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Sal-Sarria S, Conejo NM, González-Pardo H. Maternal immune activation and its multifaceted effects on learning and memory in rodent offspring: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 164:105844. [PMID: 39106940 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
This systematic review explored the impact of maternal immune activation (MIA) on learning and memory behavior in offspring, with a particular focus on sexual dimorphism. We analyzed 20 experimental studies involving rodent models (rats and mice) exposed to either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or POLY I:C during gestation following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Our findings reveal that most studies report a detrimental impact of MIA on the learning and memory performance of offspring, highlighting the significant role of prenatal environmental factors in neurodevelopment. Furthermore, this review underscores the complex effects of sex, with males often exhibiting more pronounced cognitive impairment compared to females. Notably, a small subset of studies report enhanced cognitive function following MIA, suggesting complex, context-dependent outcomes of prenatal immune challenges. This review also highlights sex differences caused by the effects of MIA in terms of cytokine responses, alterations in gene expression, and differences in microglial responses as factors that contribute to the cognitive outcomes observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saúl Sal-Sarria
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences of the Principality of Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain; Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Nélida M Conejo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences of the Principality of Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain; Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Héctor González-Pardo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences of the Principality of Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain; Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain.
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2
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Noel SC, Madranges JF, Gothié JDM, Ewald J, Milnerwood AJ, Kennedy TE, Scott ME. Maternal gastrointestinal nematode infection alters hippocampal neuroimmunity, promotes synaptic plasticity, and improves resistance to direct infection in offspring. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10773. [PMID: 38730262 PMCID: PMC11087533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60865-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The developing brain is vulnerable to maternal bacterial and viral infections which induce strong inflammatory responses in the mother that are mimicked in the offspring brain, resulting in irreversible neurodevelopmental defects, and associated cognitive and behavioural impairments. In contrast, infection during pregnancy and lactation with the immunoregulatory murine intestinal nematode, Heligmosomoides bakeri, upregulates expression of genes associated with long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic networks in the brain of neonatal uninfected offspring, and enhances spatial memory in uninfected juvenile offspring. As the hippocampus is involved in spatial navigation and sensitive to immune events during development, here we assessed hippocampal gene expression, LTP, and neuroimmunity in 3-week-old uninfected offspring born to H. bakeri infected mothers. Further, as maternal immunity shapes the developing immune system, we assessed the impact of maternal H. bakeri infection on the ability of offspring to resist direct infection. In response to maternal infection, we found an enhanced propensity to induce LTP at Schaffer collateral synapses, consistent with RNA-seq data indicating accelerated development of glutamatergic synapses in uninfected offspring, relative to those from uninfected mothers. Hippocampal RNA-seq analysis of offspring of infected mothers revealed increased expression of genes associated with neurogenesis, gliogenesis, and myelination. Furthermore, maternal infection improved resistance to direct infection of H. bakeri in offspring, correlated with transfer of parasite-specific IgG1 to their serum. Hippocampal immunohistochemistry and gene expression suggest Th2/Treg biased neuroimmunity in offspring, recapitulating peripheral immunoregulation of H. bakeri infected mothers. These findings indicate maternal H. bakeri infection during pregnancy and lactation alters peripheral and neural immunity in uninfected offspring, in a manner that accelerates neural maturation to promote hippocampal LTP, and upregulates the expression of genes associated with neurogenesis, gliogenesis, and myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia C Noel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University (Macdonald Campus), 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne de Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Jeanne F Madranges
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Jean-David M Gothié
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Jessica Ewald
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University (Macdonald Campus), 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne de Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Austen J Milnerwood
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Timothy E Kennedy
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Marilyn E Scott
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University (Macdonald Campus), 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne de Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
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Abelaira HM, de Moura AB, Cardoso MM, de Pieri E, Abel JS, Luiz GP, Sombrio EM, Borghezan LA, Anastácio RS, Cruz LA, de Souza TG, Meab C, Lima IR, da Costa C, Dal Bó AG, Pcl S, Machado-de-Ávila RA. Sertraline associated with gold nanoparticles reduce cellular toxicity and induce sex-specific responses in behavior and neuroinflammation biomarkers in a mouse model of anxiety. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 233:173661. [PMID: 37879445 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of sertraline associated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in vitro cell viability and in vivo behavior and inflammatory biomarkers in a mouse model of anxiety. Sertraline associated with AuNPs were synthesized and characterized. For the in vitro study, NIH3T3 and HT-22 cells were treated with different doses of sertraline, AuNPs, and sertraline + AuNPs and their viability was evaluated using the MTT assay. For the in vivo study, pregnant Swiss mice were administered a single dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the ninth day of gestation. The female and male offspring were divided into five treatment groups on PND 60 and administered chronic treatment for 28 days. The animals were subjected to behavioral testing and were subsequently euthanized. Their brains were collected and analyzed for inflammatory biomarkers. Sertraline associated with AuNPs exhibited significant changes in surface characteristics and increased diameters. Different doses of sertraline + AuNPs showed higher cell viability in NIH3T3 and HT-22 cells compared with sertraline alone. The offspring of LPS-treated dams exhibited anxiety-like behavior and neuroinflammatory biomarker changes during adulthood, which were ameliorated via sertraline + AuNPs treatment. The treatment response was sex-dependent and brain region-specific. These results suggest that AuNPs, which demonstrate potential to bind to other molecules, low toxicity, and reduced inflammation, can be synergistically used with sertraline to improve drug efficacy and safety by decreasing neuroinflammation and sertraline toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Abelaira
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology Experimental, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
| | - A B de Moura
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology Experimental, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - M M Cardoso
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology Experimental, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - E de Pieri
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology Experimental, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - J S Abel
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology Experimental, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - G P Luiz
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology Experimental, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - E M Sombrio
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology Experimental, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - L A Borghezan
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology Experimental, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - R S Anastácio
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology Experimental, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - L A Cruz
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology Experimental, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - T G de Souza
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology Experimental, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Corrêa Meab
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology Experimental, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - I R Lima
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology Experimental, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - C da Costa
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology Experimental, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - A G Dal Bó
- Laboratory of Advanced Polymer Processing, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Silveira Pcl
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology Experimental, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - R A Machado-de-Ávila
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology Experimental, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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4
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de Oliveira EG, de Lima DA, da Silva Júnior JC, de Souza Barbosa MV, de Andrade Silva SC, de Santana JH, Dos Santos Junior OH, Lira EC, Lagranha CJ, Duarte FS, Gomes DA. (R)-ketamine attenuates neurodevelopmental disease-related phenotypes in a mouse model of maternal immune activation. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023; 273:1501-1512. [PMID: 37249625 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-023-01629-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Infections during pregnancy are associated with an increased risk of neuropsychiatric disorders with developmental etiologies, such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Studies have shown that the animal model of maternal immune activation (MIA) reproduces a wide range of phenotypes relevant to the study of neurodevelopmental disorders. Emerging evidence shows that (R)-ketamine attenuates behavioral, cellular, and molecular changes observed in animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we investigate whether (R)-ketamine administration during adolescence attenuates some of the phenotypes related to neurodevelopmental disorders in an animal model of MIA. For MIA, pregnant Swiss mice received intraperitoneally (i.p.) lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 µg/kg/day) or saline on gestational days 15 and 16. The two MIA-based groups of male offspring received (R)-ketamine (20 mg/kg/day; i.p.) or saline from postnatal day (PND) 36 to 50. At PND 62, the animals were examined for anxiety-like behavior and locomotor activity in the open-field test (OFT), as well as in the social interaction test (SIT). At PND 63, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) was collected for analysis of oxidative balance and gene expression of the cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TGF-β1. We show that (R)-ketamine abolishes anxiety-related behavior and social interaction deficits induced by MIA. Additionally, (R)-ketamine attenuated the increase in lipid peroxidation and the cytokines in the PFC of the offspring exposed to MIA. The present work suggests that (R)-ketamine administration may have a long-lasting attenuation in deficits in emotional behavior induced by MIA, and that these effects may be attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elifrances Galdino de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil.
- Graduate Program of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Diógenes Afonso de Lima
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - José Carlos da Silva Júnior
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Mayara Victória de Souza Barbosa
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Severina Cassia de Andrade Silva
- Graduate Program of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Jonata Henrique de Santana
- Graduate Program of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Osmar Henrique Dos Santos Junior
- Graduate Program of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Carvalho Lira
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Claudia Jacques Lagranha
- Graduate Program of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Filipe Silveira Duarte
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Dayane Aparecida Gomes
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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5
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Yi SY, Barnett BR, Poetzel MJ, Stowe NA, Yu JPJ. Clinical translational neuroimaging of the antioxidant effect of N-acetylcysteine on neural microstructure. Magn Reson Med 2022; 87:820-836. [PMID: 34590731 PMCID: PMC8627450 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oxidative stress and downstream effectors have emerged as important pathological processes that drive psychiatric illness, suggesting that antioxidants may have a therapeutic role in psychiatric disease. However, no imaging biomarkers are currently available to track therapeutic response. The purpose of this study was to examine whether advanced DWI techniques are able to sensitively detect the potential therapeutic effects of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in a Disc1 svΔ2 preclinical rat model of psychiatric illness. METHODS Male and female Disc1 svΔ2 rats and age-matched, sex-matched Sprague-Dawley wild-type controls were treated with a saline vehicle or NAC before ex vivo MRI acquisition at P50. Imaging data were fit to DTI and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging models and analyzed for region-specific changes in quantitative diffusion metrics. Brains were further processed for cellular quantification of microglial density and morphology. All experiments were repeated for Disc1 svΔ2 rats exposed to chronic early-life stress to test how gene-environment interactions might alter effectiveness of NAC therapy. RESULTS The DTI and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging analyses demonstrated amelioration of early-life, sex-specific neural microstructural deficits with concomitant differences in microglial morphology across multiple brain regions relevant to neuropsychiatric illness with NAC treatment, but only in male Disc1 svΔ2 rats. Addition of chronic early-life stress reduced the ability of NAC to restore microstructural deficits. CONCLUSION These findings provide evidence for a treatment pathway targeting endogenous antioxidant capacity, and the clinical translational utility of neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging microstructural imaging to sensitively detect microstructural alterations resulting from antioxidant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Y. Yi
- Neuroscience Training Program, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Brian R. Barnett
- Neuroscience Training Program, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - McKenzie J. Poetzel
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Stowe
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - John-Paul J. Yu
- Neuroscience Training Program, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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6
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Prieto-Villalobos J, Alvear TF, Liberona A, Lucero CM, Martínez-Araya CJ, Balmazabal J, Inostroza CA, Ramírez G, Gómez GI, Orellana JA. Astroglial Hemichannels and Pannexons: The Hidden Link between Maternal Inflammation and Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179503. [PMID: 34502412 PMCID: PMC8430734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal inflammation during pregnancy causes later-in-life alterations of the offspring’s brain structure and function. These abnormalities increase the risk of developing several psychiatric and neurological disorders, including schizophrenia, intellectual disability, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder, microcephaly, and cerebral palsy. Here, we discuss how astrocytes might contribute to postnatal brain dysfunction following maternal inflammation, focusing on the signaling mediated by two families of plasma membrane channels: hemi-channels and pannexons. [Ca2+]i imbalance linked to the opening of astrocytic hemichannels and pannexons could disturb essential functions that sustain astrocytic survival and astrocyte-to-neuron support, including energy and redox homeostasis, uptake of K+ and glutamate, and the delivery of neurotrophic factors and energy-rich metabolites. Both phenomena could make neurons more susceptible to the harmful effect of prenatal inflammation and the experience of a second immune challenge during adulthood. On the other hand, maternal inflammation could cause excitotoxicity by producing the release of high amounts of gliotransmitters via astrocytic hemichannels/pannexons, eliciting further neuronal damage. Understanding how hemichannels and pannexons participate in maternal inflammation-induced brain abnormalities could be critical for developing pharmacological therapies against neurological disorders observed in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Prieto-Villalobos
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; (J.P.-V.); (T.F.A.); (A.L.); (C.J.M.-A.); (J.B.); (C.A.I.); (G.R.)
| | - Tanhia F. Alvear
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; (J.P.-V.); (T.F.A.); (A.L.); (C.J.M.-A.); (J.B.); (C.A.I.); (G.R.)
| | - Andrés Liberona
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; (J.P.-V.); (T.F.A.); (A.L.); (C.J.M.-A.); (J.B.); (C.A.I.); (G.R.)
| | - Claudia M. Lucero
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile; (C.M.L.); (G.I.G.)
| | - Claudio J. Martínez-Araya
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; (J.P.-V.); (T.F.A.); (A.L.); (C.J.M.-A.); (J.B.); (C.A.I.); (G.R.)
| | - Javiera Balmazabal
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; (J.P.-V.); (T.F.A.); (A.L.); (C.J.M.-A.); (J.B.); (C.A.I.); (G.R.)
| | - Carla A. Inostroza
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; (J.P.-V.); (T.F.A.); (A.L.); (C.J.M.-A.); (J.B.); (C.A.I.); (G.R.)
| | - Gigliola Ramírez
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; (J.P.-V.); (T.F.A.); (A.L.); (C.J.M.-A.); (J.B.); (C.A.I.); (G.R.)
| | - Gonzalo I. Gómez
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile; (C.M.L.); (G.I.G.)
| | - Juan A. Orellana
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; (J.P.-V.); (T.F.A.); (A.L.); (C.J.M.-A.); (J.B.); (C.A.I.); (G.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-23548105
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7
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Jenkins DD, Moss HG, Brown TR, Yazdani M, Thayyil S, Montaldo P, Vento M, Kuligowski J, Wagner C, Hollis BW, Wiest DB. NAC and Vitamin D Improve CNS and Plasma Oxidative Stress in Neonatal HIE and Are Associated with Favorable Long-Term Outcomes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1344. [PMID: 34572976 PMCID: PMC8466838 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and vitamin D provide effective neuroprotection in animal models of severe or inflammation-sensitized hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). To translate these FDA-approved drugs to HIE neonates, we conducted an early phase, open-label trial of 10 days of NAC (25, 40 mg/kg q12h) + 1,25(OH)2D (calcitriol 0.05 mg/kg q12h, 0.03 mg/kg q24h), (NVD), for pharmacokinetic (PK) estimates during therapeutic hypothermia and normothermia. We paired PK samples with pharmacodynamic (PD) targets of plasma isoprostanoids, CNS glutathione (GSH) and total creatine (tCr) by serial MRS in basal ganglia (BG) before and after NVD infusion at five days. Infants had moderate (n = 14) or severe HIE (n = 16), funisitis (32%), and vitamin D deficiency (75%). NVD resulted in rapid, dose-responsive increases in CNS GSH and tCr that correlated positively with plasma [NAC], inversely with plasma isofurans, and was greater in infants with lower baseline [GSH] and [tCr], suggesting increases in these PD markers were titrated by neural demand. Hypothermia and normothermia altered NAC PK estimates. NVD was well tolerated. Excluding genetic syndromes (2), prolonged ECMO (2), lost-to-follow-up (1) and SIDS death (1), 24 NVD treated HIE infants have no evidence of cerebral palsy, autism or cognitive delay at 24-48 months. These data confirm that low, safe doses of NVD in HIE neonates decreased oxidative stress in plasma and CNS, improved CNS energetics, and are associated with favorable developmental outcomes at two to four years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea D Jenkins
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, 10 McClennan Banks Drive, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (C.W.); (B.W.H.)
| | - Hunter G Moss
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (H.G.M.); (T.R.B.); (M.Y.)
| | - Truman R Brown
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (H.G.M.); (T.R.B.); (M.Y.)
| | - Milad Yazdani
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (H.G.M.); (T.R.B.); (M.Y.)
| | - Sudhin Thayyil
- Centre for Perinatal Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London W12 0HS, UK; (S.T.); (P.M.)
| | - Paolo Montaldo
- Centre for Perinatal Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London W12 0HS, UK; (S.T.); (P.M.)
| | - Maximo Vento
- Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (M.V.); (J.K.)
| | - Julia Kuligowski
- Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (M.V.); (J.K.)
| | - Carol Wagner
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, 10 McClennan Banks Drive, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (C.W.); (B.W.H.)
| | - Bruce W Hollis
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, 10 McClennan Banks Drive, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (C.W.); (B.W.H.)
| | - Donald B Wiest
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
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8
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Murray AJ, Rogers JC, Katshu MZUH, Liddle PF, Upthegrove R. Oxidative Stress and the Pathophysiology and Symptom Profile of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:703452. [PMID: 34366935 PMCID: PMC8339376 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.703452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is associated with increased levels of oxidative stress, as reflected by an increase in the concentrations of damaging reactive species and a reduction in anti-oxidant defences to combat them. Evidence has suggested that whilst not the likely primary cause of schizophrenia, increased oxidative stress may contribute to declining course and poor outcomes associated with schizophrenia. Here we discuss how oxidative stress may be implicated in the aetiology of schizophrenia and examine how current understanding relates associations with symptoms, potentially via lipid peroxidation induced neuronal damage. We argue that oxidative stress may be a good target for future pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia and suggest a multi-step model of illness progression with oxidative stress involved at each stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J. Murray
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jack C. Rogers
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Zia Ul Haq Katshu
- Institute of Mental Health, Division of Mental Health and Neurosciences University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Nottinghamshire Healthcare National Health Service Foundation Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Peter F. Liddle
- Institute of Mental Health, Division of Mental Health and Neurosciences University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Upthegrove
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Early Intervention Service, Birmingham Women's and Children's National Health Service Foundation Trust, Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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9
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Elsayed NA, Boyer TM, Burd I. Fetal Neuroprotective Strategies: Therapeutic Agents and Their Underlying Synaptic Pathways. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:680899. [PMID: 34248595 PMCID: PMC8262796 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.680899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic signaling is integral for proper brain function. During fetal development, exposure to inflammation or mild hypoxic-ischemic insult may lead to synaptic changes and neurological damage that impairs future brain function. Preterm neonates are most susceptible to these deleterious outcomes. Evaluating clinically used and novel fetal neuroprotective measures is essential for expanding treatment options to mitigate the short and long-term consequences of fetal brain injury. Magnesium sulfate is a clinical fetal neuroprotective agent utilized in cases of imminent preterm birth. By blocking N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, magnesium sulfate reduces glutamatergic signaling, which alters calcium influx, leading to a decrease in excitotoxicity. Emerging evidence suggests that melatonin and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) may also serve as novel putative fetal neuroprotective candidates. Melatonin has important anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and is a known mediator of synaptic plasticity and neuronal generation. While NAC acts as an antioxidant and a precursor to glutathione, it also modulates the glutamate system. Glutamate excitotoxicity and dysregulation can induce perinatal preterm brain injury through damage to maturing oligodendrocytes and neurons. The improved drug efficacy and delivery of the dendrimer-bound NAC conjugate provides an opportunity for enhanced pharmacological intervention. Here, we review recent literature on the synaptic pathways underlying these therapeutic strategies, discuss the current gaps in knowledge, and propose future directions for the field of fetal neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada A. Elsayed
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Theresa M. Boyer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Irina Burd
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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10
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Khovarnagh N, Seyedalipour B. Antioxidant, histopathological and biochemical outcomes of short-term exposure to acetamiprid in liver and brain of rat: The protective role of N-acetylcysteine and S-methylcysteine. Saudi Pharm J 2021; 29:280-289. [PMID: 33981177 PMCID: PMC8084716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and S-methyl- L-cysteine (SMC) against hepatic oxidative stress and brain damage induced by acetamiprid (ACP) in rats, which were evaluated by histopathological changes, measuring serum biomarkers and antioxidant defense systems. In this study, 42 rats were randomly divided into 6 groups and administered by intraperitoneally for one week: the control group, the sham group (normal saline), ACP alone (5 mg/kg) (group1), NAC alone (160 mg/kg) (group2), ACP + SMC (100 mg/kg) (group3), ACP + NAC (group 4) and ACP + NAC + SMC (group 5). Our results showed that acetamiprid induces liver injures including infiltration of inflammatory cells, congestion and altered histo-architecture and brain damages including gliosis, hyperemia and necrosis. The biochemical analyses showed that acetamiprid significantly altered the structural and biochemical profiles of liver which may be due to the loss of integrity of cell membranes. Furthermore, antioxidant parameters results of ACP group revealed that glutathione (GSH) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels decreased significantly, while lipid peroxidation (LPO) content and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT) activities increased in both tissues (P < 0.05), suggesting tissue oxidative damage, which was also confirmed histopathological. Conversely, administration of NAC and SMC ameliorated LPO, GSH content and antioxidant enzymes system considerably (P < 0.05) in both tissues. Moreover, NAC and SMC administration also improved liver and brain malfunction. These results indicate that both NAC and in to a lesser amount SMC have a potent antioxidant protection in both tissues of rat against ACP-induced oxidative stress.
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Pekala M, Doliwa M, Kalita K. Impact of maternal immune activation on dendritic spine development. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:524-545. [PMID: 33382515 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic spines are small dendritic protrusions that harbor most excitatory synapses in the brain. The proper generation and maturation of dendritic spines are crucial for the regulation of synaptic transmission and formation of neuronal circuits. Abnormalities in dendritic spine density and morphology are common pathologies in autism and schizophrenia. According to epidemiological studies, one risk factor for these neurodevelopmental disorders is maternal infection during pregnancy. This review discusses spine alterations in animal models of maternal immune activation in the context of neurodevelopmental disorders. We describe potential mechanisms that might be responsible for prenatal infection-induced changes in the dendritic spine phenotype and behavior in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Pekala
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Doliwa
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kalita
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Sonnenschein SF, Grace AA. Emerging therapeutic targets for schizophrenia: a framework for novel treatment strategies for psychosis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:15-26. [PMID: 33170748 PMCID: PMC7855878 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1849144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Antipsychotic drugs are central to the treatment of schizophrenia, but their limitations necessitate improved treatment strategies. Multiple lines of research have implicated glutamatergic dysfunction in the hippocampus as an early source of pathophysiology in schizophrenia. Novel compounds have been designed to treat glutamatergic dysfunction, but they have produced inconsistent results in clinical trials. Areas covered: This review discusses how the hippocampus is thought to drive psychotic symptoms through its influence on the dopamine system. It offers the reader an evaluation of proposed treatment strategies including direct modulation of GABA or glutamate neurotransmission or reducing the deleterious impact of stress on circuit development. Finally, we offer a perspective on aspects of future research that will advance our knowledge and may create new therapeutic opportunities. PubMed was searched for relevant literature between 2010 and 2020 and related studies. Expert opinion: Targeting aberrant excitatory-inhibitory neurotransmission in the hippocampus and its related circuits has the potential to alleviate symptoms and reduce the risk of transition to psychosis if implemented as an early intervention. Longitudinal multimodal brain imaging combined with mechanistic theories generated from animal models can be used to better understand the progression of hippocampal-dopamine circuit dysfunction and heterogeneity in treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony A. Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Antenatal N-acetylcysteine to improve outcomes of premature infants with intra-amniotic infection and inflammation (Triple I): randomized clinical trial. Pediatr Res 2021; 89:175-184. [PMID: 32818949 PMCID: PMC7451831 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01106-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrauterine infection and/or inflammation (Triple I) is an important cause of preterm birth (PTB) and adverse newborn outcomes. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug safely administered to pregnant women with acetaminophen toxicity. METHODS We conducted a single-center, quadruple-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pregnant women with impending PTB due to confirmed Triple I. Participants (n = 67) were randomized to an intravenous infusion of NAC or placebo mimicking the FDA-approved regimen. Outcomes included clinical measures and mechanistic biomarkers. RESULTS Newborns exposed to NAC (n = 33) had significantly improved status at birth and required less intensive resuscitation compared to placebo (n = 34). Fewer NAC-exposed newborns developed two or more prematurity-related severe morbidities [NAC: 21% vs. placebo: 47%, relative risk, 0.45; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.21-0.95] with the strongest protection afforded against bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD, NAC: 3% vs. placebo: 32%, relative risk, 0.10; 95% CI: 0.01-0.73). These effects were independent of gestational age, birth weight, sex, or race. Umbilical cord plasma NAC concentration correlated directly with cysteine, but not with plasma or whole blood glutathione. NAC reduced the placental expression of histone deacetylase-2, suggesting that epigenetic mechanisms may be involved. CONCLUSIONS These data provide support for larger studies of intrapartum NAC to reduce prematurity-related morbidity. IMPACT In this randomized clinical trial of 65 women and their infants, maternal intravenous NAC employing the FDA-approved dosing protocol resulted in lower composite neonatal morbidity independent of gestational age, race, sex, and birthweight. Administration of NAC in amniocentesis-confirmed Triple I resulted in a remarkably lower incidence of BPD. As prior studies have not shown a benefit of postnatal NAC in ventilated infants, our trial highlights the critical antenatal timing of NAC administration. Repurposing of NAC for intrapartum administration should be explored in larger clinical trials as a strategy to improve prematurity-related outcomes and decrease the incidence of BPD.
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Fitzgerald E, Hor K, Drake AJ. Maternal influences on fetal brain development: The role of nutrition, infection and stress, and the potential for intergenerational consequences. Early Hum Dev 2020; 150:105190. [PMID: 32948364 PMCID: PMC7481314 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
An optimal early life environment is crucial for ensuring ideal neurodevelopmental outcomes. Brain development consists of a finely tuned series of spatially and temporally constrained events, which may be affected by exposure to a sub-optimal intra-uterine environment. Evidence suggests brain development may be particularly vulnerable to factors such as maternal nutrition, infection and stress during pregnancy. In this review, we discuss how maternal factors such as these can affect brain development and outcome in offspring, and we also identify evidence which suggests that the outcome can, in many cases, be stratified by socio-economic status (SES), with individuals in lower brackets typically having a worse outcome. We consider the relevant epidemiological evidence and draw parallels to mechanisms suggested by preclinical work where appropriate. We also discuss possible transgenerational effects of these maternal factors and the potential mechanisms involved. We conclude that modifiable factors such as maternal nutrition, infection and stress are important contributors to atypical brain development and that SES also likely has a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamon Fitzgerald
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Kahyee Hor
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Amanda J Drake
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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Brain Structural and Functional Alterations in Mice Prenatally Exposed to LPS Are Only Partially Rescued by Anti-Inflammatory Treatment. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10090620. [PMID: 32906830 PMCID: PMC7564777 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant immune activity during neurodevelopment could participate in the generation of neurological dysfunctions characteristic of several neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Numerous epidemiological studies have shown a link between maternal infections and NDDs risk; animal models of maternal immune activation (MIA) have confirmed this association. Activation of maternal immune system during pregnancy induces behavioral and functional alterations in offspring but the biological mechanisms at the basis of these effects are still poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of prenatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure in peripheral and central inflammation, cortical cytoarchitecture and behavior of offspring (LPS-mice). LPS-mice reported a significant increase in interleukin-1β (IL-1β) serum level, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)- and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1)-positive cells in the cortex. Furthermore, cytoarchitecture analysis in specific brain areas, showed aberrant alterations in minicolumns’ organization in LPS-mice adult brain. In addition, we demonstrated that LPS-mice presented behavioral alterations throughout life. In order to better understand biological mechanisms whereby LPS induced these alterations, dams were treated with meloxicam. We demonstrated for the first time that exposure to LPS throughout pregnancy induces structural permanent alterations in offspring brain. LPS-mice also present severe behavioral impairments. Preventive treatment with meloxicam reduced inflammation in offspring but did not rescue them from structural and behavioral alterations.
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Kudryashova I, Stepanichev M, Manolova A, Gulyaeva N. Deficit of Long-Term Potentiation Induction, but Not Maintenance, in the Juvenile Hippocampus after Neonatal Proinflammatory Stress. Dev Neurosci 2020; 41:318-326. [PMID: 32369803 DOI: 10.1159/000507347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CA3-CA1 long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampal slices from juvenile Wistar rats was studied to reveal factors potentially contributing to different sensitivity to neonatal proinflammatory stress (NPS). NPS was induced by intra-peritoneal injections of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to neonatal rats (two injections of LPS, or saline in the control group, consecutively on postnatal days 3 and 5 [PND3 and PND5]). In females, a significant effect of NPS on hippocampus development was associated with modifications of long-term synaptic plasticity, the synapses becoming more resistant to LTP induction. LTP deficit in the slices of the NPS group was not associated with a decrease in LTP maintenance, since late LTP generally corresponded to early LTP magnitude, similar in all groups. Moreover, partial correlation revealed significantly higher residual LTP 1 h after high-frequency stimulation in the NPS groups compared to the corresponding value of early LTP in the control groups, suggesting improved consolidation. Both effects were evident in NPS females. A number of males responded to NPS similarly to females, while others were relatively resistant to NPS exposure, a significant increase in variability of LTP magnitude being revealed in NPS males compared to respective females and the control groups. We suggest that postnatal development of long-term plasticity after NPS is similar in animals of both sexes; however, additional specific factor(s) may promote a relative resistance of the male brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kudryashova
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Stepanichev
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation,
| | - Anna Manolova
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia Gulyaeva
- Laboratory of Functional Biochemistry of the Nervous System, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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17
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Oxidation-reduction mechanisms in psychiatric disorders: A novel target for pharmacological intervention. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 210:107520. [PMID: 32165136 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
While neurotransmitter dysfunction represents a key component in mental illnesses, there is now a wide agreement for a central pathophysiological hub that includes hormones, neuroinflammation, redox mechanisms as well as oxidative stress. With respect to oxidation-reduction (redox) mechanisms, preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that an imbalance in the pro/anti-oxidative homeostasis toward the increased production of substances with oxidizing potential may contribute to the etiology and manifestation of different psychiatric disorders. The substantial and continous demand for energy renders the brain highly susceptible to disturbances in its energy supply, especially following exposure to stressful events, which may lead to overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species under conditions of perturbed antioxidant defenses. This will eventually induce different molecular alterations, including extensive protein and lipid peroxidation, increased blood-brain barrier permeability and neuroinflammation, which may contribute to the changes in brain function and morphology observed in mental illnesses. This view may also reconcile different key concepts for psychiatric disorders, such as the neurodevelopmental origin of these diseases, as well as the vulnerability of selective cellular populations that are critical for specific functional abnormalities. The possibility to pharmacologically modulate the redox system is receiving increasing interest as a novel therapeutic strategy to counteract the detrimental effects of the unbalance in brain oxidative mechanisms. This review will describe the main mechanisms and mediators of the redox system and will examine the alterations of oxidative stress found in animal models of psychiatric disorders as well as in patients suffering from mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. In addition, it will discuss studies that examined the effects of psychotropic drugs, including antipsychotics and antidepressants, on the oxidative balance as well as studies that investigated the effectiveness of a direct modulation of oxidative mechanisms in counteracting the behavioral and functional alterations associated with psychiatric disorders, which supports the promising role of the redox system as a novel therapeutic target for the improved treatment of brain disorders.
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Aguilar-Valles A, Rodrigue B, Matta-Camacho E. Maternal Immune Activation and the Development of Dopaminergic Neurotransmission of the Offspring: Relevance for Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:852. [PMID: 33061910 PMCID: PMC7475700 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal infections have been linked to the development of schizophrenia (SCZ) and other neurodevelopmental disorders in the offspring, and work in animal models indicates that this is to occur through the maternal inflammatory response triggered by infection. Several studies in animal models demonstrated that acute inflammatory episodes are sufficient to trigger brain alterations in the adult offspring, especially in the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system, involved in the pathophysiology of SCZ and other disorders involving psychosis. In the current review, we synthesize the literature on the clinical studies implicating prenatal infectious events in the development of SCZ. Then, we summarize evidence from animal models of maternal immune activation (MIA) and the behavioral and molecular alterations relevant for the function of the DAergic system. Furthermore, we discuss the evidence supporting the involvement of maternal cytokines, such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and leptin (a hormone with effects on inflammation) in mediating the effects of MIA on the fetal brain, leading to the long-lasting effects on the offspring. In particular, IL-6 has been involved in mediating the effects of MIA animal models in the offspring through actions on the placenta, induction of IL-17a, or triggering the decrease in non-heme iron (hypoferremia). Maternal infection is very likely interacting with additional genetic and environmental risk factors in the development of SCZ; systematically investigating how these interactions produce specific phenotypes is the next step in understanding the etiology of complex psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brandon Rodrigue
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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19
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Monte AS, da Silva FER, Lima CNDC, Vasconcelos GS, Gomes NS, Miyajima F, Vasconcelos SMM, Gama CS, Seeman MV, de Lucena DF, Macedo DS. Sex influences in the preventive effects of N-acetylcysteine in a two-hit animal model of schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:125-136. [PMID: 31556775 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119875979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a neurodevelopmental disorder influenced by patient sex. Mechanisms underlying sex differences in SCZ remain unknown. A two-hit model of SCZ combines the exposure to perinatal infection (first-hit) with peripubertal unpredictable stress (PUS, second-hit). N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been tested in SCZ because of the involvement of glutathione mechanisms in its neurobiology. AIMS We aim to investigate whether NAC administration to peripubertal rats of both sexes could prevent behavioral and neurochemical changes induced by the two-hit model. METHODS Wistar rats were exposed to polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (a viral mimetic) or saline on postnatal days (PND) 5-7. On PND30-59 they received saline or NAC 220 mg/kg and between PND40-48 were subjected to PUS or left undisturbed. On PND60 behavioral and oxidative alterations were evaluated in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and striatum. Mechanisms of hippocampal memory regulation such as immune expression of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER), α7-nAChR and parvalbumin were also evaluated. RESULTS NAC prevented sensorimotor gating deficits only in females, while it prevented alterations in social interaction, working memory and locomotor activity in both sexes. Again, in rats of both sexes, NAC prevented the following neurochemical alterations: glutathione (GSH) and nitrite levels in the PFC and lipid peroxidation in the PFC and striatum. Striatal oxidative alterations in GSH and nitrite were observed in females and prevented by NAC. Two-hit induced hippocampal alterations in females, namely expression of GPER-1, α7-nAChR and parvalbumin, were prevented by NAC. CONCLUSION Our results highlights the influences of sex in NAC preventive effects in rats exposed to a two-hit schizophrenia model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Santos Monte
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisco Eliclécio Rodrigues da Silva
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Camila Nayane de Carvalho Lima
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Germana Silva Vasconcelos
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Nayana Soares Gomes
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Fábio Miyajima
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz-CE), Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Silvania Maria Mendes Vasconcelos
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Clarissa S Gama
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mary V Seeman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Freitas de Lucena
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Danielle S Macedo
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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20
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Al-Haddad BJS, Oler E, Armistead B, Elsayed NA, Weinberger DR, Bernier R, Burd I, Kapur R, Jacobsson B, Wang C, Mysorekar I, Rajagopal L, Adams Waldorf KM. The fetal origins of mental illness. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2019; 221:549-562. [PMID: 31207234 PMCID: PMC6889013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The impact of infections and inflammation during pregnancy on the developing fetal brain remains incompletely defined, with important clinical and research gaps. Although the classic infectious TORCH pathogens (ie, Toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus [CMV], herpes simplex virus) are known to be directly teratogenic, emerging evidence suggests that these infections represent the most extreme end of a much larger spectrum of injury. We present the accumulating evidence that prenatal exposure to a wide variety of viral and bacterial infections-or simply inflammation-may subtly alter fetal brain development, leading to neuropsychiatric consequences for the child later in life. The link between influenza infections in pregnant women and an increased risk for development of schizophrenia in their children was first described more than 30 years ago. Since then, evidence suggests that a range of infections during pregnancy may also increase risk for autism spectrum disorder and depression in the child. Subsequent studies in animal models demonstrated that both pregnancy infections and inflammation can result in direct injury to neurons and neural progenitor cells or indirect injury through activation of microglia and astrocytes, which can trigger cytokine production and oxidative stress. Infectious exposures can also alter placental serotonin production, which can perturb neurotransmitter signaling in the developing brain. Clinically, detection of these subtle injuries to the fetal brain is difficult. As the neuropsychiatric impact of perinatal infections or inflammation may not be known for decades after birth, our construct for defining teratogenic infections in pregnancy (eg, TORCH) based on congenital anomalies is insufficient to capture the full adverse impact on the child. We discuss the clinical implications of this body of evidence and how we might place greater emphasis on prevention of prenatal infections. For example, increasing uptake of the seasonal influenza vaccine is a key strategy to reduce perinatal infections and the risk for fetal brain injury. An important research gap exists in understanding how antibiotic therapy during pregnancy affects the fetal inflammatory load and how to avoid inflammation-mediated injury to the fetal brain. In summary, we discuss the current evidence and mechanisms linking infections and inflammation with the increased lifelong risk of neuropsychiatric disorders in the child, and how we might improve prenatal care to protect the fetal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Oler
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Blair Armistead
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington Seattle, WA; Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Nada A Elsayed
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience, and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD
| | - Raphael Bernier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Irina Burd
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Raj Kapur
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA
| | - Bo Jacobsson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Science, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Domain of Health Data and Digitalization, Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Caihong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Indira Mysorekar
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology and Immunology, Center for Reproductive Health Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Lakshmi Rajagopal
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Kristina M Adams Waldorf
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Global Health, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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21
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Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: From pathophysiological insights to novel therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol Res 2019; 148:104450. [PMID: 31509764 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) or chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a common and disabling condition with a paucity of effective and evidence-based therapies, reflecting a major unmet need. Cognitive behavioural therapy and graded exercise are of modest benefit for only some ME/CFS patients, and many sufferers report aggravation of symptoms of fatigue with exercise. The presence of a multiplicity of pathophysiological abnormalities in at least the subgroup of people with ME/CFS diagnosed with the current international consensus "Fukuda" criteria, points to numerous potential therapeutic targets. Such abnormalities include extensive data showing that at least a subgroup has a pro-inflammatory state, increased oxidative and nitrosative stress, disruption of gut mucosal barriers and mitochondrial dysfunction together with dysregulated bioenergetics. In this paper, these pathways are summarised, and data regarding promising therapeutic options that target these pathways are highlighted; they include coenzyme Q10, melatonin, curcumin, molecular hydrogen and N-acetylcysteine. These data are promising yet preliminary, suggesting hopeful avenues to address this major unmet burden of illness.
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Bergdolt L, Dunaevsky A. Brain changes in a maternal immune activation model of neurodevelopmental brain disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 175:1-19. [PMID: 30590095 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The developing brain is sensitive to a variety of insults. Epidemiological studies have identified prenatal exposure to infection as a risk factor for a range of neurological disorders, including autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. Animal models corroborate this association and have been used to probe the contribution of gene-environment interactions to the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. Here we review the behavior and brain phenotypes that have been characterized in MIA offspring, including the studies that have looked at the interaction between maternal immune activation and genetic risk factors for autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia. These phenotypes include behaviors relevant to autism, schizophrenia, and other neurological disorders, alterations in brain anatomy, and structural and functional neuronal impairments. The link between maternal infection and these phenotypic changes is not fully understood, but there is increasing evidence that maternal immune activation induces prolonged immune alterations in the offspring's brain which could underlie epigenetic alterations which in turn may mediate the behavior and brain changes. These concepts will be discussed followed by a summary of the pharmacological interventions that have been tested in the maternal immune activation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Bergdolt
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Neurological Sciences, 985960 Nebraska Medical Center, 68105, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Anna Dunaevsky
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Neurological Sciences, 985960 Nebraska Medical Center, 68105, Omaha, NE, United States.
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23
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Cattane N, Richetto J, Cattaneo A. Prenatal exposure to environmental insults and enhanced risk of developing Schizophrenia and Autism Spectrum Disorder: focus on biological pathways and epigenetic mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 117:253-278. [PMID: 29981347 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
When considering neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), Schizophrenia (SZ) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are considered to be among the most severe in term of prevalence, morbidity and impact on the society. Similar features and overlapping symptoms have been observed at multiple levels, suggesting common pathophysiological bases. Indeed, recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and epidemiological data report shared vulnerability genes and environmental triggers across the two disorders. In this review, we will discuss the possible biological mechanisms, including glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmissions, inflammatory signals and oxidative stress related systems, which are targeted by adverse environmental exposures and that have been associated with the development of SZ and ASD. We will also discuss the emerging role of the gut microbiome as possible interplay between environment, immune system and brain development. Finally, we will describe the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in the maintenance of long-lasting effects of adverse environments early in life. This will allow us to better understand the pathophysiology of these NDDs, and also to identify novel targets for future treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Cattane
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Fatebenefratelli San Giovanni di Dio, via Pilastroni 4, Brescia, Italy
| | - Juliet Richetto
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annamaria Cattaneo
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Fatebenefratelli San Giovanni di Dio, via Pilastroni 4, Brescia, Italy; Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU, London, UK.
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Hafizi S, Da Silva T, Meyer JH, Kiang M, Houle S, Remington G, Prce I, Wilson AA, Rusjan PM, Sailasuta N, Mizrahi R. Interaction between TSPO-a neuroimmune marker-and redox status in clinical high risk for psychosis: a PET-MRS study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:1700-1705. [PMID: 29748630 PMCID: PMC6006145 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Altered neuroimmune response and oxidative stress have both been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. While preclinical studies have proposed several pathways regarding potential interactions between oxidative stress and neuroimmune imbalance in the development of psychosis, the molecular mechanisms underlying this interaction are not yet understood. To date, no study has investigated this link in vivo in the human brain. We conducted the first in vivo study linking translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) expression and glutathione (a major brain antioxidant and a marker for redox status) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of a relatively large sample of participants (N = 48) including 27 antipsychotic-naïve individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis and 21 matched healthy volunteers using high-resolution PET with TSPO radioligand, [18F]FEPPA, and 3T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS). The omnibus model (including TSPO genotype as covariate) was significant (F(4, 43) = 10.01, p < 0.001), with a significant group interaction (t = -2.10, p = 0.04), suggesting a different relation between [18F]FEPPA VT and glutathione in each clinical group. In healthy volunteers, but not in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis, we found a significant negative association between glutathione levels and [18F]FEPPA VT (r = -0.60, p = 0.006). We observed no significant group differences with respect to [18F]FEPPA VT or glutathione levels. These findings suggest an abnormal interaction between TSPO expression and redox status in the clinical high risk states for psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Hafizi
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tania Da Silva
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey H Meyer
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Kiang
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sylvain Houle
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary Remington
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ivana Prce
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alan A Wilson
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pablo M Rusjan
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Napapon Sailasuta
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Romina Mizrahi
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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25
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Bernhardt LK, Bairy KL, Madhyastha S. Neuroprotective Role of N-acetylcysteine against Learning Deficits and Altered Brain Neurotransmitters in Rat Pups Subjected to Prenatal Stress. Brain Sci 2018; 8:E120. [PMID: 29958412 PMCID: PMC6071106 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8070120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal adversaries like stress are known to harm the progeny and oxidative stress, which is known to be one of the causative factors. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), which is a potent antioxidant, has been shown to play a neuroprotective role in humans and experimental animals. This study examines the benefits of NAC on the prenatal stress-induced learning and memory deficits and alteration in brain neurotransmitter in rat pups. Pregnant dams were restrained (45 min; 3 times/day) during the early or late gestational period. Other groups received early or late gestational restrain stress combined with NAC treatment throughout the gestational period. At postnatal day (PND) 28, offspring were tested in a shuttle box for assessing learning and memory, which was followed by a brain neurotransmitter (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin) estimation on PND 36. Late gestational stress resulted in learning deficits, the inability to retain the memory, and reduced brain dopamine content while not affecting norepinephrine and serotonin. NAC treatment in prenatally stressed rats reversed learning and memory deficits as well as brain dopamine content in offspring. These findings suggest that NAC protect the progeny from an undesirable cognitive sequel associated with prenatal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liegelin Kavitha Bernhardt
- Department of Physiology, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education; Manipal 576104, India.
| | - K Lakshminarayana Bairy
- Pharmacology, RAL College of Medical Sciences, Ras al-Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al-Khaimah 11172, UAE.
| | - Sampath Madhyastha
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City 13060, Kuwait.
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Sangobowale MA, Grin'kina NM, Whitney K, Nikulina E, St Laurent-Ariot K, Ho JS, Bayzan N, Bergold PJ. Minocycline plus N-Acetylcysteine Reduce Behavioral Deficits and Improve Histology with a Clinically Useful Time Window. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:907-917. [PMID: 29187031 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
There are no drugs to manage traumatic brain injury (TBI) presently. A major problem in developing therapeutics is that drugs to manage TBI lack sufficient potency when dosed within a clinically relevant time window. Previous studies have shown that minocycline (MINO, 45 mg/kg) plus N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 150 mg/kg) synergistically improved cognition and memory, modulated inflammation, and prevented loss of oligodendrocytes that remyelinated damaged white matter when first dosed 1 h after controlled cortical impact (CCI) in rats. We show that MINO (45 mg/kg) plus NAC (150 mg/kg) also prevent brain injury in a mouse closed head injury (CHI) TBI model. Using the CHI model, the concentrations of MINO and NAC were titrated to determine that MINO (22.5 mg/kg) plus NAC (75 mg/kg) was more potent than the original formulation. MINO (22.5 mg/kg) plus NAC (75 mg/kg) also limited injury in the rat CCI model. The therapeutic time window of MINO plus NAC was then tested in the CHI and CCI models. Mice and rats could acquire an active place avoidance task when MINO plus NAC was first dosed at 12 h post-injury. A first dose at 12 h also limited gray matter injury in the hippocampus and preserved myelin in multiple white matter tracts. Mice and rats acquired Barnes maze when MINO plus NAC was first dosed at 24 h post-injury. These data suggest that MINO (22.5 mg/kg) plus NAC (75 mg/kg) remain potent when dosed at clinically useful time windows. Both MINO and NAC are drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration and have been administered safely to patients in clinical trials at the doses in the new formulation. This suggests that the drug combination of MINO plus NAC may be effective in treating patients with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia M Grin'kina
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Kristen Whitney
- School of Graduate Studies, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Elena Nikulina
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Karrah St Laurent-Ariot
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Johnson S Ho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Narek Bayzan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Peter J Bergold
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.,Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
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Disturbance of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor-Mediated Long-Term Depression (mGlu-LTD) of Excitatory Synaptic Transmission in the Rat Hippocampus After Prenatal Immune Challenge. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:609-616. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2476-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Retsa C, Knebel JF, Geiser E, Ferrari C, Jenni R, Fournier M, Alameda L, Baumann PS, Clarke S, Conus P, Do KQ, Murray MM. Treatment in early psychosis with N-acetyl-cysteine for 6months improves low-level auditory processing: Pilot study. Schizophr Res 2018; 191:80-86. [PMID: 28711476 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Sensory impairments constitute core dysfunctions in schizophrenia. In the auditory modality, impaired mismatch negativity (MMN) has been observed in chronic schizophrenia and may reflect N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) hypo-function, consistent with models of schizophrenia based on oxidative stress. Moreover, a recent study demonstrated deficits in the N100 component of the auditory evoked potential (AEP) in early psychosis patients. Previous work has shown that add-on administration of the glutathione precursor N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) improves the MMN and clinical symptoms in chronic schizophrenia. To date, it remains unknown whether NAC also improves general low-level auditory processing and if its efficacy would extend to early-phase psychosis. We addressed these issues with a randomized, double-blind study of a small sample (N=15) of early psychosis (EP) patients and 18 healthy controls from whom AEPs were recorded during an active, auditory oddball task. Patients were recorded twice: once prior to NAC/placebo administration and once after six months of treatment. The N100 component was significantly smaller in patients before NAC administration versus controls. Critically, NAC administration improved this AEP deficit. Source estimations revealed increased activity in the left temporo-parietal lobe in patients after NAC administration. Overall, the data from this pilot study, which call for replication in a larger sample, indicate that NAC improves low-level auditory processing in early psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysa Retsa
- The LINE (Laboratory for Investigative Neurophysiology), Radiodiagnostic Service, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Neuropsychology and Neurorehabilitation Service and Radiodiagnostic Service, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Knebel
- The LINE (Laboratory for Investigative Neurophysiology), Radiodiagnostic Service, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Neuropsychology and Neurorehabilitation Service and Radiodiagnostic Service, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; The EEG Brain Mapping Core, Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eveline Geiser
- The LINE (Laboratory for Investigative Neurophysiology), Radiodiagnostic Service, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Neuropsychology and Neurorehabilitation Service and Radiodiagnostic Service, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carina Ferrari
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raoul Jenni
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Margot Fournier
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luis Alameda
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland; Psychiatric Liaison Service, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philipp S Baumann
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Clarke
- The LINE (Laboratory for Investigative Neurophysiology), Radiodiagnostic Service, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Neuropsychology and Neurorehabilitation Service and Radiodiagnostic Service, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Conus
- Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kim Q Do
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Micah M Murray
- The LINE (Laboratory for Investigative Neurophysiology), Radiodiagnostic Service, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Neuropsychology and Neurorehabilitation Service and Radiodiagnostic Service, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; The EEG Brain Mapping Core, Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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29
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Swanepoel T, Möller M, Harvey BH. N-acetyl cysteine reverses bio-behavioural changes induced by prenatal inflammation, adolescent methamphetamine exposure and combined challenges. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:351-368. [PMID: 29116368 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4776-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Schizophrenia is associated with prenatal inflammation and/or postnatal stressors such as drug abuse, resulting in immune-redox dysfunction. Antioxidants may offer therapeutic benefits. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to investigate N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) as a therapeutic antioxidant to reverse schizophrenia-like bio-behavioural changes in rats exposed to maternal immune activation (MIA), adolescent methamphetamine (MA) or a combination thereof. METHODS Sprague-Dawley offspring prenatally exposed to saline/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) received saline or MA (0.2-6 mg kg-1 twice daily × 16 days) during adolescence and divided into LPS, MA and LPS + MA groups. Vehicle/NAC (150 mg kg-1 × 14 days) was administered following MA/saline exposure on postnatal day 51-64. Social interaction, novel object recognition and prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle, as well as regional brain monoamines, lipid peroxidation, plasma reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α; IL-10), were assessed. RESULTS NAC reversed LPS, MA and LPS + MA-induced anxiety-like social withdrawal behaviours, as well as MA and LPS + MA-induced deficits in recognition memory. PPI deficits were evident in MA, LPS and LPS + MA models, with NAC reversing that following LPS + MA. NAC reversed LPS, MA and LPS + MA-induced frontal cortical dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) elevations, LPS and LPS + MA-induced frontal cortical 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), serotonin (5-HT) and striatal NA deficits as well as LPS + MA-induced frontal cortical 5-HT turnover. Decreased IL-10 in the LPS, MA and LPS + MA animals, and increased TNF-α in the LPS and MA animals, was reversed with NAC. NAC also reversed elevated lipid peroxidation and ROS in the LPS and LPS + MA animals. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal LPS, LPS + postnatal MA challenge during adolescence, and to a lesser extent MA alone, promotes schizophrenia-like bio-behavioural changes later in life that are reversed by NAC, emphasizing therapeutic potential for schizophrenia and MA-associated psychosis. The nature and timing of the dual-hit are critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twanette Swanepoel
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Marisa Möller
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Brian Herbert Harvey
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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30
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Solek CM, Farooqi N, Verly M, Lim TK, Ruthazer ES. Maternal immune activation in neurodevelopmental disorders. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:588-619. [PMID: 29226543 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Converging lines of evidence from basic science and clinical studies suggest a relationship between maternal immune activation (MIA) and neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia. The mechanisms through which MIA increases the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders have become a subject of intensive research. This review aims to describe how dysregulation of microglial function and immune mechanisms may link MIA and neurodevelopmental pathologies. We also summarize the current evidence in animal models of MIA. Developmental Dynamics 247:588-619, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Solek
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nasr Farooqi
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Myriam Verly
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tony K Lim
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edward S Ruthazer
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Akhtar F, Rouse CA, Catano G, Montalvo M, Ullevig SL, Asmis R, Kharbanda K, Maffi SK. Acute maternal oxidant exposure causes susceptibility of the fetal brain to inflammation and oxidative stress. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:195. [PMID: 28962577 PMCID: PMC5622443 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0965-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maternal exposure to environmental stressors poses a risk to fetal development. Oxidative stress (OS), microglia activation, and inflammation are three tightly linked mechanisms that emerge as a causal factor of neurodevelopmental anomalies associated with prenatal ethanol exposure. Antioxidants such as glutathione (GSH) and CuZnSOD are perturbed, and their manipulation provides evidence for neuroprotection. However, the cellular and molecular effects of GSH alteration in utero on fetal microglia activation and inflammation remain elusive. Methods Ethanol (EtOH) (2.5 g/kg) was administered to pregnant mice at gestational days 16–17. One hour prior to ethanol treatment, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and L-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) were administered to modulate glutathione (GSH) content in fetal and maternal brain. Twenty-four hours following ethanol exposure, GSH content and OS in brain tissues were analyzed. Cytokines and chemokines were selected based on their association with distinctive microglia phenotype M1-like (IL-1β, IFN γ, IL-6, CCL3, CCL4, CCL-7, CCL9,) or M2-like (TGF-β, IL-4, IL-10, CCL2, CCL22, CXCL10, Arg1, Chi1, CCR2 and CXCR2) and measured in the brain by qRT-PCR and ELISA. In addition, Western blot and confocal microscopy techniques in conjunction with EOC13.31 cells exposed to similar ethanol-induced oxidative stress and redox conditions were used to determine the underlying mechanism of microglia activation associated with the observed phenotypic changes. Results We show that a single episode of mild to moderate OS in the last trimester of gestation causes GSH depletion, increased protein and lipid peroxidation and inflammatory responses inclined towards a M1-like microglial phenotype (IL-1β, IFN-γ) in fetal brain tissue observed at 6–24 h post exposure. Maternal brain is resistant to many of these marked changes. Using EOC 13.31 cells, we show that GSH homeostasis in microglia is crucial to restore its anti-inflammatory state and modulate inflammation. Microglia under oxidative stress maintain a predominantly M1 activation state. Additionally, GSH depletion prevents the appearance of the M2-like phenotype, while enhancing morphological changes associated with a M1-like phenotype. This observation is also validated by an increased expression of inflammatory signatures (IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-6, CCL9, CXCR2). In contrast, conserving intracellular GSH concentrations eliminates OS which precludes the nuclear translocation and more importantly the phosphorylation of the NFkB p105 subunit. These cells show significantly more pronounced elongations, ramifications, and the enhanced expression of M2-like microglial phenotype markers (IL-10, IL-4, TGF-β, CXCL10, CCL22, Chi, Arg, and CCR2). Conclusions Taken together, our data show that maintaining GSH homeostasis is not only important for quenching OS in the developing fetal brain, but equally critical to enhance M2 like microglia phenotype, thus suppressing inflammatory responses elicited by environmental stressors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-017-0965-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feroz Akhtar
- School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Regional Academic Health Center, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1204 W. Schunior, Edinburg, 78241, TX, USA
| | - Christopher A Rouse
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences & Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gabriel Catano
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Marcus Montalvo
- School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Regional Academic Health Center, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1204 W. Schunior, Edinburg, 78241, TX, USA
| | - Sarah L Ullevig
- Department of Kinesiology, Health, and Nutrition, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Reto Asmis
- Department of Clinical Lab Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kusum Kharbanda
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Health Science Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shivani K Maffi
- School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Regional Academic Health Center, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1204 W. Schunior, Edinburg, 78241, TX, USA.
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Hoffer BJ, Pick CG, Hoffer ME, Becker RE, Chiang YH, Greig NH. Repositioning drugs for traumatic brain injury - N-acetyl cysteine and Phenserine. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:71. [PMID: 28886718 PMCID: PMC5591517 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality of both young adults of less than 45 years of age and the elderly, and contributes to about 30% of all injury deaths in the United States of America. Whereas there has been a significant improvement in our understanding of the mechanism that underpin the primary and secondary stages of damage associated with a TBI incident, to date however, this knowledge has not translated into the development of effective new pharmacological TBI treatment strategies. Prior experimental and clinical studies of drugs working via a single mechanism only may have failed to address the full range of pathologies that lead to the neuronal loss and cognitive impairment evident in TBI and other disorders. The present review focuses on two drugs with the potential to benefit multiple pathways considered important in TBI. Notably, both agents have already been developed into human studies for other conditions, and thus have the potential to be rapidly repositioned as TBI therapies. The first is N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) that is currently used in over the counter medications for its anti-inflammatory properties. The second is (-)-phenserine ((-)-Phen) that was originally developed as an experimental Alzheimer's disease (AD) drug. We briefly review background information about TBI and subsequently review literature suggesting that NAC and (-)-Phen may be useful therapeutic approaches for TBI, for which there are no currently approved drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry J Hoffer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Chaim G Pick
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael E Hoffer
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Yavuz A, Sezik M, Ozmen O, Asci H. Fingolimod against endotoxin-induced fetal brain injury in a rat model. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2017; 43:1708-1713. [DOI: 10.1111/jog.13444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- And Yavuz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Süleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, SDU Campus; Isparta Turkey
| | - Mekin Sezik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Süleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, SDU Campus; Isparta Turkey
| | - Ozlem Ozmen
- Department of Pathology; Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Burdur Turkey
| | - Halil Asci
- Department of Pharmacology; Süleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, SDU Campus; Isparta Turkey
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Barron H, Hafizi S, Mizrahi R. Towards an Integrated View of Early Molecular Changes Underlying Vulnerability to Social Stress in Psychosis. MODERN TRENDS IN PHARMACOPSYCHIATRY 2017; 31:96-106. [PMID: 28738349 DOI: 10.1159/000470810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Psychotic disorders are heterogeneous and complex, involving many putative causal factors interacting along the course of disease development. Many of the factors implicated in the pathogenesis of psychosis also appear to be involved in disease onset and subsequent neuroprogression. Herein, we highlight the pertinent literature implicating inflammation and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of psychosis, and the potential contribution of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). We also emphasize the role of peripubertal social stress in psychosis, and the ways in which hippocampal dysfunction can mediate dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and cortisol release. Finally, we propose a model wherein inflammation and oxidative stress act as a first hit, producing altered parvalbumin interneuron development, NMDAR hypofunction, microglial priming, and sensitivity to a second hit of peripubertal social stress. With a greater understanding of how these factors interact, it may be possible to detect, prevent, and treat psychosis more effectively.
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Oxidative stress, prefrontal cortex hypomyelination and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1171. [PMID: 28934193 PMCID: PMC5538118 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a broad symptomatology, including cognitive symptoms that are thought to arise from the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The neurobiological aetiology of these symptoms remains elusive, yet both impaired redox control and PFC dysconnectivity have been recently implicated. PFC dysconnectivity has been linked to white matter, oligodendrocyte (OL) and myelin abnormalities in SZ patients. Myelin is produced by mature OLs, and OL precursor cells (OPCs) are exceptionally susceptible to oxidative stress. Here we propose a hypothesis for the aetiology of cognitive symptomatology in SZ: the redox-induced prefrontal OPC-dysfunctioning hypothesis. We pose that the combination of genetic and environmental factors causes oxidative stress marked by a build-up of reactive oxygen species that, during late adolescence, impair OPC signal transduction processes that are necessary for OPC proliferation and differentiation, and involve AMP-activated protein kinase, Akt-mTOR-P70S6K and peroxisome proliferator receptor alpha signalling. OPC dysfunctioning coincides with the relatively late onset of PFC myelination, causing hypomyelination and disruption of connectivity in this brain area. The resulting cognitive deficits arise in parallel with SZ onset. Hence, our hypothesis provides a novel neurobiological framework for the aetiology of SZ cognitive symptoms. Future research addressing our hypothesis could have important implications for the development of new (combined) antioxidant- and promyelination-based strategies to treat the cognitive symptoms in SZ.
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Meehan C, Harms L, Frost JD, Barreto R, Todd J, Schall U, Shannon Weickert C, Zavitsanou K, Michie PT, Hodgson DM. Effects of immune activation during early or late gestation on schizophrenia-related behaviour in adult rat offspring. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 63:8-20. [PMID: 27423491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.07.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal exposure to infectious agents during gestation has been identified as a significant risk factor for schizophrenia. Using a mouse model, past work has demonstrated that the gestational timing of the immune-activating event can impact the behavioural phenotype and expression of dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission markers in the offspring. In order to determine the inter-species generality of this effect to rats, another commonly used model species, the current study investigated the impact of a viral mimetic Poly (I:C) at either an early (gestational day 10) or late (gestational day 19) time-point on schizophrenia-related behaviour and neurotransmitter receptor expression in rat offspring. Exposure to Poly (I:C) in late, but not early, gestation resulted in transient impairments in working memory. In addition, male rats exposed to maternal immune activation (MIA) in either early or late gestation exhibited sensorimotor gating deficits. Conversely, neither early nor late MIA exposure altered locomotor responses to MK-801 or amphetamine. In addition, increased dopamine 1 receptor mRNA levels were found in the nucleus accumbens of male rats exposed to early gestational MIA. The findings from this study diverge somewhat from previous findings in mice with MIA exposure, which were often found to exhibit a more comprehensive spectrum of schizophrenia-like phenotypes in both males and females, indicating potential differences in the neurodevelopmental vulnerability to MIA exposure in the rat with regards to schizophrenia related changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Meehan
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Lauren Harms
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Jade D Frost
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Rafael Barreto
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Juanita Todd
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Ulrich Schall
- Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW, Australia; School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Patricia T Michie
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah M Hodgson
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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Melbourne JK, Feiner B, Rosen C, Sharma RP. Targeting the Immune System with Pharmacotherapy in Schizophrenia. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN PSYCHIATRY 2017; 4:139-151. [PMID: 28674674 PMCID: PMC5493152 DOI: 10.1007/s40501-017-0114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K. Melbourne
- The Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL, USA, 60612
| | - Benjamin Feiner
- The Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL, USA, 60612
| | - Cherise Rosen
- The Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL, USA, 60612
| | - Rajiv P. Sharma
- The Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL, USA, 60612
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 820 South Damen Avenue (M/C 151), Chicago, IL, USA, 60612
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38
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Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress in Psychosis and Psychosis Risk. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030651. [PMID: 28304340 PMCID: PMC5372663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although our understanding of psychotic disorders has advanced substantially in the past few decades, very little has changed in the standard of care for these illnesses since the development of atypical anti-psychotics in the 1990s. Here, we integrate new insights into the pathophysiology with the increasing interest in early detection and prevention. First, we explore the role of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in a subpopulation of cortical parvalbumin-containing interneurons (PVIs). Postmortem and preclinical data has implicated these neurons in the positive and negative symptoms, as well as the cognitive dysfunction present in schizophrenia. These neurons also appear to be sensitive to inflammation and oxidative stress during the perinatal and peripubertal periods, which may be mediated in large part by aberrant synaptic pruning. After exploring some of the molecular mechanisms through which neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are thought to exert their effects, we highlight the progress that has been made in identifying psychosis prior to onset through the identification of individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR). By combining our understanding of psychosis pathogenesis with the increasing characterization of endophenotypes that precede frank psychosis, it may be possible to identify patients before they present with psychosis and intervene to reduce the burden of the disease to both patients and families.
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Vuillermot S, Luan W, Meyer U, Eyles D. Vitamin D treatment during pregnancy prevents autism-related phenotypes in a mouse model of maternal immune activation. Mol Autism 2017; 8:9. [PMID: 28316773 PMCID: PMC5351212 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-017-0125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to infection is a recognized environmental risk factor for neuropsychiatric disorders of developmental origins such as autism or schizophrenia. Experimental work in animals indicates that this link is mediated by maternal immune activation (MIA) involving interactions between cytokine-associated inflammatory events, oxidative stress, and other pathophysiological processes such as hypoferremia and zinc deficiency. Maternal administration of the viral mimic polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) in mice produces several behavioral phenotypes in adult offspring of relevance to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other neurodevelopmental disorders. METHODS Here, we investigated whether some of these phenotypes might also present in juveniles. In addition, given the known immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects of vitamin D, we also investigated whether the co-administration of vitamin D could block MIA-induced ASD-related behaviors. We co-administered the hormonally active form of vitamin D, 1α,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25OHD), simultaneously with poly(I:C) and examined (i) social interaction, stereotyped behavior, emotional learning and memory, and innate anxiety-like behavior in juveniles and (ii) the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in maternal plasma and fetal brains. RESULTS We show that like adult offspring that were exposed to MIA, juveniles display similar deficits in social approach behavior. Juvenile MIA offspring also show abnormal stereotyped digging and impaired acquisition and expression of tone-cued fear conditioning. Importantly, our study reveals that prenatal administration of 1,25OHD abolishes all these behavioral deficits in poly(I:C)-treated juveniles. However, prenatal administration of vitamin D had no effect on pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in dams or in fetal brains suggesting the anti-inflammatory actions of vitamin D are not the critical mechanism for its preventive actions in this ASD animal model. CONCLUSIONS This work raises the possibility that early dietary supplementation with vitamin D may open new avenues for a successful attenuation or even prevention of neurodevelopmental disorders following maternal inflammation during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Vuillermot
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Wei Luan
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Queensland Australia
| | - Urs Meyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Darryl Eyles
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Queensland Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4076 Australia
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Miller BJ, Goldsmith DR. Towards an Immunophenotype of Schizophrenia: Progress, Potential Mechanisms, and Future Directions. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:299-317. [PMID: 27654215 PMCID: PMC5143505 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The evidence to date, coupled with advances in immunology and genetics has afforded the field an unparalleled opportunity to investigate the hypothesis that a subset of patients with schizophrenia may manifest an immunophenotype, toward new potential diagnostics and therapeutics to reduce risk, alleviate symptoms, and improve quality of life in both at-risk populations and patients with established schizophrenia. In this paper, we will first summarize the findings on immune dysfunction in schizophrenia, including (1) genetic, prenatal, and premorbid immune risk factors and (2) immune markers across the clinical course of the disorder, including cytokines; C-reactive protein; immune cells; antibodies, autoantibodies and comorbid autoimmune disorders; complement; oxidative stress; imaging of neuroinflammation; infections; and clinical trials of anti-inflammatory agents and immunotherapy. We will then discuss a potential mechanistic framework toward increased understanding of a potential schizophrenia immunophenotype. We will then critically appraise the existing literature, and discuss suggestions for the future research agenda in this area that are needed to rigorously evaluate this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - David R Goldsmith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Kentner AC, Khoury A, Lima Queiroz E, MacRae M. Environmental enrichment rescues the effects of early life inflammation on markers of synaptic transmission and plasticity. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 57:151-160. [PMID: 27002704 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) has been successful at rescuing the brain from a variety of early-life psychogenic stressors. However, its ability to reverse the behavioral and neural alterations induced by a prenatal maternal infection model of schizophrenia is less clear. Moreover, the specific interactions between the components (i.e. social enhancement, novelty, physical activity) of EE that lead to its success as a supportive intervention have not been adequately identified. In the current study, standard housed female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered either the inflammatory endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100μg/kg) or pyrogen-free saline (equivolume) on gestational day 15. On postnatal day 50, offspring were randomized into one of three conditions: EE (group housed in a large multi-level cage with novel toys, tubes and ramps), Colony Nesting (CN; socially-housed in a larger style cage), or Standard Care (SC; pair-housed in standard cages). Six weeks later we scored social engagement and performance in the object-in-place task. Afterwards hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (n=7-9) were collected and evaluated for excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) 1-3, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor type 2 (TrkB) gene expression (normalized to GAPDH) using qPCR methods. Overall, we show that gestational inflammation downregulates genes critical to synaptic transmission and plasticity, which may underlie the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. Additionally, we observed disruptions in both social engagement and spatial discrimination. Importantly, behavioral and neurophysiological effects were rescued in an experience dependent manner. Given the evidence that schizophrenia and autism may be associated with infection during pregnancy, these data have compelling implications for the prevention and reversibility of the consequences that follow immune activation in early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Kentner
- School of Arts & Sciences, Health Psychology Program, MCPHS University (formerly the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences), Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Antoine Khoury
- School of Pharmacy, MCPHS University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | | | - Molly MacRae
- School of Arts & Sciences, Health Psychology Program, MCPHS University (formerly the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences), Boston, MA 02115, United States
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Chao MW, Chen CP, Yang YH, Chuang YC, Chu TY, Tseng CY. N-acetylcysteine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced impairment in lamination of Ctip2-and Tbr1- expressing cortical neurons in the developing rat fetal brain. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32373. [PMID: 27577752 PMCID: PMC5006028 DOI: 10.1038/srep32373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammatory insults are the major instigating events of bacterial intrauterine infection that lead to fetal brain injury. The purpose of this study is to investigate the remedial effects of N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) for inflammation-caused deficits in brain development. We found that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by RAW264.7 cells. Macrophage-conditioned medium caused noticeable cortical cell damage, specifically in cortical neurons. LPS at 25 μg/kg caused more than 75% fetal loss in rats. An increase in fetal cortical thickness was noted in the LPS-treated group. In the enlarged fetal cortex, laminar positioning of the early born cortical cells expressing Tbr1 and Ctip2 was disrupted, with a scattered distribution. The effect was similar, but minor, in later born Satb2-expressing cortical cells. NAC protected against LPS-induced neuron toxicity in vitro and counteracted pregnancy loss and alterations in thickness and lamination of the neocortex in vivo. Fetal loss and abnormal fetal brain development were due to LPS-induced ROS production. NAC is an effective protective agent against LPS-induced damage. This finding highlights the key therapeutic impact of NAC in LPS-caused abnormal neuronal laminar distribution during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wei Chao
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chie-Pein Chen
- Division of High Risk Pregnancy, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiu Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yun Chu
- Division of High Risk Pregnancy, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Tseng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- International Master Program of Biomedical Material and Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Center for Nano-Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Zhongli district, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
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Estes ML, McAllister AK. Maternal immune activation: Implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Science 2016; 353:772-7. [PMID: 27540164 DOI: 10.1126/science.aag3194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 722] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence implicates maternal infection as a risk factor for autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. Animal models corroborate this link and demonstrate that maternal immune activation (MIA) alone is sufficient to impart lifelong neuropathology and altered behaviors in offspring. This Review describes common principles revealed by these models, highlighting recent findings that strengthen their relevance for schizophrenia and autism and are starting to reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of MIA on offspring. The role of MIA as a primer for a much wider range of psychiatric and neurologic disorders is also discussed. Finally, the need for more research in this nascent field and the implications for identifying and developing new treatments for individuals at heightened risk for neuroimmune disorders are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myka L Estes
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - A Kimberley McAllister
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95618, USA.
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Skvarc DR, Dean OM, Byrne LK, Gray LJ, Ives K, Lane SE, Lewis M, Osborne C, Page R, Stupart D, Turner A, Berk M, Marriott AJ. The Post-Anaesthesia N-acetylcysteine Cognitive Evaluation (PANACEA) trial: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2016; 17:395. [PMID: 27502769 PMCID: PMC4977889 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1529-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Some degree of cognitive decline after surgery occurs in as many as one quarter of elderly surgical patients, and this decline is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Cognition may be affected across a range of domains, including memory, psychomotor skills, and executive function. Whilst the exact mechanisms of cognitive change after surgery are not precisely known, oxidative stress and subsequent neuroinflammation have been implicated. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) acts via multiple interrelated mechanisms to influence oxidative homeostasis, neuronal transmission, and inflammation. NAC has been shown to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in both human and animal models. There is clinical evidence to suggest that NAC may be beneficial in preventing the cognitive decline associated with both acute physiological insults and dementia-related disorders. To date, no trials have examined perioperative NAC as a potential moderator of postoperative cognitive changes in the noncardiac surgery setting. Methods and design This is a single-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, with a between-group, repeated-measures, longitudinal design. The study will recruit 370 noncardiac surgical patients at the University Hospital Geelong, aged 60 years or older. Participants are randomly assigned to receive either NAC or placebo (1:1 ratio), and groups are stratified by age and surgery type. Participants undergo a series of neuropsychological tests prior to surgery, 7 days, 3 months, and 12 months post surgery. It is hypothesised that the perioperative administration of NAC will reduce the degree of postoperative cognitive changes at early and long-term follow-up, as measured by changes on individual measures of the neurocognitive battery, when compared with placebo. Serum samples are taken on the day of surgery and on day 2 post surgery to quantitate any changes in levels of biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress. Discussion The PANACEA trial aims to examine the potential efficacy of perioperative NAC to reduce the severity of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in an elderly, noncardiac surgery population. This is an entirely novel approach to the prevention of postoperative cognitive dysfunction and will have high impact and translatable outcomes if NAC is found to be beneficial. Trial registration The PANACEA trial has been registered with the Therapeutic Goods Administration, and the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12614000411640; registered on 15 April 2014. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1529-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Skvarc
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, 3215, VIC, Australia.,Innovations in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment (IMPACT) Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University/Barwon Health Clinical School, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, 3216, VIC, Australia.,School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, 3216, VIC, Australia
| | - Olivia M Dean
- Innovations in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment (IMPACT) Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University/Barwon Health Clinical School, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, 3216, VIC, Australia.,School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, 3216, VIC, Australia
| | - Linda K Byrne
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, 3215, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura J Gray
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, 3216, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathryn Ives
- Department of Anaesthesia, Perioperative Medicine and Pain Management, Barwon Health, Bellarine Street, Geelong, 3220, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen E Lane
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, 3216, VIC, Australia.,Biostatistics Unit, Barwon Health, Bellarine Street, Geelong, 3220, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew Lewis
- Aged Psychiatry Service, Caulfield Hospital, Alfred Health, 260 Kooyong Road, Caulfield, 3162, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cameron Osborne
- Department of Anaesthesia, Perioperative Medicine and Pain Management, Barwon Health, Bellarine Street, Geelong, 3220, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Page
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, 3216, VIC, Australia.,Barwon Orthopaedic Research Unit, Bellarine Street, Geelong, 3220, VIC, Australia
| | - Douglas Stupart
- Department of General Surgery, Barwon Health, Bellarine Street, Geelong, 3220, VIC, Australia
| | - Alyna Turner
- Innovations in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment (IMPACT) Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University/Barwon Health Clinical School, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, 3216, VIC, Australia.,School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, 3216, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Innovations in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment (IMPACT) Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University/Barwon Health Clinical School, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, 3216, VIC, Australia.,School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, 3216, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J Marriott
- Department of Anaesthesia, Perioperative Medicine and Pain Management, Barwon Health, Bellarine Street, Geelong, 3220, VIC, Australia. .,Innovations in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment (IMPACT) Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University/Barwon Health Clinical School, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, 3216, VIC, Australia. .,School of Medicine, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, 3216, VIC, Australia.
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Kim KC, Gonzales EL, Lázaro MT, Choi CS, Bahn GH, Yoo HJ, Shin CY. Clinical and Neurobiological Relevance of Current Animal Models of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2016; 24:207-43. [PMID: 27133257 PMCID: PMC4859786 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2016.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social and communication impairments, as well as repetitive and restrictive behaviors. The phenotypic heterogeneity of ASD has made it overwhelmingly difficult to determine the exact etiology and pathophysiology underlying the core symptoms, which are often accompanied by comorbidities such as hyperactivity, seizures, and sensorimotor abnormalities. To our benefit, the advent of animal models has allowed us to assess and test diverse risk factors of ASD, both genetic and environmental, and measure their contribution to the manifestation of autistic symptoms. At a broader scale, rodent models have helped consolidate molecular pathways and unify the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying each one of the various etiologies. This approach will potentially enable the stratification of ASD into clinical, molecular, and neurophenotypic subgroups, further proving their translational utility. It is henceforth paramount to establish a common ground of mechanistic theories from complementing results in preclinical research. In this review, we cluster the ASD animal models into lesion and genetic models and further classify them based on the corresponding environmental, epigenetic and genetic factors. Finally, we summarize the symptoms and neuropathological highlights for each model and make critical comparisons that elucidate their clinical and neurobiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Chan Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Center for Neuroscience Research, SMART Institute of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Edson Luck Gonzales
- Center for Neuroscience Research, SMART Institute of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.,School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - María T Lázaro
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chang Soon Choi
- Center for Neuroscience Research, SMART Institute of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.,School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon Ho Bahn
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jeong Yoo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bungdang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Shin
- Center for Neuroscience Research, SMART Institute of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.,School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Nie X, Lowe DW, Rollins LG, Bentzley J, Fraser JL, Martin R, Singh I, Jenkins D. Sex-specific effects of N-acetylcysteine in neonatal rats treated with hypothermia after severe hypoxia-ischemia. Neurosci Res 2016; 108:24-33. [PMID: 26851769 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Approximately half of moderate to severely hypoxic-ischemic (HI) newborns do not respond to hypothermia, the only proven neuroprotective treatment. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant and glutathione precursor, shows promise for neuroprotection in combination with hypothermia, mitigating post-HI neuroinflammation due to oxidative stress. As mechanisms of HI injury and cell death differ in males and females, sex differences must be considered in translational research of neuroprotection. We assessed the potential toxicity and efficacy of NAC in combination with hypothermia, in male and female neonatal rats after severe HI injury. NAC 50mg/kg/d administered 1h after initiation of hypothermia significantly decreased iNOS expression and caspase 3 activation in the injured hemisphere versus hypothermia alone. However, only females treated with hypothermia +NAC 50mg/kg showed improvement in short-term infarct volumes compared with saline treated animals. Hypothermia alone had no effect in this severe model. When NAC was continued for 6 weeks, significant improvement in long-term neuromotor outcomes over hypothermia treatment alone was observed, controlling for sex. Antioxidants may provide insufficient neuroprotection after HI for neonatal males in the short term, while long-term therapy may benefit both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingju Nie
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, 165 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
| | - Danielle W Lowe
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, 165 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
| | - Laura Grace Rollins
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA 02125, United States.
| | - Jessica Bentzley
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, 165 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
| | - Jamie L Fraser
- Medical Genetics Training Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-2152, United States.
| | - Renee Martin
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina, 165 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
| | - Inderjit Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, 165 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
| | - Dorothea Jenkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, 165 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
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Lipopolysaccharide exposure during late embryogenesis results in diminished locomotor activity and amphetamine response in females and spatial cognition impairment in males in adult, but not adolescent rat offspring. Behav Brain Res 2016; 299:72-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Hardingham GE, Do KQ. Linking early-life NMDAR hypofunction and oxidative stress in schizophrenia pathogenesis. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 17:125-34. [PMID: 26763624 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2015.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecular, genetic and pathological evidence suggests that deficits in GABAergic parvalbumin-positive interneurons contribute to schizophrenia pathophysiology through alterations in the brain's excitation-inhibition balance that result in impaired behaviour and cognition. Although the factors that trigger these deficits are diverse, there is increasing evidence that they converge on a common pathological hub that involves NMDA receptor hypofunction and oxidative stress. These factors have been separately linked to schizophrenia pathogenesis, but evidence now suggests that they are mechanistically interdependent and contribute to a common schizophrenia-associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles E Hardingham
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Kim Q Do
- Department of Psychiatry, Center of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, CH-1008, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
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Al-Amin MM, Alam T, Hasan SMN, Hasan AT, Quddus AHMR. Prenatal maternal lipopolysaccharide administration leads to age- and region-specific oxidative stress in the early developmental stage in offspring. Neuroscience 2016; 318:84-93. [PMID: 26774051 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been exploited to simulate brain disorder in animal model. Prenatal LPS-exposure has shown elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the early stages of the postnatal period. This study determines the effect of prenatal LPS-exposure on oxidative stress (OS) in the distinct brain regions in the early postnatal stages. LPS (50 μg/kg, i.p.) and water for injection (100 μl, i.p.) were given to the experimental (n=5) and control (n=5) group of pregnant Swiss albino mice respectively on gestational day (GD)-16 and 17. Animals were decapitated on postnatal day (PnD) - 1, 7, 14 and 21 to assay levels of oxidative markers from 6 distinct brain regions. When compared with the control, prenatal LPS-exposure alters levels of OS markers: (i) on PnD-1, glutathione (GSH) level is raised and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity is dropped, (ii) on PnD-7, advanced oxidation of protein product (AOPP) level is elevated, (iii) on PnD-14, lipid peroxidation (MDA) and activity of catalase (CAT) are enhanced, (iv) on PnD-21, increased MDA continued. The hippocampus (HC) and cerebellum (CB) were mostly susceptible to OS in the early postnatal development. Levels of MDA and activity of CAT enzyme were increased on PnD-14 in the cortex, HC and CB. Except MDA, all OS markers recovered and returned to the level of control animals on PnD-21. Taken together, these results suggest that prenatal LPS-exposure induces age- and region-specific OS in the early postnatal stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Al-Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh; The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, QBI Building 79, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - T Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S M N Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A T Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Kumar A. NMDA Receptor Function During Senescence: Implication on Cognitive Performance. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:473. [PMID: 26732087 PMCID: PMC4679982 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, a family of L-glutamate receptors, play an important role in learning and memory, and are critical for spatial memory. These receptors are tetrameric ion channels composed of a family of related subunits. One of the hallmarks of the aging human population is a decline in cognitive function; studies in the past couple of years have demonstrated deterioration in NMDA receptor subunit expression and function with advancing age. However, a direct relationship between impaired memory function and a decline in NMDA receptors is still ambiguous. Recent studies indicate a link between an age-associated NMDA receptor hypofunction and memory impairment and provide evidence that age-associated enhanced oxidative stress might be contributing to the alterations associated with senescence. However, clear evidence is still deficient in demonstrating the underlying mechanisms and a relationship between age-associated impaired cognitive faculties and NMDA receptor hypofunction. The current review intends to present an overview of the research findings regarding changes in expression of various NMDA receptor subunits and deficits in NMDA receptor function during senescence and its implication in age-associated impaired hippocampal-dependent memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar
- Department of Neuroscience, Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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