1
|
Harada A, Kunii M, Kurokawa K, Sumi T, Kanda S, Zhang Y, Nadanaka S, Hirosawa KM, Tokunaga K, Tojima T, Taniguchi M, Moriwaki K, Yoshimura SI, Yamamoto-Hino M, Goto S, Katagiri T, Kume S, Hayashi-Nishino M, Nakano M, Miyoshi E, Suzuki KGN, Kitagawa H, Nakano A. Dynamic movement of the Golgi unit and its glycosylation enzyme zones. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4514. [PMID: 38802491 PMCID: PMC11130159 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48901-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Knowledge on the distribution and dynamics of glycosylation enzymes in the Golgi is essential for better understanding this modification. Here, using a combination of CRISPR/Cas9 knockin technology and super-resolution microscopy, we show that the Golgi complex is assembled by a number of small 'Golgi units' that have 1-3 μm in diameter. Each Golgi unit contains small domains of glycosylation enzymes which we call 'zones'. The zones of N- and O-glycosylation enzymes are colocalised. However, they are less colocalised with the zones of a glycosaminoglycan synthesizing enzyme. Golgi units change shapes dynamically and the zones of glycosylation enzymes rapidly move near the rim of the unit. Photobleaching analysis indicates that a glycosaminoglycan synthesizing enzyme moves between units. Depletion of giantin dissociates units and prevents the movement of glycosaminoglycan synthesizing enzymes, which leads to insufficient glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Thus, we show the structure-function relationship of the Golgi and its implications in human pathogenesis.
Collapse
Grants
- 17H0622 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- 21H02658 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- 21K06734 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- 17H06413 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- 17H06420 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- 18H05275 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- 18H05275 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- 17H06413 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- 17H06420 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- 18H05275 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Harada
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Masataka Kunii
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kurokawa
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takuya Sumi
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kanda
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satomi Nadanaka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Koichiro M Hirosawa
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Takuro Tojima
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Manabu Taniguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenta Moriwaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Yoshimura
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Goto
- Department of Life Science, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toyomasa Katagiri
- Laboratory of Biofunctional Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kume
- Laboratory for Pathophysiological and Health Science, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Hayashi-Nishino
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miyako Nakano
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Eiji Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenichi G N Suzuki
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, Japan
- Division of Advanced Bioimaging, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yamamoto T, Kambayashi Y, Tsukano K, Michiue T. Ndst1, a heparan sulfate modification enzyme, regulates neuroectodermal patterning by enhancing Wnt signaling in Xenopus. Dev Growth Differ 2023; 65:153-160. [PMID: 36726238 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Neural tissue is derived from three precursor regions: neural plate, neural crest, and preplacodal ectoderm. These regions are determined by morphogen-mediated signaling. Morphogen distribution is generally regulated by binding to an extracellular matrix component, heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan. HS is modified by many enzymes, such as N-deacetyl sulfotransferase 1 (Ndst1), which is highly expressed in early development. However, functions of HS modifications in ectodermal patterning are largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed the role of Ndst1 using Xenopus embryos. We found that ndst1 was expressed in anterior neural plate and the trigeminal region at the neurula stage. ndst1 overexpression expanded the neural crest (NC) region, whereas translational inhibition reduced not only the trigeminal region, but also the adjacent NC region, especially the anterior part. At a later stage, ndst1 knocked-down embryos showed defects in cranial ganglion formation. We also found that Ndst1 activates Wnt signaling pathway at the neurula stage. Taken together, our results suggest that N-sulfonated HS accumulates Wnt ligand and activates Wnt signaling in ndst1-expressing cells, but that it inhibits signaling in non-ndst1-expressing cells, leading to proper neuroectodermal patterning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Kambayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Tsukano
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Michiue
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang Z, Song C, Jiang R, Huang Y, Lan X, Lei C, Qi X, Zhang C, Huang B, Chen H. CircNDST1 Regulates Bovine Myoblasts Proliferation and Differentiation via the miR-411a/ Smad4 Axis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:10044-10057. [PMID: 35916743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNA (circRNA) is endogenous noncoding RNA found throughout the eukaryotic genome. It regulates several biological activities at the transcription or post-transcription level. However, the underlying function of circRNA in bovine skeletal muscle development remains unknown. Here, we identified a novel circRNA, circNDST1, and investigated its function and mechanism on the proliferation and differentiation of bovine myoblasts. At the molecular and cellular levels, circNDST1 could promote bovine myoblasts proliferation and inhibit differentiation. Mechanistically, circNDST1 is expressed in the cytoplasmic of myoblast and was enriched by protein Ago2. circNDST1 acts as a competing endogenous RNA that sponges miR-411a and alleviates the inhibitory effect on its target gene, Smad4. miR-411a and Smad4 were also involved in regulating bovine myoblast proliferation and differentiation. These findings suggest that circNDST1 functions as a competing endogenous RNA and regulates bovine myoblast proliferation and differentiation through the miR-411a/Smad4 axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chengchuang Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yongzhen Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xianyong Lan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chuzhao Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xinglei Qi
- Bureau of Animal Husbandry of Biyang County, Biyang, Henan 463700, China
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Bizhi Huang
- Yunnan Academy of Grassland and Animal Science, Kunming, Yunnan 650212, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Eph and Ephrin Variants in Malaysian Neural Tube Defect Families. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13060952. [PMID: 35741713 PMCID: PMC9222557 DOI: 10.3390/genes13060952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are common birth defects with a complex genetic etiology. Mouse genetic models have indicated a number of candidate genes, of which functional mutations in some have been found in human NTDs, usually in a heterozygous state. This study focuses on Ephs-ephrins as candidate genes of interest owing to growing evidence of the role of this gene family during neural tube closure in mouse models. Eph-ephrin genes were analyzed in 31 Malaysian individuals comprising seven individuals with sporadic spina bifida, 13 parents, one twin-sibling and 10 unrelated controls. Whole exome sequencing analysis and bioinformatic analysis were performed to identify variants in 22 known Eph-ephrin genes. We reported that three out of seven spina bifida probands and three out of thirteen family members carried a variant in either EPHA2 (rs147977279), EPHB6 (rs780569137) or EFNB1 (rs772228172). Analysis of public databases shows that these variants are rare. In exome datasets of the probands and parents of the probands with Eph-ephrin variants, the genotypes of spina bifida-related genes were compared to investigate the probability of the gene–gene interaction in relation to environmental risk factors. We report the presence of Eph-ephrin gene variants that are prevalent in a small cohort of spina bifida patients in Malaysian families.
Collapse
|
5
|
Mashima R, Okuyama T, Ohira M. Physiology and Pathophysiology of Heparan Sulfate in Animal Models: Its Biosynthesis and Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1963. [PMID: 35216081 PMCID: PMC8876164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a type of glycosaminoglycan that plays a key role in a variety of biological functions in neurology, skeletal development, immunology, and tumor metastasis. Biosynthesis of HS is initiated by a link of xylose to Ser residue of HS proteoglycans, followed by the formation of a linker tetrasaccharide. Then, an extension reaction of HS disaccharide occurs through polymerization of many repetitive units consisting of iduronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. Subsequently, several modification reactions take place to complete the maturation of HS. The sulfation positions of N-, 2-O-, 6-O-, and 3-O- are all mediated by specific enzymes that may have multiple isozymes. C5-epimerization is facilitated by the epimerase enzyme that converts glucuronic acid to iduronic acid. Once these enzymatic reactions have been completed, the desulfation reaction further modifies HS. Apart from HS biosynthesis, the degradation of HS is largely mediated by the lysosome, an intracellular organelle with acidic pH. Mucopolysaccharidosis is a genetic disorder characterized by an accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in the body associated with neuronal, skeletal, and visceral disorders. Genetically modified animal models have significantly contributed to the understanding of the in vivo role of these enzymes. Their role and potential link to diseases are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Mashima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; (T.O.); (M.O.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kingma SDK, Jonckheere AI. MPS I: Early diagnosis, bone disease and treatment, where are we now? J Inherit Metab Dis 2021; 44:1289-1310. [PMID: 34480380 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by α-L-iduronidase deficiency. Patients present with a broad spectrum of disease severity ranging from the most severe phenotype (Hurler) with devastating neurocognitive decline, bone disease and early death to intermediate (Hurler-Scheie) and more attenuated (Scheie) phenotypes, with a normal life expectancy. The most severely affected patients are preferably treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, which halts the neurocognitive decline. Patients with more attenuated phenotypes are treated with enzyme replacement therapy. There are several challenges to be met in the treatment of MPS I patients. First, to optimize outcome, early recognition of the disease and clinical phenotype is needed to guide decisions on therapeutic strategies. Second, there is thus far no effective treatment available for MPS I bone disease. The pathophysiological mechanisms behind bone disease are largely unknown, limiting the development of effective therapeutic strategies. This article is a state of the art that comprehensively discusses three of the most urgent open issues in MPS I: early diagnosis of MPS I patients, pathophysiology of MPS I bone disease, and emerging therapeutic strategies for MPS I bone disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra D K Kingma
- Centre for Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - An I Jonckheere
- Centre for Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lewejohann L, Pallerla SR, Schreiber RS, Gerula J, Grobe K. Cerebellar Morphology and Behavioral Profiles in Mice Lacking Heparan Sulfate Ndst Gene Function. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:jdb8030013. [PMID: 32664575 PMCID: PMC7560088 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8030013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the Heparan sulfate (HS)-biosynthetic gene N-acetylglucosamine N-Deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase 1 (Ndst1) during nervous system development causes malformations that are composites of those caused by mutations of multiple HS binding growth factors and morphogens. However, the role of Ndst function in adult brain physiology is less explored. Therefore, we generated mice bearing a Purkinje-cell-specific deletion in Ndst1 gene function by using Cre/loxP technology under the control of the Purkinje cell protein 2 (Pcp2/L7) promotor, which results in HS undersulfation. We observed that mutant mice did not show overt changes in the density or organization of Purkinje cells in the adult cerebellum, and behavioral tests also demonstrated normal cerebellar function. This suggested that postnatal Purkinje cell development and homeostasis are independent of Ndst1 function, or that impaired HS sulfation upon deletion of Ndst1 function may be compensated for by other Purkinje cell-expressed Ndst isoforms. To test the latter possibility, we additionally deleted the second Purkinje-cell expressed Ndst family member, Ndst2. This selectively abolished reproductive capacity of compound mutant female, but not male, mice, suggesting that ovulation, gestation, or female reproductive behavior specifically depends on Ndst-dependent HS sulfation in cells types that express Cre under Pcp2/L7 promotor control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Lewejohann
- Department of Behavioral Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (L.L.); (R.S.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Srinivas R. Pallerla
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Rebecca S. Schreiber
- Department of Behavioral Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (L.L.); (R.S.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Joanna Gerula
- Department of Behavioral Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; (L.L.); (R.S.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Kay Grobe
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-251-83-52289
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Severmann AC, Jochmann K, Feller K, Bachvarova V, Piombo V, Stange R, Holzer T, Brachvogel B, Esko J, Pap T, Hoffmann D, Vortkamp A. An altered heparan sulfate structure in the articular cartilage protects against osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2020; 28:977-987. [PMID: 32315715 PMCID: PMC8422443 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive degenerative disease of the articular cartilage caused by an unbalanced activity of proteases, cytokines and other secreted proteins. Since heparan sulfate (HS) determines the activity of many extracellular factors, we investigated its role in OA progression. METHODS To analyze the role of the HS level, OA was induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) in transgenic mice carrying a loss-of-function allele of Ext1 in clones of chondrocytes (Col2-rtTA-Cre;Ext1e2fl/e2fl). To study the impact of the HS sulfation pattern, OA was surgically induced in mice with a heterozygous (Ndst1+/-) or chondrocyte-specific (Col2-Cre;Ndst1fl/fl) loss-of-function allele of the sulfotransferase Ndst1. OA progression was evaluated using the OARSI scoring system. To investigate expression and activity of cartilage degrading proteases, femoral head explants of Ndst1+/- mutants were analyzed by qRT-PCR, Western Blot and gelatin zymography. RESULTS All investigated mouse strains showed reduced OA scores (Col2-rtTA-Cre;Ext1e2fl/e2fl: 0.83; 95% HDI 0.72-0.96; Ndst1+/-: 0.83, 95% HDI 0.74-0.9; Col2-Cre;Ndst1fl/fl: 0.87, 95% HDI 0.76-1). Using cartilage explant cultures of Ndst1 animals, we detected higher amounts of aggrecan degradation products in wildtype samples (NITEGE 4.24-fold, 95% HDI 1.05-18.55; VDIPEN 1.54-fold, 95% HDI 1.54-2.34). Accordingly, gelatin zymography revealed lower Mmp2 activity in mutant samples upon RA-treatment (0.77-fold, 95% HDI: 0.60-0.96). As expression of major proteases and their inhibitors was not altered, HS seems to regulate cartilage degeneration by affecting protease activity. CONCLUSION A decreased HS content or a reduced sulfation level protect against OA progression by regulating protease activity rather than expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A-C Severmann
- Department of Developmental Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
| | - K Jochmann
- Department of Developmental Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
| | - K Feller
- Department of Developmental Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
| | - V Bachvarova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
| | - V Piombo
- Department of Developmental Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
| | - R Stange
- Zentrum für Muskuloskelettale Medizin, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany.
| | - T Holzer
- Center for Biochemistry, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany.
| | - B Brachvogel
- Center for Biochemistry, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany.
| | - J Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research & Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0687, USA.
| | - T Pap
- Zentrum für Muskuloskelettale Medizin, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany.
| | - D Hoffmann
- Department Bioinformatics and Computational Biophysics, Center for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
| | - A Vortkamp
- Department of Developmental Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Macchi M, Magalon K, Zimmer C, Peeva E, El Waly B, Brousse B, Jaekel S, Grobe K, Kiefer F, Williams A, Cayre M, Durbec P. Mature oligodendrocytes bordering lesions limit demyelination and favor myelin repair via heparan sulfate production. eLife 2020; 9:51735. [PMID: 32515730 PMCID: PMC7308090 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin destruction is followed by resident glia activation and mobilization of endogenous progenitors (OPC) which participate in myelin repair. Here we show that in response to demyelination, mature oligodendrocytes (OLG) bordering the lesion express Ndst1, a key enzyme for heparan sulfates (HS) synthesis. Ndst1+ OLG form a belt that demarcates lesioned from intact white matter. Mice with selective inactivation of Ndst1 in the OLG lineage display increased lesion size, sustained microglia and OPC reactivity. HS production around the lesion allows Sonic hedgehog (Shh) binding and favors the local enrichment of this morphogen involved in myelin regeneration. In MS patients, Ndst1 is also found overexpressed in oligodendroglia and the number of Ndst1-expressing oligodendroglia is inversely correlated with lesion size and positively correlated with remyelination potential. Our study suggests that mature OLG surrounding demyelinated lesions are not passive witnesses but contribute to protection and regeneration by producing HS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elitsa Peeva
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Multiple Sclerosis Society Centre for Translational Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Sarah Jaekel
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Multiple Sclerosis Society Centre for Translational Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kay Grobe
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry and Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Anna Williams
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Multiple Sclerosis Society Centre for Translational Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Myriam Cayre
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Marseille, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
De Pasquale V, Pavone LM. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans: The sweet side of development turns sour in mucopolysaccharidoses. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:165539. [PMID: 31465828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are complex carbohydrate-modified proteins ubiquitously expressed on cell surfaces, extracellular matrix and basement membrane of mammalian tissues. Beside to serve as structural constituents, they regulate multiple cellular activities. A critical involvement of HSPGs in development has been established, and perturbations of HSPG-dependent pathways are associated with many human diseases. Recent evidence suggest a role of HSPGs in the pathogenesis of mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) where the accumulation of undigested HS results in the loss of cellular functions, tissue damage and organ dysfunctions accounting for clinical manifestations which include central nervous system (CNS) involvement, degenerative joint disease and reduced bone growth. Current therapies are not curative but only ameliorate the disease symptoms. Here, we highlight the link between HSPG functions in the development of CNS and musculoskeletal structures and the etiology of some MPS phenotypes, suggesting that HSPGs may represent potential targets for the therapy of such incurable diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria De Pasquale
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini n. 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Luigi Michele Pavone
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini n. 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dumoulin A, Dagane A, Dittmar G, Rathjen FG. S-palmitoylation Is Required for the Control of Growth Cone Morphology of DRG Neurons by CNP-Induced cGMP Signaling. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:345. [PMID: 30319353 PMCID: PMC6166100 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic investigations have demonstrated that a specific form of axonal branching - the bifurcation of afferents from dorsal root ganglia (DRG), cranial sensory ganglia (CSG) and mesencephalic trigeminal neurons (MTN) – is regulated by a cGMP-dependent signaling pathway. This cascade is composed of the ligand C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), the receptor guanylyl cyclase Npr2, and the cGMP-dependent protein kinase Iα (cGKIα). In the absence of any one of these components, axons no longer bifurcate, instead they turn in either an ascending or a descending direction. To gain further mechanistic insights into the process of axon bifurcation we applied different cell culture approaches to decipher downstream activities of cGKI in somatosensory growth cones. We demonstrate that CNP induces an enlargement of DRG growth cones via cGKI which is considered as the priming step of axon bifurcation in the spinal cord. This growth cone remodeling was both blocked by pharmacological inhibitors of S-palmitoylation and potentiated by blocking de-palmitoylation. cGKI colocalizes with the palmitoylome and vesicular structures including the endoplasmic reticulum, early endosomes, lysosomes primarily in the central domain of the growth cone as well as with the Golgi apparatus at the level of the soma. Interestingly, an acyl-biotin-exchange chemistry-based screen indicated that 8pCPT-cGMP-induced signaling induces S-palmitoylation of a restricted pool of proteins in the DRG-derived cell line F11. Overall, our data indicate that CNP-induced cGMP signaling via cGKI affects growth cone morphology of somatosensory afferents. Moreover, it also suggests that S-palmitoylation might play a role in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alina Dagane
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kero D, Bilandzija TS, Arapovic LL, Vukojevic K, Saraga-Babic M. Syndecans and Enzymes Involved in Heparan Sulfate Biosynthesis and Degradation Are Differentially Expressed During Human Odontogenesis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:732. [PMID: 29962964 PMCID: PMC6010574 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Syndecans belong to a four-member family of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) abundantly present in various tissues. They are primarily recognized as extracellular matrix (ECM) receptors able to bind various ECM components and form gradients of morphogens and growth factors. Syndecans are composed of core protein with distinctive cytoplasmic, transmembrane, and extracellular domains to which several HS glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains are covalently attached. In development of composite organs, such as teeth, expression patterns of syndecans display temporo-spatial shifts between epithelial and mesenchymal tissue compartments. Along with diverse functional properties of syndecans and generally large number of their interactors due to HS GAG chain content, this suggests possible involvement of syndecans in modulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal crosstalk. Functional versatility of syndecans greatly depends upon the biochemical properties of attached HS GAG chains. These are specifically determined during the HS biosynthesis by the combinatorial action of glycosyl-transferases (Exts/EXTs) and bi-functional sulfotransferases (Ndsts/NDSTs), as well as by post-biosynthetic enzymatic cleavage of HS by the only active endoglucuronidase in mammals, heparanase 1 (Hpse1/HPSE1). Matching the essential requirement for HS during organogenesis, null-mutant animals for genes encoding these enzymes display severe developmental anomalies of mineralized tissues (including teeth) with embryonic or perinatal lethality. In this study, we analyzed expression of syndecan HSPGs (syndecans 1, 2, and 4), enzymes involved in HS biosynthesis (EXT1, NDST1, NDST2) and HS cleavage (HPSE1) in human tooth germs during the early stages of odontogenesis. All of the investigated factors displayed temporo-spatial differences in expression patterns, and some of them showed distinctive asymmetries of expression domains. Our findings suggest that these factors might be differentially involved in cellular processes which take place during the early odontogenic sequence in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darko Kero
- Department of Dental Morphology and Anthropology, Study Program of Dental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Tanja Simic Bilandzija
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Clinical Hospital Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.,Study Program of Dental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Lidija Lasic Arapovic
- Study Program of Dental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.,Primary Health Care Center Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Katarina Vukojevic
- Laboratory for Early Human Development, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Mirna Saraga-Babic
- Laboratory for Early Human Development, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mii Y, Yamamoto T, Takada R, Mizumoto S, Matsuyama M, Yamada S, Takada S, Taira M. Roles of two types of heparan sulfate clusters in Wnt distribution and signaling in Xenopus. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1973. [PMID: 29215008 PMCID: PMC5719454 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt proteins direct embryonic patterning, but the regulatory basis of their distribution and signal reception remain unclear. Here, we show that endogenous Wnt8 protein is distributed in a graded manner in Xenopus embryo and accumulated on the cell surface in a punctate manner in association with “N-sulfo-rich heparan sulfate (HS),” not with “N-acetyl-rich HS”. These two types of HS are differentially clustered by attaching to different glypicans as core proteins. N-sulfo-rich HS is frequently internalized and associated with the signaling vesicle, known as the Frizzled/Wnt/LRP6 signalosome, in the presence of Wnt8. Conversely, N-acetyl-rich HS is rarely internalized and accumulates Frzb, a secreted Wnt antagonist. Upon interaction with Frzb, Wnt8 associates with N-acetyl-rich HS, suggesting that N-acetyl-rich HS supports Frzb-mediated antagonism by sequestering Wnt8 from N-sulfo-rich HS. Thus, these two types of HS clusters may constitute a cellular platform for the distribution and signaling of Wnt8. Wnt proteins mediate embryonic development but how protein localization and patterning is regulated is unclear. Here, the authors show that distinct structures with different heparan sulfate modifications (‘N-sulfo-rich’ and ‘N-acetyl-rich’) regulate cellular localization and signal transduction of Wnt8 in Xenopus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mii
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,National Institute for Basic Biology and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Takada
- National Institute for Basic Biology and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsuyama
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Shigei Medical Research Institute, 2117 Yamada, Minami-ku, Okayama, 701-0202, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Shinji Takada
- National Institute for Basic Biology and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan. .,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.
| | - Masanori Taira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Oshima K, Haeger SM, Hippensteel JA, Herson PS, Schmidt EP. More than a biomarker: the systemic consequences of heparan sulfate fragments released during endothelial surface layer degradation (2017 Grover Conference Series). Pulm Circ 2017; 8:2045893217745786. [PMID: 29199903 PMCID: PMC5731723 DOI: 10.1177/2045893217745786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in tissue fixation and imaging techniques have yielded increasing appreciation for the glycosaminoglycan-rich endothelial glycocalyx and its in vivo manifestation, the endothelial surface layer (ESL). Pathological loss of the ESL during critical illness promotes local endothelial dysfunction and, consequently, organ injury. Glycosaminoglycan fragments, such as heparan sulfate, are released into the plasma of animals and humans after ESL degradation and have thus served as a biomarker of endothelial injury. The development of state-of-the-art glycomic techniques, however, has revealed that these circulating heparan sulfate fragments are capable of influencing growth factor and other signaling pathways distant to the site of ESL injury. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge concerning the local (i.e. endothelial injury) and systemic (i.e. para- or endocrine) consequences of ESL degradation and identifies opportunities for future, novel investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Oshima
- 1 129263 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sarah M Haeger
- 1 129263 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Paco S Herson
- 2 129263 Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eric P Schmidt
- 1 129263 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,3 Department of Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jakobs P, Schulz P, Ortmann C, Schürmann S, Exner S, Rebollido-Rios R, Dreier R, Seidler DG, Grobe K. Bridging the gap: heparan sulfate and Scube2 assemble Sonic hedgehog release complexes at the surface of producing cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26435. [PMID: 27199253 PMCID: PMC4873810 DOI: 10.1038/srep26435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Decision making in cellular ensembles requires the dynamic release of signaling molecules from the producing cells into the extracellular compartment. One important example of molecules that require regulated release in order to signal over several cell diameters is the Hedgehog (Hh) family, because all Hhs are synthesized as dual-lipidated proteins that firmly tether to the outer membrane leaflet of the cell that produces them. Factors for the release of the vertebrate Hh family member Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) include cell-surface sheddases that remove the lipidated terminal peptides, as well as the soluble glycoprotein Scube2 that cell-nonautonomously enhances this process. This raises the question of how soluble Scube2 is recruited to cell-bound Shh substrates to regulate their turnover. We hypothesized that heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the producing cell surface may play this role. In this work, we confirm that HSPGs enrich Scube2 at the surface of Shh-producing cells and that Scube2-regulated proteolytic Shh processing and release depends on specific HS. This finding indicates that HSPGs act as cell-surface assembly and storage platforms for Shh substrates and for protein factors required for their release, making HSPGs critical decision makers for Scube2-dependent Shh signaling from the surface of producing cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Jakobs
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry and Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - P Schulz
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry and Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - C Ortmann
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry and Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - S Schürmann
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry and Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - S Exner
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry and Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - R Rebollido-Rios
- Center for Medical Biotechnology#, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - R Dreier
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry and Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - D G Seidler
- Centre for Internal Medicine, Hannover Medical School I3, EB2/R3110, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - K Grobe
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry and Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Melrose J, Shu C, Whitelock JM, Lord MS. The cartilage extracellular matrix as a transient developmental scaffold for growth plate maturation. Matrix Biol 2016; 52-54:363-383. [PMID: 26807757 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The cartilage growth plate is a specialized developmental tissue containing characteristic zonal arrangements of chondrocytes. The proliferative and differentiative states of chondrocytes are tightly regulated at all stages including the initial limb bud and rudiment cartilage stages of development, the establishment of the primary and secondary ossification centers, development of the growth plates and laying down of bone. A multitude of spatio-temporal signals, including transcription factors, growth factors, morphogens and hormones, control chondrocyte maturation and terminal chondrocyte differentiation/hypertrophy, cell death/differentiation, calcification and vascular invasion of the growth plate and bone formation during morphogenetic transition of the growth plate. This involves hierarchical, integrated signaling from growth and factors, transcription factors, mechanosensory cues and proteases in the extracellular matrix to regulate these developmental processes to facilitate progressive changes in the growth plate culminating in bone formation and endochondral ossification. This review provides an overview of selected components which have particularly important roles in growth plate biology including collagens, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, growth factors, proteases and enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cindy Shu
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - John M Whitelock
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Megan S Lord
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ortmann C, Pickhinke U, Exner S, Ohlig S, Lawrence R, Jboor H, Dreier R, Grobe K. Sonic hedgehog processing and release are regulated by glypican heparan sulfate proteoglycans. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2374-85. [PMID: 25967551 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.170670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
All Hedgehog morphogens are released from producing cells, despite being synthesized as N- and C-terminally lipidated molecules, a modification that firmly tethers them to the cell membrane. We have previously shown that proteolytic removal of both lipidated peptides, called shedding, releases bioactive Sonic hedgehog (Shh) morphogens from the surface of transfected Bosc23 cells. Using in vivo knockdown together with in vitro cell culture studies, we now show that glypican heparan sulfate proteoglycans regulate this process, through their heparan sulfate chains, in a cell autonomous manner. Heparan sulfate specifically modifies Shh processing at the cell surface, and purified glycosaminoglycans enhance the proteolytic removal of N- and C-terminal Shh peptides under cell-free conditions. The most likely explanation for these observations is direct Shh processing in the extracellular compartment, suggesting that heparan sulfate acts as a scaffold or activator for Shh ligands and the factors required for their turnover. We also show that purified heparan sulfate isolated from specific cell types and tissues mediates the release of bioactive Shh from pancreatic cancer cells, revealing a previously unknown regulatory role for these versatile molecules in a pathological context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Ortmann
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ute Pickhinke
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Exner
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ohlig
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Roger Lawrence
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hamodah Jboor
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Rita Dreier
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kay Grobe
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Filipek-Górniok B, Carlsson P, Haitina T, Habicher J, Ledin J, Kjellén L. The NDST gene family in zebrafish: role of NDST1B in pharyngeal arch formation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119040. [PMID: 25767878 PMCID: PMC4359090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans are ubiquitous components of the extracellular matrix and plasma membrane of metazoans. The sulfation pattern of the HS glycosaminoglycan chain is characteristic for each tissue and changes during development. The glucosaminyl N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (NDST) enzymes catalyze N-deacetylation and N-sulfation during HS biosynthesis and have a key role in designing the sulfation pattern. We here report on the presence of five NDST genes in zebrafish. Zebrafish ndst1a, ndst1b, ndst2a and ndst2b represent duplicated mammalian orthologues of NDST1 and NDST2 that arose through teleost specific genome duplication. Interestingly, the single zebrafish orthologue ndst3, is equally similar to tetrapod Ndst3 and Ndst4. It is likely that a local duplication in the common ancestor of lobe-finned fish and tetrapods gave rise to these two genes. All zebrafish Ndst genes showed distinct but partially overlapping expression patterns during embryonic development. Morpholino knockdown of ndst1b resulted in delayed development, craniofacial cartilage abnormalities, shortened body and pectoral fin length, resembling some of the features of the Ndst1 mouse knockout.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beata Filipek-Górniok
- Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, PO Box 582, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Carlsson
- Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, PO Box 582, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tatjana Haitina
- Dept. of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Judith Habicher
- Dept. of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Ledin
- Dept. of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, PO Box 582, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pallares LF, Harr B, Turner LM, Tautz D. Use of a natural hybrid zone for genomewide association mapping of craniofacial traits in the house mouse. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:5756-70. [PMID: 25319559 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The identification of the genes involved in morphological variation in nature is still a major challenge. Here, we explore a new approach: we combine 178 samples from a natural hybrid zone between two subspecies of the house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus and Mus musculus musculus), and high coverage of the genome (~ 145K SNPs) to identify loci underlying craniofacial shape variation. Due to the long history of recombination in the hybrid zone, high mapping resolution is anticipated. The combination of genomes from subspecies allows the mapping of both, variation within subspecies and inter-subspecific differences, thereby increasing the overall amount of causal genetic variation that can be detected. Skull and mandible shape were measured using 3D landmarks and geometric morphometrics. Using principal component axes as phenotypes, and a linear mixed model accounting for genetic relatedness in the mapping populations, we identified nine genomic regions associated with skull shape and 10 with mandible shape. High mapping resolution (median size of significant regions = 148 kb) enabled identification of single or few candidate genes in most cases. Some of the genes act as regulators or modifiers of signalling pathways relevant for morphological development and bone formation, including several with known craniofacial phenotypes in mice and humans. The significant associations combined explain 13% and 7% of the skull and mandible shape variation, respectively. In addition, a positive correlation was found between chromosomal length and proportion of variation explained. Our results suggest a complex genetic architecture for shape traits and support a polygenic model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa F Pallares
- Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, 24306, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gustafsson R, Stachtea X, Maccarana M, Grottling E, Eklund E, Malmström A, Oldberg A. Dermatan sulfate epimerase 1 deficient mice as a model for human abdominal wall defects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 100:712-20. [PMID: 25186462 PMCID: PMC4233991 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatan sulfate (DS) is a highly sulfated polysaccharide with a variety of biological functions in extracellular matrix organization and processes such as tumorigenesis and wound healing. A distinct feature of DS is the presence of iduronic acid, produced by the two enzymes, DS-epimerase 1 and 2, which are encoded by Dse and Dsel, respectively. METHODS We have previously shown that Dse knockout (KO) mice in a mixed C57BL/6-129/SvJ background have an altered collagen matrix structure in skin. In the current work we studied Dse KO mice in a pure NFR genetic background. RESULTS Dse KO embryos and newborns had kinked tails and histological staining revealed significantly thicker epidermal layers in Dse KO mice when compared with heterozygote (Het) or wild-type (WT) littermates. Immunochemical analysis of the epidermal layers in newborn pups showed increased expression of keratin 5 in the basal layer and keratin 1 in the spinous layer. In addition, we observed an abdominal wall defect with herniated intestines in 16% of the Dse KO embryos. Other, less frequent, developmental defects were exencephaly and spina bifida. CONCLUSION We conclude that the combination of defective collagen structure in the dermis and imbalanced keratinocyte maturation could be responsible for the observed developmental defects in Dse KO mice. In addition, we propose that Dse KO mice could be used as a model in pathogenetic studies of human fetal abdominal wall defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Gustafsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D10, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Reuter MS, Musante L, Hu H, Diederich S, Sticht H, Ekici AB, Uebe S, Wienker TF, Bartsch O, Zechner U, Oppitz C, Keleman K, Jamra RA, Najmabadi H, Schweiger S, Reis A, Kahrizi K. NDST1missense mutations in autosomal recessive intellectual disability. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:2753-63. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam S. Reuter
- Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Luciana Musante
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics; Dept. Human Molecular Genetics; Berlin Germany
| | - Hao Hu
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics; Dept. Human Molecular Genetics; Berlin Germany
| | - Stefan Diederich
- Institute of Human Genetics; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Institute of Biochemistry; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Arif B. Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Steffen Uebe
- Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Thomas F. Wienker
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics; Dept. Human Molecular Genetics; Berlin Germany
| | - Oliver Bartsch
- Institute of Human Genetics; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Ulrich Zechner
- Institute of Human Genetics; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | | | - Krystyna Keleman
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology; Vienna Austria
- Janelia Farm Research Campus; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Ashburn Virginia
| | - Rami Abou Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Hossein Najmabadi
- Genetics Research Center; University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | - Susann Schweiger
- Institute of Human Genetics; University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - André Reis
- Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Kimia Kahrizi
- Genetics Research Center; University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences; Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mizumoto S, Yamada S, Sugahara K. Human genetic disorders and knockout mice deficient in glycosaminoglycan. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:495764. [PMID: 25126564 PMCID: PMC4122003 DOI: 10.1155/2014/495764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are constructed through the stepwise addition of respective monosaccharides by various glycosyltransferases and maturated by epimerases and sulfotransferases. The structural diversity of GAG polysaccharides, including their sulfation patterns and sequential arrangements, is essential for a wide range of biological activities such as cell signaling, cell proliferation, tissue morphogenesis, and interactions with various growth factors. Studies using knockout mice of enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of the GAG side chains of proteoglycans have revealed their physiological functions. Furthermore, mutations in the human genes encoding glycosyltransferases, sulfotransferases, and related enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of GAGs cause a number of genetic disorders including chondrodysplasia, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, and Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. This review focused on the increasing number of glycobiological studies on knockout mice and genetic diseases caused by disturbances in the biosynthetic enzymes for GAGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- Laboratory of Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics, Frontier Research Center for Post-Genomic Science and Technology, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, West-11, North-21, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ge XN, Ha SG, Rao A, Greenberg YG, Rushdi MN, Esko JD, Rao SP, Sriramarao P. Endothelial and leukocyte heparan sulfates regulate the development of allergen-induced airway remodeling in a mouse model. Glycobiology 2014; 24:715-27. [PMID: 24794009 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans (HSPGs) participate in several aspects of inflammation because of their ability to bind to growth factors, chemokines, interleukins and extracellular matrix proteins as well as promote inflammatory cell trafficking and migration. We investigated whether HSPGs play a role in the development of airway remodeling during chronic allergic asthma using mice deficient in endothelial- and leukocyte-expressed N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1 (Ndst1), an enzyme involved in modification reactions during HS biosynthesis. Ndst1-deficient and wild-type (WT) mice exposed to repetitive allergen (ovalbumin [OVA]) challenge were evaluated for the development of airway remodeling. Chronic OVA-challenged WT mice exhibited increased HS expression in the lungs along with airway eosinophilia, mucus hypersecretion, peribronchial fibrosis, increased airway epithelial thickness and smooth muscle mass. In OVA-challenged Ndst1-deficient mice, lung eosinophil and macrophage infiltration as well as airway mucus accumulation, peribronchial fibrosis and airway epithelial thickness were significantly lower than in allergen-challenged WT mice along with a trend toward decreased airway smooth muscle mass. Leukocyte and endothelial Ndst 1 deficiency also resulted in significantly decreased expression of IL-13 as well as remodeling-associated mediators such as VEGF, FGF-2 and TGF-β1 in the lung tissue. At a cellular level, exposure to eotaxin-1 failed to induce TGF-β1 expression by Ndst1-deficient eosinophils relative to WT eosinophils. These studies suggest that leukocyte and endothelial Ndst1-modified HS contribute to the development of allergen-induced airway remodeling by promoting recruitment of inflammatory cells as well as regulating expression of pro-remodeling factors such as IL-13, VEGF, TGF-β1 and FGF-2 in the lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Na Ge
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Sung Gil Ha
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Amrita Rao
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Yana G Greenberg
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Muaz Nik Rushdi
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Savita P Rao
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - P Sriramarao
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jochmann K, Bachvarova V, Vortkamp A. Reprint of: Heparan sulfate as a regulator of endochondral ossification and osteochondroma development. Matrix Biol 2014; 35:239-47. [PMID: 24726293 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Most elements of the vertebrate skeleton are formed by endochondral ossification. This process is initiated with mesenchymal cells that condense and differentiate into chondrocytes. These undergo several steps of differentiation from proliferating into hypertrophic chondrocytes, which are subsequently replaced by bone. Chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation are tightly controlled by a complex network of signaling molecules. During recent years, it has become increasingly clear that heparan sulfate (HS) carrying proteoglycans play a critical role in controlling the distribution and activity of these secreted factors. In this review we summarize the current understanding of the role of HS in regulating bone formation. In human, mutations in the HS synthetizing enzymes Ext1 and Ext2 induce the Multiple Osteochondroma syndrome, a skeletal disorder characterized by short stature and the formation of benign cartilage-capped tumors. We review the current insight into the origin of the disease and discuss its possible molecular basis. In addition, we summarize the existing insight into the role of HS as a regulator of signal propagation and signaling strength in the developing skeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Jochmann
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Velina Bachvarova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Andrea Vortkamp
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jochmann K, Bachvarova V, Vortkamp A. Heparan sulfate as a regulator of endochondral ossification and osteochondroma development. Matrix Biol 2013; 34:55-63. [PMID: 24370655 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Most elements of the vertebrate skeleton are formed by endochondral ossification. This process is initiated with mesenchymal cells that condense and differentiate into chondrocytes. These undergo several steps of differentiation from proliferating into hypertrophic chondrocytes, which are subsequently replaced by bone. Chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation are tightly controlled by a complex network of signaling molecules. During recent years, it has become increasingly clear that heparan sulfate (HS) carrying proteoglycans play a critical role in controlling the distribution and activity of these secreted factors. In this review we summarize the current understanding of the role of HS in regulating bone formation. In human, mutations in the HS synthetizing enzymes Ext1 and Ext2 induce the Multiple Osteochondroma syndrome, a skeletal disorder characterized by short stature and the formation of benign cartilage-capped tumors. We review the current insight into the origin of the disease and discuss its possible molecular basis. In addition, we summarize the existing insight into the role of HS as a regulator of signal propagation and signaling strength in the developing skeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Jochmann
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Velina Bachvarova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Andrea Vortkamp
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pan Y, Carbe C, Kupich S, Pickhinke U, Ohlig S, Frye M, Seelige R, Pallerla SR, Moon AM, Lawrence R, Esko JD, Zhang X, Grobe K. Heparan sulfate expression in the neural crest is essential for mouse cardiogenesis. Matrix Biol 2013; 35:253-65. [PMID: 24200809 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Impaired heparan sulfate (HS) synthesis in vertebrate development causes complex malformations due to the functional disruption of multiple HS-binding growth factors and morphogens. Here, we report developmental heart defects in mice bearing a targeted disruption of the HS-generating enzyme GlcNAc N-deacetylase/GlcN N-sulfotransferase 1 (NDST1), including ventricular septal defects (VSD), persistent truncus arteriosus (PTA), double outlet right ventricle (DORV), and retroesophageal right subclavian artery (RERSC). These defects closely resemble cardiac anomalies observed in mice made deficient in the cardiogenic regulator fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8). Consistent with this, we show that HS-dependent FGF8/FGF-receptor2C assembly and FGF8-dependent ERK-phosphorylation are strongly reduced in NDST1(-/-) embryonic cells and tissues. Moreover, WNT1-Cre/LoxP-mediated conditional targeting of NDST function in neural crest cells (NCCs) revealed that their impaired HS-dependent development contributes strongly to the observed cardiac defects. These findings raise the possibility that defects in HS biosynthesis may contribute to congenital heart defects in humans that represent the most common type of birth defect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Pan
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Christian Carbe
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sabine Kupich
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ute Pickhinke
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ohlig
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Maike Frye
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ruth Seelige
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Srinivas R Pallerla
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Anne M Moon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Roger Lawrence
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kay Grobe
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany; Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Smooth muscle specific deletion of Ndst1 leads to decreased vessel luminal area and no change in blood pressure in conscious mice. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 5:274-9. [PMID: 22555965 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9369-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are abundant matrix and membrane molecules. Smooth muscle specific deletion of one heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzyme, N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase1 leads to decreased vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, and vascular wall thickness. We hypothesized that this may lead to changes in blood pressure in conscious mice. Blood pressure was measured via telemetry in SM22αCre(+)Ndst1(-/-)(n = 4) and wild type (n = 8) mice. Aorta and thoracodorsal artery luminal area is significantly smaller in SM22αCre(+)Ndst1(-/-) (n = 4-8, P = 0.02, P = 0.0002) compared to wild type (n = 7) mice. Diurnal differences were observed in both cohorts for systolic, diastolic, mean arterial blood pressure, and heart rate (P < 0.001 from T test). No significant differences were found in the above parameters between the cohorts in either light or dark times using a linear mixed model. In conclusion, deletion of N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase1 in smooth muscle did not influence any of the blood pressure parameters measured despite significant decrease in aorta and thoracodorsal artery luminal area.
Collapse
|
28
|
Dagälv A, Holmborn K, Kjellén L, Abrink M. Lowered expression of heparan sulfate/heparin biosynthesis enzyme N-deacetylase/n-sulfotransferase 1 results in increased sulfation of mast cell heparin. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:44433-40. [PMID: 22049073 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.303891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of the heparan sulfate biosynthesis enzyme N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase 1 (NDST1) in mice causes severely disturbed heparan sulfate biosynthesis in all organs, whereas lack of NDST2 only affects heparin biosynthesis in mast cells (MCs). To investigate the individual and combined roles of NDST1 and NDST2 during MC development, in vitro differentiated MCs derived from mouse embryos and embryonic stem cells, respectively, have been studied. Whereas MC development will not occur in the absence of both NDST1 and NDST2, lack of NDST2 alone results in the generation of defective MCs. Surprisingly, the relative amount of heparin produced in NDST1(+/-) and NDST1(-/-) MCs is higher (≈30%) than in control MCs where ≈95% of the (35)S-labeled glycosaminoglycans produced is chondroitin sulfate. Lowered expression of NDST1 also results in a higher sulfate content of the heparin synthesized and is accompanied by increased levels of stored MC proteases. A model of the GAGosome, a hypothetical Golgi enzyme complex, is used to explain the results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Dagälv
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, and Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, SLU, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Farshi P, Ohlig S, Pickhinke U, Höing S, Jochmann K, Lawrence R, Dreier R, Dierker T, Grobe K. Dual roles of the Cardin-Weintraub motif in multimeric Sonic hedgehog. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:23608-19. [PMID: 21572042 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.206474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The fly morphogen Hedgehog (Hh) and its mammalian orthologs, Sonic, Indian, and Desert hedgehog, are secreted signaling molecules that mediate tissue patterning during embryogenesis and function in tissue homeostasis and regeneration in the adult. The function of all Hh family members is regulated at the levels of morphogen multimerization on the surface of producing cells, multimer release, multimer diffusion to target cells, and signal reception. These mechanisms are all known to depend on interactions of positively charged Hh amino acids (the Cardin-Weintraub (CW) motif) with negatively charged heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycan chains. However, a precise mechanistic understanding of these interactions is still lacking. In this work, we characterized ionic HS interactions of multimeric Sonic hedgehog (called ShhNp) as well as mutant forms lacking one or more CW residues. We found that deletion of all five CW residues as well as site-directed mutagenesis of CW residues Lys(33), Arg(35), and Lys(39) (mouse nomenclature) abolished HS binding. In contrast, CW residues Arg(34) and Lys(38) did not contribute to HS binding. Analysis and validation of Shh crystal lattice contacts provided an explanation for this finding. We demonstrate that CW residues Arg(34) and Lys(38) make contact with an acidic groove on the adjacent molecule in the multimer, suggesting a new function of these residues in ShhNp multimerization rather than HS binding. Therefore, the recombinant monomeric morphogen (called ShhN) differs in CW-dependent HS binding and biological activity from physiologically relevant ShhNp multimers, providing new explanations for functional differences observed between ShhN and ShhNp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pershang Farshi
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Waldeyerstrasse 15, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Whitelock J, Melrose J. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans in healthy and diseased systems. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 3:739-51. [PMID: 21462353 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that are synthesized in the tissues and organs of mammals. They are synthesized and attached to a core protein as proteoglycans through serine-glycine concensus motifs along the core protein. These GAGs are linear polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide saccharide units that are variously modified along their length. As a consequence of these modifications naturally occurring heparin and HS are extremely heterogeneous in their structures. A diverse range of proteins bind heparin and HS. The types of proteins that bind are dictated by the structure of the HS or heparin chains with which they are interacting. Heparan sulfates play major roles in tissue development and in maintaining homeostasis within healthy individuals. Recent genetic studies illustrate that alterations in their structural organization can have important consequences often giving rise to, or directly causing, a disease situation. A greater understanding of the repertoire of proteins with which heparin and HS interact and the diseases that can be caused by perturbations in the structures of heparin and HS proteoglycan may provide insights into possible therapeutic interventions. These issues are discussed with a focus on musculoskeletal phenotypes and diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Harris MJ, Juriloff DM. An update to the list of mouse mutants with neural tube closure defects and advances toward a complete genetic perspective of neural tube closure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 88:653-69. [PMID: 20740593 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The number of mouse mutants and strains with neural tube defects (NTDs) now exceeds 240, including 205 representing specific genes, 30 for unidentified genes, and 9 multifactorial strains. These mutants identify genes needed for embryonic neural tube closure. Reports of 50 new NTD mutants since our 2007 review (Harris and Juriloff, 2007) were considered in relation to the previously reviewed mutants to obtain new insights into mechanisms of NTD etiology. In addition to null mutations, some are hypomorphs or conditional mutants. Some mutations do not cause NTDs on their own, but do so in digenic, trigenic, and oligogenic combinations, an etiology that likely parallels the nature of genetic etiology of human NTDs. Mutants that have only exencephaly are fourfold more frequent than those that have spina bifida aperta with or without exencephaly. Many diverse cellular functions and biochemical pathways are involved; the NTD mutants draw new attention to chromatin modification (epigenetics), the protease-activated receptor cascade, and the ciliopathies. Few mutants directly involve folate metabolism. Prevention of NTDs by maternal folate supplementation has been tested in 13 mutants and reduces NTD frequency in six diverse mutants. Inositol reduces spina bifida aperta frequency in the curly tail mutant, and three new mutants involve inositol metabolism. The many NTD mutants are the foundation for a future complete genetic understanding of the processes of neural fold elevation and fusion along mechanistically distinct cranial-caudal segments of the neural tube, and they point to several candidate processes for study in human NTD etiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muriel J Harris
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Current perspectives on the etiology of agnathia-otocephaly. Eur J Med Genet 2010; 53:358-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
33
|
Smits NC, Kurup S, Rops AL, ten Dam GB, Massuger LF, Hafmans T, Turnbull JE, Spillmann D, Li JP, Kennel SJ, Wall JS, Shworak NW, Dekhuijzen PNR, van der Vlag J, van Kuppevelt TH. The heparan sulfate motif (GlcNS6S-IdoA2S)3, common in heparin, has a strict topography and is involved in cell behavior and disease. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:41143-51. [PMID: 20837479 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.153791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a structurally complex polysaccharide that interacts with a broad spectrum of extracellular effector ligands and thereby is thought to regulate a diverse array of biologic processes. The specificity of HS-ligand interactions is determined by the arrangement of sulfate groups on HS, which creates distinct binding motifs. Biologically important HS motifs are expected to exhibit regulated expression, yet there is a profound lack of tools to identify such motifs; consequently, little is known of their structures and functions. We have identified a novel phage display-derived antibody (NS4F5) that recognizes a highly regulated HS motif (HS(NS4F5)), which we have rigorously identified as (GlcNS6S-IdoA2S)(3). HS(NS4F5) exhibits a restricted expression in healthy adult tissues. Blocking HS(NS4F5) on cells in culture resulted in reduced proliferation and enhanced sensitivity to apoptosis. HS(NS4F5) is up-regulated in tumor endothelial cells, consistent with a role in endothelial cell activation. Indeed, TNF-α stimulated endothelial expression of HS(NS4F5), which contributed to leukocyte adhesion. In a mouse model of severe systemic amyloid protein A amyloidosis, HS(NS4F5) was expressed within amyloid deposits, which were successfully detected by microSPECT imaging using NS4F5 as a molecularly targeted probe. Combined, our results demonstrate that NS4F5 is a powerful tool for elucidating the biological function of HS(NS4F5) and can be exploited as a probe to detect novel polysaccharide biomarkers of disease processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Smits
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Thompson SM, Jesudason EC, Turnbull JE, Fernig DG. Heparan sulfate in lung morphogenesis: The elephant in the room. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 90:32-44. [PMID: 20301217 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a structurally complex polysaccharide located on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix, where it participates in numerous biological processes through interactions with a vast number of regulatory proteins such as growth factors and morphogens. HS is crucial for lung development; disruption of HS synthesis in flies and mice results in a major aberration of airway branching, and in mice, it results in neonatal death as a consequence of malformed lungs and respiratory distress. Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions governing lung morphogenesis are directed by various diffusible proteins, many of which bind to, and are regulated by HS, including fibroblast growth factors, sonic hedgehog, and bone morphogenetic proteins. The majority of research into the molecular mechanisms underlying defective lung morphogenesis and pulmonary pathologies, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia and pulmonary hypoplasia associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), has focused on abnormal protein expression. The potential contribution of HS to abnormalities of lung development has yet to be explored to any significant extent, which is somewhat surprising given the abnormal lung phenotype exhibited by mutant mice synthesizing abnormal HS. This review summarizes our current understanding of the role of HS and HS-binding proteins in lung morphogenesis and will present in vitro and in vivo evidence for the fundamental importance of HS in airway development. Finally, we will discuss the future possibility of HS-based therapeutics for ameliorating insufficient lung growth associated with lung diseases such as CDH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Thompson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yasuda T, Mundy C, Kinumatsu T, Shibukawa Y, Shibutani T, Grobe K, Minugh-Purvis N, Pacifici M, Koyama E. Sulfotransferase Ndst1 is needed for mandibular and TMJ development. J Dent Res 2010; 89:1111-6. [PMID: 20554886 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510373766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HS-PGs) regulate several developmental processes, but their possible roles in mandibular and TMJ formation are largely unclear. To uncover such roles, we generated mice lacking Golgi-associated N-sulfotransferase 1 (Ndst1) that catalyzes sulfation of HS-PG glycosaminoglycan chains. Ndst1-null mouse embryos exhibited different degrees of phenotypic penetrance. Severely affected mutants lacked the temporomandibular joint and condyle, but had a mandibular remnant that displayed abnormal tooth germs, substandard angiogenesis, and enhanced apoptosis. In mildly affected mutants, the condylar growth plate was dysfunctional and exhibited thicker superficial and polymorphic cell zones, a much wider distribution of Indian hedgehog signaling activity, and ectopic ossification along its lateral border. Interestingly, mildly affected mutants also exhibited facial asymmetry resembling that seen in individuals with hemifacial microsomia. Our findings indicate that Ndst1-dependent HS sulfation is critical for mandibular and TMJ development and allows HS-PGs to exert their roles via regulation of Ihh signaling topography and action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Yasuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University College of Medicine, 1015 Walnut Street, Curtis Building Room 501, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Adhikari N, Basi DL, Townsend D, Rusch M, Mariash A, Mullegama S, Watson A, Larson J, Tan S, Lerman B, Esko JD, Selleck SB, Hall JL. Heparan sulfate Ndst1 regulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, vessel size and vascular remodeling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 49:287-93. [PMID: 20206635 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are abundant molecules in the extracellular matrix and at the cell surface. Heparan sulfate chains are composed of groups of disaccharides whose side chains are modified through a series of enzymatic reactions. Deletion of these enzymes alters heparan sulfate fine structure and leads to changes in cell proliferation and tissue development. The role of heparan sulfate modification has not been explored in the vessel wall. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that altering heparan sulfate fine structure would impact vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, vessel structure, and remodeling in response to injury. A heparan sulfate modifying enzyme, N-deacetylase N-sulfotransferase1 (Ndst1) was deleted in smooth muscle resulting in decreased N- and 2-O sulfation of the heparan sulfate chains. Smooth muscle specific deletion of Ndst1 led to a decrease in proliferating VSMCs and the circumference of the femoral artery in neonatal and adult mice. In response to vascular injury, mice lacking Ndst1 exhibited a significant reduction in lesion formation. Taken together, these data provide new evidence that modification of heparan sulfate fine structure through deletion of Ndst1 is sufficient to decrease VSMC proliferation and alter vascular remodeling.
Collapse
|
37
|
Ringvall M, Kjellén L. Mice deficient in heparan sulfate N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase 1. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 93:35-58. [PMID: 20807640 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(10)93003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ndsts (N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferases) are enzymes responsible for N-sulfation during heparan sulfate (HS) and heparin biosynthesis. In this review, basic features of the Ndst1 enzyme are covered and a brief description of HS biosynthesis and its regulation is presented. Effects of Ndst1 deficiency on embryonic development are described. These include immature lungs, craniofacial dysplasia and eye developmental defects, branching defect during lacrimal gland development, delayed mineralization of the skeleton, and reduced pericyte recruitment during vascular development. A brief account of the effects of Ndst1 deficiency in selective cell types in adult mice is also given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ringvall
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, The Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Fuster MM, Wang L. Endothelial heparan sulfate in angiogenesis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 93:179-212. [PMID: 20807646 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(10)93009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a linear polysaccharide composed of 50-200 glucosamine and uronic acid (glucuronic acid or iduronic acid) disaccharide repeats with epimerization and various sulfation modifications. HS is covalently attached to core proteins to form HS-proteoglycans. Most of the functions of HS-proteoglycans are mediated by their HS moieties. The biosynthesis of HS is initiated by chain polymerization and is followed by stepwise modification reactions, including sulfation and epimerization. These modifications generate ligand-binding sites that modulate cell functions and activities of proteinases and/or proteinase inhibitors. HS is abundantly expressed in developing and mature vasculature, and understanding its roles in vascular biology and related human diseases is an area of intense investigation. In this chapter, we summarize the significant recent advances in our understanding of the roles of HS in developmental and pathological angiogenesis with a major focus on studies using transgenic as well as gene knockout/knockdown models in mice and zebrafish. These studies have revealed that HS critically regulates angiogenesis by playing a proangiogenic role, and this regulatory function critically depends on HS fine structure. The latter is responsible for facilitating cell-surface binding of various proangiogenic growth factors that in turn mediate endothelial growth signaling. In cancer, mouse studies have revealed important roles for endothelial cell-surface HS as well as matrix-associated HS, wherein signaling by multiple growth factors as well as matrix storage of growth factors may be regulated by HS. We also discuss important mediators that may fine-tune such regulation, such as heparanase and sulfatases; and models wherein targeting HS (or core protein) biosynthesis may affect tumor growth and vascularization. Finally, the importance of targeting HS in other human diseases wherein angiogenesis may play pathophysiologic (or even therapeutic) roles is considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Fuster
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kirn-Safran C, Farach-Carson MC, Carson DD. Multifunctionality of extracellular and cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:3421-34. [PMID: 19629389 PMCID: PMC11115568 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are a remarkably diverse family of glycosaminoglycan-bearing protein cores that include the syndecans, the glypicans, perlecan, agrin, and collagen XVIII. Members of this protein class play key roles during normal processes that occur during development, tissue morphogenesis, and wound healing. As key components of basement membranes in organs and tissues, they also participate in selective filtration of biological fluids, in establishing cellular barriers, and in modulation of angiogenesis. The ability to perform these functions is provided both by the features of the protein cores as well as by the unique properties of heparan sulfate, which is assembled as a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid and modified by specific enzymes to generate specialized biologically active structures. This article discusses the structures and functions of this amazing family of proteoglycans and provides a platform for further study of the individual members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary C. Farach-Carson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19707 USA
- Present Address: Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Weiss School of Natural Sciences, Rice University, MS-102, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251-1892 USA
| | - Daniel D. Carson
- Present Address: Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Weiss School of Natural Sciences, Rice University, MS-102, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251-1892 USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zuberi RI, Ge XN, Jiang S, Bahaie NS, Kang BN, Hosseinkhani RM, Frenzel EM, Fuster MM, Esko JD, Rao SP, Sriramarao P. Deficiency of endothelial heparan sulfates attenuates allergic airway inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:3971-9. [PMID: 19710461 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The effect of targeted inactivation of the gene encoding N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1 (Ndst1), a key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HS) chains, on the inflammatory response associated with allergic inflammation in a murine model of OVA-induced acute airway inflammation was investigated. OVA-exposed Ndst1(f/f)TekCre(+) (mutant) mice deficient in endothelial and leukocyte Ndst1 demonstrated significantly decreased allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation characterized by a significant reduction in airway recruitment of inflammatory cells (eosinophils, macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes), diminished IL-5, IL-2, TGF-beta1, and eotaxin levels, as well as decreased expression of TGF-beta1 and the angiogenic protein FIZZ1 (found in inflammatory zone 1) in lung tissue compared with OVA-exposed Ndst1(f/f)TekCre(-) wild-type littermates. Furthermore, murine eosinophils demonstrated significantly decreased rolling on lung endothelial cells (ECs) from mutant mice compared with wild-type ECs under conditions of flow in vitro. Treatment of wild-type ECs, but not eosinophils, with anti-HS Abs significantly inhibited eosinophil rolling, mimicking that observed with Ndst1-deficient ECs. In vivo, trafficking of circulating leukocytes in lung microvessels of allergen-challenged Ndst1-deficient mice was significantly lower than that observed in corresponding WT littermates. Endothelial-expressed HS plays an important role in allergic airway inflammation through the regulation of recruitment of inflammatory cells to the airways by mediating interaction of leukocytes with the vascular endothelium. Furthermore, HS may also participate by sequestering and modulating the activity of allergic asthma-relevant mediators such as IL-5, IL-2, and TGF-beta1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riaz I Zuberi
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kirn-Safran C, Farach-Carson MC, Carson DD. Multifunctionality of extracellular and cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0096-1 doi:dx.doi.org] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
|
42
|
Chan JA, Balasubramanian S, Witt RM, Nazemi KJ, Choi Y, Pazyra-Murphy MF, Walsh CO, Thompson M, Segal RA. Proteoglycan interactions with Sonic Hedgehog specify mitogenic responses. Nat Neurosci 2009; 12:409-17. [PMID: 19287388 PMCID: PMC2676236 DOI: 10.1038/nn.2287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) has dual roles in vertebrate development, as it promotes progenitor cell proliferation and induces tissue patterning. Here we show mitogenic and patterning functions of Shh can be uncoupled from one another. Using a genetic approach to selectively inhibit Shh-proteoglycan interactions in a mouse model, we show binding of Shh to proteoglycans is required for proliferation of neural stem/precursor cells but not for tissue patterning. Shh-proteoglycan interactions regulate both spatial and temporal features of Shh signaling. Proteoglycans localize Shh to specialized mitogenic niches and also act at the single cell level to regulate the duration of Shh signaling, thereby promoting a gene expression program important for cell division. As activation of the Shh pathway is a feature of diverse human cancers, selective stimulation of proliferation by Shh-proteoglycan interactions may also figure prominently in neoplastic growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Chan
- Neurobiology Department, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Peterson S, Frick A, Liu J. Design of biologically active heparan sulfate and heparin using an enzyme-based approach. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:610-27. [DOI: 10.1039/b803795g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
44
|
Park Y, Zhang Z, Laremore TN, Li B, Sim JS, Im AR, Ahn MY, Kim YS, Linhardt RJ. Variation of acharan sulfate and monosaccharide composition and analysis of neutral N-glycans in African giant snail (Achatina fulica). Glycoconj J 2008; 25:863-77. [PMID: 18670878 PMCID: PMC2630192 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-008-9149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Acharan sulfate content from African giant snail (Achatina fulica) was compared in eggs and snails of different ages. Acharan sulfate was not found in egg. Acharan sulfate disaccharide -->4)-alpha-D-GlcNpAc (1-->4)-alpha-L-IdoAp2S(1-->, analyzed by SAX (strong-anion exchange)-HPLC was observed soon after hatching and increases as the snails grow. Monosaccharide compositional analysis showed that mole % of glucosamine, a major monosaccharide of acharan sulfate, increased with age while mole % of galactose decreased with age. These results suggest that galactans represent a major energy source during development, while acharan sulfate appearing immediately after hatching, is essential for the snail growth. The structures of neutral N-glycans released from eggs by peptide N-glycosidase F (PNGase F), were next elucidated using ESI-MS/MS, MALDI-MS/MS, enzyme digestion, and monosaccharide composition analysis. Three types of neutral N-glycan structures were observed, truncated (Hex(2-4)-HexNAc(2)), high mannose (Hex(5-9)-HexNAc(2)), and complex (Hex(3)-HexNAc(2-10)) types. None showed core fucosylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youmie Park
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Tatiana N. Laremore
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Boyangzi Li
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Soo Sim
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - A-Rang Im
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Young Ahn
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Shik Kim
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Y. Park, Z. Zhang, T. N. Laremore, B. Li, R. J. Linhardt, Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, A.-R. Im, Y. S. Kim, Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea, e-mail:
- J.-S. Sim, National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 225 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
- M. Y. Ahn, Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, 61 Seodun-Dong, Suwon 441-100, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Pallerla SR, Lawrence R, Lewejohann L, Pan Y, Fischer T, Schlomann U, Zhang X, Esko JD, Grobe K. Altered heparan sulfate structure in mice with deleted NDST3 gene function. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:16885-94. [PMID: 18385133 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709774200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the generation and analysis of mutant mice bearing a targeted disruption of the heparan sulfate (HS)-modifying enzyme GlcNAc N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase 3 (NDST3). NDST3(-/-) mice develop normally, are fertile, and show only subtle hematological and behavioral abnormalities in agreement with only moderate HS undersulfation. Compound mutant mice made deficient in NDST2;NDST3 activities also develop normally, showing that both isoforms are not essential for development. In contrast, NDST1(-/-);NDST3(-/-) compound mutant embryos display developmental defects caused by severe HS undersulfation, demonstrating NDST3 contribution to HS synthesis in the absence of NDST1. Moreover, analysis of HS composition in dissected NDST3 mutant adult brain revealed regional changes in HS sulfation, indicating restricted NDST3 activity on nascent HS in defined wild-type tissues. Taken together, we show that NDST3 function is not essential for development or adult homeostasis despite contributing to HS synthesis in a region-specific manner and that the loss of NDST3 function is compensated for by the other NDST isoforms to a varying degree.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas R Pallerla
- Department of General Zoology and Genetics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Pan Y, Carbe C, Powers A, Zhang EE, Esko JD, Grobe K, Feng GS, Zhang X. Bud specific N-sulfation of heparan sulfate regulates Shp2-dependent FGF signaling during lacrimal gland induction. Development 2007; 135:301-10. [PMID: 18077586 DOI: 10.1242/dev.014829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Preferential outgrowth of the bud cells forms the basis of branching morphogenesis. Here, we show that lacrimal gland development requires specific modification of heparan sulfates by Ndst genes at the tip of the lacrimal gland bud. Systemic and conditional knockout experiments demonstrate the tissue specific requirement of Ndst1 and Ndst2 in the lacrimal gland epithelial, but not mesenchymal, cells, and the functional importance of Ndst1 in Fgf10-Fgfr2b, but not of Fgf1-Fgfr2b, complex formation. Consistent with this, Fgf10-induced ectopic lacrimal gland budding in explant cultures is dependent upon Ndst gene dose, and epithelial deletion of Fgfr2 abolishes lacrimal gland budding, its specific modification of heparan sulfate and its phosphorylation of Shp2 (Ptpn11 - Mouse Genome Informatics). Finally, we show that genetic ablation of Ndst1, Fgfr2 or Shp2 disrupts ERK signaling in lacrimal gland budding. Given the evolutionarily conserved roles of these genes, the localized activation of the Ndst-Fgfr-Shp2 genetic cascade is probably a general regulatory mechanism of FGF signaling in branching morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Pan
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Cvekl A, Duncan MK. Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation during lens development. Prog Retin Eye Res 2007; 26:555-97. [PMID: 17905638 PMCID: PMC2136409 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated a number of links between chromatin structure, gene expression, extracellular signaling and cellular differentiation during lens development. Lens progenitor cells originate from a pool of common progenitor cells, the pre-placodal region (PPR) which is formed from a combination of extracellular signaling between the neural plate, naïve ectoderm and mesendoderm. A specific commitment to the lens program over alternate choices such as the formation of olfactory epithelium or the anterior pituitary is manifested by the formation of a thickened surface ectoderm, the lens placode. Mouse lens progenitor cells are characterized by the expression of a complement of lens lineage-specific transcription factors including Pax6, Six3 and Sox2, controlled by FGF and BMP signaling, followed later by c-Maf, Mab21like1, Prox1 and FoxE3. Proliferation of lens progenitors together with their morphogenetic movements results in the formation of the lens vesicle. This transient structure, comprised of lens precursor cells, is polarized with its anterior cells retaining their epithelial morphology and proliferative capacity, whereas the posterior lens precursor cells initiate terminal differentiation forming the primary lens fibers. Lens differentiation is marked by expression and accumulation of crystallins and other structural proteins. The transcriptional control of crystallin genes is characterized by the reiterative use of transcription factors required for the establishment of lens precursors in combination with more ubiquitously expressed factors (e.g. AP-1, AP-2alpha, CREB and USF) and recruitment of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) CBP and p300, and chromatin remodeling complexes SWI/SNF and ISWI. These studies have poised the study of lens development at the forefront of efforts to understand the connections between development, cell signaling, gene transcription and chromatin remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ales Cvekl
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Heparan sulphate proteoglycans reside on the plasma membrane of all animal cells studied so far and are a major component of extracellular matrices. Studies of model organisms and human diseases have demonstrated their importance in development and normal physiology. A recurrent theme is the electrostatic interaction of the heparan sulphate chains with protein ligands, which affects metabolism, transport, information transfer, support and regulation in all organ systems. The importance of these interactions is exemplified by phenotypic studies of mice and humans bearing mutations in the core proteins or the biosynthetic enzymes responsible for assembling the heparan sulphate chains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Bishop
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Fuster MM, Wang L, Castagnola J, Sikora L, Reddi K, Lee PHA, Radek KA, Schuksz M, Bishop JR, Gallo RL, Sriramarao P, Esko JD. Genetic alteration of endothelial heparan sulfate selectively inhibits tumor angiogenesis. J Cell Biol 2007; 177:539-49. [PMID: 17470635 PMCID: PMC2064806 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200610086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the role of endothelial heparan sulfate during angiogenesis, we generated mice bearing an endothelial-targeted deletion in the biosynthetic enzyme N-acetylglucosamine N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase 1 (Ndst1). Physiological angiogenesis during cutaneous wound repair was unaffected, as was growth and reproductive capacity of the mice. In contrast, pathological angiogenesis in experimental tumors was altered, resulting in smaller tumors and reduced microvascular density and branching. To simulate the angiogenic environment of the tumor, endothelial cells were isolated and propagated in vitro with proangiogenic growth factors. Binding of FGF-2 and VEGF(164) to cells and to purified heparan sulfate was dramatically reduced. Mutant endothelial cells also exhibited altered sprouting responses to FGF-2 and VEGF(164), reduced Erk phosphorylation, and an increase in apoptosis in branching assays. Corresponding changes in growth factor binding to tumor endothelium and apoptosis were also observed in vivo. These findings demonstrate a cell-autonomous effect of heparan sulfate on endothelial cell growth in the context of tumor angiogenesis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/pharmacology
- Heparitin Sulfate/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Neoplasm Proteins/deficiency
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/enzymology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/enzymology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Organ Specificity/genetics
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Sulfotransferases/deficiency
- Sulfotransferases/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Fuster
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|