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Dhamala E, Bassett DS, Yeo T, Holmes AJ. Functional brain networks are associated with both sex and gender in children. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn4202. [PMID: 38996031 PMCID: PMC11244548 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn4202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Sex and gender are associated with human behavior throughout the life span and across health and disease, but whether they are associated with similar or distinct neural phenotypes is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that, in children, sex and gender are uniquely reflected in the intrinsic functional connectivity of the brain. Somatomotor, visual, control, and limbic networks are preferentially associated with sex, while network correlates of gender are more distributed throughout the cortex. These results suggest that sex and gender are irreducible to one another not only in society but also in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvisha Dhamala
- Institute of Behavioral Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Uniondale, NY, USA
| | - Dani S. Bassett
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Thomas Yeo
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Avram J. Holmes
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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2
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Omidvarnia A, Sasse L, Larabi DI, Raimondo F, Hoffstaedter F, Kasper J, Dukart J, Petersen M, Cheng B, Thomalla G, Eickhoff SB, Patil KR. Individual characteristics outperform resting-state fMRI for the prediction of behavioral phenotypes. Commun Biol 2024; 7:771. [PMID: 38926486 PMCID: PMC11208538 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06438-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to compare imaging-based features of brain function, measured by resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI), with individual characteristics such as age, gender, and total intracranial volume to predict behavioral measures. We developed a machine learning framework based on rsfMRI features in a dataset of 20,000 healthy individuals from the UK Biobank, focusing on temporal complexity and functional connectivity measures. Our analysis across four behavioral phenotypes revealed that both temporal complexity and functional connectivity measures provide comparable predictive performance. However, individual characteristics consistently outperformed rsfMRI features in predictive accuracy, particularly in analyses involving smaller sample sizes. Integrating rsfMRI features with demographic data sometimes enhanced predictive outcomes. The efficacy of different predictive modeling techniques and the choice of brain parcellation atlas were also examined, showing no significant influence on the results. To summarize, while individual characteristics are superior to rsfMRI in predicting behavioral phenotypes, rsfMRI still conveys additional predictive value in the context of machine learning, such as investigating the role of specific brain regions in behavioral phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Omidvarnia
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behavior (INM-7), Research Center Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich, 52428, Germany.
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany.
| | - Leonard Sasse
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behavior (INM-7), Research Center Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich, 52428, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
- Max Planck School of Cognition, Stephanstrasse 1a, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daouia I Larabi
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Federico Raimondo
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behavior (INM-7), Research Center Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich, 52428, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Felix Hoffstaedter
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behavior (INM-7), Research Center Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich, 52428, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Jan Kasper
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behavior (INM-7), Research Center Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich, 52428, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Jürgen Dukart
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behavior (INM-7), Research Center Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich, 52428, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Marvin Petersen
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Kopf- und Neurozentrum, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bastian Cheng
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Kopf- und Neurozentrum, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Götz Thomalla
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Kopf- und Neurozentrum, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behavior (INM-7), Research Center Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich, 52428, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Kaustubh R Patil
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behavior (INM-7), Research Center Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich, 52428, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
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Dhamala E, Chopra S, Ooi LQ, Rubio JM, Yeo BT, Malhotra AK, Holmes AJ. Sex differences in the functional network underpinnings of psychotic-like experiences in children. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.22.590660. [PMID: 38712263 PMCID: PMC11071409 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.22.590660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) include a range of sub-threshold symptoms that resemble aspects of psychosis but do not necessarily indicate the presence of psychiatric illness. These experiences are highly prevalent in youth and are associated with developmental disruptions across social, academic, and emotional domains. While not all youth who report PLEs develop psychosis, many develop other psychiatric illnesses during adolescence and adulthood. As such, PLEs are theorized to represent early markers of poor mental health. Here, we characterized the similarities and differences in the neurobiological underpinnings of childhood PLEs across the sexes using a large sample from the ABCD Study (n=5,260), revealing sex-specific associations between functional networks connectivity and PLEs. We find that although the networks associated with PLEs overlap to some extent across the sexes, there are also crucial differences. In females, PLEs are associated with dispersed cortical and non-cortical connections, whereas in males, they are primarily associated with functional connections within limbic, temporal parietal, somato/motor, and visual networks. These results suggest that early transdiagnostic markers of psychopathology may be distinct across the sexes, further emphasizing the need to consider sex in psychiatric research as well as clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvisha Dhamala
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Uniondale, USA
| | - Sidhant Chopra
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, USA
| | - Leon Q.R. Ooi
- Centre for Sleep & Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Human Potential Translational Research Programme & Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jose M. Rubio
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Uniondale, USA
| | - B.T. Thomas Yeo
- Centre for Sleep & Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Human Potential Translational Research Programme & Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, USA
| | - Anil K. Malhotra
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Uniondale, USA
| | - Avram J. Holmes
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, USA
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4
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Popp JL, Thiele JA, Faskowitz J, Seguin C, Sporns O, Hilger K. Structural-functional brain network coupling predicts human cognitive ability. Neuroimage 2024; 290:120563. [PMID: 38492685 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Individual differences in general cognitive ability (GCA) have a biological basis within the structure and function of the human brain. Network neuroscience investigations revealed neural correlates of GCA in structural as well as in functional brain networks. However, whether the relationship between structural and functional networks, the structural-functional brain network coupling (SC-FC coupling), is related to individual differences in GCA remains an open question. We used data from 1030 adults of the Human Connectome Project, derived structural connectivity from diffusion weighted imaging, functional connectivity from resting-state fMRI, and assessed GCA as a latent g-factor from 12 cognitive tasks. Two similarity measures and six communication measures were used to model possible functional interactions arising from structural brain networks. SC-FC coupling was estimated as the degree to which these measures align with the actual functional connectivity, providing insights into different neural communication strategies. At the whole-brain level, higher GCA was associated with higher SC-FC coupling, but only when considering path transitivity as neural communication strategy. Taking region-specific variations in the SC-FC coupling strategy into account and differentiating between positive and negative associations with GCA, allows for prediction of individual cognitive ability scores in a cross-validated prediction framework (correlation between predicted and observed scores: r = 0.25, p < .001). The same model also predicts GCA scores in a completely independent sample (N = 567, r = 0.19, p < .001). Our results propose structural-functional brain network coupling as a neurobiological correlate of GCA and suggest brain region-specific coupling strategies as neural basis of efficient information processing predictive of cognitive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna L Popp
- Department of Psychology I, Würzburg University, Marcusstr. 9-11, Würzburg D 97070, Germany.
| | - Jonas A Thiele
- Department of Psychology I, Würzburg University, Marcusstr. 9-11, Würzburg D 97070, Germany
| | - Joshua Faskowitz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th St., Bloomington 47405-7007, IN, USA
| | - Caio Seguin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th St., Bloomington 47405-7007, IN, USA
| | - Olaf Sporns
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th St., Bloomington 47405-7007, IN, USA
| | - Kirsten Hilger
- Department of Psychology I, Würzburg University, Marcusstr. 9-11, Würzburg D 97070, Germany.
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5
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Kopetzky SJ, Li Y, Kaiser M, Butz-Ostendorf M. Predictability of intelligence and age from structural connectomes. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301599. [PMID: 38557681 PMCID: PMC10984540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, structural images of 1048 healthy subjects from the Human Connectome Project Young Adult study and 94 from ADNI-3 study were processed by an in-house tractography pipeline and analyzed together with pre-processed data of the same subjects from braingraph.org. Whole brain structural connectome features were used to build a simple correlation-based regression machine learning model to predict intelligence and age of healthy subjects. Our results showed that different forms of intelligence as well as age are predictable to a certain degree from diffusion tensor imaging detecting anatomical fiber tracts in the living human brain. Though we did not identify significant differences in the prediction capability for the investigated features depending on the imaging feature extraction method, we did find that crystallized intelligence was consistently better predictable than fluid intelligence from structural connectivity data through all datasets. Our findings suggest a practical and scalable processing and analysis framework to explore broader research topics employing brain MR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J. Kopetzky
- Labvantage—Biomax GmbH, Planegg, Germany
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Yong Li
- Labvantage—Biomax GmbH, Planegg, Germany
| | - Marcus Kaiser
- Precision Imaging Beacon, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Markus Butz-Ostendorf
- Labvantage—Biomax GmbH, Planegg, Germany
- Laboratory for Parallel Programming, Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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6
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Litwińczuk MC, Muhlert N, Trujillo‐Barreto N, Woollams A. Impact of brain parcellation on prediction performance in models of cognition and demographics. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26592. [PMID: 38339892 PMCID: PMC10831203 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain connectivity analysis begins with the selection of a parcellation scheme that will define brain regions as nodes of a network whose connections will be studied. Brain connectivity has already been used in predictive modelling of cognition, but it remains unclear if the resolution of the parcellation used can systematically impact the predictive model performance. In this work, structural, functional and combined connectivity were each defined with five different parcellation schemes. The resolution and modality of the parcellation schemes were varied. Each connectivity defined with each parcellation was used to predict individual differences in age, education, sex, executive function, self-regulation, language, encoding and sequence processing. It was found that low-resolution functional parcellation consistently performed above chance at producing generalisable models of both demographics and cognition. However, no single parcellation scheme showed a superior predictive performance across all cognitive domains and demographics. In addition, although parcellation schemes impacted the graph theory measures of each connectivity type (structural, functional and combined), these differences did not account for the out-of-sample predictive performance of the models. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that while high-resolution parcellations may be beneficial for modelling specific individual differences, partial voluming of signals produced by the higher resolution of the parcellation likely disrupts model generalisability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nils Muhlert
- School of Health SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | | | - Anna Woollams
- School of Health SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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7
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Krämer C, Stumme J, da Costa Campos L, Dellani P, Rubbert C, Caspers J, Caspers S, Jockwitz C. Prediction of cognitive performance differences in older age from multimodal neuroimaging data. GeroScience 2024; 46:283-308. [PMID: 37308769 PMCID: PMC10828156 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00831-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Differences in brain structure and functional and structural network architecture have been found to partly explain cognitive performance differences in older ages. Thus, they may serve as potential markers for these differences. Initial unimodal studies, however, have reported mixed prediction results of selective cognitive variables based on these brain features using machine learning (ML). Thus, the aim of the current study was to investigate the general validity of cognitive performance prediction from imaging data in healthy older adults. In particular, the focus was with examining whether (1) multimodal information, i.e., region-wise grey matter volume (GMV), resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC), and structural connectivity (SC) estimates, may improve predictability of cognitive targets, (2) predictability differences arise for global cognition and distinct cognitive profiles, and (3) results generalize across different ML approaches in 594 healthy older adults (age range: 55-85 years) from the 1000BRAINS study. Prediction potential was examined for each modality and all multimodal combinations, with and without confound (i.e., age, education, and sex) regression across different analytic options, i.e., variations in algorithms, feature sets, and multimodal approaches (i.e., concatenation vs. stacking). Results showed that prediction performance differed considerably between deconfounding strategies. In the absence of demographic confounder control, successful prediction of cognitive performance could be observed across analytic choices. Combination of different modalities tended to marginally improve predictability of cognitive performance compared to single modalities. Importantly, all previously described effects vanished in the strict confounder control condition. Despite a small trend for a multimodal benefit, developing a biomarker for cognitive aging remains challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Krämer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johanna Stumme
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lucas da Costa Campos
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Paulo Dellani
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Rubbert
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julian Caspers
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Svenja Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christiane Jockwitz
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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8
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Dong X, Li Q, Wang X, He Y, Zeng D, Chu L, Zhao K, Li S. How brain structure-function decoupling supports individual cognition and its molecular mechanism. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26575. [PMID: 38339909 PMCID: PMC10826895 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional signals emerge from the structural network, supporting multiple cognitive processes through underlying molecular mechanism. The link between human brain structure and function is region-specific and hierarchical across the neocortex. However, the relationship between hierarchical structure-function decoupling and the manifestation of individual behavior and cognition, along with the significance of the functional systems involved, and the specific molecular mechanism underlying structure-function decoupling remain incompletely characterized. Here, we used the structural-decoupling index (SDI) to quantify the dependency of functional signals on the structural connectome using a significantly larger cohort of healthy subjects. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was utilized to assess the general multivariate correlation pattern between region-specific SDIs across the whole brain and multiple cognitive traits. Then, we predicted five composite cognitive scores resulting from multivariate analysis using SDIs in primary networks, association networks, and all networks, respectively. Finally, we explored the molecular mechanism related to SDI by investigating its genetic factors and relationship with neurotransmitter receptors/transporters. We demonstrated that structure-function decoupling is hierarchical across the neocortex, spanning from primary networks to association networks. We revealed better performance in cognition prediction is achieved by using high-level hierarchical SDIs, with varying significance of different brain regions in predicting cognitive processes. We found that the SDIs were associated with the gene expression level of several receptor-related terms, and we also found the spatial distributions of four receptors/transporters significantly correlated with SDIs, namely D2, NET, MOR, and mGluR5, which play an important role in the flexibility of neuronal function. Collectively, our findings corroborate the association between hierarchical macroscale structure-function decoupling and individual cognition and provide implications for comprehending the molecular mechanism of structure-function decoupling. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Structure-function decoupling is hierarchical across the neocortex, spanning from primary networks to association networks. High-level hierarchical structure-function decoupling contributes much more than low-level decoupling to individual cognition. Structure-function decoupling could be regulated by genes associated with pivotal receptors that are crucial for neuronal function flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and LearningBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Qiongling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and LearningBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and ConnectomicsBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain ResearchBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xuetong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and LearningBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yirong He
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and LearningBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Debin Zeng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science & Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lei Chu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science & Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Kun Zhao
- School of Artificial IntelligenceBeijing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsBeijingChina
| | - Shuyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and LearningBeijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
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9
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Bazinet V, Hansen JY, Misic B. Towards a biologically annotated brain connectome. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:747-760. [PMID: 37848663 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00752-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The brain is a network of interleaved neural circuits. In modern connectomics, brain connectivity is typically encoded as a network of nodes and edges, abstracting away the rich biological detail of local neuronal populations. Yet biological annotations for network nodes - such as gene expression, cytoarchitecture, neurotransmitter receptors or intrinsic dynamics - can be readily measured and overlaid on network models. Here we review how connectomes can be represented and analysed as annotated networks. Annotated connectomes allow us to reconceptualize architectural features of networks and to relate the connection patterns of brain regions to their underlying biology. Emerging work demonstrates that annotated connectomes help to make more veridical models of brain network formation, neural dynamics and disease propagation. Finally, annotations can be used to infer entirely new inter-regional relationships and to construct new types of network that complement existing connectome representations. In summary, biologically annotated connectomes offer a compelling way to study neural wiring in concert with local biological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Bazinet
- Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Justine Y Hansen
- Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bratislav Misic
- Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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10
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Dhamala E, Bassett DS, Yeo BT, Homes AJ. Functional brain networks are associated with both sex and gender in children. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.12.566592. [PMID: 38013996 PMCID: PMC10680589 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.12.566592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Sex and gender are associated with human behavior throughout the lifespan and across health and disease, but whether they are associated with similar or distinct neural phenotypes is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that, in children, sex and gender are uniquely reflected in the intrinsic functional connectivity of the brain. Unimodal networks are more strongly associated with sex while heteromodal networks are more strongly associated with gender. These results suggest sex and gender are irreducible to one another not only in society but also in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvisha Dhamala
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
- Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York, USA
| | - Dani S. Bassett
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Avram J. Homes
- Rutgers University, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Health Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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11
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Frak V, Cohen H. Current perspectives on the brain connectome. Brain Cogn 2023; 172:106080. [PMID: 37738927 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2023.106080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Henri Cohen
- Département de psychologie, UQAM, Canada, and Paris Descartes, France.
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12
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Wilcox RR, Barbey AK. Connectome-based predictive modeling of fluid intelligence: evidence for a global system of functionally integrated brain networks. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:10322-10331. [PMID: 37526284 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive neuroscience continues to advance our understanding of the neural foundations of human intelligence, with significant progress elucidating the role of the frontoparietal network in cognitive control mechanisms for flexible, intelligent behavior. Recent evidence in network neuroscience further suggests that this finding may represent the tip of the iceberg and that fluid intelligence may depend on the collective interaction of multiple brain networks. However, the global brain mechanisms underlying fluid intelligence and the nature of multi-network interactions remain to be well established. We therefore conducted a large-scale Connectome-based Predictive Modeling study, administering resting-state fMRI to 159 healthy college students and examining the contributions of seven intrinsic connectivity networks to the prediction of fluid intelligence, as measured by a state-of-the-art cognitive task (the Bochum Matrices Test). Specifically, we aimed to: (i) identify whether fluid intelligence relies on a primary brain network or instead engages multiple brain networks; and (ii) elucidate the nature of brain network interactions by assessing network allegiance (within- versus between-network connections) and network topology (strong versus weak connections) in the prediction of fluid intelligence. Our results demonstrate that whole-brain predictive models account for a large and significant proportion of variance in fluid intelligence (18%) and illustrate that the contribution of individual networks is relatively modest by comparison. In addition, we provide novel evidence that the global architecture of fluid intelligence prioritizes between-network connections and flexibility through weak ties. Our findings support a network neuroscience approach to understanding the collective role of brain networks in fluid intelligence and elucidate the system-wide network mechanisms from which flexible, adaptive behavior is constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsey R Wilcox
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE 68501, United States
- Center for Brain, Biology, and Behavior, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE 68501, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE 68501, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Aron K Barbey
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE 68501, United States
- Center for Brain, Biology, and Behavior, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE 68501, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE 68501, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
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13
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Dhamala E, Rong Ooi LQ, Chen J, Ricard JA, Berkeley E, Chopra S, Qu Y, Zhang XH, Lawhead C, Yeo BTT, Holmes AJ. Brain-Based Predictions of Psychiatric Illness-Linked Behaviors Across the Sexes. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 94:479-491. [PMID: 37031778 PMCID: PMC10524434 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual differences in functional brain connectivity can be used to predict both the presence of psychiatric illness and variability in associated behaviors. However, despite evidence for sex differences in functional network connectivity and in the prevalence, presentation, and trajectory of psychiatric illnesses, the extent to which disorder-relevant aspects of network connectivity are shared or unique across the sexes remains to be determined. METHODS In this work, we used predictive modeling approaches to evaluate whether shared or unique functional connectivity correlates underlie the expression of psychiatric illness-linked behaviors in males and females in data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (N = 5260; 2571 females). RESULTS We demonstrate that functional connectivity profiles predict individual differences in externalizing behaviors in males and females but predict internalizing behaviors only in females. Furthermore, models trained to predict externalizing behaviors in males generalize to predict internalizing behaviors in females, and models trained to predict internalizing behaviors in females generalize to predict externalizing behaviors in males. Finally, the neurobiological correlates of many behaviors are largely shared within and across sexes: functional connections within and between heteromodal association networks, including default, limbic, control, and dorsal attention networks, are associated with internalizing and externalizing behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings suggest that shared neurobiological patterns may manifest as distinct behaviors across the sexes. Based on these results, we recommend that both clinicians and researchers carefully consider how sex may influence the presentation of psychiatric illnesses, especially those along the internalizing-externalizing spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvisha Dhamala
- Institute of Behavioral Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - Leon Qi Rong Ooi
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition and Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianzhong Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jocelyn A Ricard
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Sidhant Chopra
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yueyue Qu
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Xi-Han Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Connor Lawhead
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - B T Thomas Yeo
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition and Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Avram J Holmes
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey.
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14
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Li Y, Ma X, Sunderraman R, Ji S, Kundu S. Accounting for temporal variability in functional magnetic resonance imaging improves prediction of intelligence. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:4772-4791. [PMID: 37466292 PMCID: PMC10400788 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging-based prediction methods for intelligence have seen a rapid development. Among different neuroimaging modalities, prediction using functional connectivity (FC) has shown great promise. Most literature has focused on prediction using static FC, with limited investigations on the merits of such analysis compared to prediction using dynamic FC or region-level functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) times series that encode temporal variability. To account for the temporal dynamics in fMRI, we propose a bi-directional long short-term memory (bi-LSTM) approach that incorporates feature selection mechanism. The proposed pipeline is implemented via an efficient algorithm and applied for predicting intelligence using region-level time series and dynamic FC. We compare the prediction performance using different fMRI features acquired from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study involving nearly 7000 individuals. Our detailed analysis illustrates the consistently inferior performance of static FC compared to region-level time series or dynamic FC for single and combined rest and task fMRI experiments. The joint analysis of task and rest fMRI leads to improved intelligence prediction under all models compared to using fMRI from only one experiment. In addition, the proposed bi-LSTM pipeline based on region-level time series identifies several shared and differential important brain regions across fMRI experiments that drive intelligence prediction. A test-retest analysis of the selected regions shows strong reliability across cross-validation folds. Given the large sample size of ABCD study, our results provide strong evidence that superior prediction of intelligence can be achieved by accounting for temporal variations in fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Computer ScienceGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of BiostatisticsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Raj Sunderraman
- Department of Computer ScienceGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Shihao Ji
- Department of Computer ScienceGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Suprateek Kundu
- Department of BiostatisticsThe University of Texas at MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
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15
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Lombardo D, Kaufmann T. Different patterns of intrinsic functional connectivity at the default mode and attentional networks predict crystalized and fluid abilities in childhood. Cereb Cortex Commun 2023; 4:tgad015. [PMID: 37675438 PMCID: PMC10477707 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgad015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Crystallized abilities are skills used to solve problems based on experience, while fluid abilities are linked to reasoning without evoke prior knowledge. To what extent crystallized and fluid abilities involve dissociated or overlapping neural systems is debatable. Due to often deployed small sample sizes or different study settings in prior work, the neural basis of crystallized and fluid abilities in childhood remains largely unknown. Here we analyzed within and between network connectivity patterns from resting-state functional MRI of 2707 children between 9 and 10 years from the ABCD study. We hypothesized that differences in functional connectivity at the default mode network (DMN), ventral, and dorsal attentional networks (VAN, DAN) explain differences in fluid and crystallized abilities. We found that stronger between-network connectivity of the DMN and VAN, DMN and DAN, and VAN and DAN predicted crystallized abilities. Within-network connectivity of the DAN predicted both crystallized and fluid abilities. Our findings reveal that crystallized abilities rely on the functional coupling between attentional networks and the DMN, whereas fluid abilities are associated with a focal connectivity configuration at the DAN. Our study provides new evidence into the neural basis of child intelligence and calls for future comparative research in adulthood during neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Lombardo
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Kaufmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Tübingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, 0450 Oslo, Norway
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16
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Porter A, Fei S, Damme KSF, Nusslock R, Gratton C, Mittal VA. A meta-analysis and systematic review of single vs. multimodal neuroimaging techniques in the classification of psychosis. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3278-3292. [PMID: 37563277 PMCID: PMC10618094 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychotic disorders are characterized by structural and functional abnormalities in brain networks. Neuroimaging techniques map and characterize such abnormalities using unique features (e.g., structural integrity, coactivation). However, it is unclear if a specific method, or a combination of modalities, is particularly effective in identifying differences in brain networks of someone with a psychotic disorder. METHODS A systematic meta-analysis evaluated machine learning classification of schizophrenia spectrum disorders in comparison to healthy control participants using various neuroimaging modalities (i.e., T1-weighted imaging (T1), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), resting state functional connectivity (rs-FC), or some combination (multimodal)). Criteria for manuscript inclusion included whole-brain analyses and cross-validation to provide a complete picture regarding the predictive ability of large-scale brain systems in psychosis. For this meta-analysis, we searched Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, PsychInfo, Google Scholar, and Web of Science published between inception and March 13th 2023. Prediction results were averaged for studies using the same dataset, but parallel analyses were run that included studies with pooled sample across many datasets. We assessed bias through funnel plot asymmetry. A bivariate regression model determined whether differences in imaging modality, demographics, and preprocessing methods moderated classification. Separate models were run for studies with internal prediction (via cross-validation) and external prediction. RESULTS 93 studies were identified for quantitative review (30 T1, 9 DTI, 40 rs-FC, and 14 multimodal). As a whole, all modalities reliably differentiated those with schizophrenia spectrum disorders from controls (OR = 2.64 (95%CI = 2.33 to 2.95)). However, classification was relatively similar across modalities: no differences were seen across modalities in the classification of independent internal data, and a small advantage was seen for rs-FC studies relative to T1 studies in classification in external datasets. We found large amounts of heterogeneity across results resulting in significant signs of bias in funnel plots and Egger's tests. Results remained similar, however, when studies were restricted to those with less heterogeneity, with continued small advantages for rs-FC relative to structural measures. Notably, in all cases, no significant differences were seen between multimodal and unimodal approaches, with rs-FC and unimodal studies reporting largely overlapping classification performance. Differences in demographics and analysis or denoising were not associated with changes in classification scores. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that neuroimaging approaches have promise in the classification of psychosis. Interestingly, at present most modalities perform similarly in the classification of psychosis, with slight advantages for rs-FC relative to structural modalities in some specific cases. Notably, results differed substantially across studies, with suggestions of biased effect sizes, particularly highlighting the need for more studies using external prediction and large sample sizes. Adopting more rigorous and systematized standards will add significant value toward understanding and treating this critical population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Porter
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Sihan Fei
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Katherine S F Damme
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston and Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robin Nusslock
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Caterina Gratton
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Vijay A Mittal
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston and Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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17
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Wu J, Li J, Eickhoff SB, Scheinost D, Genon S. The challenges and prospects of brain-based prediction of behaviour. Nat Hum Behav 2023; 7:1255-1264. [PMID: 37524932 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01670-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Relating individual brain patterns to behaviour is fundamental in system neuroscience. Recently, the predictive modelling approach has become increasingly popular, largely due to the recent availability of large open datasets and access to computational resources. This means that we can use machine learning models and interindividual differences at the brain level represented by neuroimaging features to predict interindividual differences in behavioural measures. By doing so, we could identify biomarkers and neural correlates in a data-driven fashion. Nevertheless, this budding field of neuroimaging-based predictive modelling is facing issues that may limit its potential applications. Here we review these existing challenges, as well as those that we anticipate as the field develops. We focus on the impacts of these challenges on brain-based predictions. We suggest potential solutions to address the resolvable challenges, while keeping in mind that some general and conceptual limitations may also underlie the predictive modelling approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiao Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Jingwei Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dustin Scheinost
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sarah Genon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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18
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Sasse L, Larabi DI, Omidvarnia A, Jung K, Hoffstaedter F, Jocham G, Eickhoff SB, Patil KR. Intermediately synchronised brain states optimise trade-off between subject specificity and predictive capacity. Commun Biol 2023; 6:705. [PMID: 37429937 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05073-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional connectivity (FC) refers to the statistical dependencies between activity of distinct brain areas. To study temporal fluctuations in FC within the duration of a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning session, researchers have proposed the computation of an edge time series (ETS) and their derivatives. Evidence suggests that FC is driven by a few time points of high-amplitude co-fluctuation (HACF) in the ETS, which may also contribute disproportionately to interindividual differences. However, it remains unclear to what degree different time points actually contribute to brain-behaviour associations. Here, we systematically evaluate this question by assessing the predictive utility of FC estimates at different levels of co-fluctuation using machine learning (ML) approaches. We demonstrate that time points of lower and intermediate co-fluctuation levels provide overall highest subject specificity as well as highest predictive capacity of individual-level phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Sasse
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Max Planck School of Cognition, Stephanstrasse 1a, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daouia I Larabi
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Amir Omidvarnia
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kyesam Jung
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Felix Hoffstaedter
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerhard Jocham
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kaustubh R Patil
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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19
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Wehrheim MH, Faskowitz J, Sporns O, Fiebach CJ, Kaschube M, Hilger K. Few temporally distributed brain connectivity states predict human cognitive abilities. Neuroimage 2023:120246. [PMID: 37364742 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human functional brain connectivity can be temporally decomposed into states of high and low cofluctuation, defined as coactivation of brain regions over time. Rare states of particularly high cofluctuation have been shown to reflect fundamentals of intrinsic functional network architecture and to be highly subject-specific. However, it is unclear whether such network-defining states also contribute to individual variations in cognitive abilities - which strongly rely on the interactions among distributed brain regions. By introducing CMEP, a new eigenvector-based prediction framework, we show that as few as 16 temporally separated time frames (< 1.5% of 10min resting-state fMRI) can significantly predict individual differences in intelligence (N = 263, p < .001). Against previous expectations, individual's network-defining time frames of particularly high cofluctuation do not predict intelligence. Multiple functional brain networks contribute to the prediction, and all results replicate in an independent sample (N = 831). Our results suggest that although fundamentals of person-specific functional connectomes can be derived from few time frames of highest connectivity, temporally distributed information is necessary to extract information about cognitive abilities. This information is not restricted to specific connectivity states, like network-defining high-cofluctuation states, but rather reflected across the entire length of the brain connectivity time series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren H Wehrheim
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Computer Science, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Joshua Faskowitz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405.
| | - Olaf Sporns
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405.
| | - Christian J Fiebach
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University, D-60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Matthias Kaschube
- Department of Computer Science, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Kirsten Hilger
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Psychology I, Julius Maximilian University, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany.
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20
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Bukhari H, Su C, Dhamala E, Gu Z, Jamison K, Kuceyeski A. Graph-matching distance between individuals' functional connectomes varies with relatedness, age, and cognitive score. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:3541-3554. [PMID: 37042411 PMCID: PMC10203814 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional connectomes (FCs), represented by networks or graphs that summarize coactivation patterns between pairs of brain regions, have been related at a population level to age, sex, cognitive/behavioral scores, life experience, genetics, and disease/disorders. However, quantifying FC differences between individuals also provides a rich source of information with which to map to differences in those individuals' biology, experience, genetics or behavior. In this study, graph matching is used to create a novel inter-individual FC metric, called swap distance, that quantifies the distance between pairs of individuals' partial FCs, with a smaller swap distance indicating the individuals have more similar FC. We apply graph matching to align FCs between individuals from the the Human Connectome ProjectN = 997 and find that swap distance (i) increases with increasing familial distance, (ii) increases with subjects' ages, (iii) is smaller for pairs of females compared to pairs of males, and (iv) is larger for females with lower cognitive scores compared to females with larger cognitive scores. Regions that contributed most to individuals' swap distances were in higher-order networks, that is, default-mode and fronto-parietal, that underlie executive function and memory. These higher-order networks' regions also had swap frequencies that varied monotonically with familial relatedness of the individuals in question. We posit that the proposed graph matching technique provides a novel way to study inter-subject differences in FC and enables quantification of how FC may vary with age, relatedness, sex, and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain Bukhari
- Department of NeuroscienceWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Chang Su
- Department of BiostatisticsYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Elvisha Dhamala
- Department of PsychologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Zijin Gu
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Keith Jamison
- Department of RadiologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Amy Kuceyeski
- Department of RadiologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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21
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Xu H, Xu C, Yang Z, Bai G, Yin B. Two sides of the same coin: distinct neuroanatomical patterns predict crystallized and fluid intelligence in adults. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1199106. [PMID: 37304014 PMCID: PMC10249781 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1199106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Crystallized intelligence (Gc) and fluid intelligence (Gf) are regarded as distinct intelligence components that statistically correlate with each other. However, the distinct neuroanatomical signatures of Gc and Gf in adults remain contentious. Methods Machine learning cross-validated elastic net regression models were performed on the Human Connectome Project Young Adult dataset (N = 1089) to characterize the neuroanatomical patterns of structural magnetic resonance imaging variables that are associated with Gc and Gf. The observed relationships were further examined by linear mixed-effects models. Finally, intraclass correlations were computed to examine the similarity of the neuroanatomical correlates between Gc and Gf. Results The results revealed distinct multi-region neuroanatomical patterns predicted Gc and Gf, respectively, which were robust in a held-out test set (R2 = 2.40, 1.97%, respectively). The relationship of these regions with Gc and Gf was further supported by the univariate linear mixed effects models. Besides that, Gc and Gf displayed poor neuroanatomical similarity. Conclusion These findings provided evidence that distinct machine learning-derived neuroanatomical patterns could predict Gc and Gf in healthy adults, highlighting differential neuroanatomical signatures of different aspects of intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Cheng Xu
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenliang Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guanghui Bai
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Dhamala E, Yeo BTT, Holmes AJ. One Size Does Not Fit All: Methodological Considerations for Brain-Based Predictive Modeling in Psychiatry. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 93:717-728. [PMID: 36577634 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric illnesses are heterogeneous in nature. No illness manifests in the same way across individuals, and no two patients with a shared diagnosis exhibit identical symptom profiles. Over the last several decades, group-level analyses of in vivo neuroimaging data have led to fundamental advances in our understanding of the neurobiology of psychiatric illnesses. More recently, access to computational resources and large, publicly available datasets alongside the rise of predictive modeling and precision medicine approaches have facilitated the study of psychiatric illnesses at an individual level. Data-driven machine learning analyses can be applied to identify disease-relevant biological subtypes, predict individual symptom profiles, and recommend personalized therapeutic interventions. However, when developing these predictive models, methodological choices must be carefully considered to ensure accurate, robust, and interpretable results. Choices pertaining to algorithms, neuroimaging modalities and states, data transformation, phenotypes, parcellations, sample sizes, and populations we are specifically studying can influence model performance. Here, we review applications of neuroimaging-based machine learning models to study psychiatric illnesses and discuss the effects of different methodological choices on model performance. An understanding of these effects is crucial for the proper implementation of predictive models in psychiatry and will facilitate more accurate diagnoses, prognoses, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvisha Dhamala
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
| | - B T Thomas Yeo
- Centre for Sleep & Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Avram J Holmes
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
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23
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Litwińczuk MC, Muhlert N, Trujillo-Barreto N, Woollams A. Using graph theory as a common language to combine neural structure and function in models of healthy cognitive performance. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:3007-3022. [PMID: 36880608 PMCID: PMC10171528 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Graph theory has been used in cognitive neuroscience to understand how organisational properties of structural and functional brain networks relate to cognitive function. Graph theory may bridge the gap in integration of structural and functional connectivity by introducing common measures of network characteristics. However, the explanatory and predictive value of combined structural and functional graph theory have not been investigated in modelling of cognitive performance of healthy adults. In this work, a Principal Component Regression approach with embedded Step-Wise Regression was used to fit multiple regression models of Executive Function, Self-regulation, Language, Encoding and Sequence Processing with a collection of 20 different graph theoretic measures of structural and functional network organisation used as regressors. The predictive ability of graph theory-based models was compared to that of connectivity-based models. The present work shows that using combinations of graph theory metrics to predict cognition in healthy populations does not produce a consistent benefit relative to making predictions based on structural and functional connectivity values directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Czime Litwińczuk
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nils Muhlert
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nelson Trujillo-Barreto
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anna Woollams
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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24
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Gruber M, Mauritz M, Meinert S, Grotegerd D, de Lange SC, Grumbach P, Goltermann J, Winter NR, Waltemate L, Lemke H, Thiel K, Winter A, Breuer F, Borgers T, Enneking V, Klug M, Brosch K, Meller T, Pfarr JK, Ringwald KG, Stein F, Opel N, Redlich R, Hahn T, Leehr EJ, Bauer J, Nenadić I, Kircher T, van den Heuvel MP, Dannlowski U, Repple J. Cognitive performance and brain structural connectome alterations in major depressive disorder. Psychol Med 2023; 53:1-12. [PMID: 36752136 PMCID: PMC10600941 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722004007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction and brain structural connectivity alterations have been observed in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, little is known about their interrelation. The present study follows a network approach to evaluate alterations in cognition-related brain structural networks. METHODS Cognitive performance of n = 805 healthy and n = 679 acutely depressed or remitted individuals was assessed using 14 cognitive tests aggregated into cognitive factors. The structural connectome was reconstructed from structural and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Associations between global connectivity strength and cognitive factors were established using linear regressions. Network-based statistics were applied to identify subnetworks of connections underlying these global-level associations. In exploratory analyses, effects of depression were assessed by evaluating remission status-related group differences in subnetwork-specific connectivity. Partial correlations were employed to directly test the complete triad of cognitive factors, depressive symptom severity, and subnetwork-specific connectivity strength. RESULTS All cognitive factors were associated with global connectivity strength. For each cognitive factor, network-based statistics identified a subnetwork of connections, revealing, for example, a subnetwork positively associated with processing speed. Within that subnetwork, acutely depressed patients showed significantly reduced connectivity strength compared to healthy controls. Moreover, connectivity strength in that subnetwork was associated to current depressive symptom severity independent of the previous disease course. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the first to identify cognition-related structural brain networks in MDD patients, thereby revealing associations between cognitive deficits, depressive symptoms, and reduced structural connectivity. This supports the hypothesis that structural connectome alterations may mediate the association of cognitive deficits and depression severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Gruber
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marco Mauritz
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Susanne Meinert
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Institute of Translational Neuroscience, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dominik Grotegerd
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Siemon C. de Lange
- Connectome Lab, Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Grumbach
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Janik Goltermann
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nils Ralf Winter
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Waltemate
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hannah Lemke
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina Thiel
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alexandra Winter
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Fabian Breuer
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Tiana Borgers
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Verena Enneking
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Melissa Klug
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina Brosch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, 35039 Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Tina Meller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, 35039 Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Julia-Katharina Pfarr
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, 35039 Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Kai Gustav Ringwald
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, 35039 Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Frederike Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, 35039 Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Nils Opel
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital/Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ronny Redlich
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, University of Halle, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tim Hahn
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Elisabeth J. Leehr
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jochen Bauer
- Department of Radiology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Igor Nenadić
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, 35039 Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, 35039 Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Martijn P. van den Heuvel
- Connectome Lab, Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jonathan Repple
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
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25
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Schöttner M, Bolton TAW, Patel J, Nahálka AT, Vieira S, Hagmann P. Exploring the latent structure of behavior using the Human Connectome Project's data. Sci Rep 2023; 13:713. [PMID: 36639406 PMCID: PMC9839753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
How behavior arises from brain physiology has been one central topic of investigation in neuroscience. Considering the recent interest in predicting behavior from brain imaging using open datasets, there is the need for a principled approach to the categorization of behavioral variables. However, this is not trivial, as the definitions of psychological constructs and their relationships-their ontology-are not always clear. Here, we propose to use exploratory factor analysis (EFA) as a data-driven approach to find robust and interpretable domains of behavior in the Human Connectome Project (HCP) dataset. Additionally, we explore the clustering of behavioral variables using consensus clustering. We find that four and five factors offer the best description of the data, a result corroborated by the consensus clustering. In the four-factor solution, factors for Mental Health, Cognition, Processing Speed, and Substance Use arise. With five factors, Mental Health splits into Well-Being and Internalizing. Clustering results show a similar pattern, with clusters for Cognition, Processing Speed, Positive Affect, Negative Affect, and Substance Use. The factor structure is replicated in an independent dataset using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). We discuss how the content of the factors fits with previous conceptualizations of general behavioral domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Schöttner
- Connectomics Lab, Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas A W Bolton
- Connectomics Lab, Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Neurosurgery Service and Gamma Knife Center, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jagruti Patel
- Connectomics Lab, Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anjali Tarun Nahálka
- Connectomics Lab, Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Vieira
- Connectomics Lab, Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Patric Hagmann
- Connectomics Lab, Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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26
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Krämer C, Stumme J, da Costa Campos L, Rubbert C, Caspers J, Caspers S, Jockwitz C. Classification and prediction of cognitive performance differences in older age based on brain network patterns using a machine learning approach. Netw Neurosci 2023; 7:122-147. [PMID: 37339286 PMCID: PMC10270720 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related cognitive decline varies greatly in healthy older adults, which may partly be explained by differences in the functional architecture of brain networks. Resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) derived network parameters as widely used markers describing this architecture have even been successfully used to support diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. The current study aimed at examining whether these parameters may also be useful in classifying and predicting cognitive performance differences in the normally aging brain by using machine learning (ML). Classifiability and predictability of global and domain-specific cognitive performance differences from nodal and network-level RSFC strength measures were examined in healthy older adults from the 1000BRAINS study (age range: 55-85 years). ML performance was systematically evaluated across different analytic choices in a robust cross-validation scheme. Across these analyses, classification performance did not exceed 60% accuracy for global and domain-specific cognition. Prediction performance was equally low with high mean absolute errors (MAEs ≥ 0.75) and low to none explained variance (R2 ≤ 0.07) for different cognitive targets, feature sets, and pipeline configurations. Current results highlight limited potential of functional network parameters to serve as sole biomarker for cognitive aging and emphasize that predicting cognition from functional network patterns may be challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Krämer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johanna Stumme
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lucas da Costa Campos
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Rubbert
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julian Caspers
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Svenja Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christiane Jockwitz
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Anatomy I, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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27
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Tooley UA, Park AT, Leonard JA, Boroshok AL, McDermott CL, Tisdall MD, Bassett DS, Mackey AP. The Age of Reason: Functional Brain Network Development during Childhood. J Neurosci 2022; 42:8237-8251. [PMID: 36192151 PMCID: PMC9653278 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0511-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human childhood is characterized by dramatic changes in the mind and brain. However, little is known about the large-scale intrinsic cortical network changes that occur during childhood because of methodological challenges in scanning young children. Here, we overcome this barrier by using sophisticated acquisition and analysis tools to investigate functional network development in children between the ages of 4 and 10 years ([Formula: see text]; 50 female, 42 male). At multiple spatial scales, age is positively associated with brain network segregation. At the system level, age was associated with segregation of systems involved in attention from those involved in abstract cognition, and with integration among attentional and perceptual systems. Associations between age and functional connectivity are most pronounced in visual and medial prefrontal cortex, the two ends of a gradient from perceptual, externally oriented cortex to abstract, internally oriented cortex. These findings suggest that both ends of the sensory-association gradient may develop early, in contrast to the classical theories that cortical maturation proceeds from back to front, with sensory areas developing first and association areas developing last. More mature patterns of brain network architecture, controlling for age, were associated with better visuospatial reasoning abilities. Our results suggest that as cortical architecture becomes more specialized, children become more able to reason about the world and their place in it.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Anthropologists have called the transition from early to middle childhood the "age of reason", when children across cultures become more independent. We employ cutting-edge neuroimaging acquisition and analysis approaches to investigate associations between age and functional brain architecture in childhood. Age was positively associated with segregation between cortical systems that process the external world and those that process abstract phenomena like the past, future, and minds of others. Surprisingly, we observed pronounced development at both ends of the sensory-association gradient, challenging the theory that sensory areas develop first and association areas develop last. Our results open new directions for research into how brains reorganize to support rapid gains in cognitive and socioemotional skills as children reach the age of reason.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula A Tooley
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Anne T Park
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Julia A Leonard
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Austin L Boroshok
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Cassidy L McDermott
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Matthew D Tisdall
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Dani S Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501
| | - Allyson P Mackey
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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28
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Dhamala E, Ooi LQR, Chen J, Kong R, Anderson KM, Chin R, Yeo BTT, Holmes AJ. Proportional intracranial volume correction differentially biases behavioral predictions across neuroanatomical features, sexes, and development. Neuroimage 2022; 260:119485. [PMID: 35843514 PMCID: PMC9425854 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual differences in brain anatomy can be used to predict variations in cognitive ability. Most studies to date have focused on broad population-level trends, but the extent to which the observed predictive features are shared across sexes and age groups remains to be established. While it is standard practice to account for intracranial volume (ICV) using proportion correction in both regional and whole-brain morphometric analyses, in the context of brain-behavior predictions the possible differential impact of ICV correction on anatomical features and subgroups within the population has yet to be systematically investigated. In this work, we evaluate the effect of proportional ICV correction on sex-independent and sex-specific predictive models of individual cognitive abilities across multiple anatomical properties (surface area, gray matter volume, and cortical thickness) in healthy young adults (Human Connectome Project; n = 1013, 548 females) and typically developing children (Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study; n = 1823, 979 females). We demonstrate that ICV correction generally reduces predictive accuracies derived from surface area and gray matter volume, while increasing predictive accuracies based on cortical thickness in both adults and children. Furthermore, the extent to which predictive models generalize across sexes and age groups depends on ICV correction: models based on surface area and gray matter volume are more generalizable without ICV correction, while models based on cortical thickness are more generalizable with ICV correction. Finally, the observed neuroanatomical features predictive of cognitive abilities are unique across age groups regardless of ICV correction, but whether they are shared or unique across sexes (within age groups) depends on ICV correction. These findings highlight the importance of considering individual differences in ICV, and show that proportional ICV correction does not remove the effects of cranial volume from anatomical measurements and can introduce ICV bias where previously there was none. ICV correction choices affect not just the strength of the relationships captured, but also the conclusions drawn regarding the neuroanatomical features that underlie those relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvisha Dhamala
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, United States; Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, United States.
| | - Leon Qi Rong Ooi
- Centre for Sleep & Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianzhong Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ru Kong
- Centre for Sleep & Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kevin M Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Rowena Chin
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - B T Thomas Yeo
- Centre for Sleep & Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Avram J Holmes
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, United States; Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, United States; Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, United States.
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29
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Ooi LQR, Chen J, Zhang S, Kong R, Tam A, Li J, Dhamala E, Zhou JH, Holmes AJ, Yeo BTT. Comparison of individualized behavioral predictions across anatomical, diffusion and functional connectivity MRI. Neuroimage 2022; 263:119636. [PMID: 36116616 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental goal across the neurosciences is the characterization of relationships linking brain anatomy, functioning, and behavior. Although various MRI modalities have been developed to probe these relationships, direct comparisons of their ability to predict behavior have been lacking. Here, we compared the ability of anatomical T1, diffusion and functional MRI (fMRI) to predict behavior at an individual level. Cortical thickness, area and volume were extracted from anatomical T1 images. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) and approximate Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging (NODDI) models were fitted to the diffusion images. The resulting metrics were projected to the Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) skeleton. We also ran probabilistic tractography for the diffusion images, from which we extracted the stream count, average stream length, and the average of each DTI and NODDI metric across tracts connecting each pair of brain regions. Functional connectivity (FC) was extracted from both task and resting-state fMRI. Individualized prediction of a wide range of behavioral measures were performed using kernel ridge regression, linear ridge regression and elastic net regression. Consistency of the results were investigated with the Human Connectome Project (HCP) and Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) datasets. In both datasets, FC-based models gave the best prediction performance, regardless of regression model or behavioral measure. This was especially true for the cognitive component. Furthermore, all modalities were able to predict cognition better than other behavioral components. Combining all modalities improved prediction of cognition, but not other behavioral components. Finally, across all behaviors, combining resting and task FC yielded prediction performance similar to combining all modalities. Overall, our study suggests that in the case of healthy children and young adults, behaviorally-relevant information in T1 and diffusion features might reflect a subset of the variance captured by FC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Qi Rong Ooi
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Centre for Sleep & Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianzhong Chen
- Centre for Sleep & Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shaoshi Zhang
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Centre for Sleep & Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ru Kong
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Centre for Sleep & Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Angela Tam
- Centre for Sleep & Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jingwei Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behavior (INM-7), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Elvisha Dhamala
- Yale University, Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, United States; Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Juan Helen Zhou
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Centre for Sleep & Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Avram J Holmes
- Yale University, Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, United States; Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - B T Thomas Yeo
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Centre for Sleep & Cognition & Centre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; N.1 Institute for Health & Institute for Digital Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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30
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Srivastava P, Fotiadis P, Parkes L, Bassett DS. The expanding horizons of network neuroscience: From description to prediction and control. Neuroimage 2022; 258:119250. [PMID: 35659996 PMCID: PMC11164099 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of network neuroscience has emerged as a natural framework for the study of the brain and has been increasingly applied across divergent problems in neuroscience. From a disciplinary perspective, network neuroscience originally emerged as a formal integration of graph theory (from mathematics) and neuroscience (from biology). This early integration afforded marked utility in describing the interconnected nature of neural units, both structurally and functionally, and underscored the relevance of that interconnection for cognition and behavior. But since its inception, the field has not remained static in its methodological composition. Instead, it has grown to use increasingly advanced graph-theoretic tools and to bring in several other disciplinary perspectives-including machine learning and systems engineering-that have proven complementary. In doing so, the problem space amenable to the discipline has expanded markedly. In this review, we discuss three distinct flavors of investigation in state-of-the-art network neuroscience: (i) descriptive network neuroscience, (ii) predictive network neuroscience, and (iii) a perturbative network neuroscience that draws on recent advances in network control theory. In considering each area, we provide a brief summary of the approaches, discuss the nature of the insights obtained, and highlight future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Srivastava
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Panagiotis Fotiadis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Linden Parkes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
| | - Dani S Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA; Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA; Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA; Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe NM 87501, USA.
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31
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Litwińczuk MC, Trujillo-Barreto N, Muhlert N, Cloutman L, Woollams A. Combination of structural and functional connectivity explains unique variation in specific domains of cognitive function. Neuroimage 2022; 262:119531. [PMID: 35931312 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between structural and functional brain networks has been characterised as complex: the two networks mirror each other and show mutual influence but they also diverge in their organisation. This work explored whether a combination of structural and functional connectivity can improve the fit of regression models of cognitive performance. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was first applied to cognitive data from the Human Connectome Project to identify latent cognitive components: Executive Function, Self-regulation, Language, Encoding and Sequence Processing. A Principal Component Regression approach with embedded Step-Wise Regression (SWR-PCR) was then used to fit regression models of each cognitive domain based on structural (SC), functional (FC) or combined structural-functional (CC) connectivity. Executive Function was best explained by the CC model. Self-regulation was equally well explained by SC and FC. Language was equally well explained by CC and FC models. Encoding and Sequence Processing were best explained by SC. Evaluation of out-of-sample models' skill via cross-validation showed that SC, FC and CC produced generalisable models of Language performance. SC models performed most effectively at predicting Language performance in unseen sample. Executive Function was most effectively predicted by SC models, followed only by CC models. Self-regulation was only effectively predicted by CC models and Sequence Processing was only effectively predicted by FC models. The present study demonstrates that integrating structural and functional connectivity can help explaining cognitive performance, but that the added explanatory value (in sample) may be domain-specific and can come at the expense of reduced generalisation performance (out-of-sample).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nils Muhlert
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Lauren Cloutman
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Anna Woollams
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, UK
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32
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Vieira BH, Pamplona GSP, Fachinello K, Silva AK, Foss MP, Salmon CEG. On the prediction of human intelligence from neuroimaging: A systematic review of methods and reporting. INTELLIGENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2022.101654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Fernandez-Iriondo I, Jimenez-Marin A, Sierra B, Aginako N, Bonifazi P, Cortes JM. Brain Mapping of Behavioral Domains Using Multi-Scale Networks and Canonical Correlation Analysis. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:889725. [PMID: 35801180 PMCID: PMC9255673 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.889725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous mapping of multiple behavioral domains into brain networks remains a major challenge. Here, we shed some light on this problem by employing a combination of machine learning, structural and functional brain networks at different spatial resolutions (also known as scales), together with performance scores across multiple neurobehavioral domains, including sensation, motor skills, and cognition. Provided by the Human Connectome Project, we make use of three cohorts: 640 participants for model training, 160 subjects for validation, and 200 subjects for model performance testing thus enhancing prediction generalization. Our modeling consists of two main stages, namely dimensionality reduction in brain network features at multiple scales, followed by canonical correlation analysis, which determines an optimal linear combination of connectivity features to predict multiple behavioral performance scores. To assess the differences in the predictive power of each modality, we separately applied three different strategies: structural unimodal, functional unimodal, and multimodal, that is, structural in combination with functional features of the brain network. Our results show that the multimodal association outperforms any of the unimodal analyses. Then, to answer which human brain structures were most involved in predicting multiple behavioral scores, we simulated different synthetic scenarios in which in each case we completely deleted a brain structure or a complete resting state network, and recalculated performance in its absence. In deletions, we found critical structures to affect performance when predicting single behavioral domains, but this occurred in a lesser manner for prediction of multi-domain behavior. Overall, our results confirm that although there are synergistic contributions between brain structure and function that enhance behavioral prediction, brain networks may also be mutually redundant in predicting multidomain behavior, such that even after deletion of a structure, the connectivity of the others can compensate for its lack in predicting behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izaro Fernandez-Iriondo
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
- Computational Neuroimaging Lab, BioCruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
- Doctoral Programme in Informatics Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
- *Correspondence: Izaro Fernandez-Iriondo
| | - Antonio Jimenez-Marin
- Computational Neuroimaging Lab, BioCruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
- Biomedical Research Doctorate Program, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Basilio Sierra
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Naiara Aginako
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Paolo Bonifazi
- Computational Neuroimaging Lab, BioCruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
- IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jesus M. Cortes
- Computational Neuroimaging Lab, BioCruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
- IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
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34
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Gal S, Coldham Y, Tik N, Bernstein-Eliav M, Tavor I. Act natural: Functional connectivity from naturalistic stimuli fMRI outperforms resting-state in predicting brain activity. Neuroimage 2022; 258:119359. [PMID: 35680054 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for an 'ideal' approach to investigate the functional connections in the human brain is an ongoing challenge for the neuroscience community. While resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been widely used to study individual functional connectivity patterns, recent work has highlighted the benefits of collecting functional connectivity data while participants are exposed to naturalistic stimuli, such as watching a movie or listening to a story. For example, functional connectivity data collected during movie-watching were shown to predict cognitive and emotional scores more accurately than resting-state-derived functional connectivity. We have previously reported a tight link between resting-state functional connectivity and task-derived neural activity, such that the former successfully predicts the latter. In the current work we use data from the Human Connectome Project to demonstrate that naturalistic-stimulus-derived functional connectivity predicts task-induced brain activation maps more accurately than resting-state-derived functional connectivity. We then show that activation maps predicted using naturalistic stimuli are better predictors of individual intelligence scores than activation maps predicted using resting-state. We additionally examine the influence of naturalistic-stimulus type on prediction accuracy. Our findings emphasize the potential of naturalistic stimuli as a promising alternative to resting-state fMRI for connectome-based predictive modelling of individual brain activity and cognitive traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shachar Gal
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Coldham
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Niv Tik
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Bernstein-Eliav
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ido Tavor
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Strauss Center for Computational Neuroimaging, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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35
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Seguin C, Mansour L S, Sporns O, Zalesky A, Calamante F. Network communication models narrow the gap between the modular organization of structural and functional brain networks. Neuroimage 2022; 257:119323. [PMID: 35605765 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural and functional brain networks are modular. Canonical functional systems, such as the default mode network, are well-known modules of the human brain and have been implicated in a large number of cognitive, behavioral and clinical processes. However, modules delineated in structural brain networks inferred from tractography generally do not recapitulate canonical functional systems. Neuroimaging evidence suggests that functional connectivity between regions in the same systems is not always underpinned by anatomical connections. As such, direct structural connectivity alone would be insufficient to characterize the functional modular organization of the brain. Here, we demonstrate that augmenting structural brain networks with models of indirect (polysynaptic) communication unveils a modular network architecture that more closely resembles the brain's established functional systems. We find that diffusion models of polysynaptic connectivity, particularly communicability, narrow the gap between the modular organization of structural and functional brain networks by 20-60%, whereas routing models based on single efficient paths do not improve mesoscopic structure-function correspondence. This suggests that functional modules emerge from the constraints imposed by local network structure that facilitates diffusive neural communication. Our work establishes the importance of modeling polysynaptic communication to understand the structural basis of functional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Seguin
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.
| | - Sina Mansour L
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Olaf Sporns
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States; Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States; Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States; Network Science Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Fernando Calamante
- The University of Sydney, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Imaging, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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36
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Feng G, Wang Y, Huang W, Chen H, Dai Z, Ma G, Li X, Zhang Z, Shu N. Methodological evaluation of individual cognitive prediction based on the brain white matter structural connectome. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:3775-3791. [PMID: 35475571 PMCID: PMC9294303 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging trend is to use regression‐based machine learning approaches to predict cognitive functions at the individual level from neuroimaging data. However, individual prediction models are inherently influenced by the vast options for network construction and model selection in machine learning pipelines. In particular, the brain white matter (WM) structural connectome lacks a systematic evaluation of the effects of different options in the pipeline on predictive performance. Here, we focused on the methodological evaluation of brain structural connectome‐based predictions. For network construction, we considered two parcellation schemes for defining nodes and seven strategies for defining edges. For the regression algorithms, we used eight regression models. Four cognitive domains and brain age were targeted as predictive tasks based on two independent datasets (Beijing Aging Brain Rejuvenation Initiative [BABRI]: 633 healthy older adults; Human Connectome Projects in Aging [HCP‐A]: 560 healthy older adults). Based on the results, the WM structural connectome provided a satisfying predictive ability for individual age and cognitive functions, especially for executive function and attention. Second, different parcellation schemes induce a significant difference in predictive performance. Third, prediction results from different data sets showed that dMRI with distinct acquisition parameters may plausibly result in a preference for proper fiber reconstruction algorithms and different weighting options. Finally, deep learning and Elastic‐Net models are more accurate and robust in connectome‐based predictions. Together, significant effects of different options in WM network construction and regression algorithms on the predictive performances are identified in this study, which may provide important references and guidelines to select suitable options for future studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozheng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Weijie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Haojie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengjia Dai
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guolin Ma
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ni Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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37
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Association between Changes in White Matter Microstructure and Cognitive Impairment in White Matter Lesions. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12040482. [PMID: 35448013 PMCID: PMC9026911 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the characteristics of cognitive impairment in patients with white matter lesions (WMLs) caused by cerebral small vessel disease and the corresponding changes in WM microstructures. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data of 50 patients with WMLs and 37 healthy controls were collected. Patients were divided into vascular cognitive impairment non-dementia and vascular dementia groups. Tract-based spatial statistics showed that patients with WMLs had significantly lower fractional anisotropy (FA) and higher mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) values throughout the WM areas but predominately in the forceps minor, forceps major (FMA), bilateral corticospinal tract, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), and anterior thalamic radiation, compared to the control group. These fiber bundles were selected as regions of interest. There were significant differences in the FA, MD, AD, and RD values (p < 0.05) between groups. The DTI metrics of all fiber bundles significantly correlated with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (p < 0.05), with the exception of the AD values of the FMA and ILF. Patients with WMLs showed changes in diffusion parameters in the main WM fiber bundles. Quantifiable changes in WM microstructure are the main pathological basis of cognitive impairment, and may serve as a biomarker of WMLs.
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38
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Dhamala E, Jamison KW, Jaywant A, Kuceyeski A. Shared functional connections within and between cortical networks predict cognitive abilities in adult males and females. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:1087-1102. [PMID: 34811849 PMCID: PMC8764478 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A thorough understanding of sex-independent and sex-specific neurobiological features that underlie cognitive abilities in healthy individuals is essential for the study of neurological illnesses in which males and females differentially experience and exhibit cognitive impairment. Here, we evaluate sex-independent and sex-specific relationships between functional connectivity and individual cognitive abilities in 392 healthy young adults (196 males) from the Human Connectome Project. First, we establish that sex-independent models comparably predict crystallised abilities in males and females, but only successfully predict fluid abilities in males. Second, we demonstrate sex-specific models comparably predict crystallised abilities within and between sexes, and generally fail to predict fluid abilities in either sex. Third, we reveal that largely overlapping connections between visual, dorsal attention, ventral attention, and temporal parietal networks are associated with better performance on crystallised and fluid cognitive tests in males and females, while connections within visual, somatomotor, and temporal parietal networks are associated with poorer performance. Together, our findings suggest that shared neurobiological features of the functional connectome underlie crystallised and fluid abilities across the sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvisha Dhamala
- Department of RadiologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Present address:
Department of PsychologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Keith W. Jamison
- Department of RadiologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Abhishek Jaywant
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- NewYork‐Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Amy Kuceyeski
- Department of RadiologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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39
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Tian Y, Zalesky A. Machine learning prediction of cognition from functional connectivity: Are feature weights reliable? Neuroimage 2021; 245:118648. [PMID: 34673248 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive performance can be predicted from an individual's functional brain connectivity with modest accuracy using machine learning approaches. As yet, however, predictive models have arguably yielded limited insight into the neurobiological processes supporting cognition. To do so, feature selection and feature weight estimation need to be reliable to ensure that important connections and circuits with high predictive utility can be reliably identified. We comprehensively investigate feature weight test-retest reliability for various predictive models of cognitive performance built from resting-state functional connectivity networks in healthy young adults (n=400). Despite achieving modest prediction accuracies (r=0.2-0.4), we find that feature weight reliability is generally poor for all predictive models (ICC< 0.3), and significantly poorer than predictive models for overt biological attributes such as sex (ICC≈0.5). Larger sample sizes (n=800), the Haufe transformation, non-sparse feature selection/regularization and smaller feature spaces marginally improve reliability (ICC< 0.4). We elucidate a tradeoff between feature weight reliability and prediction accuracy and find that univariate statistics are marginally more reliable than feature weights from predictive models. Finally, we show that measuring agreement in feature weights between cross-validation folds provides inflated estimates of feature weight reliability. We thus recommend for reliability to be estimated out-of-sample, if possible. We argue that rebalancing focus from prediction accuracy to model reliability may facilitate mechanistic understanding of cognition with machine learning approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
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40
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Dhamala E, Jamison KW, Jaywant A, Dennis S, Kuceyeski A. Distinct functional and structural connections predict crystallised and fluid cognition in healthy adults. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:3102-3118. [PMID: 33830577 PMCID: PMC8193532 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
White matter pathways between neurons facilitate neuronal coactivation patterns in the brain. Insight into how these structural and functional connections underlie complex cognitive functions provides an important foundation with which to delineate disease‐related changes in cognitive functioning. Here, we integrate neuroimaging, connectomics, and machine learning approaches to explore how functional and structural brain connectivity relate to cognition. Specifically, we evaluate the extent to which functional and structural connectivity predict individual crystallised and fluid cognitive abilities in 415 unrelated healthy young adults (202 females) from the Human Connectome Project. We report three main findings. First, we demonstrate functional connectivity is more predictive of cognitive scores than structural connectivity, and, furthermore, integrating the two modalities does not increase explained variance. Second, we show the quality of cognitive prediction from connectome measures is influenced by the choice of grey matter parcellation, and, possibly, how that parcellation is derived. Third, we find that distinct functional and structural connections predict crystallised and fluid abilities. Taken together, our results suggest that functional and structural connectivity have unique relationships with crystallised and fluid cognition and, furthermore, studying both modalities provides a more comprehensive insight into the neural correlates of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvisha Dhamala
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Keith W Jamison
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Abhishek Jaywant
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sarah Dennis
- Sarah Lawrence College, Bronxville, New York, USA
| | - Amy Kuceyeski
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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