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Kar R, Chattopadhyay S, Sharma A, Sharma K, Sinha S, Arimbasseri GA, Patil VS. Single-cell transcriptomic and T cell antigen receptor analysis of human cytomegalovirus (hCMV)-specific memory T cells reveals effectors and pre-effectors of CD8 +- and CD4 +-cytotoxic T cells. Immunology 2024; 172:420-439. [PMID: 38501302 PMCID: PMC7616077 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Latent human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) infection can pose a serious threat of reactivation and disease occurrence in immune-compromised individuals. Although T cells are at the core of the protective immune response to hCMV infection, a detailed characterization of different T cell subsets involved in hCMV immunity is lacking. Here, in an unbiased manner, we characterized over 8000 hCMV-reactive peripheral memory T cells isolated from seropositive human donors, at a single-cell resolution by analysing their single-cell transcriptomes paired with the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) repertoires. The hCMV-reactive T cells were highly heterogeneous and consisted of different developmental and functional memory T cell subsets such as, long-term memory precursors and effectors, T helper-17, T regulatory cells (TREGs) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) of both CD4 and CD8 origin. The hCMV-specific TREGs, in addition to being enriched for molecules known for their suppressive functions, showed enrichment for the interferon response signature gene sets. The hCMV-specific CTLs were of two types, the pre-effector- and effector-like. The co-clustering of hCMV-specific CD4-CTLs and CD8-CTLs in both pre-effector as well as effector clusters suggest shared transcriptomic signatures between them. The huge TCR clonal expansion of cytotoxic clusters suggests a dominant role in the protective immune response to CMV. The study uncovers the heterogeneity in the hCMV-specific memory T cells revealing many functional subsets with potential implications in better understanding of hCMV-specific T cell immunity. The data presented can serve as a knowledge base for designing vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raunak Kar
- Immunogenomics Lab, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Anjali Sharma
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Blood Bank, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Kirti Sharma
- Immunogenomics Lab, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Shreya Sinha
- Immunogenomics Lab, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Veena S. Patil
- Immunogenomics Lab, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, Delhi, India
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Podgórska D, Cieśla M, Płonka A, Bajorek W, Czarny W, Król P, Podgórski R. Changes in Circulating MicroRNA Levels as Potential Indicators of Training Adaptation in Professional Volleyball Players. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6107. [PMID: 38892295 PMCID: PMC11173131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing demand placed on professional athletes to enhance their fitness and performance has prompted the search for new, more sensitive biomarkers of physiological ability. One such potential biomarker includes microRNA (miRNA) small regulatory RNA sequences. The study investigated the levels of the selected circulating miRNAs before and after a 10-week training cycle in 12 professional female volleyball players, as well as their association with cortisol, creatine kinase (CK), and interleukin 6 (IL-6), using the qPCR technique. Significant decreases in the miR-22 (0.40 ± 0.1 vs. 0.28 ± 0.12, p = 0.009), miR-17 (0.35 ± 0.13 vs. 0.23 ± 0.08; p = 0.039), miR-24 (0.09 ± 0.04 vs. 0.05 ± 0.02; p = 0.001), and miR-26a (0.11 ± 0.06 vs. 0.06 ± 0.04; p = 0.003) levels were observed after training, alongside reduced levels of cortisol and IL-6. The correlation analysis revealed associations between the miRNAs' relative quantity and the CK concentrations, highlighting their potential role in the muscle repair processes. The linear regression analysis indicated that miR-24 and miR-26a had the greatest impact on the CK levels. The study provides insights into the dynamic changes in the miRNA levels during training, suggesting their potential as biomarkers for monitoring the adaptive responses to exercise. Overall, the findings contribute to a better understanding of the physiological effects of exercise and the potential use of miRNAs, especially miR-24 and miR-26a, as biomarkers in sports science and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Podgórska
- Department of Internal Diseases, Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Marek Cieśla
- Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Artur Płonka
- Institute of Physical Culture Studies, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland; (A.P.); (W.B.); (W.C.); (P.K.)
| | - Wojciech Bajorek
- Institute of Physical Culture Studies, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland; (A.P.); (W.B.); (W.C.); (P.K.)
| | - Wojciech Czarny
- Institute of Physical Culture Studies, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland; (A.P.); (W.B.); (W.C.); (P.K.)
| | - Paweł Król
- Institute of Physical Culture Studies, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland; (A.P.); (W.B.); (W.C.); (P.K.)
| | - Rafał Podgórski
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland;
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Halvorson T, Ivison S, Huang Q, Ladua G, Yotis DM, Mannar D, Subramaniam S, Ferreira VH, Kumar D, Belga S, Levings MK. SARS-CoV-2 Variants Omicron BA.4/5 and XBB.1.5 Significantly Escape T Cell Recognition in Solid-organ Transplant Recipients Vaccinated Against the Ancestral Strain. Transplantation 2024; 108:e49-e62. [PMID: 38012843 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune-suppressed solid-organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) display impaired humoral responses to COVID-19 vaccination, but T cell responses are incompletely understood. SARS-CoV-2 variants Omicron BA.4/5 (BA.4/5) and XBB.1.5 escape neutralization by antibodies induced by vaccination or infection with earlier strains, but T cell recognition of these lineages in SOTRs is unclear. METHODS We characterized Spike-specific T cell responses to ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and BA.4/5 peptides in 42 kidney, liver, and lung transplant recipients throughout a 3- or 4-dose ancestral Spike mRNA vaccination schedule. As the XBB.1.5 variant emerged during the study, we tested vaccine-induced T cell responses in 10 additional participants using recombinant XBB.1.5 Spike protein. Using an optimized activation-induced marker assay, we quantified circulating Spike-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cells based on antigen-stimulated expression of CD134, CD69, CD25, CD137, and/or CD107a. RESULTS Vaccination strongly induced SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells, including BA.4/5- and XBB.1.5-reactive T cells, which remained detectable over time and further increased following a fourth dose. However, responses to BA.4/5 (1.34- to 1.67-fold lower) XBB.1.5 (2.0- to 18-fold lower) were significantly reduced in magnitude compared with ancestral strain responses. CD4 + responses correlated with anti-receptor-binding domain antibodies and predicted subsequent antibody responses in seronegative individuals. Lung transplant recipients receiving prednisone and older adults displayed weaker responses. CONCLUSIONS Ancestral strain vaccination stimulates BA.4/5 and XBB.1.5-cross-reactive T cells in SOTRs, but at lower magnitudes. Antigen-specific T cells can predict future antibody responses. Our data support monitoring both humoral and cellular immunity in SOTRs to track COVID-19 vaccine immunogenicity against emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torin Halvorson
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sabine Ivison
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Qing Huang
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gale Ladua
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Infection and Immunity Research Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Demitra M Yotis
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Dhiraj Mannar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sriram Subramaniam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Victor H Ferreira
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Deepali Kumar
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sara Belga
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Infection and Immunity Research Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Megan K Levings
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Lemieux A, Sannier G, Nicolas A, Nayrac M, Delgado GG, Cloutier R, Brassard N, Laporte M, Duchesne M, Sreng Flores AM, Finzi A, Tastet O, Dubé M, Kaufmann DE. Enhanced detection of antigen-specific T cells by a multiplexed AIM assay. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2024; 4:100690. [PMID: 38228152 PMCID: PMC10831934 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Broadly applicable methods to identify and characterize antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are key to immunology research, including studies of vaccine responses and immunity to infectious diseases. We developed a multiplexed activation-induced marker (AIM) assay that presents several advantages compared to single pairs of AIMs. The simultaneous measurement of four AIMs (CD69, 4-1BB, OX40, and CD40L) creates six AIM pairs that define CD4+ T cell populations with partial and variable overlap. When combined in an AND/OR Boolean gating strategy for analysis, this approach enhances CD4+ T cell detection compared to any single AIM pair, while CD8+ T cells are dominated by CD69/4-1BB co-expression. Supervised and unsupervised clustering analyses show differential expression of the AIMs in defined T helper lineages and that multiplexing mitigates phenotypic biases. Paired and unpaired comparisons of responses to infections (HIV and cytomegalovirus [CMV]) and vaccination (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) validate the robustness and versatility of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrée Lemieux
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Gérémy Sannier
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Alexandre Nicolas
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Manon Nayrac
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | - Rose Cloutier
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Olivier Tastet
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Mathieu Dubé
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA, USA; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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5
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Ebo D, Beyens M, Toscano A, Mertens C, Elst J, Sabato V. IgE-mediated bleomycin hypersensitivity: Evidence from drug-reactive T lymphocytes. CYTOMETRY. PART B, CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2023; 104:471-473. [PMID: 37964629 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.22146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Didier Ebo
- Department of Immunology, Allergology, Rheumatology and the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Immunology, Allergology, Rheumatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
- Departement of Immunology and Allergology, AZ Jan Palfijn, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michiel Beyens
- Department of Immunology, Allergology, Rheumatology and the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Immunology, Allergology, Rheumatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alessandro Toscano
- Department of Immunology, Allergology, Rheumatology and the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Immunology, Allergology, Rheumatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christel Mertens
- Department of Immunology, Allergology, Rheumatology and the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jessy Elst
- Department of Immunology, Allergology, Rheumatology and the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vito Sabato
- Department of Immunology, Allergology, Rheumatology and the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Immunology, Allergology, Rheumatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
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6
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Jayaraman S, Montagne JM, Nirschl TR, Marcisak E, Johnson J, Huff A, Hsiao MH, Nauroth J, Heumann T, Zarif JC, Jaffee EM, Azad N, Fertig EJ, Zaidi N, Larman HB. Barcoding intracellular reverse transcription enables high-throughput phenotype-coupled T cell receptor analyses. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100600. [PMID: 37776855 PMCID: PMC10626196 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Assays linking cellular phenotypes with T cell or B cell antigen receptor sequences are crucial for characterizing adaptive immune responses. Existing methodologies are limited by low sample throughput and high cost. Here, we present INtraCEllular Reverse Transcription with Sorting and sequencing (INCERTS), an approach that combines molecular indexing of receptor repertoires within intact cells and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). We demonstrate that INCERTS enables efficient processing of millions of cells from pooled human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples while retaining robust association between T cell receptor (TCR) sequences and cellular phenotypes. We used INCERTS to discover antigen-specific TCRs from patients with cancer immunized with a novel mutant KRAS peptide vaccine. After ex vivo stimulation, 28 uniquely barcoded samples were pooled prior to FACS into peptide-reactive and non-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ populations. Combining complementary patient-matched single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data enabled retrieval of full-length, paired TCR alpha and beta chain sequences for future validation of therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Jayaraman
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Janelle M Montagne
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Bloomberg Kimmel Immunology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Division of Quantitative Sciences, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Thomas R Nirschl
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins Medicine Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Emily Marcisak
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeanette Johnson
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Amanda Huff
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Bloomberg Kimmel Immunology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Meng-Hsuan Hsiao
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Julie Nauroth
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Thatcher Heumann
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Division of Hematology Oncology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jelani C Zarif
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins Medicine Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Bloomberg Kimmel Immunology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nilo Azad
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Bloomberg Kimmel Immunology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Elana J Fertig
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Division of Quantitative Sciences, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Neeha Zaidi
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Bloomberg Kimmel Immunology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - H Benjamin Larman
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Hammond EM, Olsen KJ, Ram S, Tran GVV, Hall LS, Bradley JE, Lund FE, Samuels DS, Baumgarth N. Antigen-Specific CD4 T Cell and B Cell Responses to Borrelia burgdorferi. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:994-1005. [PMID: 37556156 PMCID: PMC10530202 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Long-lived T-dependent B cell responses fail to develop during persistent infection of mice with Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, raising questions about the induction and/or functionality of anti-B. burgdorferi adaptive immune responses. Yet, a lack of reagents has limited investigations into B. burgdorferi-specific T and B cells. We attempted two approaches to track B. burgdorferi-induced CD4 T cells. First, a B. burgdorferi mutant was generated with an influenza hemagglutinin (HA) peptide, HA111-119, inserted into the B. burgdorferi arthritis-related protein (Arp) locus. Although this B. burgdorferi arp::HA strain remained infectious, peptide-specific TCR transgenic CD4 T cells in vitro, or adoptively transferred into B. burgdorferi arp::HA-infected BALB/c mice, did not clonally expand above those of recipients infected with the parental B. burgdorferi strain or a B. burgdorferi mutant containing an irrelevant peptide. Some expansion, however, occurred in B. burgdorferi arp::HA-infected BALB/c SCID mice. Second, a (to our knowledge) newly identified I-Ab-restricted CD4 T cell epitope, Arp152-166, was used to generate Arp MHC class II tetramers. Flow cytometry showed small numbers of Arp-specific CD4 T cells emerging in mice infected with B. burgdorferi but not with Arp-deficient Borrelia afzelii. Although up to 30% of Arp-specific CD4 T cells were ICOS+PD-1+CXCR5+BCL6+ T follicular helper cells, their numbers declined after day 12, before germinal centers (GCs) are prominent. Although some Arp-specific B cells, identified using fluorochrome-labeled rArp proteins, had the phenotype of GC B cells, their frequencies did not correlate with anti-Arp serum IgG. The data suggest a failure not in the induction, but in the maintenance of GC T follicular helper and/or B cells to B. burgdorferi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Hammond
- Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California Davis
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis
| | - Kimberly J. Olsen
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis
| | - Shivneel Ram
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis
| | - Giang Vu Vi Tran
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis
| | - Laura S. Hall
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana
| | - John E. Bradley
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham
| | - Frances E. Lund
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham
| | | | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California Davis
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University
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8
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Augello M, Bono V, Rovito R, Tincati C, d'Arminio Monforte A, Marchetti G. Six-month immune responses to mRNA-1273 vaccine in combination antiretroviral therapy treated late presenter people with HIV according to previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. AIDS 2023; 37:1503-1517. [PMID: 37199415 PMCID: PMC10355808 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mRNA vaccines in people with HIV (PWH) with a history of late presentation (LP) and their durability have not been fully characterized. DESIGN In this prospective, longitudinal study, we sought to assess T-cell and humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination up to 6 months in LP-PWH on effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) as compared to HIV-negative healthcare workers (HCWs), and to evaluate whether previous SARS-CoV-2 infection modulates immune responses to vaccine. METHODS SARS-CoV-2 spike (S)-specific T-cell responses were determined by two complementary flow cytometry methodologies, namely activation-induced marker (AIM) assay and intracellular cytokine staining (ICS), whereas humoral responses were measured by ELISA [anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) antibodies) and receptor-binding inhibition assay (spike-ACE2 binding inhibition activity), before vaccination (T0), 1 month (T1) and 5 months (T2) after the second dose. RESULTS LP-PWH showed at T1 and T2 significant increase of: S-specific memory and circulating T follicular helper (cTfh) CD4 + T cells; polyfunctional Th1-cytokine (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2)- and Th2-cytokine (IL-4)-producing S-specific CD4 + T cells; anti-RBD antibodies and spike-ACE2 binding inhibition activity. Immune responses to vaccine in LP-PWH were not inferior to HCWs overall, yet S-specific CD8 + T cells and spike-ACE2 binding inhibition activity correlated negatively with markers of immune recovery on cART. Interestingly, natural SARS-CoV-2 infection, while able to sustain S-specific antibody response, seems less efficacious in inducing a T-cell memory and in boosting immune responses to vaccine, possibly reflecting an enduring partial immunodeficiency. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these findings support the need for additional vaccine doses in PWH with a history of advanced immune depression and poor immune recovery on effective cART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Augello
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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9
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Rodríguez-Sillke Y, Schumann M, Lissner D, Branchi F, Proft F, Steinhoff U, Siegmund B, Glauben R. Analysis of Circulating Food Antigen-Specific T-Cells in Celiac Disease and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098153. [PMID: 37175860 PMCID: PMC10179603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To demonstrate and analyze the specific T-cell response following barrier disruption and antigen translocation, circulating food antigen-specific effector T-cells isolated from peripheral blood were analyzed in patients suffering from celiac disease (CeD) as well as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We applied the antigen-reactive T-cell enrichment (ARTE) technique allowing for phenotypical and functional flow cytometric analyses of rare nutritional antigen-specific T-cells, including the celiac disease-causing gliadin (gluten). For CeD, patient groups, including treatment-refractory cases, differ significantly from healthy controls. Even symptom-free patients on a gluten-free diet were distinguishable from healthy controls, without being previously challenged with gluten. Moreover, frequency and phenotype of nutritional antigen-specific T-cells of IBD patients directly correlated to the presence of small intestinal inflammation. Specifically, the frequency of antigen specific T-cells as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines was increased in patients with active CeD or Crohn's disease, respectively. These results suggest active small intestinal inflammation as key for the development of a peripheral food antigen-specific T-cell response in Crohn's disease and celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Rodríguez-Sillke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Nutrition, University of Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Michael Schumann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Donata Lissner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Federica Branchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Proft
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Steinhoff
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Philipps University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Glauben
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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10
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Abstract
In cystic fibrosis, a new era has started with the approval and use of highly effective cystic fibrosis transport regulator (CFTR) modulator therapy. As pulmonary function is increasing and exacerbation rate significantly decreases, the current meaning of fungal pulmonary diseases is questioned. During the past couple of decades, several studies have been conducted regarding fungal colonization and infection of the airways in people with cystic fibrosis. Although Aspergillus fumigatus for filamentous fungi and Candida albicans for yeasts remain by far the most common fungal species in patients with cystic fibrosis, the pattern of fungal species associated with cystic fibrosis has considerably diversified recently. Fungi such as Scedosporium apiospermum or Exophiala dermatitidis are recognized as pathogenic in cystic fibrosis and therefore need attention in clinical settings. In this article, current definitions are stated. Important diagnostic steps are described, and their usefulness discussed. Furthermore, clinical treatment strategies and recommendations are named and evaluated. In cystic fibrosis, fungal entities can be divided into different subgroups. Besides colonization, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, bronchitis, sensitization, pneumonia, and aspergilloma can occur as a fungal disease entity. For allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, bronchitis, pneumonia, and aspergilloma, clear indications for therapy exist but this is not the case for sensitization or colonization. Different pulmonary fungal disease entities in people with cystic fibrosis will continue to occur also in an era of highly effective CFTR modulator therapy. Whether the percentage will decrease or not will be the task of future evaluations in studies and registry analysis. Using the established definition for different categories of fungal diseases is recommended and should be taken into account if patients are deteriorating without responding to antibiotic treatment. Drug-drug interactions, in particular when using azoles, should be recognized and therapies need to be adjusted accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schwarz
- Department of Education and Research, Health and Medical University-Health and Medical University Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,Division of Cystic Fibrosis, Cystic Fibrosis Center West Brandenburg, Postdam, Germany
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11
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Altosole T, Rotta G, Uras CRM, Bornheimer SJ, Fenoglio D. An optimized flow cytometry protocol for simultaneous detection of T cell activation induced markers and intracellular cytokines: Application to SARS-CoV-2 immune individuals. J Immunol Methods 2023; 515:113443. [PMID: 36842524 PMCID: PMC9957341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Antigen (ag)-specific T cell analysis is an important step for investigation of cellular immunity in many settings, such as infectious diseases, cancer and vaccines. Multiparameter flow cytometry has advantages in studying both the rarity and heterogeneity of these cells. In the cellular immunologist's toolbox, the expression of activation-induced markers (AIM) following antigen exposure has made possible the study and sorting of ag-specific T cells without using human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-multimers. In parallel, assessing the cytokine profile of responding T cells would support a more comprehensive description of the ongoing immune response by providing information related to cell function, such as polarization and effector activity. Here, a method and flow cytometry panel were optimized to combine the detection of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in a TCR-dependent manner with the evaluation of cytokine production by intracellular staining, without affecting the positivity of activation markers. In particular, the expression of CD134 (OX40) and CD69 have been tested in conjunction with intracellular (ic) CD137 (4-1BB) to detect SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein-specific activated T cells. In our setting, CD134 provided minimal contribution to detect the pool of AIM+ T cells, whereas a key role was described for ic-CD69 which was co-expressed with ic-CD137 in both CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. Moreover, the analysis of TCR-triggered cytokine-producing T cells (IFNγ, TNFα and IL-2 were assessed) further confirmed the capacity of ic-CD69 to identify functionally responsive antigen-specific T cells which were often largely negative or weakly positive for CD134 expression. In parallel, the use of CD45RA, CCR7 and CXCR5 allowed us to describe the T cell matuarion curve and detect T follicular helper (Tfh) CD4+ cells, including the antigen specific activated subsets. In conclusion, we optimized a method and flow cytometry panel combining assessment of activation induced markers and intracellular cytokines that will be useful for measuring TCR stimulation-dependent activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chiara R M Uras
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Fenoglio
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy; Biotherapy Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
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12
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Lo Tartaro D, Paolini A, Mattioli M, Swatler J, Neroni A, Borella R, Santacroce E, Di Nella A, Gozzi L, Busani S, Cuccorese M, Trenti T, Meschiari M, Guaraldi G, Girardis M, Mussini C, Piwocka K, Gibellini L, Cossarizza A, De Biasi S. Detailed characterization of SARS-CoV-2-specific T and B cells after infection or heterologous vaccination. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1123724. [PMID: 36845156 PMCID: PMC9947839 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1123724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of a robust long-term antigen (Ag)-specific memory, both humoral and cell-mediated, is created following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection or vaccination. Here, by using polychromatic flow cytometry and complex data analyses, we deeply investigated the magnitude, phenotype, and functionality of SARS-CoV-2-specific immune memory in two groups of healthy subjects after heterologous vaccination compared to a group of subjects who recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection. We find that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) recovered patients show different long-term immunological profiles compared to those of donors who had been vaccinated with three doses. Vaccinated individuals display a skewed T helper (Th)1 Ag-specific T cell polarization and a higher percentage of Ag-specific and activated memory B cells expressing immunoglobulin (Ig)G compared to those of patients who recovered from severe COVID-19. Different polyfunctional properties characterize the two groups: recovered individuals show higher percentages of CD4+ T cells producing one or two cytokines simultaneously, while the vaccinated are distinguished by highly polyfunctional populations able to release four molecules, namely, CD107a, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin (IL)-2. These data suggest that functional and phenotypic properties of SARS-CoV-2 adaptive immunity differ in recovered COVID-19 individuals and vaccinated ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Lo Tartaro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy
| | - Annamaria Paolini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Mattioli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy
| | - Julian Swatler
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anita Neroni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy
| | - Rebecca Borella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy
| | - Elena Santacroce
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessia Di Nella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy
| | - Licia Gozzi
- Infectious Diseases Clinics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (AOU) Policlinico di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Busani
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (AOU) Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Michela Cuccorese
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale AUSL/AOU Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Tommaso Trenti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale AUSL/AOU Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Marianna Meschiari
- Infectious Diseases Clinics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (AOU) Policlinico di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Guaraldi
- Infectious Diseases Clinics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (AOU) Policlinico di Modena, Modena, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Massimo Girardis
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (AOU) Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Cristina Mussini
- Infectious Diseases Clinics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (AOU) Policlinico di Modena, Modena, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Katarzyna Piwocka
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara De Biasi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy
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13
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Zhang B, Roesner LM, Traidl S, Koeken VACM, Xu CJ, Werfel T, Li Y. Single-cell profiles reveal distinctive immune response in atopic dermatitis in contrast to psoriasis. Allergy 2023; 78:439-453. [PMID: 35986602 DOI: 10.1111/all.15486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the complex orchestrated inflammation in atopic dermatitis (AD), one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases worldwide, is essential for therapeutic approaches. However, a comparative analysis on the single-cell level of the inflammation signatures correlated with the severity is missing so far. METHODS We applied single-cell RNA and T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing on immune cells enriched from skin biopsies and matched blood samples of AD in comparison with psoriasis (PS) patients. RESULTS Clonally propagated skin-derived T cells showed disease-specific TCR motifs shared between patients which was more pronounced in PS compared to AD. The disease-specific T-cell clusters were mostly of a Th2/Th22 sub-population in AD and Th17/Tc17 in PS, and their numbers were associated with severity scores in both diseases. Herein, we provide for the first time a list that associates cell type-specific gene expression with the severity of the two most common chronic inflammatory skin diseases. Investigating the cell signatures in the patients´ PBMCs and skin stromal cells, a systemic involvement of type-3 inflammation was clearly detectable in PS circulating cells, while in AD inflammatory signatures were most pronounced in fibroblasts, pericytes, and keratinocytes. Compositional and functional analyses of myeloid cells revealed the activation of antiviral responses in macrophages in association with disease severity in both diseases. CONCLUSION Different disease-driving cell types and subtypes which contribute to the hallmarks of type-2 and type-3 inflammatory signatures and are associated with disease activities could be identified by single-cell RNA-seq and TCR-seq in AD and PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.,TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Lennart M Roesner
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Traidl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Valerie A C M Koeken
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.,TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cheng-Jian Xu
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.,TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.,TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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14
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Schöllhorn A, Maia A, Kimmerle F, Born J, Rammensee HG, Dimitrov S, Gouttefangeas C. Staining of activated ß 2-integrins in combination with CD137 and CD154 for sensitive identification of functional antigen-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1107366. [PMID: 36741378 PMCID: PMC9892897 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1107366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Common flow cytometry-based methods used for functional assessment of antigen-specific T cells rely on de novo expression of intracellular cytokines or cell surface activation induced markers. They come with some limitations such as complex experimental setting, loss of cell viability and often high unspecific background which impairs assay sensitivity. We have previously shown that staining of activated ß2-integrins either with multimers of their ligand ICAM-1 or with a monoclonal antibody can serve as a functional marker detectable on T cells after minutes (CD8+) or few hours (CD4+) of activation. Here, we present a simple method for detection of activated ß2-integrins in combination with established cell surface activation induced markers. We observed that activated ß2-integrins were still detectable after 14 hours of stimulation, allowing their detection together with CD137 and CD154. Combinatorial gating of cells expressing activated ß2-integrins and CD137 or CD154 reduced background in unstimulated samples, increasing the signal-to-noise ratio and allowing improved assessment of low-frequency T cell responses. Extracellular staining of these markers highly correlated with production of intracellular cytokines IL-2, TNF or IFNγ in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. As an exemplary application, SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific T cell responses were assessed in individuals after COVID-19 vaccination. This method should be useful for epitope discovery projects and for the simultaneous monitoring of low-frequency antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in various physiological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schöllhorn
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ana Maia
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Felix Kimmerle
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich, University of Tübingen (IDM), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Rammensee
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stoyan Dimitrov
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,*Correspondence: Stoyan Dimitrov, ; Cécile Gouttefangeas,
| | - Cécile Gouttefangeas
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,*Correspondence: Stoyan Dimitrov, ; Cécile Gouttefangeas,
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15
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A Highly Sensitive Flow Cytometric Approach to Detect Rare Antigen-Specific T Cells: Development and Comparison to Standard Monitoring Tools. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030574. [PMID: 36765532 PMCID: PMC9913544 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Personalized vaccines against patient-unique tumor-associated antigens represent a promising new approach for cancer immunotherapy. Vaccine efficacy is assessed by quantification of changes in the frequency and/or the activity of antigen-specific T cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) and flow cytometry (FCM) are methodologies frequently used for assessing vaccine efficacy. We tested these methodologies and found that both ELISpot and standard FCM [monitoring CD3/CD4/CD8/IFNγ/Viability+CD14+CD19 (dump)] demonstrate background IFNγ secretion, which, in many cases, was higher than the antigen-specific signal measured by the respective methodology (frequently ranging around 0.05-0.2%). To detect such weak T-cell responses, we developed an FCM panel that included two early activation markers, 4-1BB (CD137) and CD40L (CD154), in addition to the above-cited markers. These two activation markers have a close to zero background expression and are rapidly upregulated following antigen-specific activation. They enabled the quantification of rare T cells responding to antigens within the assay well. Background IFNγ-positive CD4 T cell frequencies decreased to 0.019% ± 0.028% and CD8 T cells to 0.009% ± 0.013%, which are 19 and 13 times lower, respectively, than without the use of these markers. The presented methodology enables highly sensitive monitoring of T-cell responses to tumor-associated antigens in the very low, but clinically relevant, frequencies.
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16
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Eschke M, Moore PF, Chang H, Alber G, Keller SM. Canine peripheral blood TCRαβ T cell atlas: Identification of diverse subsets including CD8A + MAIT-like cells by combined single-cell transcriptome and V(D)J repertoire analysis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1123366. [PMID: 36911660 PMCID: PMC9995359 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1123366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The dog is valued as a companion animal and increasingly recognized as a model for human disorders. Given the importance of T cells in health and disease, comprehensive knowledge of canine T cells can contribute to our understanding of pathogenesis mechanisms and inform the development of new treatment strategies. However, the diversity of canine T cells is still poorly understood mainly due to the lack of species-reactive antibodies for use in flow cytometry. The aim of this study was to generate a detailed atlas of peripheral blood TCRαβ+ T cells of healthy dogs using single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) combined with immune repertoire sequencing. A total of 22 TCRαβ+ T cell clusters were identified, which were classified into three major groups: CD4-dominant (11 clusters), CD8A-dominant (8 clusters), and CD4/CD8A-mixed (3 clusters). Based on differential gene expression, distinct differentiation states (naïve, effector, memory, exhausted) and lineages (e.g. CD4 T helper and regulatory T cells) could be distinguished. Importantly, several T cell populations were identified, which have not been described in dogs before. Of particular note, our data provide first evidence for the existence of canine mucosa-associated invariant T cell (MAIT)-like cells, representing one of three newly identified FCER1G+ innate-like CD8A+ T cell populations in the peripheral blood of healthy dogs. In conclusion, using scRNAseq combined with immune repertoire sequencing we were able to resolve canine TCRαβ+ T cell populations at unprecedented resolution. The peripheral blood TCRαβ+ T cell atlas of healthy dogs generated here represents an important reference data set for future studies and is of relevance for identifying new targets for T cell-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eschke
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter F Moore
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Haiyang Chang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Gottfried Alber
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan M Keller
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
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17
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De Biasi S, Paolini A, Lo Tartaro D, Gibellini L, Cossarizza A. Analysis of Antigen-Specific T and B Cells for Monitoring Immune Protection Against SARS-CoV-2. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e636. [PMID: 36598346 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory is the basis of protection against most pathogens. Long-living memory T and B cells able to respond to specific stimuli, as well as persistent antibodies in plasma and in other body fluids, are crucial for determining the efficacy of vaccination and for protecting from a second infection by a previously encountered pathogen. Antigen-specific cells are represented at a very low frequency in the blood, and indeed, they can be considered "rare events" present in the memory T-cell pool. Therefore, such events should be analyzed with careful attention. In the last 20 years, different methods, mostly based upon flow cytometry, have been developed to identify such rare antigen-specific cells, and the COVID-19 pandemic has given a dramatic impetus to characterize the immune response against the virus. In this regard, we know that the identification, enumeration, and characterization of SARS-CoV-2-specific T and B cells following infection and/or vaccination require i) the use of specific peptides and adequate co-stimuli, ii) the use of appropriate inhibitors to avoid nonspecific activation, iii) the setting of appropriate timing for stimulation, and iv) the choice of adequate markers and reagents to identify antigen-specific cells. Optimization of these procedures allows not only determination of the magnitude of SARS-CoV-2-specific responses but also a comparison of the effects of different combinations of vaccines or determination of the response provided by so-called "hybrid immunity," resulting from a combination of natural immunity and vaccine-generated immunity. Here, we present two methods that are largely used to monitor the response magnitude and phenotype of SARS-CoV-2-specific T and B cells by polychromatic flow cytometry, along with some tips that can be useful for the quantification of these rare events. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Identification of antigen-specific T cells Basic Protocol 2: Identification of antigen-specific B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara De Biasi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, Modena, Italy
| | - Annamaria Paolini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, Modena, Italy
| | - Domenico Lo Tartaro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, Modena, Italy
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, Modena, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale per le Ricerche Cardiovascolari - INRC, via Irnerio, Bologna, Italy
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18
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Riedel F, Aparicio-Soto M, Curato C, Münch L, Abbas A, Thierse HJ, Peitsch WK, Luch A, Siewert K. Unique and common TCR repertoire features of Ni 2+ -, Co 2+ -, and Pd 2+ -specific human CD154 + CD4+ T cells. Allergy 2023; 78:270-282. [PMID: 36005389 DOI: 10.1111/all.15494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apart from Ni2+ , Co2+ , and Pd2+ ions commonly trigger T cell-mediated allergic contact dermatitis. However, in vitro frequencies of metal-specific T cells and the mechanisms of antigen recognition remain unclear. METHODS Here, we utilized a CD154 upregulation assay to quantify Ni2+ -, Co2+ -, and Pd2+ -specific CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Involved αβ T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. RESULTS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells incubation with NiSO4 , CoCl2 , and PdCl2 increased frequencies of CD154 + CD4+ memory T cells that peaked at ~400 μM. Activation was TCR-mediated as shown by the metal-specific restimulation of T cell clones. Most abundant were Pd2+ -specific T cells (mean 3.5%, n = 19), followed by Co2+ - and Ni2+ -specific cells (0.6%, n = 18 and 0.3%, n = 20) in both allergic and non-allergic individuals. A strong overrepresentation of the gene segment TRAV9-2 was unique for Ni2+ -specific TCR (28% of TCR) while Co2+ and Pd2+ -specific TCR favorably expressed TRAV2 (8%) and the TRBV4 gene segment family (21%), respectively. As a second, independent mechanism of metal ion recognition, all analyzed metal-specific TCR showed a common overrepresentation of a histidine in the complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3; 15% of α-chains, 34% of β-chains). The positions of the CDR3 histidine among metal-specific TCR mirrored those in random repertoires and were conserved among cross-reactive clonotypes. CONCLUSIONS Induced CD154 expression allows a fast and comprehensive detection of Ni2+ -, Co2+ -, and Pd2+ -specific CD4+ T cells. Distinct TCR repertoire features underlie the frequent activation and cross-reactivity of human metal-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Riedel
- Dermatotoxicology Study Centre, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Aparicio-Soto
- Dermatotoxicology Study Centre, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Caterina Curato
- Dermatotoxicology Study Centre, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucas Münch
- Dermatotoxicology Study Centre, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Amro Abbas
- Dermatotoxicology Study Centre, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.,German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Thierse
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wiebke K Peitsch
- Department of Dermatology and Phlebology, Vivantes Klinikum im Friedrichshain, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katherina Siewert
- Dermatotoxicology Study Centre, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Corbière V, Lambert EE, Rodesch M, van Gaans-van den Brink JAM, Misiak A, Simonetti E, Van Praet A, Godefroid A, Diavatopoulos DA, van Els CACM, Mascart F. A semi high-throughput whole blood-based flow cytometry assay to detect and monitor Bordetella pertussis-specific Th1, Th2 and Th17 responses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1101366. [PMID: 36814927 PMCID: PMC9939445 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1101366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The characterization of B. pertussis (Bp) antigen-specific CD4+ T cell cytokine responses should be included in the evaluation of immunogenicity of pertussis vaccines but is often hindered by the lack of standardized robust assays. Methods To overcome this limitation, we developed a two-step assay comprising a short-term stimulation of fresh whole blood with Bp antigens and cryopreservation of the stimulated cells, followed later on by batch-wise intracellular cytokine analysis by flow cytometry. Blood samples collected from recently acellular (aP) vaccine boosted subjects with a whole-cell- or aP-primed background was incubated for 24 hrs with Pertussis toxin, Filamentous hemagglutinin or a Bp lysate (400µl per stimulation). Antigen-specific IFN-γ-, IL-4/IL-5/IL-13-, IL-17A/IL-17F- and/or IL-22-producing CD4+ T cells were quantified by flow cytometry to reveal Th1, Th2, and Th17-type responses, respectively. The frequencies of IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cells were also analyzed. Results We demonstrate high reproducibility of the Bp-specific whole blood intracellular staining assay. The results obtained after cryopreservation of the stimulated and fixed cells were very well correlated to those obtained without cryopreservation, an approach used in our previously published assay. Optimization resulted in high sensitivity thanks to very low non-specific backgrounds, with reliable detection of Bp antigen-specific Th1, Th2 and Th17-type CD4+ T cells, in the lowest range frequency of 0.01-0.03%. Bp antigen-specific IFN-γ+ CD8+ T lymphocytes were also detected. This test is easy to perform, analyse and interpret with the establishment of strict criteria defining Bp antigen responses. Discussion Thus, this assay appears as a promising test for evaluation of Bp antigen-specific CD4+ T cells induced by current and next generation pertussis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Corbière
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eleonora E Lambert
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Marine Rodesch
- Department of Paediatrics, Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Alicja Misiak
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elles Simonetti
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Anne Van Praet
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey Godefroid
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dimitri A Diavatopoulos
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Cécile A C M van Els
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands.,Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Françoise Mascart
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Ouyang K, Zheng DX, Agak GW. T-Cell Mediated Immunity in Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246058. [PMID: 36551547 PMCID: PMC9775569 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and frequently lethal skin cancer with neuroendocrine characteristics. MCC can originate from either the presence of MCC polyomavirus (MCPyV) DNA or chronic ultraviolet (UV) exposure that can cause DNA mutations. MCC is predominant in sun-exposed regions of the body and can metastasize to regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, bone, and brain. Older, light-skinned individuals with a history of significant sun exposure are at the highest risk. Previous studies have shown that tumors containing a high number of tumor-infiltrating T-cells have favorable survival, even in the absence of MCPyV DNA, suggesting that MCPyV infection enhances T-cell infiltration. However, other factors may also play a role in the host antitumor response. Herein, we review the impact of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), mainly the CD4+, CD8+, and regulatory T-cell (Tregs) responses on the course of MCC, including their role in initiating MCPyV-specific immune responses. Furthermore, potential research avenues related to T-cell biology in MCC, as well as relevant immunotherapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Ouyang
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - David X. Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - George W. Agak
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence:
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21
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Van Delen M, Janssens I, Dams A, Roosens L, Ogunjimi B, Berneman ZN, Derdelinckx J, Cools N. Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells Induce Apoptosis-Independent T Cell Hyporesponsiveness of SARS-CoV-2-Specific T Cells in an Antigen-Specific Manner. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315201. [PMID: 36499533 PMCID: PMC9740551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the global pandemic caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still ongoing, there are currently no specific and highly efficient drugs for COVID-19 available, particularly in severe cases. Recent findings demonstrate that severe COVID-19 disease that requires hospitalization is associated with the hyperactivation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets. In this study, we aimed to counteract this high inflammatory state by inducing T-cell hyporesponsiveness in a SARS-CoV-2-specific manner using tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDC). In vitro-activated SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells were isolated and stimulated with SARS-CoV-2 peptide-loaded monocyte-derived tolDC or with SARS-CoV-2 peptide-loaded conventional (conv) DC. We demonstrate a significant decrease in the number of interferon (IFN)-γ spot-forming cells when SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells were stimulated with tolDC as compared to stimulation with convDC. Importantly, this IFN-γ downmodulation in SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells was antigen-specific, since T cells retain their capacity to respond to an unrelated antigen and are not mediated by T cell deletion. Altogether, we have demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 peptide-pulsed tolDC induces SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell hyporesponsiveness in an antigen-specific manner as compared to stimulation with SARS-CoV-2-specific convDC. These observations underline the clinical potential of tolDC to correct the immunological imbalance in the critically ill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Van Delen
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ibo Janssens
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Amber Dams
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laurence Roosens
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Benson Ogunjimi
- Centre for Health Economics Research & Modeling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), VAXINFECTIO, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Paediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
- Antwerp Center for Translational Immunology and Virology (ACTIV), VAXINFECTIO, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zwi N. Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Judith Derdelinckx
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Cools
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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22
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Morgan DM, Shreffler WG, Love JC. Revealing the heterogeneity of CD4+ T cells through single-cell transcriptomics. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:748-755. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Karsten H, Cords L, Westphal T, Knapp M, Brehm TT, Hermanussen L, Omansen TF, Schmiedel S, Woost R, Ditt V, Peine S, Lütgehetmann M, Huber S, Ackermann C, Wittner M, Addo MM, Sette A, Sidney J, Schulze Zur Wiesch J. High-resolution analysis of individual spike peptide-specific CD4 + T-cell responses in vaccine recipients and COVID-19 patients. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1410. [PMID: 35957961 PMCID: PMC9363231 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Potential differences in the breadth, distribution and magnitude of CD4+ T‐cell responses directed against the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike glycoprotein between vaccinees, COVID‐19 patients and subjects who experienced both ways of immunisation have not been comprehensively compared on a peptide level. Methods Following virus‐specific in vitro cultivation, we determined the T‐cell responses directed against 253 individual overlapping 15‐mer peptides covering the entire SARS‐CoV‐2 spike glycoprotein using IFN‐γ ELISpot and intracellular cytokine staining. In vitro HLA binding was determined for selected peptides. Results We mapped 955 single peptide‐specific CD4+ T‐cell responses in a cohort of COVID‐19 patients (n = 8), uninfected vaccinees (n = 16) and individuals who experienced both infection and vaccination (n = 11). Patients and vaccinees (two‐time and three‐time vaccinees alike) had a comparable number of CD4+ T‐cell responses (median 26 vs. 29, P = 0.7289). Most of these specificities were conserved in B.1.1.529 and the BA.4 and BA.5 sublineages. The highest magnitude of these in vitro IFN‐γ CD4+ T‐cell responses was observed in COVID‐19 patients (median 0.35%), and three‐time vaccinees showed a higher magnitude than two‐time vaccinees (median 0.091% vs. 0.175%, P < 0.0001). Twelve peptide specificities were each detected in at least 40% of subjects. In vitro HLA binding showed promiscuous presentation by DRB1 molecules for several peptides. Conclusion Both SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and vaccination prime broadly directed T‐cell responses directed against the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike glycoprotein. This comprehensive high‐resolution analysis of spike peptide specificities will be a useful resource for further investigation of spike‐specific T‐cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Karsten
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Leon Cords
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Tim Westphal
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Hamburg Germany
| | - Maximilian Knapp
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Thomas Theo Brehm
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Hamburg Germany
| | - Lennart Hermanussen
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Till Frederik Omansen
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany.,Department of Tropical Medicine Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg Germany
| | - Stefan Schmiedel
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Robin Woost
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Vanessa Ditt
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Sven Peine
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Hamburg Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Christin Ackermann
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Melanie Wittner
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Hamburg Germany
| | - Marylyn Martina Addo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Hamburg Germany.,Department of Tropical Medicine Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg Germany
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI) La Jolla CA USA
| | - John Sidney
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI) La Jolla CA USA
| | - Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 1. Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems Hamburg Germany
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24
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Saggau C, Martini GR, Rosati E, Meise S, Messner B, Kamps AK, Bekel N, Gigla J, Rose R, Voß M, Geisen UM, Reid HM, Sümbül M, Tran F, Berner DK, Khodamoradi Y, Vehreschild MJGT, Cornely O, Koehler P, Krumbholz A, Fickenscher H, Kreuzer O, Schreiber C, Franke A, Schreiber S, Hoyer B, Scheffold A, Bacher P. The pre-exposure SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell repertoire determines the quality of the immune response to vaccination. Immunity 2022; 55:1924-1939.e5. [PMID: 35985324 PMCID: PMC9372089 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination generates enormous host-response heterogeneity and an age-dependent loss of immune-response quality. How the pre-exposure T cell repertoire contributes to this heterogeneity is poorly understood. We combined analysis of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells pre- and post-vaccination with longitudinal T cell receptor tracking. We identified strong pre-exposure T cell variability that correlated with subsequent immune-response quality and age. High-quality responses, defined by strong expansion of high-avidity spike-specific T cells, high interleukin-21 production, and specific immunoglobulin G, depended on an intact naive repertoire and exclusion of pre-existing memory T cells. In the elderly, T cell expansion from both compartments was severely compromised. Our results reveal that an intrinsic defect of the CD4+ T cell repertoire causes the age-dependent decline of immune-response quality against SARS-CoV-2 and highlight the need for alternative strategies to induce high-quality T cell responses against newly arising pathogens in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Saggau
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrecht-University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein 24105, Germany
| | - Gabriela Rios Martini
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrecht-University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein 24105, Germany; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrecht-University of Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin-Str. 12, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein 24105, Germany
| | - Elisa Rosati
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrecht-University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein 24105, Germany; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrecht-University of Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin-Str. 12, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein 24105, Germany
| | - Silja Meise
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrecht-University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein 24105, Germany
| | - Berith Messner
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrecht-University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein 24105, Germany; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrecht-University of Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin-Str. 12, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein 24105, Germany
| | - Ann-Kristin Kamps
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrecht-University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein 24105, Germany; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrecht-University of Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin-Str. 12, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein 24105, Germany
| | - Nicole Bekel
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrecht-University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein 24105, Germany; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrecht-University of Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin-Str. 12, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein 24105, Germany
| | - Johannes Gigla
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrecht-University of Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin-Str. 12, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein 24105, Germany
| | - Ruben Rose
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mathias Voß
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulf M Geisen
- Medical Department I, Department for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Hayley M Reid
- Medical Department I, Department for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Melike Sümbül
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Florian Tran
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrecht-University of Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin-Str. 12, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein 24105, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Dennis K Berner
- Medical Department I, Department for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Yascha Khodamoradi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt & Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maria J G T Vehreschild
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt & Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Oliver Cornely
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Koehler
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Andi Krumbholz
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Labor Dr. Krause und Kollegen MVZ GmbH, Kiel, Germany
| | - Helmut Fickenscher
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Schreiber
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrecht-University of Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin-Str. 12, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein 24105, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrecht-University of Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin-Str. 12, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein 24105, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Bimba Hoyer
- Medical Department I, Department for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrecht-University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein 24105, Germany
| | - Petra Bacher
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrecht-University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein 24105, Germany; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrecht-University of Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin-Str. 12, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein 24105, Germany.
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Gressler AE, Lübke S, Wagner B, Arnold C, Lohmann KL, Schnabel CL. Comprehensive Flow Cytometric Characterization of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cells Indicates Comparable Phenotypes Between Asthmatic and Healthy Horses But Functional Lymphocyte Differences. Front Immunol 2022; 13:896255. [PMID: 35874777 PMCID: PMC9296846 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.896255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine asthma (EA) is a highly relevant disease, estimated to affect up to 20% of all horses, and compares to human asthma. The pathogenesis of EA is most likely immune-mediated, yet incompletely understood. To study the immune response in the affected lower airways, mixed leukocytes were acquired through bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and the cell populations were analyzed on a single-cell basis by flow cytometry (FC). Samples of 38 horses grouped as respiratory healthy or affected by mild to moderate (mEA) or severe EA (sEA) according to their history, clinical signs, and BAL cytology were analyzed. Using FC, BAL cells and PBMC were comprehensively characterized by cell surface markers ex vivo. An increased percentage of DH24A+ polymorphonuclear cells, and decreased percentages of CD14+ macrophages were detected in BAL from horses with sEA compared to healthy horses or horses with mEA, while lymphocyte proportions were similar between all groups. Independently of EA, macrophages in BAL were CD14+CD16+, which contrasts the majority of CD14+CD16- classical monocytes in PBMC. Percentages of CD16-expressing BAL macrophages were reduced in BAL from horses with sEA compared to healthy horses. While PBMC lymphocytes predominantly contain CD4+ T cells, B cells and few CD8+ T cells, BAL lymphocytes comprised mainly CD8+ T cells, fewer CD4+ T cells and hardly any B cells. These lymphocyte subsets’ distributions were similar between all groups. After PMA/ionomycin stimulation in vitro, lymphocyte activation (CD154 and T helper cell cytokine expression) was analyzed in BAL cells of 26 of the horses and group differences were observed (p=0.01–0.11). Compared to healthy horses’ BAL, CD154+ lymphocytes from horses with mEA, and CD4+IL-17A+ lymphocytes from horses with sEA were increased in frequency. Activated CD4+ T helper cells were more frequent in asthmatics’ (mEA, sEA) compared to healthy horses’ PBMC lymphocytes. In summary, FC analysis of BAL cells identified increased polymorphonuclear cells frequencies in sEA as established, while macrophage percentages were mildly reduced, and lymphocyte populations remained unaffected by EA. Cytokine production differences of BAL lymphocytes from horses with sEA compared to healthy horses’ cells point towards a functional difference, namely increased local type 3 responses in sEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Elisabeth Gressler
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabrina Lübke
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Corinna Arnold
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katharina L Lohmann
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christiane L Schnabel
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Vega-Magaña N, Muñoz-Valle JF, Peña-Rodríguez M, Viera-Segura O, Pereira-Suárez AL, Hernández-Bello J, García-Chagollan M. Specific T-Cell Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein over Time in Naïve and SARS-CoV-2 Previously Infected Subjects Vaccinated with BTN162b2. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071117. [PMID: 35891281 PMCID: PMC9319730 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the rapid development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 has been promoted. BNT162b2 is a lipid-nanoparticle mRNA vaccine with 95% efficacy and is the most administered vaccine globally. Nevertheless, little is known about the cellular immune response triggered by vaccination and the immune behavior over time. Therefore, we evaluated the T-cell immune response against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and neutralization antibodies (nAbs) in naïve and SARS-CoV-2 previously infected subjects vaccinated with BTN162b2. Methods: Forty-six BTN162b2 vaccinated subjects were included (twenty-six naïve and twenty SARS-CoV-2 previously infected subjects vaccinated with BTN162b2). Blood samples were obtained at basal (before vaccination), 15 days after the first dose, and 15 days after the second dose, to evaluate cellular immune response upon PBMC’s stimulation and cytokine levels. The nAbs were determined one and six months after the second dose. Results: SARS-CoV-2 previously infected subjects vaccinated with BTN162b2 showed the highest proportion of nAbs compared to naïve individuals one month after the second dose. However, women were more prone to lose nAbs percentages over time significantly. Furthermore, a diminished CD154+ IFN-γ+ CD4+ T-cell response was observed after the second BTN162b2 dose in those with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. In contrast, naïve participants showed an overall increased CD8+ IFN-γ+ TNF-α+ T-cell response to the peptide stimulus. Moreover, a significant reduction in IP-10, IFN-λI, and IL-10 cytokine levels was found in both studied groups. Additionally, the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) levels of IL-6, IFNλ-2/3, IFN-𝛽, and GM-CSF (p < 0.05) were significantly reduced over time in the naïve participants. Conclusion: We demonstrate that a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection can also impact cellular T-cell response, nAbs production, and serum cytokine concentration. Therefore, the study of T-cell immune response is essential for vaccination scheme recommendations; future vaccine boost should be carefully addressed as continued stimulation by vaccination might impact the T-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natali Vega-Magaña
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Emergentes y Reemergentes, Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (N.V.-M.); (M.P.-R.); (O.V.-S.)
- Instituto de Investigación de Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (J.F.M.-V.); (A.L.P.-S.); (J.H.-B.)
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación de Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (J.F.M.-V.); (A.L.P.-S.); (J.H.-B.)
| | - Marcela Peña-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Emergentes y Reemergentes, Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (N.V.-M.); (M.P.-R.); (O.V.-S.)
| | - Oliver Viera-Segura
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Emergentes y Reemergentes, Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (N.V.-M.); (M.P.-R.); (O.V.-S.)
| | - Ana Laura Pereira-Suárez
- Instituto de Investigación de Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (J.F.M.-V.); (A.L.P.-S.); (J.H.-B.)
| | - Jorge Hernández-Bello
- Instituto de Investigación de Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (J.F.M.-V.); (A.L.P.-S.); (J.H.-B.)
| | - Mariel García-Chagollan
- Instituto de Investigación de Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (J.F.M.-V.); (A.L.P.-S.); (J.H.-B.)
- Correspondence:
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Winglee K, Hill AN, Belknap R, Stout JE, Ayers TL. Variability of interferon-γ release assays in people at high risk of tuberculosis infection or progression to tuberculosis disease living in the United States. Clin Microbiol Infect 2022; 28:1023.e1-1023.e7. [PMID: 35183749 PMCID: PMC10065409 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Interferon-γ release assays, including T-SPOT.TB (TSPOT) and QuantiFERON Gold In-Tube (QFT), are important diagnostic tools for tuberculosis infection, but little work has been done to study the performance of these tests in populations prioritized for tuberculosis testing in the United States, especially those other than health care personnel. METHODS Participants were enrolled as part of a large, prospective cohort of people at high risk of tuberculosis infection or progression to tuberculosis disease. All participants were administered a tuberculin skin test, TSPOT, and QFT test. A subset of participants had their QFT (n = 919) and TSPOT (n = 885) tests repeated when they returned to get their tuberculin skin test read 2 to 3 days later (repeat study). A total of 531 participants had a TSPOT performed twice on the same sample taken at the same time (split study). RESULTS The QFT repeat test interpretations were discordant (one test positive and the other negative) for 6.4% of participants (59 of 919), and the TSPOT tests were discordant for 60 of 885 participants in the repeat study (6.8%) and 41 of 531 participants in the split study (7.7%). There was a high degree of variability in the quantitative test results for both QFT and TSPOT, and discordance was not associated with both test results being near the established cut-offs. Furthermore, the proportion of discordance was similar when comparing participants in both the TSPOT repeat and TSPOT split studies. DISCUSSION Both QFT and TSPOT were 6% to 8% discordant. The results should be interpreted with caution, particularly when seeing a conversion or reversion in serial testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Winglee
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Andrew N Hill
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert Belknap
- Public Health Institute at Denver Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Jason E Stout
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tracy L Ayers
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Najafabadi MM, Soleimani M, Ahmadvand M, Zomorrod MS, Mousavi SA. In Vitro Generation of BK polyomavirus-specific T cells for adoptive cell therapy in refractory cystitis hemorrhagic patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. BMC Immunol 2022; 23:31. [PMID: 35689183 PMCID: PMC9188250 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-022-00497-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction BKPyV associated hemorrhagic cystitis (BKPyV-HC) is a major and prevalent outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) with no standard treatment option. Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) against transplant-associated viruses has shown promising potential. We sought to produce virus-specific T cells (VSTs) against BKPyV with the aim of treating refractory HSCT-associated HC. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors were isolated by Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation. BKPyV-pulsed, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mo-DCs) and T cells were co-cultured and expanded over 2–3 weeks with the addition of IL-2. The T cells were examined for various functional assays. Results Comparison analysis of Carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) indicated that the percentage of proliferated cells were significantly higher in donors (49.62 ± 7.09%) than controls (7.96 ± 4.55%). Furthermore, expanded T cells exhibited specificity to BKPyV antigens by IFN-γ ELISPOT assay. The expanded cells showed cytotoxic function versus human lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL). Final VST products mainly comprised of CD8/CD69 double-positive T cells, which were significantly higher in donors (46.8 ± 7.1%) than controls (16.91 ± 3.40%). Conclusion In this study we demonstrated the feasibility of producing functional BKPyV-specific T cells in healthy donors using BKPyV PepMixes. These functional cells were able to proliferate and produce IFN-γ cytokine in response to BKPyV PepMixes. In addition, these T cells had cytotoxic ability against BKPyV antigen-expressing target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ahmadvand
- Research Institute for Oncology, Hematology and Cell Therapy, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mina Soufi Zomorrod
- Applied Cell Sciences Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seied Asadollah Mousavi
- Research Institute for Oncology, Hematology and Cell Therapy, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Schnabel CL, Fletemeyer B, Lübke S, Marti E, Wagner B, Alber G. CD154 Expression Indicates T Cell Activation Following Tetanus Toxoid Vaccination of Horses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:805026. [PMID: 35493462 PMCID: PMC9043809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.805026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the relevance of adaptive immunity against equine pathogens antigen-specific T cell responses of horses are not well characterized and the lack of insight into T cell responses hampers the understanding of the pathogeneses of important diseases. In this study we used tetanus toxoid (TT) as a well-defined antigen to characterize antigen-reactive T cells. Six healthy adult horses received a routine booster against tetanus with an immune stimulating complex (ISCOM)-based vaccine and were followed for 28 days. TT-specific serum antibodies were quantified by ELISA and increased in all horses by day 7 after vaccination. CD154 is an established indicator of antigen-reactive T helper cells in other species, but has not been characterized in horses. CD154 detection in equine PBMC by an anti-human CD154 antibody (clone 5C8) was confirmed by Western blots and then applied for flow cytometry. As a common indicator of equine T cell activation, cytokine induction was studied in parallel. T cells were analyzed by multicolor flow cytometry of PBMC after re-stimulation with TT in vitro. Reactive T helper (Th) cells were characterized by increased frequencies of CD4+CD154+ lymphocytes in in vitro TT-re-stimulated PBMC on day 14 after vaccination of the horses compared to pre-vaccination. The majority of all CD154+ cells after TT re-stimulation were CD4+ Th cells, but CD154 was also induced on CD4- cells albeit in lower frequencies. CD154+CD4+ Th cells were enriched in cytokine-expressing cells compared to CD154-CD4+ Th cells. Similar to the CD4+CD154+ frequencies, CD4+IL-4+, CD4+IFN-γ+ and CD4+TNF-α+ were increased after vaccination, but IL-4+ increased later than IFN-γ+ and CD4+TNF-α+, which already exceeded pre-vaccination frequencies on day 7. CD4+CD154+ frequencies correlated positively with those of CD4+IL-4+ (Th2) on day 14, and negatively with CD4+IFN-γ+ induction on day 7, but did not correlate with CD4+TNF-α+ frequencies or TT-specific antibody concentrations. CD154 appears to be a useful marker of antigen-reactive equine Th cells in combination with cytokine expression. The T cell analyses established here with TT can be applied to other antigens relevant for infections or allergies of horses and in horse models for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane L Schnabel
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Babette Fletemeyer
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabrina Lübke
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eliane Marti
- Clinical Immunology Group, Department for Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health (VPH), Vetsuisse Faculty of the University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Gottfried Alber
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Curato C, Aparicio-Soto M, Riedel F, Wehl I, Basaran A, Abbas A, Thierse HJ, Luch A, Siewert K. Frequencies and TCR Repertoires of Human 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid-specific T Cells. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:827109. [PMID: 35295228 PMCID: PMC8915883 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.827109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis is a widespread T cell-mediated inflammatory skin disease, but in vitro monitoring of chemical-specific T cells remains challenging. We here introduce short-term CD154/CD137 upregulation to monitor human T cell responses to the experimental sensitizer 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donor buffy coats were TNBS-modified and incubated with unmodified PBMC. After 5 and 16 h, we detected TNBS-specific activated CD154+CD4+ and CD137+CD8+ T cells by multi-parameter flow cytometry, respectively. Activated cells were sorted for restimulation and bulk T cell receptor (TCR) high-throughput sequencing (HTS). Stimulation with TNBS-modified cells (3 mM) induced CD154 expression on 0.04% of CD4+ and CD137 expression on 0.60% of CD8+ memory T cells, respectively (means, n = 11–17 donors). CD69 co-expression argued for TCR-mediated activation, which was further supported by TNBS-specific restimulation of 10/13 CD154+CD4+ and 11/15 CD137+CD8+ T cell clones and lines. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) blocking antibodies prevented activation, illustrating MHC restriction. The high frequencies of TNBS-specific T cells were associated with distinct common changes in the TCR β-chain repertoire. We observed an overrepresentation of tryptophan and lysine in the complementarity determining regions 3 (CDR3) (n = 3–5 donors), indicating a preferential interaction of these amino acids with the TNBS-induced epitopes. In summary, the detection of TNBS-specific T cells by CD154/CD137 upregulation is a fast, comprehensive and quantitative method. Combined with TCR HTS, the mechanisms of chemical allergen recognition that underlie unusually frequent T cell activation can be assessed. In the future, this approach may be adapted to detect T cells activated by additional chemical sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Curato
- Dermatotoxicology Study Centre, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Aparicio-Soto
- Dermatotoxicology Study Centre, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Riedel
- Dermatotoxicology Study Centre, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingrun Wehl
- Dermatotoxicology Study Centre, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alev Basaran
- Dermatotoxicology Study Centre, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Amro Abbas
- Dermatotoxicology Study Centre, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Thierse
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Dermatotoxicology Study Centre, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katherina Siewert
- Dermatotoxicology Study Centre, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Katherina Siewert,
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Docampo MJ, Lutterotti A, Sospedra M, Martin R. Mechanistic and Biomarker Studies to Demonstrate Immune Tolerance in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2022; 12:787498. [PMID: 35069562 PMCID: PMC8766750 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.787498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of specific immunological tolerance represents an important therapeutic goal for multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases. Sound knowledge of the target antigens, the underlying pathomechanisms of the disease and the presumed mechanisms of action of the respective tolerance-inducing approach are essential for successful translation. Furthermore, suitable tools and assays to evaluate the induction of immune tolerance are key aspects for the development of such treatments. However, investigation of the mechanisms of action underlying tolerance induction poses several challenges. The optimization of sensitive, robust methods which allow the assessment of low frequency autoreactive T cells and the long-term reduction or change of their responses, the detection of regulatory cell populations and their immune mediators, as well as the validation of specific biomarkers indicating reduction of inflammation and damage, are needed to develop tolerance-inducing approaches successfully to patients. This short review focuses on how to demonstrate mechanistic proof-of-concept in antigen-specific tolerance-inducing therapies in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Roland Martin
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich & University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Zhang J, Ji Y, Wang Z, Jia Y, Zhu Q. Effective improvements to the live-attenuated Newcastle disease virus vaccine by polyethylenimine-based biomimetic silicification. Vaccine 2022; 40:886-896. [PMID: 34991927 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Live and killed vaccines impart a significant role in preventing of Newcastle disease (ND) in China. Vaccine efficacy could be ameliorated by improving vaccine-induced cellular immunity and antibody persistency. Previous studies substantiated the potency of silicon dioxide (SiO2) in the control-release of drugs and as a vaccine adjuvant, and polyethylenimine (PEI) merits as a mucosal adjuvanticity with electro-positivity. The present study employed SiO2 and PEI to prepare biomimetic silicon mineralized nanoparticle G7M@SiO2-PEI and microparticle (SiO2 + PEI)@G7M vaccines of G7M, a candidate for live attenuated vaccine of genotype VII Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The zeta potential experiment confirmed the significant increase in the average zeta potential of the nanoparticle G7M@SiO2-PEI and microparticle (SiO2 + PEI)@G7M relative to G7M before mineralization. The results of RT-qPCR revealed more than 99% mineralization efficiency of the G7M@SiO2-PEI and (SiO2 + PEI)@G7M. The morphology detected by transmission electron microscopy reported that the diameters of G7M@SiO2-PEI were similar to those of G7M, while for (SiO2 + PEI)@G7M, it was about five times larger than that of G7M. Silicon was detected on the surface of both mineralization particles, except for G7M, as observed from the elemental distribution detected by elemental mapping and energy dispersive X-ray spectrogram. Indirect immunofluorescence assays validated that mineralization virus have replicated ability in BHK-21F cells. In vivo experiments revealed higher than 5.50 log2 of antibody in nanoparticles G7M@SiO2-PEI group until 10-week post-vaccination, and significant proliferation of antigen-specific CD3+CD4+ in nanoparticles G7M@SiO2-PEI immunized group corroborated improved cellular immune responses. Vaccines provided full protection to the immunized chickens, whereas all the chickens receiving mock immunizations succumbed to the disease. Overall, our study concluded the efficacy of biomimetic mineralization of live attenuated vaccine in nanoparticles to improve humoral and cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Yanhong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Zhengxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Yane Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Qiyun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China.
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Molecular characterization of hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase mutant T cells in human blood: The concept of surrogate selection for immunologically relevant cells. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2022; 789:108414. [PMID: 35690417 PMCID: PMC9188651 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2022.108414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Somatic cell gene mutations arise in vivo due to replication errors during DNA synthesis occurring spontaneously during normal DNA synthesis or as a result of replication on a DNA template damaged by endogenous or exogenous mutagens. In principle, changes in the frequencies of mutant cells in vivo in humans reflect changes in exposures to exogenous or endogenous DNA damaging insults, other factors being equal. It is becoming increasingly evident however, that somatic mutations in humans have a far greater range of interpretations. For example, mutations in lymphocytes provide invaluable probes for in vivo cellular and molecular processes, providing identification of clonal amplifications of these cells in autoimmune and infectious diseases, transplantation recipients, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), and cancer. The assay for mutations of the X-chromosomal hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene has gained popular acceptance for this purpose since viable mutant cells can be recovered for molecular and other analyses. Although the major application of the HPRT T cell assay remains human population monitoring, the enrichment of activated T cells in the mutant fraction in individuals with ongoing immunological processes has demonstrated the utility of surrogate selection, a method that uses somatic mutation as a surrogate marker for the in vivo T cell proliferation that underlies immunological processes to investigate clinical disorders with immunological features. Studies encompassing a wide range of clinical conditions are reviewed. Despite the historical importance of the HPRT mutation system in validating surrogate selection, there are now additional mutational and other methods for identifying immunologically active T cells. These methods are reviewed and provide insights for strategies to extend surrogate selection in future studies.
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Cossarizza A, Chang HD, Radbruch A, Abrignani S, Addo R, Akdis M, Andrä I, Andreata F, Annunziato F, Arranz E, Bacher P, Bari S, Barnaba V, Barros-Martins J, Baumjohann D, Beccaria CG, Bernardo D, Boardman DA, Borger J, Böttcher C, Brockmann L, Burns M, Busch DH, Cameron G, Cammarata I, Cassotta A, Chang Y, Chirdo FG, Christakou E, Čičin-Šain L, Cook L, Corbett AJ, Cornelis R, Cosmi L, Davey MS, De Biasi S, De Simone G, del Zotto G, Delacher M, Di Rosa F, Di Santo J, Diefenbach A, Dong J, Dörner T, Dress RJ, Dutertre CA, Eckle SBG, Eede P, Evrard M, Falk CS, Feuerer M, Fillatreau S, Fiz-Lopez A, Follo M, Foulds GA, Fröbel J, Gagliani N, Galletti G, Gangaev A, Garbi N, Garrote JA, Geginat J, Gherardin NA, Gibellini L, Ginhoux F, Godfrey DI, Gruarin P, Haftmann C, Hansmann L, Harpur CM, Hayday AC, Heine G, Hernández DC, Herrmann M, Hoelsken O, Huang Q, Huber S, Huber JE, Huehn J, Hundemer M, Hwang WYK, Iannacone M, Ivison SM, Jäck HM, Jani PK, Keller B, Kessler N, Ketelaars S, Knop L, Knopf J, Koay HF, Kobow K, Kriegsmann K, Kristyanto H, Krueger A, Kuehne JF, Kunze-Schumacher H, Kvistborg P, Kwok I, Latorre D, Lenz D, Levings MK, Lino AC, Liotta F, Long HM, Lugli E, MacDonald KN, Maggi L, Maini MK, Mair F, Manta C, Manz RA, Mashreghi MF, Mazzoni A, McCluskey J, Mei HE, Melchers F, Melzer S, Mielenz D, Monin L, Moretta L, Multhoff G, Muñoz LE, Muñoz-Ruiz M, Muscate F, Natalini A, Neumann K, Ng LG, Niedobitek A, Niemz J, Almeida LN, Notarbartolo S, Ostendorf L, Pallett LJ, Patel AA, Percin GI, Peruzzi G, Pinti M, Pockley AG, Pracht K, Prinz I, Pujol-Autonell I, Pulvirenti N, Quatrini L, Quinn KM, Radbruch H, Rhys H, Rodrigo MB, Romagnani C, Saggau C, Sakaguchi S, Sallusto F, Sanderink L, Sandrock I, Schauer C, Scheffold A, Scherer HU, Schiemann M, Schildberg FA, Schober K, Schoen J, Schuh W, Schüler T, Schulz AR, Schulz S, Schulze J, Simonetti S, Singh J, Sitnik KM, Stark R, Starossom S, Stehle C, Szelinski F, Tan L, Tarnok A, Tornack J, Tree TIM, van Beek JJP, van de Veen W, van Gisbergen K, Vasco C, Verheyden NA, von Borstel A, Ward-Hartstonge KA, Warnatz K, Waskow C, Wiedemann A, Wilharm A, Wing J, Wirz O, Wittner J, Yang JHM, Yang J. Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition). Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2708-3145. [PMID: 34910301 PMCID: PMC11115438 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202170126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The third edition of Flow Cytometry Guidelines provides the key aspects to consider when performing flow cytometry experiments and includes comprehensive sections describing phenotypes and functional assays of all major human and murine immune cell subsets. Notably, the Guidelines contain helpful tables highlighting phenotypes and key differences between human and murine cells. Another useful feature of this edition is the flow cytometry analysis of clinical samples with examples of flow cytometry applications in the context of autoimmune diseases, cancers as well as acute and chronic infectious diseases. Furthermore, there are sections detailing tips, tricks and pitfalls to avoid. All sections are written and peer-reviewed by leading flow cytometry experts and immunologists, making this edition an essential and state-of-the-art handbook for basic and clinical researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Hyun-Dong Chang
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biotechnology, Technische Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Addo
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Immanuel Andrä
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Francesco Andreata
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Eduardo Arranz
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Petra Bacher
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel & Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sudipto Bari
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vincenzo Barnaba
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano & Neuro Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cristian G. Beccaria
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - David Bernardo
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dominic A. Boardman
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jessica Borger
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chotima Böttcher
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonie Brockmann
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University, New York City, USA
| | - Marie Burns
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Garth Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ilenia Cammarata
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Cassotta
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Yinshui Chang
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Fernando Gabriel Chirdo
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos - IIFP (UNLP-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Eleni Christakou
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Luka Čičin-Šain
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Laura Cook
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Alexandra J. Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Cornelis
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Martin S. Davey
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sara De Biasi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Gabriele De Simone
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Michael Delacher
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Francesca Di Rosa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - James Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Inserm U1223, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jun Dong
- Cell Biology, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), An Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Dörner
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regine J. Dress
- Institute of Systems Immunology, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Charles-Antoine Dutertre
- Institut National de la Sante Et de la Recherce Medicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisee-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Sidonia B. G. Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pascale Eede
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilien Evrard
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christine S. Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Feuerer
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Fillatreau
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS, UMR8253, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Aida Fiz-Lopez
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Marie Follo
- Department of Medicine I, Lighthouse Core Facility, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gemma A. Foulds
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Julia Fröbel
- Immunology of Aging, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- Department of Medicine, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Giovanni Galletti
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anastasia Gangaev
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - José Antonio Garrote
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jens Geginat
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicholas A. Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paola Gruarin
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Haftmann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leo Hansmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (CVK), Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher M. Harpur
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrian C. Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Guido Heine
- Division of Allergy, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Carolina Hernández
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Hoelsken
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Qing Huang
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Samuel Huber
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna E. Huber
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hundemer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - William Y. K. Hwang
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Hematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Executive Offices, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabine M. Ivison
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter K. Jani
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Baerbel Keller
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nina Kessler
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Steven Ketelaars
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Knop
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hui-Fern Koay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katja Kobow
- Department of Neuropathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katharina Kriegsmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H. Kristyanto
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Krueger
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jenny F. Kuehne
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heike Kunze-Schumacher
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Pia Kvistborg
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Immanuel Kwok
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Daniel Lenz
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Megan K. Levings
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andreia C. Lino
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesco Liotta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Heather M. Long
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Katherine N. MacDonald
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mala K. Maini
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Florian Mair
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Calin Manta
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Armin Manz
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Alessio Mazzoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Henrik E. Mei
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz Melchers
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Melzer
- Clinical Trial Center Leipzig, Leipzig University, Härtelstr.16, −18, Leipzig, 04107, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Leticia Monin
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Luis Enrique Muñoz
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Miguel Muñoz-Ruiz
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Franziska Muscate
- Department of Medicine, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ambra Natalini
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Katrin Neumann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Immunology Programme, Life Science Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jana Niemz
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Samuele Notarbartolo
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Lennard Ostendorf
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura J. Pallett
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Amit A. Patel
- Institut National de la Sante Et de la Recherce Medicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisee-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Gulce Itir Percin
- Immunology of Aging, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Giovanna Peruzzi
- Center for Life Nano & Neuro Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - A. Graham Pockley
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Katharina Pracht
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Systems Immunology, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Irma Pujol-Autonell
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Nadia Pulvirenti
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Quatrini
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Kylie M. Quinn
- School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, RMIT University, Bundorra, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hefin Rhys
- Flow Cytometry Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Maria B. Rodrigo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Chiara Romagnani
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carina Saggau
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel & Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lieke Sanderink
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Inga Sandrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Schauer
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel & Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans U. Scherer
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Schiemann
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank A. Schildberg
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kilian Schober
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Mikrobiologisches Institut – Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Janina Schoen
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schüler
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Axel R. Schulz
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schulz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Schulze
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonia Simonetti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Jeeshan Singh
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katarzyna M. Sitnik
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Regina Stark
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin – BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
- Sanquin Research – Adaptive Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Starossom
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Stehle
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Szelinski
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonard Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Immunology Programme, Life Science Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Attila Tarnok
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Tornack
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Timothy I. M. Tree
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jasper J. P. van Beek
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Willem van de Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | | | - Chiara Vasco
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Nikita A. Verheyden
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anouk von Borstel
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kirsten A. Ward-Hartstonge
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Waskow
- Immunology of Aging, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annika Wiedemann
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anneke Wilharm
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - James Wing
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Oliver Wirz
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jens Wittner
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jennie H. M. Yang
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Juhao Yang
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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35
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Vrbensky JR, Nazy I, Clare R, Larché M, Arnold DM. T cell-mediated autoimmunity in immune thrombocytopenia. Eur J Haematol 2021; 108:18-27. [PMID: 34487584 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a low platelet count and an increased risk of bleeding. In addition to anti-platelet autoantibodies, CD8+ T cells have been implicated as a mechanism of platelet destruction. The current evidence for the existence of platelet-specific CD8+ T cells in ITP is inconclusive. The purpose of this review is to summarize the studies that investigated CD8+ T cells in ITP and to review the methods that have been used to detect autoreactive CD8+ T cells in other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Vrbensky
- Department of Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ishac Nazy
- Department of Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,McMaster Centre for Transfusion Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Rumi Clare
- Department of Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Larché
- Department of Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Donald M Arnold
- Department of Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,McMaster Centre for Transfusion Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Canadian Blood Services, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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36
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Abstract
In the past three decades, fungal respiratory colonization and fungal respiratory infections increasingly raised concern in cystic fibrosis (CF). Reasons for this are a better knowledge of the pathogenicity of fungi, whereby detection is sought in more and more CF centers, but also improvement of detection methods. However, differences in fungal detection rates within and between geographical regions exist and indicate the need for standardization of mycological examination of respiratory secretions. The still existing lack of standardization also complicates the assessment of fungal pathogenicity, relevance of fungal detection and risk factors for fungal infections. Nevertheless, numerous studies have now been conducted on differences in detection methods, epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenicity and therapy of fungal diseases in CF. Meanwhile, some research groups now have classified fungal disease entities in CF and developed diagnostic criteria as well as therapeutic guidelines.The following review presents an overview on fungal species relevant in CF. Cultural detection methods with their respective success rates as well as susceptibility testing will be presented, and the problem of increasing azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus will be highlighted. Next, current data and conflicting evidence on the epidemiology and risk factors for fungal diseases in patients with CF will be discussed. Finally, an overview of fungal disease entities in CF with their current definitions, diagnostic criteria and therapeutic options will be presented.
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37
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Steiner S, Schwarz T, Corman VM, Sotzny F, Bauer S, Drosten C, Volk HD, Scheibenbogen C, Hanitsch LG. Reactive T Cells in Convalescent COVID-19 Patients With Negative SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Serology. Front Immunol 2021; 12:687449. [PMID: 34322120 PMCID: PMC8312095 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.687449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19, specific antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike are undetectable in serum in approximately 10% of convalescent patients after mild disease course. This raises the question of induction and persistence of SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in these convalescent individuals. Using flow cytometry, we assessed specific SARS-CoV-2 and human endemic coronaviruses (HCoV-229E, -OC43) reactive T cells after stimulation with spike and nucleocapsid peptide pools and analyzed cytokine polyfunctionality (IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-2) in seropositive and seronegative convalescent COVID-19 patients as well as in unexposed healthy controls. Stimulation with SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid (NCAP) as well as HCoV spike peptide pools elicited a similar T cell response in seropositive and seronegative post COVID-19 patients. Significantly higher frequencies of polyfunctional cytokine nucleocapsid reactive CD4+ T cells (triple positive for IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-2) were observed in both, seropositive (p = 0.008) and seronegative (p = 0.04), COVID-19 convalescent compared to healthy controls and were detectable up to day 162 post RT-PCR positivity in seronegative convalescents. Our data indicate an important role of NCAP-specific T cells for viral control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Steiner
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tatjana Schwarz
- Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), associated partner, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor M Corman
- Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), associated partner, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Sotzny
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Bauer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), associated partner, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Scheibenbogen
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif G Hanitsch
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Immunology, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
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Saggau C, Scheffold A, Bacher P. Flow Cytometric Characterization of Human Antigen-Reactive T-Helper Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2285:141-152. [PMID: 33928550 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1311-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The detection and functional characterization of antigen-reactive T helper (Th) cells has been challenging due to their low frequency and functional heterogeneity. Antigen-reactive T cell enrichment (ARTE) allows the in-depth characterization of antigen-specific Th lymphocytes as a prerequisite for better understanding the role of adaptive immune responses in health and disease. ARTE is based on detection of the activation markers CD154 (CD40L) (expressed on all conventional Th cell subsets, Tcons) and CD137 (4-1BB) (expressed on regulatory T cells, Tregs), which are upregulated on the surface of CD4+ T cells upon short-term (7 h) in vitro stimulation with antigens in the presence of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). To substantially increase the sensitivity for the detection of antigen-specific Th cells, ARTE combines magnetic pre-enrichment of rare antigen-reactive T cells with multiparameter flow cytometry. Using CD154 and CD137 in combination allows the parallel detection of reactive Tcons and Tregs, after stimulation with the antigen. Thus, the ARTE technology now enables to characterize antigen-specific T cells with increased sensitivity of detection allowing even the investigation of antigen-specific Th cells in the naive T cell repertoire and regardless of prior knowledge of MHC alleles or antigenic epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Saggau
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel & Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel & Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Petra Bacher
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel & Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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Degen H, Gavvovidis I, Blankenstein T, Uhland K, Ungerer M. Thyrotropin Receptor-Specific Lymphocytes in Adenovirus-TSHR-Immunized Native and Human Leukocyte Antigen-DR3-Transgenic Mice and in Graves' Disease Patient Blood. Thyroid 2021; 31:950-963. [PMID: 33208049 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2020.0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: Antigen-specific lymphocytes are increasingly investigated in autoimmune diseases and immune therapies. We sought to identify thyrotropin receptor (TSHR)-specific lymphocytes in mouse models of Graves' disease, including Graves' patient-specific immunotype human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR3, and in frozen and thawed Graves' patient blood samples. Methods and Results: Splenic lymphocytes of adenovirus (Ad)-TSHR-immunized BALB/c mice were stimulated with TSHR-specific peptides C, D, or J. Furthermore, CD154-expressing cells were enriched, expanded in vitro, and analyzed for binding of peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II multimers ("tetramers," immunotype H2-IAd). Only peptides C and J were able to elicit increased expression/secretion of CD154 and interferon-γ, and tetramers which were loaded with peptide C resulted in antigen-specific signals in splenic lymphocytes from Ad-TSHR-immunized mice. Accordingly, TSHR-specific HLA-DR3-MHC class II tetramers loaded with peptide p10 specifically bound to human HLA-DR3-(allele B1*03:01)-transgenic Bl/6 mouse splenic T lymphocytes. In addition, we fine-tuned a protocol to reliably measure thawed human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), which resulted in reliable recovery after freezing and thawing with regard to vitality and B and T cell subpopulation markers including regulatory T cells (CD3, CD4, CD25, FoxP3, CD25high, CD127low). TSHR-specific HLA-DR3-MHC class II tetramers loaded with peptide p10 identified antigen-specific T cells in HLA-DR3-positive Graves' patients' thawed PBMCs. Moreover, stimulation-dependent release of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha from thawed PBMCs occurred at the expected levels. Conclusions: Novel MHC II tetramers identified TSHR-specific T lymphocytes in Ad-TSHR-immunized hyperthyroid BALB/c or HLA-DR3-transgenic mice and in thawed human PBMCs from patients with Graves' disease. These assays may contribute to measure both disease severity and effects of novel immune therapies in future animal studies and clinical investigations of Graves' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioannis Gavvovidis
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin-Buch, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Charite - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Blankenstein
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin-Buch, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Charite - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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40
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Luu AM, Leistico JR, Miller T, Kim S, Song JS. Predicting TCR-Epitope Binding Specificity Using Deep Metric Learning and Multimodal Learning. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040572. [PMID: 33920780 PMCID: PMC8071129 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the recognition of specific epitopes by cytotoxic T cells is a central problem in immunology. Although predicting binding between peptides and the class I Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) has had success, predicting interactions between T cell receptors (TCRs) and MHC class I-peptide complexes (pMHC) remains elusive. This paper utilizes a convolutional neural network model employing deep metric learning and multimodal learning to perform two critical tasks in TCR-epitope binding prediction: identifying the TCRs that bind a given epitope from a TCR repertoire, and identifying the binding epitope of a given TCR from a list of candidate epitopes. Our model can perform both tasks simultaneously and reveals that inconsistent preprocessing of TCR sequences can confound binding prediction. Applying a neural network interpretation method identifies key amino acid sequence patterns and positions within the TCR, important for binding specificity. Contrary to common assumption, known crystal structures of TCR-pMHC complexes show that the predicted salient amino acid positions are not necessarily the closest to the epitopes, implying that physical proximity may not be a good proxy for importance in determining TCR-epitope specificity. Our work thus provides an insight into the learned predictive features of TCR-epitope binding specificity and advances the associated classification tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M. Luu
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (A.M.L.); (J.R.L.); (T.M.); (S.K.)
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jacob R. Leistico
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (A.M.L.); (J.R.L.); (T.M.); (S.K.)
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Tim Miller
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (A.M.L.); (J.R.L.); (T.M.); (S.K.)
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Somang Kim
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (A.M.L.); (J.R.L.); (T.M.); (S.K.)
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jun S. Song
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (A.M.L.); (J.R.L.); (T.M.); (S.K.)
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence:
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41
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Rodriguez-Sillke Y, Visekruna A, Glauben R, Siegmund B, Steinhoff U. Recognition of food antigens by the mucosal and systemic immune system: Consequences for intestinal development and homeostasis. Int J Med Microbiol 2021; 311:151493. [PMID: 33652373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of nutrition on systemic and intestinal immune responses remains controversially discussed and yet not fully understood. The majority of studies investigating the effects of dietary antigens focused to understand how local and systemic unresponsiveness is induced by innocuous food antigens. Moreover, it has been shown that both, microbial and dietary antigens are essential for the normal development of the mucosal immune system. Based on experimental findings from animals and IBD patients, we propose a model how the intestinal immune system performs the balancing act between recognition and tolerance of dietary antigens at the same time: In the healthy gut, repetitive uptake of dietary antigens by Peyer's patches leads to increasing activation of CD4+ T cells till hyper-activated lymphocytes undergo apoptosis. In contrast to healthy controls, this mechanism was disturbed in Crohn's disease patients. This observation might help to better understand beneficial effects of dietary intervention therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Rodriguez-Sillke
- Medical Department for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Visekruna
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Glauben
- Medical Department for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Medical Department for Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Steinhoff
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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42
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Wang Z, Sargent EH, Kelley SO. Ultrasensitive Detection and Depletion of Rare Leukemic B Cells in T Cell Populations via Immunomagnetic Cell Ranking. Anal Chem 2021; 93:2327-2335. [PMID: 33432815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rare CD19+ leukemic B cells present in purified T cell populations can cause disease relapse and even the failure of CD19-targeting CAR-T therapy as these rare cells have the ability to self-mask their surface CD19 and escape from the recognition of T cells. It is therefore critical to efficiently detect and robustly deplete rare leukemic B cells in samples of therapeutic T cells. Here, we present a novel microfluidic approach to address the challenges specific to quality control of therapeutic T cells - CAR-QC. CAR-QC utilizes immunomagnetic labeling with a highly selective microfluidic device to rank and isolate rare leukemic B cells in T cell populations. CAR-QC offers ultrasensitive detection of leukemic B cells at single-cell resolution and robust depletion efficiency up to 99.985%. We demonstrate that CAR-QC outperforms flow cytometry and magnetic-activated cell sorting for detecting or purifying spiked samples. In addition, we prove that the improved performance of CAR-QC helps to avoid the occurrence and possibly relapse of rare leukemic B cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongjie Wang
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G4, Canada.,Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Edward H Sargent
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Shana O Kelley
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3G9, Canada.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3M2, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
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43
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Helmold Hait S, Hogge CJ, Rahman MA, Hunegnaw R, Mushtaq Z, Hoang T, Robert-Guroff M. T FH Cells Induced by Vaccination and Following SIV Challenge Support Env-Specific Humoral Immunity in the Rectal-Genital Tract and Circulation of Female Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2021; 11:608003. [PMID: 33584682 PMCID: PMC7876074 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.608003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (TFH) cells are pivotal in lymph node (LN) germinal center (GC) B cell affinity maturation. Circulating CXCR5+ CD4+ T (cTFH) cells have supported memory B cell activation and broadly neutralizing antibodies in HIV controllers. We investigated the contribution of LN SIV-specific TFH and cTFH cells to Env-specific humoral immunity in female rhesus macaques following a mucosal Ad5hr-SIV recombinant priming and SIV gp120 intramuscular boosting vaccine regimen and following SIV vaginal challenge. TFH and B cells were characterized by flow cytometry. B cell help was evaluated in TFH-B cell co-cultures and by real-time PCR. Vaccination induced Env-specific TFH and Env-specific memory (ESM) B cells in LNs. LN Env-specific TFH cells post-priming and GC ESM B cells post-boosting correlated with rectal Env-specific IgA titers, and GC B cells at the same timepoints correlated with vaginal Env-specific IgG titers. Vaccination expanded cTFH cell responses, including CD25+ Env-specific cTFH cells that correlated negatively with vaginal Env-specific IgG titers but positively with rectal Env-specific IgA titers. Although cTFH cells post-2nd boost positively correlated with viral-loads following SIV challenge, cTFH cells of SIV-infected and protected macaques supported maturation of circulating B cells into plasma cells and IgA release in co-culture. Additionally, cTFH cells of naïve macaques promoted upregulation of genes associated with B cell proliferation, BCR engagement, plasma cell maturation, and antibody production, highlighting the role of cTFH cells in blood B cell maturation. Vaccine-induced LN TFH and GC B cells supported anti-viral mucosal immunity while cTFH cells provided B cell help in the periphery during immunization and after SIV challenge. Induction of TFH responses in blood and secondary lymphoid organs is likely desirable for protective efficacy of HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Helmold Hait
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Christopher James Hogge
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mohammad Arif Rahman
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ruth Hunegnaw
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Zuena Mushtaq
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tanya Hoang
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection Section, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Dao LM, Machule ML, Bacher P, Hoffmann J, Ly LT, Wegner F, Scheffold A, Prüss H. Decreased inflammatory cytokine production of antigen-specific CD4 + T cells in NMDA receptor encephalitis. J Neurol 2021; 268:2123-2131. [PMID: 33442772 PMCID: PMC8179900 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is the most common autoimmune encephalitis with psychosis, amnesia, seizures and dyskinesias. The disease is mediated by pathogenic autoantibodies against the NR1 subunit that disrupt NMDAR function. Antibody infusion into mouse brains can recapitulate encephalitis symptoms, while active immunization resulted also in strong T cell infiltration into the hippocampus. However, whether T cells react against NMDAR and their specific contribution to disease development are poorly understood. Here we characterized the ex vivo frequency and phenotype of circulating CD4+ T helper (TH) cells reactive to NR1 protein using antigen-reactive T cell enrichment (ARTE) in 24 patients with NMDAR encephalitis, 13 patients with LGI1 encephalitis and 51 matched controls. Unexpectedly, patients with NMDAR encephalitis had lower frequencies of CD154-expressing NR1-reactive TH cells than healthy controls and produced significantly less inflammatory cytokines. No difference was seen in T cells reactive to the synaptic target LGI1 (Leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1), ubiquitous Candida antigens or neoantigens, suggesting that the findings are disease-specific and not related to therapeutic immunosuppression. Also, patients with LGI1 encephalitis showed unaltered numbers of LGI1 antigen-reactive T cells. The data reveal disease-specific functional alterations of circulating NMDAR-reactive TH cells in patients with NMDAR encephalitis and challenge the idea that increased pro-inflammatory NMDAR-reactive T cells contribute to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Minh Dao
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Machule
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Bacher
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Julius Hoffmann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lam-Thanh Ly
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Wegner
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Harald Prüss
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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Pilli D, Zou A, Dawes R, Lopez JA, Tea F, Liyanage G, Lee FX, Merheb V, Houston SD, Pillay A, Jones HF, Ramanathan S, Mohammad S, Kelleher AD, Alexander SI, Dale RC, Brilot F. Pro-inflammatory dopamine-2 receptor-specific T cells in paediatric movement and psychiatric disorders. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1229. [PMID: 33425355 PMCID: PMC7780098 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives A dysregulated inflammatory response against the dopamine‐2 receptor (D2R) has been implicated in movement and psychiatric disorders. D2R antibodies were previously reported in a subset of these patients; however, the role of T cells in these disorders remains unknown. Our objective was to identify and characterise pro‐inflammatory D2R‐specific T cells in movement and psychiatric disorders. Methods Blood from paediatric patients with movement and psychiatric disorders of suspected autoimmune and neurodevelopmental aetiology (n = 24) and controls (n = 16) was cultured in vitro with a human D2R peptide library, and D2R‐specific T cells were identified by flow cytometric quantification of CD4+CD25+CD134+ T cells. Cytokine secretion was analysed using a cytometric bead array and ELISA. HLA genotypes were examined in D2R‐specific T‐cell‐positive patients. D2R antibody seropositivity was determined using a flow cytometry live cell‐based assay. Results Three immunodominant regions of D2R, amino acid (aa)121–131, aa171–181 and aa396–416, specifically activated CD4+ T cells in 8/24 patients. Peptides corresponding to these regions were predicted to bind with high affinity to the HLA of the eight positive patients and had also elicited the secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐2, IFN‐ γ, TNF, IL‐6, IL‐17A and IL‐17F. All eight patients were seronegative for D2R antibodies. Conclusion Autoreactive D2R‐specific T cells and a pro‐inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cytokine profile characterise a subset of paediatric patients with movement and psychiatric disorders, further underpinning the theory of immune dysregulation in these disorders. These findings offer new perspectives into the neuroinflammatory mechanisms of movement and psychiatric disorders and can influence patient diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Pilli
- Brain Autoimmunity Group Kids Neuroscience Centre Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Alicia Zou
- Brain Autoimmunity Group Kids Neuroscience Centre Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Ruebena Dawes
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia.,Genomic Medicine Group Kids Neuroscience Centre Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Joseph A Lopez
- Brain Autoimmunity Group Kids Neuroscience Centre Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Fiona Tea
- Brain Autoimmunity Group Kids Neuroscience Centre Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Ganesha Liyanage
- Brain Autoimmunity Group Kids Neuroscience Centre Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW Australia.,School of Medical Sciences Discipline of Applied Medical Science Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Fiona Xz Lee
- Brain Autoimmunity Group Kids Neuroscience Centre Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Vera Merheb
- Brain Autoimmunity Group Kids Neuroscience Centre Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Samuel D Houston
- Brain Autoimmunity Group Kids Neuroscience Centre Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW Australia.,School of Biomedical Engineering The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Aleha Pillay
- Brain Autoimmunity Group Kids Neuroscience Centre Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Hannah F Jones
- Brain Autoimmunity Group Kids Neuroscience Centre Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Sudarshini Ramanathan
- Brain Autoimmunity Group Kids Neuroscience Centre Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Shekeeb Mohammad
- Brain Autoimmunity Group Kids Neuroscience Centre Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | | | - Stephen I Alexander
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia.,Centre for Kidney Research Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Russell C Dale
- Brain Autoimmunity Group Kids Neuroscience Centre Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Fabienne Brilot
- Brain Autoimmunity Group Kids Neuroscience Centre Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney NSW Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia.,School of Medical Sciences Discipline of Applied Medical Science Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
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46
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Rakshit S, Hingankar N, Alampalli SV, Adiga V, Sundararaj BK, Sahoo PN, Finak G, Uday Kumar J AJ, Dhar C, D'Souza G, Virkar RG, Ghate M, Thakar MR, Paranjape RS, De Rosa SC, Ottenhoff THM, Vyakarnam A. HIV Skews a Balanced Mtb-Specific Th17 Response in Latent Tuberculosis Subjects to a Pro-inflammatory Profile Independent of Viral Load. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108451. [PMID: 33264614 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection predisposes latent tuberculosis-infected (LTBI) subjects to active TB. This study is designed to determine whether HIV infection of LTBI subjects compromises the balanced Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-specific T helper 17 (Th17) response of recognized importance in anti-TB immunity. Comparative analysis of Mtb- and cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific CD4+ T cell responses demonstrates a marked dampening of the Mtb-specific CD4+ T cell effectors and polyfunctional cells while preserving CMV-specific response. Additionally, HIV skews the Mtb-specific Th17 response in chronic HIV-infected LTBI progressors, but not long-term non-progressors (LTNPs), with preservation of pro-inflammatory interferon (IFN)-γ+/interleukin-17+ (IL-17+) and significant loss of anti-inflammatory IL-10+/IL-17+ effectors that is restored by anti-retroviral therapy (ART). HIV-driven impairment of Mtb-specific response cannot be attributed to preferential infection as cell-associated HIV DNA and HIV RNA reveal equivalent viral burden in CD4+ T cells from different antigen specificities. We therefore propose that beyond HIV-induced loss of Mtb-specific CD4+ T cells, the associated dysregulation of Mtb-specific T cell homeostasis can potentially enhance the onset of TB in LTBI subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srabanti Rakshit
- Laboratory of Immunology of HIV-TB Co-infection, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Nitin Hingankar
- Laboratory of Immunology of HIV-TB Co-infection, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Shuba Varshini Alampalli
- Laboratory of Immunology of HIV-TB Co-infection, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Vasista Adiga
- Laboratory of Immunology of HIV-TB Co-infection, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Bharath K Sundararaj
- Laboratory of Immunology of HIV-TB Co-infection, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Pravat Nalini Sahoo
- Laboratory of Immunology of HIV-TB Co-infection, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Greg Finak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anto Jesuraj Uday Kumar J
- Departments of Infectious Diseases & Pulmonary Medicine, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Chirag Dhar
- Departments of Infectious Diseases & Pulmonary Medicine, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - George D'Souza
- Departments of Infectious Diseases & Pulmonary Medicine, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Manisha Ghate
- National Aids Research Institute, Bhosari, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Madhuri R Thakar
- National Aids Research Institute, Bhosari, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Annapurna Vyakarnam
- Laboratory of Immunology of HIV-TB Co-infection, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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47
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Bacher P, Rosati E, Esser D, Martini GR, Saggau C, Schiminsky E, Dargvainiene J, Schröder I, Wieters I, Khodamoradi Y, Eberhardt F, Vehreschild MJGT, Neb H, Sonntagbauer M, Conrad C, Tran F, Rosenstiel P, Markewitz R, Wandinger KP, Augustin M, Rybniker J, Kochanek M, Leypoldt F, Cornely OA, Koehler P, Franke A, Scheffold A. Low-Avidity CD4 + T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Unexposed Individuals and Humans with Severe COVID-19. Immunity 2020; 53:1258-1271.e5. [PMID: 33296686 PMCID: PMC7689350 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells reactive against SARS-CoV-2 can be found in unexposed individuals, and these are suggested to arise in response to common cold coronavirus (CCCoV) infection. Here, we utilized SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD4+ T cell enrichment to examine the antigen avidity and clonality of these cells, as well as the relative contribution of CCCoV cross-reactivity. SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD4+ memory T cells were present in virtually all unexposed individuals examined, displaying low functional avidity and multiple, highly variable cross-reactivities that were not restricted to CCCoVs. SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD4+ T cells from COVID-19 patients lacked cross-reactivity to CCCoVs, irrespective of strong memory T cell responses against CCCoV in all donors analyzed. In severe but not mild COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells displayed low functional avidity and clonality, despite increased frequencies. Our findings identify low-avidity CD4+ T cell responses as a hallmark of severe COVID-19 and argue against a protective role for CCCoV-reactive T cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Low avidity and broad cross-reactivities of pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 memory T cells Strong CCCoV-specific memory CD4+ T cell responses in all analyzed individuals SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells in COVID-19 patients lack cross-reactivity to CCCoVs Low avidity and clonality of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in severe COVID-19
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Bacher
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel & UKSH Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Elisa Rosati
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Esser
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/ Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gabriela Rios Martini
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel & UKSH Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Carina Saggau
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel & UKSH Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Esther Schiminsky
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel & UKSH Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Justina Dargvainiene
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/ Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ina Schröder
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/ Lübeck, Germany
| | - Imke Wieters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt & Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yascha Khodamoradi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt & Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Fabian Eberhardt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt & Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maria J G T Vehreschild
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt & Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Holger Neb
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Sonntagbauer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Claudio Conrad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Preetz, Preetz, Germany
| | - Florian Tran
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine I, UKSH Kiel, Germany
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Robert Markewitz
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/ Lübeck, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Wandinger
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/ Lübeck, Germany
| | - Max Augustin
- University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Rybniker
- University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Kochanek
- University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Frank Leypoldt
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel/ Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Oliver A Cornely
- University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Clinical Trials Centre Cologne, ZKS Köln, Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Koehler
- University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel & UKSH Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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48
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Humrich JY, Bernardes JP, Ludwig RJ, Klatzmann D, Scheffold A. Phenotyping of Adaptive Immune Responses in Inflammatory Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:604464. [PMID: 33324421 PMCID: PMC7723922 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.604464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunophenotyping on the molecular and cellular level is a central aspect for characterization of patients with inflammatory diseases, both to better understand disease etiopathogenesis and based on this to develop diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers which allow patient stratification and tailor-made treatment strategies. Technology-driven developments have considerably expanded the range of analysis tools. Especially the analysis of adaptive immune responses, often regarded as central though mostly poorly characterized disease drivers, is a major focus of personalized medicine. The identification of the disease-relevant antigens and characterization of corresponding antigen-specific lymphocytes in individual patients benefits significantly from recent developments in cytometry by sequencing and proteomics. The aim of this workshop was to identify the important developments for state-of-the-art immunophenotyping for clinical application and precision medicine. We focused here on recent key developments in analysis of antigen-specific lymphocytes, sequencing, and proteomics approaches, their relevance in precision medicine and the discussion of the major challenges and opportunities for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Y. Humrich
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein—Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Joana P. Bernardes
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralf J. Ludwig
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - David Klatzmann
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the pathology underlying heart attacks, strokes and peripheral artery disease, is a chronic inflammatory disease of the artery wall initiated by elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. LDL accumulates in the artery wall, where it can become oxidized to oxLDL. T cell responses to ApoB, a core protein found in LDL and other lipoproteins, are detectable in healthy mice and people. Most of the ApoB-specific CD4T cells are FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg). In the course of atherosclerosis development, the number of ApoB-reactive T cells expands. At the same time, their phenotype changes, showing cell surface markers, transcription factors and transcriptomes resembling other T-helper lineages like Th17, Th1 and follicular helper (TFH) cells. TFH cells enter germinal centers and provide T cell help to B cells, enabling antibody isotype switch from IgM to IgG and supporting affinity maturation. In people and mice with atherosclerosis, IgG and IgM antibodies to oxLDL are detectable. Higher IgM antibody titers to oxLDL are associated with less, IgG antibodies with more atherosclerosis. Thus, both T and B cells play critical roles in atherosclerosis. Modifying the adaptive immune response to ApoB holds promise for preventing atherosclerosis and reducing disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Ley
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Inflammation Biology Laboratory, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, U.S.A
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50
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Weis P, Helm J, Page L, Lauruschkat CD, Lazariotou M, Einsele H, Loeffler J, Ullmann AJ, Wurster S. Development and evaluation of a whole blood-based approach for flow cytometric quantification of CD154+ mould-reactive T cells. Med Mycol 2020; 58:187-196. [PMID: 31095327 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CD154+ mould-reactive T cells were proposed as a novel biomarker in the diagnosis of invasive mycoses. As PBMC-based protocols for flow cytometric quantification of these cells are logistically challenging and susceptible to preanalytic delays, this study evaluated and optimized a whole blood-based method for the detection of mould-reactive T cells. Blood collection tubes containing costimulatory antibodies and Aspergillus fumigatus mycelial lysates were inoculated with heparinized whole blood from healthy adults, and detection rates of CD154+/CD4+A. fumigatus reactive T cells were compared with PBMC-based detection using samples from the same donors. In contrast to the PBMC-based method, double costimulation with αCD28 and αCD49d was crucial for reliable whole blood stimulation. Optimizing stimulation schemes for both matrixes, significantly higher specific T-cell detection rates were achieved by the whole blood-based method, whereas the unspecific background stimulation remained low. MHC II-dependent CD154+ upregulation was demonstrated for both matrixes. Excellent correlation and reproducible conversion factors between whole blood and PBMC-based results were observed. Using frozen ready-to-use test tubes containing costimulatory antibodies and lysates, detection rates of specific T cells were comparable to freshly prepared blood collection tubes. The optimized whole blood-based protocol was also used to detect Rhizopus arrhizus and Rhizomucor pusillus reactive T cells, resulting in 1.5- to 2.7-fold higher detection rates compared with PBMC-based measurement. In summary, the whole blood protocol is a robust, highly sensitive, and cost-effective method for mould-reactive T-cell quantification, allowing for point-of-care sample stimulation and contributing to better assay standardization in multi-centre evaluation of mould reactive T-cell quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Weis
- University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Helm
- University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Page
- University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Chris D Lauruschkat
- University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Maria Lazariotou
- University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Einsele
- University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Juergen Loeffler
- University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Andrew J Ullmann
- University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wurster
- University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
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