene and expanded polystyrene. By employing the foam in a piezoelectric sensor, a smart cushioning packaging and pressure monitoring system is constructed to protect inner precision cargo and detect endured pressure during transportation for the first time.

Tough and Moldable Sustainable Cellulose-Based Structural Materials via Multiscale Interface Engineering

All-natural materials derived from cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) are expected to be used to replace engineering plastics and have attracted much attention. However, the lack of crack extension resistance and 3D formability of nanofiber-based structural materials hinders their practical applications. Here, a multiscale interface engineering strategy is reported to construct high-performance cellulose-based materials. The sisal microfibers are surface treated to expose abundant active CNFs with positive charges, thereby enhancing their interfacial combination with the negatively charged CNFs. The robust multiscale dual network enables easy molding of multiscale cellulose-based structural materials into complex 3D special-shaped structures, resulting in nearly twofold and fivefold improvements in toughness and impact resistance compared with those of CNFs-based materials. Moreover, this multiscale interface engineering strategy endows cellulose-based structural materials with better comprehensive performance than petrochemical-based plastics and broadens cellulose's potential for lightweight applications as structural materials with lower environmental effects.

A highly sensitive and anti-freezing conductive strain sensor based on polypyrrole/cellulose nanofiber crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel for human motion detection

Electro-conductive hydrogels emerge as a stretchable conductive materials with diverse applications in the synthesis of flexible strain sensors. However, the high-water content and low cross-links density cause them to be mechanically destroyed and freeze at subzero temperatures, limiting their practical applications. Herein, we report a one-pot strategy by co-incorporating cellulose nanofiber (CNF), Poly pyrrole (PPy) and glycerol with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to prepare hydrogel. The addition of PPy endowed the hydrogel with good conductivity (∼0.034 S/m) compared to the no PPy@CNF group (∼0.0095 S/m), the conductivity was increased by 257.9 %. The hydrogel exhibits comparable ionic conductivity at -18 °C as it does at room temperature. It's attributed to the glycerol as a cryoprotectant and the formation of hydrated [Zn(H2O)n]2+ ions via strong interaction between Zn2+ and water molecules. Moreover, the cellulose nanofiber intrinsically assembled into unique hierarchical structures allow for strong hydrogen bonds between adjacent cellulose and PPy polymer chains, greatly improve the mechanical strength (stress∼0.65 MPa, strain∼301 %) and excellent viscoelasticity (G'max ∼ 82.7 KPa). This novel PPy@CNF-PVA hydrogel exhibits extremely high Gauge factor (GF) of 2.84 and shows excellent sensitivity, repeatability and stability. Therefore, the hydrogel can serve as reliable and stable strain sensor which shows excellent responsiveness in human activities monitoration.

Materials Nanoarchitectonics at Dynamic Interfaces: Structure Formation and Functional Manipulation

The next step in nanotechnology is to establish a methodology to assemble new functional materials based on the knowledge of nanotechnology. This task is undertaken by nanoarchitectonics. In nanoarchitectonics, we architect functional material systems from nanounits such as atoms, molecules, and nanomaterials. In terms of the hierarchy of the structure and the harmonization of the function, the material created by nanoarchitectonics has similar characteristics to the organization of the functional structure in biosystems. Looking at actual biofunctional systems, dynamic properties and interfacial environments are key. In other words, nanoarchitectonics at dynamic interfaces is important for the production of bio-like highly functional materials systems. In this review paper, nanoarchitectonics at dynamic interfaces will be discussed, looking at recent typical examples. In particular, the basic topics of "molecular manipulation, arrangement, and assembly" and "material production" will be discussed in the first two sections. Then, in the following section, "fullerene assembly: from zero-dimensional unit to advanced materials", we will discuss how various functional structures can be created from the very basic nanounit, the fullerene. The above examples demonstrate the versatile possibilities of architectonics at dynamic interfaces. In the last section, these tendencies will be summarized, and future directions will be discussed.

Multiple noncovalent interactions tailored crystallization and performance reinforcement mechanisms of Biopolyester Composites with functional Cellulose Nanocrystals

The slow crystallization and weak mechanical features of poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) have become a severe industrial problem in food packaging. Inspired by principle of bionic structure, functional cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) modified with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI) can enhance the crystallization ability and mechanical properties of PBAT nanocomposites. Significantly, CNC-T (CNC modified by TDI) showed a stronger reinforced effect on PBAT properties than unmodified CNCs and CNC-H (CNC modified by HMDI) nanofillers due to hydrogen bonds, π-π interaction between PBAT matrix and CNC-T nanofillers with benzene ring structure. Thus, compared with pure PBAT, PBAT/5CNC-T composites displayed an enhancement of 34.5 % on the tensile strength and exhibited the most robust nucleation ability on PBAT crystallization than CNC and CNC-H. Meanwhile, the possible nucleation, crystallization, and performance reinforcement mechanisms of PBAT nanocomposites have been presented, which is very beneficial for designing robust PBAT nanocomposites with functional cellulose nanocrystals for potential green packaging.

4-Axis 3D-Printed Tubular Biomaterials Imitating the Anisotropic Nanofiber Orientation of Porcine Aortae

Many of the peculiar properties of the vasculature are related to the arrangement of anisotropic proteinaceous fibers in vessel walls. Understanding and imitating these arrangements can potentially lead to new therapies for cardiovascular diseases. These can be pre-surgical planning, for which patient-specific ex vivo anatomical models for endograft testing are of interest. Alternatively, therapies can be based on tissue engineering, for which degradable in vitro cell growth substrates are used to culture replacement parts. In both cases, materials are desirable that imitate the biophysical properties of vessels, including their tubular shapes and compliance. This work contributes to these demands by offering methods for the manufacturing of anisotropic 3D-printed nanofibrous tubular structures that have similar biophysical properties as porcine aortae, that are biocompatible, and that allow for controlled nutrient diffusion. Tubes of various sizes with axial, radial, or alternating nanofiber orientation along the blood flow direction are manufactured by a customized method. Blood pressure-resistant, compliant, stable, and cell culture-compatible structures are obtained, that can be degraded in vitro on demand. It is suggested that these healthcare materials can contribute to the next generation of cardiovascular therapies of ex vivo pre-surgical planning or in vitro cell culture.

Amino-functionalized nanocellulose aerogels for the superior adsorption of CO2 and separation of CO2/CH4 mixture gas

Nanocellulose-based aerogels have been considered as one of the ideal candidates for CO2 capture in practical applications owing to their lightweight and porous properties. Additionally, various adsorbents with amine groups have been widely used as effective CO2 capture and storage strategies. Herein, amino-functionalized aerogels were prepared by sol-gel and freeze-drying methods using two typical nanocelluloses (cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs)) as substrates. In addition, the reaction parameters for grafting and amino functionalization were optimized. The CNC and CNF aerogels could be easily modified by the hydrothermal growth of the amino group, and they exhibited attractive properties in terms of CO2 adsorption, recyclability, thermal stability, hydrophobicity, and CO2/CH4 mixture separation. The amino-functionalized CNF aerogel exhibited superior performance to the CNC aerogel, which was attributed to the increased cross-linking binding sites for hydrogen bonding in the CNF aerogel. The results of this study indicated that amino-functionalized nanocellulose aerogels can be considered a promising biodegradable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly material for CO2 capture and removal of CO2 from CH4.

Stimulus-Responsive Hydrogels as Drug Delivery Systems for Inflammation Targeted Therapy

Deregulated inflammations induced by various factors are one of the most common diseases in people's daily life, while severe inflammation can even lead to death. Thus, the efficient treatment of inflammation has always been the hot topic in the research of medicine. In the past decades, as a potential biomaterial, stimuli-responsive hydrogels have been a focus of attention for the inflammation treatment due to their excellent biocompatibility and design flexibility. Recently, thanks to the rapid development of nanotechnology and material science, more and more efforts have been made to develop safer, more personal and more effective hydrogels for the therapy of some frequent but tough inflammations such as sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, periodontitis, and ulcerative colitis. Herein, from recent studies and articles, the conventional and emerging hydrogels in the delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs and the therapy for various inflammations are summarized. And their prospects of clinical translation and future development are also discussed in further detail.

Bacterial cellulose-based film with self-floating hierarchical porous structure for efficient solar-driven interfacial evaporation

Interface solar water evaporation is a mean of rapidly evaporating water using solar energy. However, it is still a challenge to obtain solar evaporators with simple assembly, durability and high photothermal performance. Here, we demonstrated an effective post foaming strategy for treating nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide/bacterial cellulose film (F-NRGO@BC) prepared by a simple in situ culture method. The composite film contains hierarchical porous structure and bubbles on the film, achieving an integrated self-floating interface evaporator with excellent light absorption (96.5 %) and high toughness (200.18 kJ m-3). Porous structure and low enthalpy of F-NRGO@BC make a high evaporation rate of 1.68 kg m-2 h-1 and a low thermal conductivity of 0.644 W m-1 K-1 to ensure effective energy efficiency and heat insulation. This design of controlling surface morphology and internal structure provides a novel way for large-scale preparation and high-performance evaporator.

Constructing triple-network cellulose nanofiber hydrogels with excellent strength, toughness and conductivity for real-time monitoring of human movements

In recent years, there has been a lot of interest in developing composite hydrogels with superior mechanical and conductive properties. In this study, triple-network (TN) cellulose nanofiber hydrogels were prepared by using cellulose nanofiber as the first network, isotropic poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) as the second network, and polyvinyl alcohol as the third network via a cyclic freezing-thawing process. The strong (9.43 ± 0.14 MPa tensile strength, (445.5 ± 7.0)% elongation-at-break), tough (15.12 ± 0.14 MJ/m3 toughness), and conductive (0.0297 ± 0.00021 S/cm ionic conductivity) TN cellulose nanofiber hydrogels were effectively created after being pre-stretched in an external force field, cross-linked by Fe3+ and added Li+. The produced composite TN cellulose nanofiber hydrogels were successfully used as a flexible sensor for real-time monitoring and detecting human movements, highlighting their potential for wearable electronics, medical technology, and human-machine interaction. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS STUDIED IN THIS ARTICLE: Acrylamide (PubChem CID: 6579); Acrylic acid (PubChem CID: 6581); Ammonium persulfate (PubChem CID: 6579); N, N'-methylene bisacrylamide (PubChem CID: 17956053); Sodium bromide (PubChem CID: 253881); Sodium hydroxide (PubChem CID: 14798); Sodium hypochlorite (PubChem CID: 23665760); Sodium chlorite (PubChem CID: 23668197); 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxide (PubChem CID: 2724126); Polyvinyl alcohol (PubChem CID: 11199); Lithium chloride (PubChem CID: 433294); Iron nitrate nonahydrate (PubChem CID: 129774236).

Recent advances in green technology and Industrial Revolution 4.0 for a sustainable future

This review gives concise information on green technology (GT) and Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0). Climate change has begun showing its impacts on the environment, and the change is real. The devastating COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected lives and the world from the deadly consequences at a social, economic, and environmental level. In order to balance this crisis, there is a need to transition toward green, sustainable forms of living and practices. We need green innovative technologies (GTI) and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to develop green, durable, biodegradable, and eco-friendly products for a sustainable future. GTI encompasses all innovations that contribute to developing significant products, services, or processes that lower environmental harm, impact, and worsening while augmenting natural resource utilization. Sensors are typically used in IoT environmental monitoring applications to aid ecological safety by nursing air or water quality, atmospheric or soil conditions, and even monitoring species' movements and habitats. The industries and the governments are working together, have come up with solutions-the Green New Deal, carbon pricing, use of bio-based products as biopesticides, in biopharmaceuticals, green building materials, bio-based membrane filters for removing pollutants, bioenergy, biofuels and are essential for the green recovery of world economies. Environmental biotechnology, Green Chemical Engineering, more bio-based materials to separate pollutants, and product engineering of advanced materials and environmental economies are discussed here to pave the way toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the UN and achieve the much-needed IR 4.0 for a greener-balanced environment and a sustainable future.

Organohydrogels with cellulose nanofibers enhanced supramolecular interactions toward high performance self-adhesive sensing pads

Gel materials with tailored functions and tissue-like properties have gained significant interest in emerging applications, including tissue engineering scaffolds, flexible electronics, and soft robotics. In this work, we developed a stretchable, flexible, adhesive, and conductive organohydrogel through physical cross-linking of the poly (N-[tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl] acrylamide-co-acrylamide) (denoted as P(THMA-AM)) network in the presence of cellulose nanofiber (CNF), sodium chloride, and glycerol. The gel matrix is rich in intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions, which contribute to a highly compact and cohesive structure without the requirement of any chemical crosslinkers. Moreover, the plasticizing effect of glycerol can mitigate the self-entanglement of CNFs, enhancing their mobility and ultimately conferring the organohydrogel with exceptional stretchability and flexibility. The resulting organohydrogel exhibited superior mechanical properties, self-adhesion, and ionic conductivity, making it an excellent candidate for strain-sensing applications, particularly in distinguishing and monitoring human movements.

Tough and strong sustainable thermoplastic elastomers nanocomposite with self-assembly of SI-ATRP modified cellulose nanofibers

The ingenious design of sustainable thermoplastic elastomers (STPEs) is of great significance for the goal of the sustainable development. However, the preparation of STPEs with good mechanical performance is still complicated and challenging. Herein, to achieve a simple preparation of STPEs with strong mechanical properties, two biobased monomers (tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate (THFMA) and lauryl methacrylate (LMA)) were copolymerized into poly (THFMA-co-LMA) (PTL) and grafted onto TEMPO oxidized cellulose nanofiber (TOCN) via one-pot surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI ATRP). The grafting modified TOCN could be self-assembled into nano-enhanced phases in STPEs, which are conducive to the double enhancement of the strength and toughness of the STPEs, and the size of nano-enhanced phases is mainly affected by TOCN fiber length and molecular weight of grafting chains. Especially, with the addition of 7 wt% TOCN, tensile strength, tensile strain, toughness, and glass transition temperature (Tg) of TOCN based STPEs (TOCN@PTL) exhibited 140 %, 36 %, 215 %, and 6.8 °C increase respectively, which confirmed the leading level in the field of bio-based elastomers. In general, this work constitutes a proof for the chemical modification and self-assembly behavior of TOCN by one-pot SI ATRP, and provides an alternative strategy for the preparation of high-performance STPEs.

Graft onto approaches for nanocellulose-based advanced functional materials

The resurgence of cellulose as nano-dimensional 'nanocellulose' has unlocked a sustainable bioeconomy for the development of advanced functional biomaterials. Bestowed with multifunctional attributes, such as renewability and abundance of its source, biodegradability, biocompatibility, superior mechanical, optical, and rheological properties, tunable self-assembly and surface chemistry, nanocellulose presents exclusive opportunities for a wide range of novel applications. However, to alleviate its intrinsic hydrophilicity-related constraints surface functionalization is inevitably needed to foster various targeted applications. The abundant surface hydroxyl groups on nanocellulose offer opportunities for grafting small molecules or macromolecular entities using either a 'graft onto' or 'graft from' approach, resulting in materials with distinctive functionalities. Most of the reviews published to date extensively discussed 'graft from' modification approaches, however 'graft onto' approaches are not well discussed. Hence, this review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of 'graft onto' approaches. Furthermore, insight into some of the recently emerging applications of this grafted nanocellulose including advanced nanocomposite formulation, stimuli-responsive materials, bioimaging, sensing, biomedicine, packaging, and wastewater treatment has also been reviewed.

An effective DLP 3D printing strategy of high strength and toughness cellulose hydrogel towards strain sensing

Photocurable 3D printing technology has outperformed extrusion-based 3D printing technology in material adaptability, resolution, and printing rate, yet is still limited by the insecure preparation and selection of photoinitiators and thus less reported. In this work, we developed a printable hydrogel that can effectively facilitate various solid or hollow structures and even lattice structures. The chemical and physical dual-crosslinking strategy combined with cellulose nanofibers (CNF) significantly improved the strength and toughness of photocurable 3D printed hydrogels. In this study, the tensile breaking strength, Young's modulus, and toughness of poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid)_D/cellulose nanofiber (PAM-co-PAA)_D/CNF hydrogels were 375 %, 203 % and 544 % higher than those of the traditional single chemical crosslinked (PAM-co-PAA)_S hydrogels, respectively. Notably, its outstanding compressive elasticity enabled it to recover under 90 % strain compression (about 4.12 MPa). Resultantly, the proposed hydrogel can be utilized as a flexible strain sensor to monitor the motions of human movements, such as the bending of fingers, wrists, and arms, and even the vibration of a speaking throat. The output of electrical signals can still be collected through strain even under the condition of energy shortage. In addition, photocurable 3D printing technology can provide customized services for hydrogel-based e-skin, such as hydrogel-based bracelets, fingerstall, and finger joint sleeves.

Morphological Changes of Polymer-Grafted Nanocellulose during a Drying Process

Nanocellulose is emerging as a sustainable building block in materials science. Surface modification via polymer grafting has proven to be effective in tuning diverse material properties of nanocellulose, including wettability of films and the reinforcement effect in polymer matrices. Despite its widespread use in various environments, the structure of a single polymer-grafted nanocellulose remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate the morphologies of polymer-grafted CNFs at water-mica and air-mica interfaces by using all-atom molecular dynamics simulation and atomic force microscopy. We show that the morphologies of the polymer-grafted CNFs undergo a marked change in response to the surrounding environment due to variations in the conformation of the surface polymer chains. Our results provide novel insights into the molecular structure of polymer-grafted CNFs and can facilitate the design and development of innovative biomass-based nanomaterials.

Cellulose-Based Ionic Conductor: An Emerging Material toward Sustainable Devices

Ionic conductors (ICs) find widespread applications across different fields, such as smart electronic, ionotronic, sensor, biomedical, and energy harvesting/storage devices, and largely determine the function and performance of these devices. In the pursuit of developing ICs required for better performing and sustainable devices, cellulose appears as an attractive and promising building block due to its high abundance, renewability, striking mechanical strength, and other functional features. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary regarding ICs fabricated from cellulose and cellulose-derived materials in terms of fundamental structural features of cellulose, the materials design and fabrication techniques for engineering, main properties and characterization, and diverse applications. Next, the potential of cellulose-based ICs to relieve the increasing concern about electronic waste within the frame of circularity and environmental sustainability and the future directions to be explored for advancing this field are discussed. Overall, we hope this review can provide a comprehensive summary and unique perspectives on the design and application of advanced cellulose-based ICs and thereby encourage the utilization of cellulosic materials toward sustainable devices.

Clearly transparent and air-permeable nanopaper with porous structures consisting of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers

Optically transparent materials that are air permeable have potentially numerous applications, including in wearable devices. From the perspective of sustainable development, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-oxidized cellulose nanofibers with widths of 3-4 nm have attracted considerable attention as starting materials for the preparation of clearly transparent nanofiber paper (denoted as conventional nanopaper). However, conventional nanopaper that is prepared from a water dispersion of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers by direct drying exhibits poor air permeability owing to its densely packed layered structure. In this study, we prepared a clearly transparent and air-permeable nanopaper by applying filtration-based solvent exchange from high-surface-tension water to low-surface-tension ethanol and hexane, followed by drying under continuous vacuum filtration. The resulting hexane-exchanged nanopaper had a porous structure with individually dispersed and thin nanofiber networks and interlayer pore spaces. Owing to the tailored porous structures, the hexane-exchanged nanopaper provides similar clear transparency (total light transmittance and haze at 600 nm: 92.9% and 7.22%, respectively) and 10⁶ times higher air permeability (7.8 × 10⁶ mL μm m^-2 day^-1 kPa^-1) compared to the conventional nanopaper. This study will facilitate the development of clearly transparent and air-permeable nanopapers to extend their functional applications.

Unveiling the Potential of Rice Straw Nanofiber-Reinforced HDPE for Biomedical Applications: Investigating Mechanical and Tribological Characteristics

The efficient utilization of rice waste has the potential to significantly contribute to environmental sustainability by minimizing the waste impact on the environment. Through repurposing such waste, novel materials can be developed for various biomedical applications. This approach not only mitigates waste, but it also promotes the adoption of sustainable materials within the industry. In this research, rice-straw-derived nanofibers (RSNFs) were utilized as a reinforcement material for high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The rice-straw-derived nanofibers were incorporated at different concentrations (1, 2, 3, and 4 wt.%) into the HDPE. The composites were fabricated using twin-screw extrusion (to ensure homogenous distribution) and the injection-molding process (to crease the test samples). Then, the mechanical strengths and frictional performances of the bio-composites were assessed. Different characterization techniques were utilized to investigate the morphology of the RSNFs. Thermal analyses (TGA/DTG/DSC), the contact angle, and XRD were utilized to study the performances of the HDPE/RSNF composites. The study findings demonstrated that the addition of RSNFs as a reinforcement to the HDPE improved the hydrophilicity, strength, hardness, and wear resistance of the proposed bio-composites.

Wood xerogel for fabrication of high-performance transparent wood

Optically transparent wood has been fabricated by structure-retaining delignification of wood and subsequent infiltration of thermo- or photocurable polymer resins but still limited by the intrinsic low mesopore volume of the delignified wood. Here we report a facile approach to fabricate strong transparent wood composites using the wood xerogel which allows solvent-free infiltration of resin monomers into the wood cell wall under ambient conditions. The wood xerogel with high specific surface area (260 m² g^-1) and high mesopore volume (0.37 cm³ g^-1) is prepared by evaporative drying of delignified wood comprising fibrillated cell walls at ambient pressure. The mesoporous wood xerogel is compressible in the transverse direction and provides precise control of the microstructure, wood volume fraction, and mechanical properties for the transparent wood composites without compromising the optical transmittance. Transparent wood composites of large size and high wood volume fraction (50%) are successfully prepared, demonstrating potential scalability of the method.

Application of Nanocellulose-Based Aerogels in Bone Tissue Engineering: Current Trends and Outlooks

The complex or compromised bone defects caused by osteomyelitis, malignant tumors, metastatic tumors, skeletal abnormalities, and systemic diseases are difficult to be self-repaired, leading to a non-union fracture. With the increasing demands of bone transplantation, more and more attention has been paid to artificial bone substitutes. As biopolymer-based aerogel materials, nanocellulose aerogels have been widely utilized in bone tissue engineering. More importantly, nanocellulose aerogels not only mimic the structure of the extracellular matrix but could also deliver drugs and bioactive molecules to promote tissue healing and growth. Here, we reviewed the most recent literature about nanocellulose-based aerogels, summarized the preparation, modification, composite fabrication, and applications of nanocellulose-based aerogels in bone tissue engineering, as well as giving special focus to the current limitations and future opportunities of nanocellulose aerogels for bone tissue engineering.

Rational Design of Cellulosic Triboelectric Materials for Self-Powered Wearable Electronics

With the rapid development of the Internet of Things and flexible electronic technologies, there is a growing demand for wireless, sustainable, multifunctional, and independently operating self-powered wearable devices. Nevertheless, structural flexibility, long operating time, and wearing comfort have become key requirements for the widespread adoption of wearable electronics. Triboelectric nanogenerators as a distributed energy harvesting technology have great potential for application development in wearable sensing. Compared with rigid electronics, cellulosic self-powered wearable electronics have significant advantages in terms of flexibility, breathability, and functionality. In this paper, the research progress of advanced cellulosic triboelectric materials for self-powered wearable electronics is reviewed. The interfacial characteristics of cellulose are introduced from the top-down, bottom-up, and interfacial characteristics of the composite material preparation process. Meanwhile, the modulation strategies of triboelectric properties of cellulosic triboelectric materials are presented. Furthermore, the design strategies of triboelectric materials such as surface functionalization, interfacial structure design, and vacuum-assisted self-assembly are systematically discussed. In particular, cellulosic self-powered wearable electronics in the fields of human energy harvesting, tactile sensing, health monitoring, human-machine interaction, and intelligent fire warning are outlined in detail. Finally, the current challenges and future development directions of cellulosic triboelectric materials for self-powered wearable electronics are discussed.

Functional Ultrathin Separators Proactively Stabilizing Zinc Anodes for Zinc-Based Energy Storage

Ultrathin separators are indispensable to high-energy-density zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs), but their easy failure caused by zinc dendrites poses a great challenge. Herein, 23 µm-thick functional ultrathin separators (FUSs), realizing superb electrochemical stability of zinc anodes and outstanding long-term durability of ultrathin separators, are reported. In the FUSs, an ultrathin but mechanically strong nanoporous membrane substrate benefits fast and flux-homogenized Zn²⁺ transport, while a metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived C/Cu nanocomposite decoration layer provides rich low-barrier zinc nucleation sites, thereby synergistically stabilizing zinc anodes to inhibit zinc dendrites and dendrite-caused separator failure. Investigation of the zinc affinity of the MOF-derived C/Cu nanocomposites unravels the high zincophilicity of heteroatom-containing C/Cu interfaces. Zinc anodes coupled with the FUSs present superior electrochemical stability, whose operation lifetime exceeds 2000 h at 1 mA cm^-2 and 600 h at 10 mA cm^-2 , 40-50 times longer than that of the zinc anodes using glass-fiber separators. The reliability of the FUSs in ZIBs and zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors is also validated. This work proposes a new strategy to stabilize zinc anodes and provides theoretical guidance in developing ultrathin separators for high-energy-density zinc-based energy storage.

Fabrication of Advanced Cellulosic Triboelectric Materials via Dielectric Modulation

The rapid rise of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), which are emerging energy conversion devices in advanced electronics and wearable sensing systems, has elevated the interest in high-performance and multifunctional triboelectric materials. Among them, cellulosic materials, affording high efficiency, biodegradability, and customizability, are becoming a new front-runner. The inherently low dielectric constant limits the increase in the surface charge density. However, owing to its unique structure and excellent processability, cellulose shows great potential for dielectric modulation, providing a strong impetus for its advanced applications in the era of Internet of Things and artificial intelligence. This review aims to provide comprehensive insights into the fabrication of dielectric-enhanced cellulosic triboelectric materials via dielectric modulation. The exceptional advantages and research progress in cellulosic materials are highlighted. The effects of the dielectric constant, polarization, and percolation threshold on the charge density are systematically investigated, providing a theoretical basis for cellulose dielectric modulation. Typical dielectric characterization methods are introduced, and their technical characteristics are analyzed. Furthermore, the performance enhancements of cellulosic triboelectric materials endowed by dielectric modulation, including more efficient energy harvesting, high-performance wearable electronics, and impedance matching via material strategies, are introduced. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities for cellulose dielectric modulation are summarized.

Tailoring Functionality of Nanocellulose: Current Status and Critical Challenges

Nanocellulose (NC) isolated from natural cellulose resources, which mainly includes cellulose nanofibril (CNF) and cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), has garnered increased attention in recent decades due to its outstanding physical and chemical properties. Various chemical modifications have been developed with the aim of surface-modifying NC for highly sophisticated applications. This review comprehensively summarizes the chemical modifications applied to NC so far in order to introduce new functionalities to the material, such as silanization, esterification, oxidation, etherification, grafting, coating, and others. The new functionalities obtained through such surface-modification methods include hydrophobicity, conductivity, antibacterial properties, and absorbability. In addition, the incorporation of NC in some functional materials, such as films, wearable sensors, cellulose nanospheres, aerogel, hydrogels, and nanocomposites, is discussed in relation to the tailoring of the functionality of NC. It should be pointed out that some issues need to be addressed during the preparation of NC and NC-based materials, such as the low reactivity of these raw materials, the difficulties involved in their scale-up, and their high energy and water consumption. Over the past decades, some methods have been developed, such as the use of pretreatment methods, the adaptation of low-cost starting raw materials, and the use of environmentally friendly chemicals, which support the practical application of NC and NC-based materials. Overall, it is believed that as a green, sustainable, and renewable nanomaterial, NC is will be suitable for large-scale applications in the future.