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Dlugolecka M, Czystowska-Kuzmicz M. Factors to consider before choosing EV labeling method for fluorescence-based techniques. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1479516. [PMID: 39359260 PMCID: PMC11445045 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1479516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
A well-designed fluorescence-based analysis of extracellular vesicles (EV) can provide insights into the size, morphology, and biological function of EVs, which can be used in medical applications. Fluorescent nanoparticle tracking analysis with appropriate controls can provide reliable data for size and concentration measurements, while nanoscale flow cytometry is the most appropriate tool for characterizing molecular cargoes. Label selection is a crucial element in all fluorescence methods. The most comprehensive data can be obtained if several labeling approaches for a given marker are used, as they would provide complementary information about EV populations and interactions with the cells. In all EV-related experiments, the influence of lipoproteins and protein corona on the results should be considered. By reviewing and considering all the factors affecting EV labeling methods used in fluorescence-based techniques, we can assert that the data will provide as accurate as possible information about true EV biology and offer precise, clinically applicable information for future EV-based diagnostic or therapeutic applications.
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2
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Zickler AM, Liang X, Gupta D, Mamand DR, De Luca M, Corso G, Errichelli L, Hean J, Sen T, Elsharkasy OM, Kamei N, Niu Z, Zhou G, Zhou H, Roudi S, Wiklander OPB, Görgens A, Nordin JZ, Castilla-Llorente V, El Andaloussi S. Novel Endogenous Engineering Platform for Robust Loading and Delivery of Functional mRNA by Extracellular Vesicles. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2407619. [PMID: 39246205 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202407619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) has emerged as an attractive therapeutic molecule for a plethora of clinical applications. For in vivo functionality, mRNA therapeutics require encapsulation into effective, stable, and safe delivery systems to protect the cargo from degradation and reduce immunogenicity. Here, a bioengineering platform for efficient mRNA loading and functional delivery using bionormal nanoparticles, extracellular vesicles (EVs), is established by expressing a highly specific RNA-binding domain fused to CD63 in EV producer cells stably expressing the target mRNA. The additional combination with a fusogenic endosomal escape moiety, Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Glycoprotein, enables functional mRNA delivery in vivo at doses substantially lower than currently used clinically with synthetic lipid-based nanoparticles. Importantly, the application of EVs loaded with effective cancer immunotherapy proves highly effective in an aggressive melanoma mouse model. This technology addresses substantial drawbacks currently associated with EV-based nucleic acid delivery systems and is a leap forward to clinical EV applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje M Zickler
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Alfred-Nobels-Allé 8, Huddinge, Stockholm, 14152, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 14186, Sweden
- Karolinska ATMP Center, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Alfred-Nobels-Allé 8, Huddinge, Stockholm, 14152, Sweden
| | - Xiuming Liang
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Alfred-Nobels-Allé 8, Huddinge, Stockholm, 14152, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 14186, Sweden
- Karolinska ATMP Center, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Alfred-Nobels-Allé 8, Huddinge, Stockholm, 14152, Sweden
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Shandong University-Karolinska Institutet collaborative Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhua Xi Road, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Dhanu Gupta
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Alfred-Nobels-Allé 8, Huddinge, Stockholm, 14152, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 14186, Sweden
- Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Paediatrics., University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Dr, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7TY, UK
| | - Doste R Mamand
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Alfred-Nobels-Allé 8, Huddinge, Stockholm, 14152, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 14186, Sweden
- Karolinska ATMP Center, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Alfred-Nobels-Allé 8, Huddinge, Stockholm, 14152, Sweden
- Breast Center, Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 14186, Sweden
| | - Mariacristina De Luca
- Evox Therapeutics Ltd., Oxford Science Park, Medawar Centre, Robert Robinson Avenue, Oxford, OX4 4HG, UK
- Human Technopole, Viale Rita Levi Montalcini, 1, Milan, 20157, Italy
| | - Giulia Corso
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Alfred-Nobels-Allé 8, Huddinge, Stockholm, 14152, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 14186, Sweden
- Evercyte GmbH, Leberstrasse 20, Vienna, 1110, Austria
| | - Lorenzo Errichelli
- Evox Therapeutics Ltd., Oxford Science Park, Medawar Centre, Robert Robinson Avenue, Oxford, OX4 4HG, UK
| | - Justin Hean
- Evox Therapeutics Ltd., Oxford Science Park, Medawar Centre, Robert Robinson Avenue, Oxford, OX4 4HG, UK
| | - Titash Sen
- Evox Therapeutics Ltd., Oxford Science Park, Medawar Centre, Robert Robinson Avenue, Oxford, OX4 4HG, UK
- Lonza Biologics, Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Omnia M Elsharkasy
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Alfred-Nobels-Allé 8, Huddinge, Stockholm, 14152, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 14186, Sweden
- Karolinska ATMP Center, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Alfred-Nobels-Allé 8, Huddinge, Stockholm, 14152, Sweden
| | - Noriyasu Kamei
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Alfred-Nobels-Allé 8, Huddinge, Stockholm, 14152, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 14186, Sweden
- Laboratory of Drug Delivery Systems, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-8586, Japan
| | - Zheyu Niu
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Alfred-Nobels-Allé 8, Huddinge, Stockholm, 14152, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 14186, Sweden
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324, Five Jing Road, Ji'nan, Shandong, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Guannan Zhou
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Alfred-Nobels-Allé 8, Huddinge, Stockholm, 14152, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 14186, Sweden
- Department of Gynecology, The Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, No. 419, Fangxie Road, Shanghai, 200011, P. R. China
| | - Houze Zhou
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Alfred-Nobels-Allé 8, Huddinge, Stockholm, 14152, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 14186, Sweden
- Karolinska ATMP Center, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Alfred-Nobels-Allé 8, Huddinge, Stockholm, 14152, Sweden
| | - Samantha Roudi
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Alfred-Nobels-Allé 8, Huddinge, Stockholm, 14152, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 14186, Sweden
- Karolinska ATMP Center, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Alfred-Nobels-Allé 8, Huddinge, Stockholm, 14152, Sweden
| | - Oscar P B Wiklander
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Alfred-Nobels-Allé 8, Huddinge, Stockholm, 14152, Sweden
- Karolinska ATMP Center, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Alfred-Nobels-Allé 8, Huddinge, Stockholm, 14152, Sweden
- Breast Center, Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 14186, Sweden
| | - André Görgens
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Alfred-Nobels-Allé 8, Huddinge, Stockholm, 14152, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 14186, Sweden
- Karolinska ATMP Center, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Alfred-Nobels-Allé 8, Huddinge, Stockholm, 14152, Sweden
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Joel Z Nordin
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Alfred-Nobels-Allé 8, Huddinge, Stockholm, 14152, Sweden
- Karolinska ATMP Center, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Alfred-Nobels-Allé 8, Huddinge, Stockholm, 14152, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine (KITM), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 14186, Sweden
| | - Virginia Castilla-Llorente
- Evox Therapeutics Ltd., Oxford Science Park, Medawar Centre, Robert Robinson Avenue, Oxford, OX4 4HG, UK
- Uncommon Bio, Cambridge Technopark, Newmarket Rd, Cambridge, CB5 8PB, UK
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Alfred-Nobels-Allé 8, Huddinge, Stockholm, 14152, Sweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 14186, Sweden
- Karolinska ATMP Center, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Alfred-Nobels-Allé 8, Huddinge, Stockholm, 14152, Sweden
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3
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Barekzai J, Refflinghaus L, Okpara M, Tasto L, Tertel T, Giebel B, Czermak P, Salzig D. Process development for the production of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles in conventional 2D systems. Cytotherapy 2024; 26:999-1012. [PMID: 38819363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the importance of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) has increased significantly. For their widespread use, a standardized EV manufacturing is needed which often includes conventional, static 2D systems. For these system critical process parameters need to be determined. METHODS We studied the impact of process parameters on MSC proliferation, MSC-derived particle production including EVs, EV- and MSC-specific marker expression, and particle functionality in a HaCaT cell migration assay. RESULTS We found that cell culture growth surface and media affected MSCs and their secretory behavior. Interestingly, the materials that promoted MSC proliferation did not necessarily result in the most functional MSC-derived particles. In addition, we found that MSCs seeded at 4 × 103 cells cm-2 produced particles with improved functional properties compared to higher seeding densities. MSCs in a highly proliferative state did not produce the most particles, although these particles were significantly more effective in promoting HaCaT cell migration. The same correlation was found when investigating the cultivation temperature. A physiological temperature of 37°C was not optimal for particle yield, although it resulted in the most functional particles. We observed a proliferation-associated particle production and found potential correlations between particle production and glucose consumption, enabling the estimation of final particle yields. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that parameters, which must be defined prior to each individual cultivation and do not require complex and expensive equipment, can significantly increase MSC-derived particle production including EVs. Integrating these parameters into a standardized EV process development paves the way for robust and efficient EV manufacturing for early clinical phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Barekzai
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Laura Refflinghaus
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Maduwuike Okpara
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Lars Tasto
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Tertel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen Germany.
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4
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Nguyen VVT, Welsh JA, Tertel T, Choo A, van de Wakker SI, Defourny KAY, Giebel B, Vader P, Padmanabhan J, Lim SK, Nolte‐'t Hoen ENM, Verhaar MC, Bostancioglu RB, Zickler AM, Hong JM, Jones JC, EL Andaloussi S, van Balkom BWM, Görgens A. Inter-laboratory multiplex bead-based surface protein profiling of MSC-derived EV preparations identifies MSC-EV surface marker signatures. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12463. [PMID: 38868945 PMCID: PMC11170075 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are promising regenerative therapeutics that primarily exert their effects through secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs). These EVs - being small and non-living - are easier to handle and possess advantages over cellular products. Consequently, the therapeutic potential of MSC-EVs is increasingly investigated. However, due to variations in MSC-EV manufacturing strategies, MSC-EV products should be considered as highly diverse. Moreover, the diverse array of EV characterisation technologies used for MSC-EV characterisation further complicates reliable interlaboratory comparisons of published data. Consequently, this study aimed to establish a common method that can easily be used by various MSC-EV researchers to characterise MSC-EV preparations to facilitate interlaboratory comparisons. To this end, we conducted a comprehensive inter-laboratory assessment using a novel multiplex bead-based EV flow cytometry assay panel. This assessment involved 11 different MSC-EV products from five laboratories with varying MSC sources, culture conditions, and EV preparation methods. Through this assay panel covering a range of mostly MSC-related markers, we identified a set of cell surface markers consistently positive (CD44, CD73 and CD105) or negative (CD11b, CD45 and CD197) on EVs of all explored MSC-EV preparations. Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed distinct surface marker profiles associated with specific preparation processes and laboratory conditions. We propose CD73, CD105 and CD44 as robust positive markers for minimally identifying MSC-derived EVs and CD11b, CD14, CD19, CD45 and CD79 as reliable negative markers. Additionally, we highlight the influence of culture medium components, particularly human platelet lysate, on EV surface marker profiles, underscoring the influence of culture conditions on resulting EV products. This standardisable approach for MSC-EV surface marker profiling offers a tool for routine characterisation of manufactured EV products in pre-clinical and clinical research, enhances the quality control of MSC-EV preparations, and hopefully paves the way for higher consistency and reproducibility in the emerging therapeutic MSC-EV field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua A. Welsh
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
- The Measuring Stick, LtdPeterboroughUK
- Advanced Technology GroupBecton DickinsonSan JoseCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tobias Tertel
- Institute for Transfusion MedicineUniversity Hospital EssenUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Andre Choo
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI)Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Simonides I. van de Wakker
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology LaboratoryUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Kyra A. Y. Defourny
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion MedicineUniversity Hospital EssenUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Pieter Vader
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology LaboratoryUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- CDL ResearchUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Jayanthi Padmanabhan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI)Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Sai Kiang Lim
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI)Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Esther N. M. Nolte‐'t Hoen
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - R. Beklem Bostancioglu
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST)Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge and Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer CenterStockholmSweden
| | - Antje M. Zickler
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST)Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge and Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer CenterStockholmSweden
- Karolinska ATMP CenterANA FuturaHuddingeSweden
| | - Jia Mei Hong
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI)Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
| | - Jennifer C. Jones
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Samir EL Andaloussi
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST)Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge and Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer CenterStockholmSweden
- Karolinska ATMP CenterANA FuturaHuddingeSweden
| | | | - André Görgens
- Institute for Transfusion MedicineUniversity Hospital EssenUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST)Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge and Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer CenterStockholmSweden
- Karolinska ATMP CenterANA FuturaHuddingeSweden
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5
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Kobayashi H, Shiba T, Yoshida T, Bolidong D, Kato K, Sato Y, Mochizuki M, Seto T, Kawashiri S, Hanayama R. Precise analysis of single small extracellular vesicles using flow cytometry. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7465. [PMID: 38553534 PMCID: PMC10980769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57974-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Methods that enable specific and sensitive quantification of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) using flow cytometry are still under development. Aggregation or adsorption of antibodies causes sub-nano sized particles or non-specific binding and largely affects the results of flow cytometric analysis of single sEVs. Comparison of control IgG and target-specific IgG is inappropriate because they have different characters. Here, we evaluate four preparation methods for flow cytometry, including ultracentrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and the TIM4-affinity method by using tetraspanin-deficient sEVs. The ultracentrifugation or density gradient centrifugation preparation method has large false-positive rates for tetraspanin staining. Conversely, preparation methods using SEC or the TIM4-affinity method show specific detection of single sEVs, which elucidate the roles of sEV biogenesis regulators in the generation of sEV subpopulations. The methods are also useful for the detection of rare disease-related markers, such as PD-L1. Flow cytometric analysis using SEC or the TIM4-affinity method could accelerate research into sEV biogenesis and the development of sEV-based diagnostics and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisano Kobayashi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shiba
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Faculty of Frontier Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshida
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Dilireba Bolidong
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Koroku Kato
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Takafumi Seto
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Faculty of Frontier Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kawashiri
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Rikinari Hanayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
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6
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van de Wakker SI, Bauzá‐Martinez J, Ríos Arceo C, Manjikian H, Snijders Blok CJB, Roefs MT, Willms E, Maas RGC, Pronker MF, de Jong OG, Wu W, Görgens A, El Andaloussi S, Sluijter JPG, Vader P. Size matters: Functional differences of small extracellular vesicle subpopulations in cardiac repair responses. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12396. [PMID: 38179654 PMCID: PMC10767609 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiac progenitor cell (CPC)-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) exhibit great potential to stimulate cardiac repair. However, the multifaceted nature of sEV heterogeneity presents a challenge in understanding the distinct mechanisms underlying their regenerative abilities. Here, a dual-step multimodal flowthrough and size-exclusion chromatography method was applied to isolate and separate CPC-derived sEV subpopulations to study the functional differences related to cardiac repair responses. Three distinct sEV subpopulations were identified with unique protein profiles. Functional cell assays for cardiac repair-related processes demonstrated that the middle-sized and smallest-sized sEV subpopulations exhibited the highest pro-angiogenic and anti-fibrotic activities. Proteasome activity was uniquely seen in the smallest-sized subpopulation. The largest-sized subpopulation showed no effect in any of the functional assays. This research uncovers the existence of sEV subpopulations, each characterized by a distinct composition and biological function. Enhancing our understanding of sEV heterogeneity will provide valuable insights into sEV mechanisms of action, ultimately accelerating the translation of sEV therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonides Immanuel van de Wakker
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Circulatory health Research CenterUniversity Utrecht, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Julia Bauzá‐Martinez
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Carla Ríos Arceo
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Circulatory health Research CenterUniversity Utrecht, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Herak Manjikian
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Circulatory health Research CenterUniversity Utrecht, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Christian Jamie Bernard Snijders Blok
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Circulatory health Research CenterUniversity Utrecht, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Marieke Theodora Roefs
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Circulatory health Research CenterUniversity Utrecht, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Eduard Willms
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Renee Goverdina Catharina Maas
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Circulatory health Research CenterUniversity Utrecht, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Matti Feije Pronker
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Olivier Gerrit de Jong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS)Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Wei Wu
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for ScienceTechnology and Research (A*STAR)SingaporeSingapore
- Department of PharmacyNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - André Görgens
- Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska InstituteStockholm, HuddingeSweden
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital EssenUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska InstituteStockholm, HuddingeSweden
| | - Joost Petrus Gerardus Sluijter
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Circulatory health Research CenterUniversity Utrecht, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Pieter Vader
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Circulatory health Research CenterUniversity Utrecht, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- CDL ResearchUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
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7
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Tertel T, Dittrich R, Arsène P, Jensen A, Giebel B. EV products obtained from iPSC-derived MSCs show batch-to-batch variations in their ability to modulate allogeneic immune responses in vitro. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1282860. [PMID: 37965578 PMCID: PMC10642442 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1282860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have demonstrated therapeutic potential in diverse clinical settings, largely due to their ability to produce extracellular vesicles (EVs). These EVs play a pivotal role in modulating immune responses, transforming pro-inflammatory cues into regulatory signals that foster a pro-regenerative milieu. Our previous studies identified the variability in the immunomodulatory effects of EVs sourced from primary human bone marrow MSCs as a consistent challenge. Given the limited proliferation of primary MSCs, protocols were advanced to derive MSCs from GMP-compliant induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), producing iPSC-derived MSCs (iMSCs) that satisfied rigorous MSC criteria and exhibited enhanced expansion potential. Intriguingly, even though obtained iMSCs contained the potential to release immunomodulatory active EVs, the iMSC-EV products displayed batch-to-batch functional inconsistencies, mirroring those from bone marrow counterparts. We also discerned variances in EV-specific protein profiles among independent iMSC-EV preparations. Our results underscore that while iMSCs present an expansive growth advantage, they do not overcome the persistent challenge of functional variability of resulting MSC-EV products. Once more, our findings accentuate the crucial need for batch-to-batch functional testing, ensuring discrimination of effective and ineffective MSC-EV products for considered downstream applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Tertel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Robin Dittrich
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Arne Jensen
- Brain Repair UG Campus Clinic, Gynaecology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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8
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Dekevic G, Tertel T, Tasto L, Schmidt D, Giebel B, Czermak P, Salzig D. A Bioreactor-Based Yellow Fever Virus-like Particle Production Process with Integrated Process Analytical Technology Based on Transient Transfection. Viruses 2023; 15:2013. [PMID: 37896790 PMCID: PMC10612092 DOI: 10.3390/v15102013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Yellow Fever (YF) is a severe disease that, while preventable through vaccination, lacks rapid intervention options for those already infected. There is an urgent need for passive immunization techniques using YF-virus-like particles (YF-VLPs). To address this, we successfully established a bioreactor-based production process for YF-VLPs, leveraging transient transfection and integrating Process Analytical Technology. A cornerstone of this approach was the optimization of plasmid DNA (pDNA) production to a yield of 11 mg/L using design of experiments. Glucose, NaCl, yeast extract, and a phosphate buffer showed significant influence on specific pDNA yield. The preliminary work for VLP-production in bioreactor showed adjustments to the HEK cell density, the polyplex formation duration, and medium exchanges effectively elevated transfection efficiencies. The additive Pluronic F-68 was neutral in its effects, and anti-clumping agents (ACA) adversely affected the transfection process. Finally, we established the stirred-tank bioreactor process with integrated dielectric spectroscopy, which gave real-time insight in relevant process steps, e.g., cell growth, polyplex uptake, and harvest time. We confirmed the presence and integrity of YF-VLP via Western blot, imaging flow cytometry measurement, and transmission electron microscopy. The YF-VLP production process can serve as a platform to produce VLPs as passive immunizing agents against other neglected tropical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Dekevic
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (G.D.); (L.T.); (D.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Tobias Tertel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstrasse 179, 45147 Essen, Germany; (T.T.); (B.G.)
| | - Lars Tasto
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (G.D.); (L.T.); (D.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Deborah Schmidt
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (G.D.); (L.T.); (D.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstrasse 179, 45147 Essen, Germany; (T.T.); (B.G.)
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (G.D.); (L.T.); (D.S.); (P.C.)
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (G.D.); (L.T.); (D.S.); (P.C.)
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9
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Heidegger S, Stritzke F, Dahl S, Daßler-Plenker J, Joachim L, Buschmann D, Fan K, Sauer CM, Ludwig N, Winter C, Enssle S, Li S, Perl M, Görgens A, Haas T, Orberg ET, Göttert S, Wölfel C, Engleitner T, Cortés-Ciriano I, Rad R, Herr W, Giebel B, Ruland J, Bassermann F, Coch C, Hartmann G, Poeck H. Targeting nucleic acid sensors in tumor cells to reprogram biogenesis and RNA cargo of extracellular vesicles for T cell-mediated cancer immunotherapy. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101171. [PMID: 37657445 PMCID: PMC10518594 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been associated with immune evasion and tumor progression. We show that the RNA-sensing receptor RIG-I within tumor cells governs biogenesis and immunomodulatory function of EVs. Cancer-intrinsic RIG-I activation releases EVs, which mediate dendritic cell maturation and T cell antitumor immunity, synergizing with immune checkpoint blockade. Intact RIG-I, autocrine interferon signaling, and the GTPase Rab27a in tumor cells are required for biogenesis of immunostimulatory EVs. Active intrinsic RIG-I signaling governs composition of the tumor EV RNA cargo including small non-coding stimulatory RNAs. High transcriptional activity of EV pathway genes and RIG-I in melanoma samples associate with prolonged patient survival and beneficial response to immunotherapy. EVs generated from human melanoma after RIG-I stimulation induce potent antigen-specific T cell responses. We thus define a molecular pathway that can be targeted in tumors to favorably alter EV immunomodulatory function. We propose "reprogramming" of tumor EVs as a personalized strategy for T cell-mediated cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Heidegger
- Department of Medicine III, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Florian Stritzke
- Department of Medicine III, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Dahl
- Department of Medicine III, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Juliane Daßler-Plenker
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Laura Joachim
- Department of Medicine III, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik Buschmann
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Kaiji Fan
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Carolin M Sauer
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nils Ludwig
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christof Winter
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Enssle
- Department of Medicine III, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Suqi Li
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Markus Perl
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - André Görgens
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tobias Haas
- Department of Medicine III, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Erik Thiele Orberg
- Department of Medicine III, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sascha Göttert
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Catherine Wölfel
- Internal Medicine III, University Cancer Center and Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg University and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Engleitner
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Isidro Cortés-Ciriano
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roland Rad
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Medicine II, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herr
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Bassermann
- Department of Medicine III, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Coch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hendrik Poeck
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy (LIT), Regensburg, Germany; Center for Immunomedicine in Transplantation and Oncology (CITO), Regensburg, Germany.
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10
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Zheng W, Rädler J, Sork H, Niu Z, Roudi S, Bost JP, Görgens A, Zhao Y, Mamand DR, Liang X, Wiklander OPB, Lehto T, Gupta D, Nordin JZ, El Andaloussi S. Identification of scaffold proteins for improved endogenous engineering of extracellular vesicles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4734. [PMID: 37550290 PMCID: PMC10406850 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40453-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are gaining ground as next-generation drug delivery modalities. Genetic fusion of the protein of interest to a scaffold protein with high EV-sorting ability represents a robust cargo loading strategy. To address the paucity of such scaffold proteins, we leverage a simple and reliable assay that can distinguish intravesicular cargo proteins from surface- as well as non-vesicular proteins and compare the EV-sorting potential of 244 candidate proteins. We identify 24 proteins with conserved EV-sorting abilities across five types of producer cells. TSPAN2 and TSPAN3 emerge as lead candidates and outperform the well-studied CD63 scaffold. Importantly, these engineered EVs show promise as delivery vehicles in cell cultures and mice as demonstrated by efficient transfer of luminal cargo proteins as well as surface display of different functional entities. The discovery of these scaffolds provides a platform for EV-based engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Zheng
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Julia Rädler
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Helena Sork
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Zheyu Niu
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Samantha Roudi
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jeremy P Bost
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - André Görgens
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ying Zhao
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Clinical Research Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Doste R Mamand
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Xiuming Liang
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Oscar P B Wiklander
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Taavi Lehto
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Dhanu Gupta
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Joel Z Nordin
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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11
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Labusek N, Mouloud Y, Köster C, Diesterbeck E, Tertel T, Wiek C, Hanenberg H, Horn PA, Felderhoff-Müser U, Bendix I, Giebel B, Herz J. Extracellular vesicles from immortalized mesenchymal stromal cells protect against neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Inflamm Regen 2023; 43:24. [PMID: 37069694 PMCID: PMC10108458 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-023-00274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EV) revealed neuroprotective potentials in various brain injury models, including neonatal encephalopathy caused by hypoxia-ischemia (HI). However, for clinical translation of an MSC-EV therapy, scaled manufacturing strategies are required, which is challenging with primary MSCs due to inter- and intra-donor heterogeneities. Therefore, we established a clonally expanded and immortalized human MSC line (ciMSC) and compared the neuroprotective potential of their EVs with EVs from primary MSCs in a murine model of HI-induced brain injury. In vivo activities of ciMSC-EVs were comprehensively characterized according to their proposed multimodal mechanisms of action. METHODS Nine-day-old C57BL/6 mice were exposed to HI followed by repetitive intranasal delivery of primary MSC-EVs or ciMSC-EVs 1, 3, and 5 days after HI. Sham-operated animals served as healthy controls. To compare neuroprotective effects of both EV preparations, total and regional brain atrophy was assessed by cresyl-violet-staining 7 days after HI. Immunohistochemistry, western blot, and real-time PCR were performed to investigate neuroinflammatory and regenerative processes. The amount of peripheral inflammatory mediators was evaluated by multiplex analyses in serum samples. RESULTS Intranasal delivery of ciMSC-EVs and primary MSC-EVs comparably protected neonatal mice from HI-induced brain tissue atrophy. Mechanistically, ciMSC-EV application reduced microglia activation and astrogliosis, endothelial activation, and leukocyte infiltration. These effects were associated with a downregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1 beta and an elevated expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and TGF-beta in the brain, while concentrations of cytokines in the peripheral blood were not affected. ciMSC-EV-mediated anti-inflammatory effects in the brain were accompanied by an increased neural progenitor and endothelial cell proliferation, oligodendrocyte maturation, and neurotrophic growth factor expression. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that ciMSC-EVs conserve neuroprotective effects of primary MSC-EVs via inhibition of neuroinflammation and promotion of neuroregeneration. Since ciMSCs can overcome challenges associated with MSC heterogeneity, they appear as an ideal cell source for the scaled manufacturing of EV-based therapeutics to treat neonatal and possibly also adult brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Labusek
- Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology & Experimental Perinatal Neurosciences, Centre for Translational and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yanis Mouloud
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Köster
- Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology & Experimental Perinatal Neurosciences, Centre for Translational and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Eva Diesterbeck
- Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology & Experimental Perinatal Neurosciences, Centre for Translational and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tobias Tertel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Constanze Wiek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter A Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ursula Felderhoff-Müser
- Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology & Experimental Perinatal Neurosciences, Centre for Translational and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ivo Bendix
- Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology & Experimental Perinatal Neurosciences, Centre for Translational and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Josephine Herz
- Department of Pediatrics I, Neonatology & Experimental Perinatal Neurosciences, Centre for Translational and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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12
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Bifurcated Asymmetric Field Flow Fractionation of Nanoparticles in PDMS-Free Microfluidic Devices for Applications in Label-Free Extracellular Vesicle Separation. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040789. [PMID: 36850073 PMCID: PMC9961489 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are small membrane-bound structures that are released by cells and play important roles in intercellular communication garnering significant attention in scientific society recently due to their potential as diagnostic and therapeutic tools. However, separating EVs from large-volume samples remains a challenge due to their small size and low concentration. In this manuscript, we presented a novel method for separating polystyrene beads as control and extracellular vesicles from large sample volumes using bifurcated asymmetric field flow fractionation in PDMS-free microfluidic devices. Separation characteristics were evaluated using the control system of polystyrene bead mix, which offers up to 3.7X enrichment of EV-sized beads. Furthermore, in the EV-sample from bioreactor culture media, we observed a notable population distribution shift of extracellular vesicles. Herein presented novel PDMS-free microfluidic device fabrication protocol resulted in devices with reduced EV-loss compared to size-exclusion columns. This method represented an improvement over the current state of the art in terms of EV separation from large sample volumes through the use of novel field flow fractionation design.
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13
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Bauer FN, Tertel T, Stambouli O, Wang C, Dittrich R, Staubach S, Börger V, Hermann DM, Brandau S, Giebel B. CD73 activity of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicle preparations is detergent-resistant and does not correlate with immunomodulatory capabilities. Cytotherapy 2023; 25:138-147. [PMID: 36244910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) show immunomodulatory activity in different assays both in vitro and in vivo. In previous work, the authors compared the immunomodulatory potential of independent MSC-EV preparations in a multi-donor mixed lymphocyte reaction (mdMLR) assay and an optimized steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) mouse model. The authors observed that only a proportion of the MSC-EV preparations showed immunomodulatory capabilities and demonstrated that only MSC-EV preparations with mdMLR immunomodulating activities were able to suppress aGVHD symptoms in vivo and vice versa. Since the mdMLR assay is complex and depends on primary human cells of different donors, the authors sought to establish an assay that is much easier to standardize and fulfills the requirements for becoming qualified as a potency assay. METHODS The bona fide MSC antigen CD73 possesses ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity that cleaves pro-inflammatory extracellular adenosine monophosphate into anti-inflammatory adenosine and free phosphate. To test whether the ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity of the MSC-EV preparations reflected their immunomodulatory potential, the authors adopted an enzymatic assay that monitors the ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity of CD73 in a quantitative manner and compared the activity of well-characterized MSC-EV preparations containing or lacking mdMLR immunomodulatory activity. RESULTS The authors showed that the ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity of the MSC-EV preparations did not correlate with their ability to modulate T-cell responses in the mdMLR assay and thus with their potency in improving disease symptomatology in the optimized mouse aGVHD model. Furthermore, the ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity was resistant to EV-destroying detergent treatment. CONCLUSIONS Ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity neither reflects the potency of the authors' MSC-EV preparations nor provides any information about the integrity of the respective EVs. Thus, ecto-5'-nucleotidase enzyme activity is not indicative for the immunomodulatory potency of the authors' MSC-EV products. The development of appropriate potency assays for MSC-EV products remains challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Nardi Bauer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tobias Tertel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Oumaima Stambouli
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Robin Dittrich
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Simon Staubach
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Verena Börger
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sven Brandau
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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14
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Welsh JA, Arkesteijn GJA, Bremer M, Cimorelli M, Dignat-George F, Giebel B, Görgens A, Hendrix A, Kuiper M, Lacroix R, Lannigan J, van Leeuwen TG, Lozano-Andrés E, Rao S, Robert S, de Rond L, Tang VA, Tertel T, Yan X, Wauben MHM, Nolan JP, Jones JC, Nieuwland R, van der Pol E. A compendium of single extracellular vesicle flow cytometry. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12299. [PMID: 36759917 PMCID: PMC9911638 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry (FCM) offers a multiparametric technology capable of characterizing single extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, most flow cytometers are designed to detect cells, which are larger than EVs. Whereas cells exceed the background noise, signals originating from EVs partly overlap with the background noise, thereby making EVs more difficult to detect than cells. This technical mismatch together with complexity of EV-containing fluids causes limitations and challenges with conducting, interpreting and reproducing EV FCM experiments. To address and overcome these challenges, researchers from the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), International Society for Advancement of Cytometry (ISAC), and the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) joined forces and initiated the EV FCM working group. To improve the interpretation, reporting, and reproducibility of future EV FCM data, the EV FCM working group published an ISEV position manuscript outlining a framework of minimum information that should be reported about an FCM experiment on single EVs (MIFlowCyt-EV). However, the framework contains limited background information. Therefore, the goal of this compendium is to provide the background information necessary to design and conduct reproducible EV FCM experiments. This compendium contains background information on EVs, the interaction between light and EVs, FCM hardware, experimental design and preanalytical procedures, sample preparation, assay controls, instrument data acquisition and calibration, EV characterization, and data reporting. Although this compendium focuses on EVs, many concepts and explanations could also be applied to FCM detection of other particles within the EV size range, such as bacteria, lipoprotein particles, milk fat globules, and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Welsh
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ger J A Arkesteijn
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Bremer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Cimorelli
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Françoise Dignat-George
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
- Hematology and Vascular Biology Department, CHU La Conception, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - André Görgens
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Clinical Research Center, Department for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Evox Therapeutics Ltd, Oxford, UK
| | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martine Kuiper
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Dutch Metrology Institute, VSL, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Romaric Lacroix
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
- Hematology and Vascular Biology Department, CHU La Conception, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Joanne Lannigan
- Flow Cytometry Support Services, LLC, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - Ton G van Leeuwen
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Estefanía Lozano-Andrés
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shoaib Rao
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stéphane Robert
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, UFR de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
- Hematology and Vascular Biology Department, CHU La Conception, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Leonie de Rond
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vera A Tang
- Flow Cytometry & Virometry Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tobias Tertel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Xiaomei Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - John P Nolan
- Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, USA
- Cellarcus Biosciences, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jennifer C Jones
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Preußer C, Stelter K, Tertel T, Linder M, Helmprobst F, Szymanski W, Graumann J, Giebel B, Reinartz S, Müller R, Weber G, von Strandmann EP. Isolation of native EVs from primary biofluids-Free-flow electrophoresis as a novel approach to purify ascites-derived EVs. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 1:e71. [PMID: 38938598 PMCID: PMC11080702 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Although extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been extensively characterized, efficient purification methods, especially from primary biofluids, remain challenging. Here we introduce free-flow electrophoresis (FFE) as a novel approach for purifying EVs from primary biofluids, in particular from the peritoneal fluid (ascites) of ovarian cancer patients. FFE represents a versatile, fast, matrix-free approach for separating different analytes with inherent differences in charge density and/or isoelectric point (pI). Using a series of buffered media with different pH values allowed us to collect 96 fractions of ascites samples. To characterize the composition of the individual fractions, we used state-of-the-art methods such as nanoflow and imaging flow cytometry (nFCM and iFCM) in addition to classical approaches. Of note, tetraspanin-positive events measured using nFCM were enriched in a small number of distinct fractions. This observation was corroborated by Western blot analysis and electron microscopy, demonstrating only minor contamination with soluble proteins and lipid particles. In addition, these gently purified EVs remain functional. Thus, FFE represents a new, efficient and fast method for separating native and highly purified EVs from complicated primary samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Preußer
- Institute for Tumor Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and ImmunologyPhilipps University MarburgMarburgGermany
- Core Facility Extracellular Vesicles, Center for Tumor Biology and ImmunologyPhilipps University of MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Kathrin Stelter
- Institute for Tumor Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and ImmunologyPhilipps University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Tobias Tertel
- Institute for Transfusion MedicineUniversity Hospital EssenUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Manuel Linder
- Institute for Tumor Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and ImmunologyPhilipps University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Frederik Helmprobst
- Core Facility for Mouse Pathology and Electron Microscopy, Institute of NeuropathologyPhilipps University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Witold Szymanski
- Institute of Translational ProteomicsPhilipps University of MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Johannes Graumann
- Institute of Translational ProteomicsPhilipps University of MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion MedicineUniversity Hospital EssenUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Silke Reinartz
- Translational Oncology Group, Center for Tumor Biology and ImmunologyPhilipps University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Translational Oncology Group, Center for Tumor Biology and ImmunologyPhilipps University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | | | - Elke Pogge von Strandmann
- Institute for Tumor Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and ImmunologyPhilipps University MarburgMarburgGermany
- Core Facility Extracellular Vesicles, Center for Tumor Biology and ImmunologyPhilipps University of MarburgMarburgGermany
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16
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Jennrich S, Pelzer M, Tertel T, Koska B, Vüllings M, Thakur BK, Jendrossek V, Timmermann B, Giebel B, Rudner J. CD9- and CD81-positive extracellular vesicles provide a marker to monitor glioblastoma cell response to photon-based and proton-based radiotherapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:947439. [PMID: 36203458 PMCID: PMC9530604 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.947439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive tumor of the central nervous system with a poor prognosis. In the treatment of GBM tumors, radiotherapy plays a major role. Typically, GBM tumors cannot be cured by irradiation because of intrinsic resistance machanisms. An escalation of the irradiation dose in the GBM tumor is difficult due to the high risk of severe side effects in the brain. In the last decade, the development of new irradiation techniques, including proton-based irradiation, promised new chances in the treatment of brain tumors. In contrast to conventional radiotherapy, irradiation with protons allows a dosimetrically more confined dose deposition in the tumor while better sparing the normal tissue surrounding the tumor. A systematic comparison of both irradiation techniques on glioblastoma cells has not been performed so far. Despite the improvements in radiotherapy, it remains challenging to predict the therapeutical response of GBM tumors. Recent publications suggest extracellular vesicles (EVs) as promising markers predicting tumor response. Being part of an ancient intercellular communication system, virtually all cells release specifically composed EVs. The assembly of EVs varies between cell types and depends on environmental parameters. Here, we compared the impact of photon-based with proton-based radiotherapy on cell viability and phenotype of four different glioblastoma cell lines. Furthermore, we characterized EVs released by different glioblastoma cells and correlated released EVs with the cellular response to radiotherapy. Our results demonstrated that glioblastoma cells reacted more sensitive to irradiation with protons than photons, while radiation-induced cell death 72 h after single dose irradiation was independent of the irradiation modality. Moreover, we detected CD9 and CD81-positive EVs in the supernatant of all glioblastoma cells, although at different concentrations. The amount of released CD9 and CD81-positive EVs increased after irradiation when cells became apoptotic. Although secreted EVs of non-irradiated cells were not predictive for radiosensitivity, their increased EV release after irradiation correlated with the cytotoxic response to radiotherapy 72 h after irradiation. Thus, our data suggest a novel application of EVs in the surveillance of anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Jennrich
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Pelzer
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tobias Tertel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Koska
- West German Proton Therapy Centre Essen (WPE), West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Melanie Vüllings
- West German Proton Therapy Centre Essen (WPE), West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Basant Kumar Thakur
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Verena Jendrossek
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Beate Timmermann
- West German Proton Therapy Centre Essen (WPE), West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Justine Rudner
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Justine Rudner,
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17
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Tertel T, Tomić S, Đokić J, Radojević D, Stevanović D, Ilić N, Giebel B, Kosanović M. Serum-derived extracellular vesicles: Novel biomarkers reflecting the disease severity of COVID-19 patients. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12257. [PMID: 35979935 PMCID: PMC9451525 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is characterized by a wide spectrum of disease severity, whose indicators and underlying mechanisms need to be identified. The role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in COVID-19 and their biomarker potential, however, remains largely unknown. Aiming to identify specific EV signatures of patients with mild compared to severe COVID-19, we characterized the EV composition of 20 mild and 26 severe COVID-19 patients along with 16 sex and age-matched healthy donors with a panel of eight different antibodies by imaging flow cytometry (IFCM). We correlated the obtained data with 37 clinical, prerecorded biochemical and immunological parameters. Severe patients' sera contained increased amounts of CD13+ and CD82+ EVs, which positively correlated with IL-6-producing and circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and with the serum concentration of proinflammatory cytokines, respectively. Sera of mild COVID-19 patients contained more HLA-ABC+ EVs than sera of the healthy donors and more CD24+ EVs than severe COVID-19 patients. Their increased abundance negatively correlated with disease severity and accumulation of MDSCs, being considered as key drivers of immunopathogenesis in COVID-19. Altogether, our results support the potential of serum EVs as powerful biomarkers for COVID-19 severity and pave the way for future investigations aiming to unravel the role of EVs in COVID-19 progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Tertel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sergej Tomić
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, University of Belgrade, Zemun-Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Đokić
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGI), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dušan Radojević
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGI), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Stevanović
- Clinical Hospital Center Zemun, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Ilić
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, University of Belgrade, Zemun-Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Maja Kosanović
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, University of Belgrade, Zemun-Belgrade, Serbia
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18
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Kim Y, van der Pol E, Arafa A, Thapa I, J Britton C, Kosti J, Song S, Joshi VB, M Erickson R, Ali H, Lucien F. Calibration and standardization of extracellular vesicle measurements by flow cytometry for translational prostate cancer research. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:9781-9795. [PMID: 35770741 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01160c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are microscopic particles released naturally in biofluids by all cell types. Since EVs inherits genomic and proteomic patterns from the cell of origin, they are emerging as promising liquid biomarkers for human diseases. Flow cytometry is a popular method that is able to detect, characterize and determine the concentration of EVs with minimal sample preparation. However, the limited awareness of the scientific community to utilize standardization and calibration methods of flow cytometers is an important roadblock for data reproducibility and inter-laboratory comparison. A significant collaborative effort by the Extracellular Vesicle Flow Cytometry Working Group has led to the development of guidelines and best practices for using flow cytometry and reporting data in a way to improve rigor and reproducibility in EV research. At first look, standardization and calibration of flow cytometry for EV detection may seem burdensome and technically challenging for non-academic laboratories with limited technical training and knowledge in EV flow cytometry. In this study, we build on prior research efforts and provide a systematic approach to evaluate the performance of a high sensitivity flow cytometer (herein Apogee A60-Micro Plus) and fine-tune settings to improve detection sensitivity for EVs. We performed calibration of our flow cytometer to generate data with comparable units (nanometers, MESF). Finally, we applied our optimized protocol to measure the concentrations of prostate-derived EVs in healthy individuals and prostate cancer patients. In conclusion, our proof-of-feasibility study can serve as a scientific and technical framework for other groups motivated in using flow cytometry for EV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Kim
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 4-97, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55901, USA.
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University, Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Arafa
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 4-97, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55901, USA.
| | - Ishwor Thapa
- College of Information Science and Technology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA
| | - Cameron J Britton
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 4-97, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55901, USA.
| | - Jorgena Kosti
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 4-97, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55901, USA.
| | - Siyang Song
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 4-97, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55901, USA.
| | - Vidhu B Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ree M Erickson
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 4-97, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55901, USA.
| | - Hesham Ali
- College of Information Science and Technology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA
| | - Fabrice Lucien
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 4-97, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55901, USA.
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19
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Görgens A, Corso G, Hagey DW, Jawad Wiklander R, Gustafsson MO, Felldin U, Lee Y, Bostancioglu RB, Sork H, Liang X, Zheng W, Mohammad DK, van de Wakker SI, Vader P, Zickler AM, Mamand DR, Ma L, Holme MN, Stevens MM, Wiklander OPB, EL Andaloussi S. Identification of storage conditions stabilizing extracellular vesicles preparations. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12238. [PMID: 35716060 PMCID: PMC9206228 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a key role in many physiological and pathophysiological processes and hold great potential for therapeutic and diagnostic use. Despite significant advances within the last decade, the key issue of EV storage stability remains unresolved and under investigated. Here, we aimed to identify storage conditions stabilizing EVs and comprehensively compared the impact of various storage buffer formulations at different temperatures on EVs derived from different cellular sources for up to 2 years. EV features including concentration, diameter, surface protein profile and nucleic acid contents were assessed by complementary methods, and engineered EVs containing fluorophores or functionalized surface proteins were utilized to compare cellular uptake and ligand binding. We show that storing EVs in PBS over time leads to drastically reduced recovery particularly for pure EV samples at all temperatures tested, starting already within days. We further report that using PBS as diluent was found to result in severely reduced EV recovery rates already within minutes. Several of the tested new buffer conditions largely prevented the observed effects, the lead candidate being PBS supplemented with human albumin and trehalose (PBS-HAT). We report that PBS-HAT buffer facilitates clearly improved short-term and long-term EV preservation for samples stored at -80°C, stability throughout several freeze-thaw cycles, and drastically improved EV recovery when using a diluent for EV samples for downstream applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Görgens
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research CenterKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Institute for Transfusion MedicineUniversity Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
- Evox Therapeutics LimitedOxfordUK
| | - Giulia Corso
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research CenterKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Daniel W. Hagey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research CenterKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Rim Jawad Wiklander
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research CenterKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Manuela O. Gustafsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research CenterKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Ulrika Felldin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research CenterKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Yi Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research CenterKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - R. Beklem Bostancioglu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research CenterKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Helena Sork
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research CenterKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Institute of TechnologyUniversity of TartuTartuEstonia
| | - Xiuming Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research CenterKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Wenyi Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research CenterKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Dara K. Mohammad
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research CenterKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- College of Agricultural Engineering SciencesSalahaddin University‐ErbilErbilKurdistan RegionIraq
| | - Simonides I. van de Wakker
- Department of CardiologyExperimental Cardiology LaboratoryUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Pieter Vader
- Department of CardiologyExperimental Cardiology LaboratoryUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- CDL ResearchUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Antje M. Zickler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research CenterKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Doste R. Mamand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research CenterKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Margaret N. Holme
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of MaterialsDepartment of Bioengineeringand Institute of Biomedical EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Oscar P. B. Wiklander
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research CenterKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Evox Therapeutics LimitedOxfordUK
| | - Samir EL Andaloussi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research CenterKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Evox Therapeutics LimitedOxfordUK
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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20
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Loch-Neckel G, Matos AT, Vaz AR, Brites D. Challenges in the Development of Drug Delivery Systems Based on Small Extracellular Vesicles for Therapy of Brain Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:839790. [PMID: 35422699 PMCID: PMC9002061 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.839790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have ∼30–200 nm diameter size and may act as carriers of different cargoes, depending on the cell of origin or on the physiological/pathological condition. As endogenous nanovesicles, sEVs are important in intercellular communication and have many of the desirable features of an ideal drug delivery system. sEVs are naturally biocompatible, with superior targeting capability, safety profile, nanometric size, and can be loaded with both lipophilic and hydrophilic agents. Because of their biochemical and physical properties, sEVs are considered a promising strategy over other delivery vehicles in the central nervous system (CNS) since they freely cross the blood-brain barrier and they can be directed to specific nerve cells, potentiating a more precise targeting of their cargo. In addition, sEVs remain stable in the peripheral circulation, making them attractive nanocarrier systems to promote neuroregeneration. This review focuses on the recent progress in methods for manufacturing, isolating, and engineering sEVs that can be used as a therapeutic strategy to overcome neurodegeneration associated with pathologies of the CNS, with particular emphasis on Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis diseases, as well as on brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gecioni Loch-Neckel
- Neuroinflammation, Signaling and Neuroregeneration Lab, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Teresa Matos
- Neuroinflammation, Signaling and Neuroregeneration Lab, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Vaz
- Neuroinflammation, Signaling and Neuroregeneration Lab, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dora Brites
- Neuroinflammation, Signaling and Neuroregeneration Lab, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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21
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Tertel T, Schoppet M, Stambouli O, Al-Jipouri A, James PF, Giebel B. Imaging flow cytometry challenges the usefulness of classically used extracellular vesicle labeling dyes and qualifies the novel dye Exoria for the labeling of mesenchymal stromal cell–extracellular vesicle preparations. Cytotherapy 2022; 24:619-628. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Wu X, Sun W. Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Stem Cells in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:793363. [PMID: 35096823 PMCID: PMC8793284 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.793363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is the leading cause of low back pain related to degradation of cartilaginous tissues, mainly resulting from oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, and extracellular matrix degradation. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) exist in all bodily fluids and can be produced by all types of cells. Stem cell-derived EVs (SC-EVs), which are the main paracrine components of stem cells, have gained significant attention in the field of regenerative medicine. Over the past years, accumulating evidence indicates the therapeutic and diagnostic potentials of EVs in IVDD. The main mechanisms involve the induction of regenerative phenotypes, apoptosis alleviation, and immune modulation. In addition, the efficiency of SC-EVs can be enhanced by choosing appropriate donor cells and cell phenotypes, optimizing cell culture conditions, or engineering EVs to deliver drugs and targeting molecules. Given the importance and novelty of SC-EVs, we give an overview of SC-EVs and discuss the roles of SC-EVs in IVDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Wu
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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23
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Welsh JA, Killingsworth B, Kepley J, Traynor T, Cook S, Savage J, Marte J, Lee MJ, Maeng HM, Pleet ML, Magana S, Gorgens A, Maire CL, Lamszus K, Ricklefs FL, Merino MJ, Linehan WM, Greten T, Cooks T, Harris CC, Apolo A, Abdel-Mageed A, Ivanov AR, Trepel JB, Roth M, Tkach M, Milosavljevic A, Théry C, LeBlanc A, Berzofsky JA, Ruppin E, Aldape K, Camphausen K, Gulley JL, Ghiran I, Jacobson S, Jones JC. MPA PASS software enables stitched multiplex, multidimensional EV repertoire analysis and a standard framework for reporting bead-based assays. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100136. [PMID: 35474866 PMCID: PMC9017130 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2021.100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) of various types are released or shed from all cells. EVs carry proteins and contain additional protein and nucleic acid cargo that relates to their biogenesis and cell of origin. EV cargo in liquid biopsies is of widespread interest owing to its ability to provide a retrospective snapshot of cell state at the time of EV release. For the purposes of EV cargo analysis and repertoire profiling, multiplex assays are an essential tool in multiparametric analyte studies but are still being developed for high-parameter EV protein detection. Although bead-based EV multiplex analyses offer EV profiling capabilities with conventional flow cytometers, the utilization of EV multiplex assays has been limited by the lack of software analysis tools for such assays. To facilitate robust EV repertoire studies, we developed multiplex analysis post-acquisition analysis (MPAPASS) open-source software for stitched multiplex analysis, EV database-compatible reporting, and visualization of EV repertoires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Welsh
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bryce Killingsworth
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julia Kepley
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tim Traynor
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sean Cook
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason Savage
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jenn Marte
- Clinical Immunotherapy Section, Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Min-Jung Lee
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hoyoung M. Maeng
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michelle L. Pleet
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, NINDS/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Setty Magana
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, NINDS/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - André Gorgens
- Clinical Research Center, Department for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Evox Therapeutics Ltd, Oxford, UK
| | - Cecile L. Maire
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Lamszus
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franz L. Ricklefs
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria J. Merino
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - W. Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tim Greten
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tomer Cooks
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, NCI-CCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4258, USA
| | - Curtis C. Harris
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, NCI-CCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4258, USA
| | - Andrea Apolo
- Bladder Cancer Section, Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Asim Abdel-Mageed
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Alexander R. Ivanov
- Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jane B. Trepel
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew Roth
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mercedes Tkach
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | | | - Clotilde Théry
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Amy LeBlanc
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jay A. Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eytan Ruppin
- Cancer Data Science Lab, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth Aldape
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin Camphausen
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James L. Gulley
- Clinical Immunotherapy Section, Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ionita Ghiran
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steve Jacobson
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, NINDS/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer C. Jones
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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24
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Single Extracellular Vesicle Analysis Performed by Imaging Flow Cytometry and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis Evaluate the Accuracy of Urinary Extracellular Vesicle Preparation Techniques Differently. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212436. [PMID: 34830318 PMCID: PMC8620260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles isolated from urine (uEVs) are increasingly recognized as potential biomarkers. Meanwhile, different uEV preparation strategies exist. Conventionally, the performance of EV preparation methods is evaluated by single particle quantification, Western blot, and electron microscopy. Recently, we introduced imaging flow cytometry (IFCM) as a next-generation single EV analysis technology. Here, we analyzed uEV samples obtained with different preparation procedures using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), semiquantitative Western blot, and IFCM. IFCM analyses demonstrated that urine contains a predominant CD9+ sEV population, which exceeds CD63+ and CD81+ sEV populations. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the storage temperature of urine samples negatively affects the recovery of CD9+ sEVs. Although overall reduced, the highest CD9+ sEV recovery was obtained from urine samples stored at −80 °C and the lowest from those stored at −20 °C. Upon comparing the yield of the different uEV preparations, incongruencies between NTA and IFCM data became apparent. Results obtained by both NTA and IFCM were consistent with Western blot analyses for EV marker proteins; however, NTA results correlated with the amount of the impurity marker uromodulin. Despite demonstrating that the combination of ultrafiltration and size exclusion chromatography appears as a reliable uEV preparation technique, our data challenge the soundness of traditional NTA for the evaluation of different EV preparation methods.
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25
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Midekessa G, Godakumara K, Dissanayake K, Hasan MM, Reshi QUA, Rinken T, Fazeli A. Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles Labelled with a Lipophilic Dye Using Fluorescence Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:779. [PMID: 34677545 PMCID: PMC8539200 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11100779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Research on extracellular vesicles (EVs) has intensified over the past decade, including fluorescent membrane labeling of EVs. An optimal fluorescent method requires the size of EVs to be preserved after labeling. Lipophilic fluorescent dyes, such as CellMask™ Green (CMG), have been widely used for this purpose. Here, we investigated conditions affecting the optimum CMG labeling of EVs derived from human choriocarcinoma cells (JAr) and different biological fluids using fluorescence NTA (fl-NTA). The effect of CMG labeling on the size, concentration and zeta potential (ZP) on JAr EVs purified with different methods were measured along with biological fluid-derived EVs. With the increase of CMG dye concentration, a significant decrease in the mean size of fluorescent nanoparticles (fl-NPs) was observed. The ZP of fl-NPs originating from JAr cells with the lowest and highest dye concentrations showed a significant shift towards more and less negative ZP values, respectively. Differences in the concentration of fl-NPs were observed for JAr EVs purified using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) alone and SEC in combination with tangential flow filtration. The proportion of CMG labeling of NPs varied across different biological sources. CMG labeling may be a reliable technique for the detection of EVs using fl-NTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getnet Midekessa
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (G.M.); (K.G.); (K.D.); (M.M.H.); (Q.U.A.R.)
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila St. 14b, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kasun Godakumara
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (G.M.); (K.G.); (K.D.); (M.M.H.); (Q.U.A.R.)
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila St. 14b, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Keerthie Dissanayake
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (G.M.); (K.G.); (K.D.); (M.M.H.); (Q.U.A.R.)
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila St. 14b, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Mohammad Mehedi Hasan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (G.M.); (K.G.); (K.D.); (M.M.H.); (Q.U.A.R.)
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila St. 14b, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Qurat Ul Ain Reshi
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (G.M.); (K.G.); (K.D.); (M.M.H.); (Q.U.A.R.)
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila St. 14b, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toonika Rinken
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila St. 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Alireza Fazeli
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (G.M.); (K.G.); (K.D.); (M.M.H.); (Q.U.A.R.)
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila St. 14b, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2SF, UK
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26
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Scaled preparation of extracellular vesicles from conditioned media. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113940. [PMID: 34419502 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) especially of mesenchymal stem/stomal cells (MSCs) are increasingly considered as biotherapeutic agents for a variety of different diseases. For translating them effectively into the clinics, scalable production processes fulfilling good manufacturing practice (GMP) are needed. Like for other biotherapeutic agents, the manufacturing of EV products can be subdivided in the upstream and downstream processing and the subsequent quality control, each of them containing several unit operations. During upstream processing (USP), cells are isolated, stored (cell banking) and expanded; furthermore, EV-containing conditioned media are produced. During downstream processing (DSP), conditioned media (CM) are processed to obtain concentrated and purified EV products. CM are either stored until DSP or are directly processed. As first unit operation in DSP, clarification removes remaining cells, debris and other larger impurities. The key operations of each EV DSP is volume-reduction combined with purification of the concentrated EVs. Most of the EV preparation methods used in conventional research labs including differential centrifugation procedures are limited in their scalability. Consequently, it is a major challenge in the therapeutic EV field to identify appropriate EV concentration and purification methods allowing scale up. As EVs share several features with enveloped viruses, that are used for more than two decades in the clinics now, several principles can be adopted to EV manufacturing. Here, we introduce and discuss volume reducing and purification methods frequently used for viruses and analyze their value for the manufacturing of EV-based therapeutics.
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27
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Gupta D, Wiklander OPB, Görgens A, Conceição M, Corso G, Liang X, Seow Y, Balusu S, Feldin U, Bostancioglu B, Jawad R, Mamand DR, Lee YXF, Hean J, Mäger I, Roberts TC, Gustafsson M, Mohammad DK, Sork H, Backlund A, Lundin P, de Fougerolles A, Smith CIE, Wood MJA, Vandenbroucke RE, Nordin JZ, El-Andaloussi S. Amelioration of systemic inflammation via the display of two different decoy protein receptors on extracellular vesicles. Nat Biomed Eng 2021; 5:1084-1098. [PMID: 34616047 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-021-00792-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be functionalized to display specific protein receptors on their surface. However, surface-display technology typically labels only a small fraction of the EV population. Here, we show that the joint display of two different therapeutically relevant protein receptors on EVs can be optimized by systematically screening EV-loading protein moieties. We used cytokine-binding domains derived from tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) and interleukin-6 signal transducer (IL-6ST), which can act as decoy receptors for the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6, respectively. We found that the genetic engineering of EV-producing cells to express oligomerized exosomal sorting domains and the N-terminal fragment of syntenin (a cytosolic adaptor of the single transmembrane domain protein syndecan) increased the display efficiency and inhibitory activity of TNFR1 and IL-6ST and facilitated their joint display on EVs. In mouse models of systemic inflammation, neuroinflammation and intestinal inflammation, EVs displaying the cytokine decoys ameliorated the disease phenotypes with higher efficacy as compared with clinically approved biopharmaceutical agents targeting the TNF-α and IL-6 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanu Gupta
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Oscar P B Wiklander
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - André Görgens
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Giulia Corso
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiuming Liang
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yiqi Seow
- Molecular Engineering Laboratory, Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sriram Balusu
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ulrika Feldin
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Beklem Bostancioglu
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rim Jawad
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Doste R Mamand
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Biology Department, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Yi Xin Fiona Lee
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Imre Mäger
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas C Roberts
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Manuela Gustafsson
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dara K Mohammad
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Helena Sork
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Backlund
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - C I Edvard Smith
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Matthew J A Wood
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Roosmarijn E Vandenbroucke
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joel Z Nordin
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Samir El-Andaloussi
- Biomolecular Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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28
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Abel F, Giebel B, Frey UH. Agony of choice: How anesthetics affect the composition and function of extracellular vesicles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113813. [PMID: 34029645 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The choice of the anesthetic regime is suggested to affect clinical outcomes following major surgery. Propofol was shown to exert beneficial effects on different cancer outcomes, while volatile anesthetics may be favorable in cardiac surgery. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) were discovered as essential signal mediators in physiological and pathophysiological processes including carcinogenesis and metastasis. Furthermore, depending on their cell source, EVs fulfill therapeutic functions. In addition to extracorporally produced EVs, appropriate systemic intervention such as remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is considered to promote endogenous release of therapeutically active EVs to mediate cardioprotective effects. EVs are assembled in cell-type specific manners and the composition of EVs is not only affected by the disease, but also by the applied anesthetic of anesthetized patients. Here, we compare known impacts of anesthetic agents on outcomes in cancer surgery and cardioprotection and link these effects to the composition and therapeutic potential of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Abel
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraße 179, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Ulrich H Frey
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, operative Intensivmedizin, Schmerz- und Palliativmedizin, Marien Hospital Herne, Universitätsklinikum der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, 44625 Herne, Germany
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29
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Tertel T, Görgens A, Giebel B. Analysis of individual extracellular vesicles by imaging flow cytometry. Methods Enzymol 2020; 645:55-78. [PMID: 33565978 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Virtually all cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) into their environment, such as exosomes and microvesicles. EVs can mediate intercellular communication processes in a targeted manner. Representing their cell of origin, EVs contain cell type specific signatures, qualifying them as a novel class of biomarkers. Furthermore, according to their tropism to certain target cells, EVs provide promising aspects to be used as drug delivery vehicles. Depending on their origin, certain EVs contain the potential to modulate physiological and pathophysiological processes. Although the EV field provides many interesting aspects, the methodology in EV research is limited. For now, EVs are mainly analyzed by nanoparticle tracking analysis and bulk molecular analysis, regularly Western Blot. These technologies cannot dissect the heterogeneity of EVs observed by electron microscopy (EM). Although EM technologies help to demonstrate the heterogeneity within EV samples, EM technologies are not appropriate to perform more complex and quantitative EV analyses. Flow cytometry (FCM) is a traditional method for dissecting the heterogeneity of given cell populations in a quantitative and complex manner. However, classical FCM regularly fails to detect objects in the size range of small EVs (sEVs) that typically is in the range between 70 and 150nm. Recently, we and others demonstrated the potential of imaging FCM for the analyses of small EVs at the single vesicle level. Here, at the example of sEVs harvested from supernatants of human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), we share a protocol for studying the expression of the tetraspanins CD9, CD63 and CD81 on single EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Tertel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - André Görgens
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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30
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Görgens A, Nolan JP. Aiming to Compare Apples to Apples: Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles and Other Nanosized Particles by Flow Cytometry. Cytometry A 2020; 97:566-568. [PMID: 32562309 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- André Görgens
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - John P Nolan
- Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, USA
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