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Smith C, Lin X, Parker L, Yeap BB, Hayes A, Levinger I. The role of bone in energy metabolism: A focus on osteocalcin. Bone 2024:117238. [PMID: 39153587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms involved in whole body glucose regulation is key for the discovery of new treatments for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Historically, glucose regulation was largely focused on responses to insulin and glucagon. Impacts of incretin-based therapies, and importance of muscle mass, are also highly relevant. Recently, bone was recognized as an endocrine organ, with several bone proteins, known as osteokines, implicated in glucose metabolism through their effects on the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Research efforts mostly focused on osteocalcin (OC) as a leading example. This review will provide an overview on this role of bone by discussing bone turnover markers (BTMs), the receptor activator of nuclear factor kB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), sclerostin (SCL) and lipocalin 2 (LCN2), with a focus on OC. Since 2007, some, but not all, research using mostly OC genetically modified animal models suggested undercarboxylated (uc) OC acts as a hormone involved in energy metabolism. Most data generated from in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro models, indicate that exogenous ucOC administration improves whole-body and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism. Although data in humans are generally supportive, findings are often discordant likely due to methodological differences and observational nature of that research. Overall, evidence supports the concept that bone-derived factors are involved in energy metabolism, some having beneficial effects (ucOC, OPG) others negative (RANKL, SCL), with the role of some (LCN2, other BTMs) remaining unclear. Whether the effect of osteokines on glucose regulation is clinically significant and of therapeutic value for people with insulin resistance and T2D remains to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Smith
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Xuzhu Lin
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Lewan Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Bu B Yeap
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Alan Hayes
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine - Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Footscray, VIC, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine - Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Footscray, VIC, Australia.
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Fuller KN, Bohne EM, Mey JT, Blackburn BK, Miranda VR, Varady KA, Danielson KK, Haus JM. Plasma undercarboxylated osteocalcin dynamics with glycemic stress reflects insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in humans with and without T2DM. Metabol Open 2023; 20:100264. [PMID: 38115864 PMCID: PMC10728569 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2023.100264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to better understand the relationship between bone-related biomarkers and nutrient stress in the context of metabolic health. We investigated plasma osteocalcin (OC) during an oral glucose challenge and experimental hyperinsulinemia in Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and lean healthy controls (LHC). Older individuals with obesity and T2DM (n = 9) and young LHCs (n = 9) underwent a 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and a 40 mU/m2/min hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Plasma undercarboxylated OC (ucOC) and total OC were measured at baseline, 60mins, and 120mins of the OGTT and clamp via ELISA. In addition, plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP), leptin, adiponectin, Vitamin D and insulin were measured and indices of insulin sensitivity and β-cell function were derived. The T2DM group had lower (p<0.05) ucOC and ucOC:total OC ratio than LHC during both the OGTT and clamp. Further, baseline ucOC was positively correlated to indices of β-cell function and negatively correlated to indices of insulin resistance when both groups were combined (all p<0.05). Suppression of OC observed in T2DM may be related to glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Similarly, our data suggest that the observed phenotypic differences between groups are likely a product of long-term glucose dysregulation rather than acute flux in glucose or insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly N.Z. Fuller
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Erin M. Bohne
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jacob T. Mey
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Brian K. Blackburn
- Applied Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, USA
| | | | - Krista A. Varady
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kirstie K. Danielson
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jacob M. Haus
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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3
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Jaberi S, Fahnestock M. Mechanisms of the Beneficial Effects of Exercise on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression in Alzheimer's Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1577. [PMID: 38002258 PMCID: PMC10669442 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a key molecule in promoting neurogenesis, dendritic and synaptic health, neuronal survival, plasticity, and excitability, all of which are disrupted in neurological and cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Extracellular aggregates of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the form of plaques and intracellular aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau protein have been identified as major pathological insults in the AD brain, along with immune dysfunction, oxidative stress, and other toxic stressors. Although aggregated Aβ and tau lead to decreased brain BDNF expression, early losses in BDNF prior to plaque and tangle formation may be due to other insults such as oxidative stress and contribute to early synaptic dysfunction. Physical exercise, on the other hand, protects synaptic and neuronal structure and function, with increased BDNF as a major mediator of exercise-induced enhancements in cognitive function. Here, we review recent literature on the mechanisms behind exercise-induced BDNF upregulation and its effects on improving learning and memory and on Alzheimer's disease pathology. Exercise releases into the circulation a host of hormones and factors from a variety of peripheral tissues. Mechanisms of BDNF induction discussed here are osteocalcin, FNDC5/irisin, and lactate. The fundamental mechanisms of how exercise impacts BDNF and cognition are not yet fully understood but are a prerequisite to developing new biomarkers and therapies to delay or prevent cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sama Jaberi
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Margaret Fahnestock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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Ramdeo KR, Fahnestock M, Gibala M, Selvaganapathy PR, Lee J, Nelson AJ. The Effects of Exercise on Synaptic Plasticity in Individuals With Mild Cognitive Impairment: Protocol for a Pilot Intervention Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2023; 12:e50030. [PMID: 37851488 PMCID: PMC10620638 DOI: 10.2196/50030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a syndrome preceding more severe impairment characterized by dementia. MCI affects an estimated 15% to 20% of people older than 65 years. Nonpharmacological interventions including exercise are recommended as part of overall MCI management based on the positive effects of exercise on cognitive performance. Interval training involves brief intermittent bouts of exercise interspersed with short recovery periods. This type of exercise promotes cognitive improvement and can be performed in individuals with MCI. Synaptic plasticity can be assessed in vivo by the neurophysiological response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). A method to assess synaptic plasticity uses an intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), which is a patterned form of rTMS. Individuals with MCI have decreased responses to iTBS, reflecting reduced synaptic plasticity. It is unknown whether interval training causes changes in synaptic plasticity in individuals living with MCI. OBJECTIVE This research will determine whether interval training performed using a cycle ergometer enhances synaptic plasticity in individuals with MCI. The three aims are to (1) quantify synaptic plasticity after interval training performed at a self-determined intensity in individuals with MCI; (2) determine whether changes in synaptic plasticity correlate with changes in serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor, osteocalcin, and cognition; and (3) assess participant compliance to the exercise schedule. METHODS 24 individuals diagnosed with MCI will be recruited for assignment to 1 of the 2 equally sized groups: exercise and no exercise. The exercise group will perform exercise 3 times per week for 4 weeks. Synaptic plasticity will be measured before and following the 4-week intervention. At these time points, synaptic plasticity will be measured as the response to single-pulse TMS, reflected as the percent change in the average amplitude of 20 motor-evoked potentials before and after an iTBS rTMS protocol, which is used to induce synaptic plasticity. In addition, individuals will complete a battery of cognitive assessments and provide a blood sample from the antecubital vein to determine serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor and osteocalcin. RESULTS The study began in September 2023. CONCLUSIONS The proposed research is the first to assess whether synaptic plasticity is enhanced after exercise training in individuals with MCI. If exercise does indeed modify synaptic plasticity, this will create a new avenue by which we can study and manipulate neural plasticity in these individuals. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05663918; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05663918. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/50030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma R Ramdeo
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret Fahnestock
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Martin Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Justin Lee
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Islam H, Gillen JB. Skeletal muscle mechanisms contributing to improved glycemic control following intense interval exercise and training. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 5:20-28. [PMID: 36994179 PMCID: PMC10040385 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
High-intensity and sprint interval training (HIIT and SIT, respectively) enhance insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in both healthy adults and those with cardiometabolic diseases. The beneficial effects of intense interval training on glycemic control include both improvements seen in the hours to days following a single session of HIIT/SIT and those which accrue with chronic training. Skeletal muscle is the largest site of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and plays an integral role in the beneficial effects of exercise on glycemic control. Here we summarize the skeletal muscle responses that contribute to improved glycemic control during and following a single session of interval exercise and evaluate the relationship between skeletal muscle remodelling and improved insulin sensitivity following HIIT/SIT training interventions. Recent evidence suggests that targeting skeletal muscle mechanisms via nutritional interventions around exercise, particularly with carbohydrate manipulation, can enhance the acute glycemic benefits of HIIT. There is also some evidence of sex-based differences in the glycemic benefits of intense interval exercise, with blunted responses observed after training in females relative to males. Differences in skeletal muscle metabolism between males and females may contribute to sex differences in insulin sensitivity following HIIT/SIT, but well-controlled studies evaluating purported muscle mechanisms alongside measurement of insulin sensitivity are needed. Given the greater representation of males in muscle physiology literature, there is also a need for more research involving female-only cohorts to enhance our basic understanding of how intense interval training influences muscle insulin sensitivity in females across the lifespan.
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Smith C, Hiam D, Tacey A, Lin X, Woessner MN, Zarekookandeh N, Garnham A, Chubb P, Lewis JR, Sim M, Herrmann M, Duque G, Levinger I. Higher bone remodeling biomarkers are related to a higher muscle function in older adults: Effects of acute exercise. Bone 2022; 165:116545. [PMID: 36108920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bone and muscle are closely linked mechanically and biochemically. Bone hormones secreted during bone remodeling might be linked to muscle mass and strength maintenance. Exercise elicits high mechanical strain and is essential for bone health. However, the relationship between commonly used bone turnover markers (BTMs) and muscle function in community dwelling older adults remains unclear. It is also unknown how acute exercise with differing mechanical strain may affect BTMs, and whether baseline muscle function alters BTM responses differently. We tested the hypothesis that BTMs are associated with muscle function, and that acute exercise could change the circulating levels of BTMs. Thirty-five older adults (25 females/10 males, 72.8 ± 6.0 years) participated. Baseline assessments included body composition (DXA), handgrip strength and a physical performance test (PPT) (gait speed, timed-up-and-go [TUG], stair ascent/descent). Leg muscle quality (LMQ) and stair climb power (SCP) were calculated. Participants performed (randomized) 30 min aerobic (AE) (cycling 70%HRPeak) and resistance (RE) (leg press 70%RM, jumping) exercise. Serum β-isomerized C-terminal telopeptides (β-CTX), procollagen of type I propeptide (P1NP), total osteocalcin (t)OC and ucOC were assessed at baseline and post-exercise. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models and simple regressions, adjusted for sex. At baseline, higher muscle strength (LMQ, handgrip) was related to higher P1NP, higher SCP was related to higher P1NP and β-CTX, and better physical performance (lower PPT) related to higher P1NP and β-CTX (p < 0.05). Exercise, regardless of mode, decreased β-CTX and tOC (all p < 0.05), while P1NP and ucOC remained unaltered. Higher baseline handgrip strength, SCP and LMQ was associated with lower post-exercise β-CTX responses, and poorer baseline mobility (increased TUG time) was associated with higher post-exercise β-CTX. Independently of exercise mode, acute exercise decreased β-CTX and tOC. Our data suggest that in older adults at baseline, increased BTM levels were linked to better muscle function. Altogether, our data strengthens the evidence for bone-muscle interaction, however, mechanisms behind this specific component of bone-muscle crostalk remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Smith
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexander Tacey
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Xuzhu Lin
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mary N Woessner
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Navabeh Zarekookandeh
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Garnham
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Chubb
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia; Medical School, University Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Medical School, University Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marc Sim
- Nutrition & Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Medical School, University Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Markus Herrmann
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Aktitiz S, Atakan MM, Turnagöl HH, Koşar ŞN. Interleukin-6, undercarboxylated osteocalcin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor responses to single and repeated sessions of high-intensity interval exercise. Peptides 2022; 157:170864. [PMID: 36028073 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a single session of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) with 2 consecutive HIIEs, separated by 3 h of recovery, on plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6), undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) responses. METHODS Twenty male recreational endurance athletes completed two HIIE trials in a randomized crossover design: a single session of HIIE on the single exercise day (HIIE-S) and two sessions of HIIE 3 h apart on the double exercise day (HIIE-D). The HIIE protocol consisted of 10 × 1 min cycling at 100 % of peak oxygen uptake, with 75 s of low-intensity cycling at 60 W. Blood samples were collected to analyze IL-6, ucOC, and BDNF levels before and immediately after HIIE on the HIIE-S and before and immediately after the second HIIE on the HIIE-D. RESULTS Both HIIE interventions significantly increased (p < 0.001) plasma IL-6 (HIIE-S 33.90 % vs HIIE-D 31.04 %; p = 0.64), ucOC (HIIE-S 37.18 % vs HIIE-D 39.54 %; p = 0.85), and BDNF levels (HIIE-S 236.01 % vs HIIE-D 216.68 %; p = 0.69), with no group effect. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that performing two consecutive HIIEs on the same day with a 3-h rest results in similar changes in plasma levels of IL-6, BDNF, and ucOC compared with a single session of HIIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Aktitiz
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
| | - Muhammed M Atakan
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
| | - Hüseyin H Turnagöl
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
| | - Şükran N Koşar
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
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Parker L, Ang T, Morrison DJ, Lee NJ, Levinger I, Keske MA. Prior aerobic exercise mitigates the decrease in serum osteoglycin and lipocalin-2 following high-glucose mixed-nutrient meal ingestion in young men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E319-E332. [PMID: 35767699 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00025.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteoglycin (OGN) and lipocalin-2 (LCN2) are hormones that can be secreted by bone and have been linked to glucose homeostasis in rodents. However, the endocrine role of these hormones in humans is contradictory and unclear. We examined the effects of exercise and meal ingestion on circulating serum OGN and LCN2 levels in eight healthy males {age: 28 [25, 30] years [median ± interquartile range (IQR)] and body mass index [BMI]: 24.3 [23.6, 25.5] kg/m2}. In a randomized crossover design, participants ingested a high-glucose (1.1 g glucose/kg body wt) mixed-nutrient meal (45% carbohydrate, 20% protein, and 35% fat) on a rest-control day and 3 and 24 h after aerobic cycling exercise (1 h at 70%-75% V̇o2peak). Acute aerobic exercise increased serum LCN2 levels immediately after exercise (∼61%), which remained elevated 3-h postexercise (∼55%). In contrast, serum OGN remained similar to baseline levels throughout the 3-h postexercise recovery period. The ingestion of a high-glucose mixed-nutrient meal led to a decrease in serum OGN at 90-min (approximately -17%) and 120-min postprandial (approximately -44%), and a decrease in LCN2 at 120-min postprandial (approximately -26%). Compared with the control meal, prior exercise elevated serum OGN and LCN2 levels at 120-min postprandial when the meal was ingested 3-h (OGN: ∼74% and LCN2: ∼68%) and 24-h postexercise (OGN: ∼56% and LCN2: ∼16%). Acute exercise increases serum LCN2 and attenuates the postprandial decrease in OGN and LCN2 following high-glucose mixed-nutrient meal ingestion. The potential endocrine role of circulating OGN and LCN2 in humans warrants further investigation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We provide novel evidence that OGN and LCN2 decrease 120 min after ingesting a high-glucose mixed-nutrient meal in healthy adults. Acute aerobic exercise increases circulating LCN2 for up to 3-h postexercise, whereas circulating OGN remains similar to baseline. Despite differing postexercise responses, postprandial LCN2 and OGN are elevated when the high-glucose meal is ingested 3-h and 24-h postexercise. Findings support that OGN and LCN2 are dynamically linked to energy homeostasis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewan Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Teddy Ang
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dale J Morrison
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicola J Lee
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle A Keske
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Bauer C, Tacey A, Garnham A, Smith C, Woessner MN, Lin X, Zarekookandeh N, Hare DL, Lewis JR, Parker L, Levinger I. The effects of acute high intensity interval exercise and hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp on osteoglycin levels in young and middle‐aged men. JBMR Plus 2022; 6:e10667. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carlie Bauer
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University Melbourne Australia
| | - Alexander Tacey
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University Melbourne Australia
| | - Andrew Garnham
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University Melbourne Australia
| | - Cassandra Smith
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University Melbourne Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Victoria University, University of Melbourne, Western Health St Albans VIC Australia
- Institute for Nutrition Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences Edith Cowan University, Joondalup; Medical School WA Australia
| | - Mary N. Woessner
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University Melbourne Australia
| | - Xuzhu Lin
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University Melbourne Australia
| | | | - David L Hare
- University of Melbourne and the Department of Cardiology, Austin Health Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- Institute for Nutrition Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences Edith Cowan University, Joondalup; Medical School WA Australia
- University of Western Australia and Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead
- School of Public Health Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Lewan Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University Geelong Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University Melbourne Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Victoria University, University of Melbourne, Western Health St Albans VIC Australia
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Vints WAJ, Levin O, Fujiyama H, Verbunt J, Masiulis N. Exerkines and long-term synaptic potentiation: Mechanisms of exercise-induced neuroplasticity. Front Neuroendocrinol 2022; 66:100993. [PMID: 35283168 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.100993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise may improve cognitive function by modulating molecular and cellular mechanisms within the brain. We propose that the facilitation of long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP)-related pathways, by products induced by physical exercise (i.e., exerkines), is a crucial aspect of the exercise-effect on the brain. This review summarizes synaptic pathways that are activated by exerkines and may potentiate LTP. For a total of 16 exerkines, we indicated how blood and brain exerkine levels are altered depending on the type of physical exercise (i.e., cardiovascular or resistance exercise) and how they respond to a single bout (i.e., acute exercise) or multiple bouts of physical exercise (i.e., chronic exercise). This information may be used for designing individualized physical exercise programs. Finally, this review may serve to direct future research towards fundamental gaps in our current knowledge regarding the biophysical interactions between muscle activity and the brain at both cellular and system levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A J Vints
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto str. 6, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Adelante Zorggroep, P.O. Box 88, 6430 AB Hoensbroek, the Netherlands.
| | - Oron Levin
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto str. 6, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, Catholic University Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Hakuei Fujiyama
- Department of Psychology, Murdoch University, 90 South St., WA 6150 Perth, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South St., WA 6150 Perth, Australia; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, 90 South St., WA 6150 Perth, Australia.
| | - Jeanine Verbunt
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Adelante Zorggroep, P.O. Box 88, 6430 AB Hoensbroek, the Netherlands.
| | - Nerijus Masiulis
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto str. 6, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; Department of Rehabilitation, Physical and Sports Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. Čiurlionio Str. 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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11
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Woessner MN, Hiam D, Smith C, Lin X, Zarekookandeh N, Tacey A, Parker L, Landen S, Jacques M, Lewis JR, Brennan-Speranza T, Voisin S, Duque G, Eynon N, Levinger I. Osteoglycin Across the Adult Lifespan. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e1426-e1433. [PMID: 34850904 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Osteoglycin (OGN) is a proteoglycan released from bone and muscle which has been associated with markers of metabolic health. However, it is not clear whether the levels of circulating OGN change throughout the adult lifespan or if they are associated with clinical metabolic markers or fitness. OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify the levels of circulating OGN across the lifespan and to further explore the relationship between OGN and aerobic capacity as well as OGN's association with glucose and HOMA-IR. METHODS 107 individuals (46 males and 61 females) aged 21-87 years were included in the study. Serum OGN levels, aerobic capacity (VO2peak), glucose, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were assessed. T-tests were used to compare participant characteristics between sexes. Regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship between OGN and age, and OGN and fitness and metabolic markers. RESULTS OGN displayed a nonlinear, weak "U-shaped" relationship with age across both sexes. Men had higher levels of OGN than women across the lifespan (β = 0.23, P = .03). Age and sex explained 16% of the variance in OGN (adjusted R2 = 0.16; P < .001). Higher OGN was associated with higher VO2peak (β = 0.02, P = .001); however, those aged <50 showed a stronger positive relationship than those aged >50. A higher OGN level was associated with a higher circulating glucose level (β = 0.17, P < .01). No association was observed between OGN and HOMA-IR. CONCLUSION OGN was characterized by a U-shaped curve across the lifespan which was similar between sexes. Those with a higher aerobic capacity or higher glucose concentration had higher OGN levels. Our data suggest an association between OGN and aerobic fitness and glucose regulation. Future studies should focus on exploring the potential of OGN as a biomarker for chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary N Woessner
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Cassandra Smith
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xuzhu Lin
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Navabeh Zarekookandeh
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexander Tacey
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lewan Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Shanie Landen
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Macsue Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- Institute for Nutrition Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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12
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Devarshi PP, Pereyra AS, Ellis JM, Henagan TM. A single bout of cycling exercise induces nucleosome repositioning in the skeletal muscle of lean and overweight/obese individuals. Diabetes Obes Metab 2022; 24:21-33. [PMID: 34472674 PMCID: PMC8728694 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM To compare the molecular and metabolic effects of a single exercise bout in the skeletal muscle between lean and overweight/obese (Ov/Ob) individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Participants recruited were men, aged 19-30 years, who were either lean (body mass index [BMI] < 25, 18.5-24.1 kg/m2 ; n = 15) or Ov/Ob (BMI ≥ 25, 25.5-36.9 kg/m2 ; n = 15). Four hours after a high-carbohydrate breakfast (7 kcal/kg; 60% carbohydrate, 25% fat, 15% protein), participants performed a cycling exercise (50% VO2 max, expending ~650 kcal). Muscle biopsies and peripheral blood samples were collected 30 minutes before the meal and immediately after exercise. Blood analysis, and muscle acylcarnitine profiles, transcriptomics, and nucleosome mapping by micrococcal nuclease digestion with deep sequencing were performed. RESULTS A single exercise bout improved blood metabolite profiles in both lean and Ov/Ob individuals. Muscle long-chain acylcarnitines were increased in Ov/Ob compared with lean participants, but were not altered by exercise. A single exercise bout increased the mRNA abundance of genes related to mitochondria and insulin signalling in both lean and Ov/Ob participants. Nucleosome mapping by micrococcal nuclease digestion with deep sequencing revealed that exercise repositioned the -1 nucleosome away from the transcription start site of the PGC1a promoter and of other mitochondrial genes, but did not affect genes related to insulin signalling, in both lean and Ov/Ob participants. CONCLUSION These data suggest that a single exercise bout induced epigenetic alterations in skeletal muscle in a BMI-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea S. Pereyra
- Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Department of Physiology, and East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Greenville, NC, 27834
| | - Jessica M. Ellis
- Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Department of Physiology, and East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Greenville, NC, 27834
| | - Tara M. Henagan
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- School of Medicine, LSU-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103
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13
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Nordic Walking Rather Than High Intensity Interval Training Reduced Myostatin Concentration More Effectively in Elderly Subjects and the Range of This Drop Was Modified by Metabolites of Vitamin D. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124393. [PMID: 34959945 PMCID: PMC8705296 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent self-isolation exacerbated the problem of insufficient amounts of physical activity and its consequences. At the same time, this revealed the advantage of vitamin D. Thus, there was a need to verify the effects of those forms of training that can be performed independently. In this study, we examined the effects of Nordic walking (NW) and high intensity interval training (HIIT) with regard to the impact of the metabolite vitamin D. We assigned 32 overweight adults (age = 61 ± 12 years) to one of two training groups: NW = 18 and HIIT = 14. Body composition assessment and blood sample collection were conducted before starting the training programs and a day after their completion. NW training induced a significant decrease in myostatin (p = 0.05) concentration; however, the range was dependent on the baseline concentrations of vitamin D metabolites. This drop was accompanied by a significant negative correlation with the decorin concentration. Unexpectedly, NW caused a decrement in both forms of osteocalcin: undercarboxylated (Glu-OC) and carboxylated-type (Gla-OC). The scope of Glu-OC changes was dependent on a baseline concentration of 25(OH)D2 (r = −0.60, p = 0.01). In contrast, the HIIT protocol did not induce any changes. Overall results revealed that NW diminished the myostatin concentration and that this effect is more pronounced among adults with a sufficient concentration of vitamin D metabolites.
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14
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Interactions between insulin and exercise. Biochem J 2021; 478:3827-3846. [PMID: 34751700 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between insulin and exercise is an example of balancing and modifying the effects of two opposing metabolic regulatory forces under varying conditions. While insulin is secreted after food intake and is the primary hormone increasing glucose storage as glycogen and fatty acid storage as triglycerides, exercise is a condition where fuel stores need to be mobilized and oxidized. Thus, during physical activity the fuel storage effects of insulin need to be suppressed. This is done primarily by inhibiting insulin secretion during exercise as well as activating local and systemic fuel mobilizing processes. In contrast, following exercise there is a need for refilling the fuel depots mobilized during exercise, particularly the glycogen stores in muscle. This process is facilitated by an increase in insulin sensitivity of the muscles previously engaged in physical activity which directs glucose to glycogen resynthesis. In physically trained individuals, insulin sensitivity is also higher than in untrained individuals due to adaptations in the vasculature, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. In this paper, we review the interactions between insulin and exercise during and after exercise, as well as the effects of regular exercise training on insulin action.
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15
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Liu X, Yeap BB, Brock KE, Levinger I, Golledge J, Flicker L, Brennan-Speranza TC. Associations of Osteocalcin Forms With Metabolic Syndrome and Its Individual Components in Older Men: The Health In Men Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e3506-e3518. [PMID: 34003927 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The osteoblast-derived polypeptide, osteocalcin (OC), has been associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in several epidemiological studies. Animal studies have indicated the undercarboxylated form of OC (ucOC) drives its association with metabolic outcomes. OBJECTIVE We compared associations of ucOC and carboxylated OC (cOC) with MetS and its components in older men. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of 2575 men aged ≥70 years and older resident in Perth, Western Australia. ucOC was assayed using a hydroxyapatite-binding method, and cOC calculated by subtracting ucOC from total OC. Main outcome measures were MetS and its components. RESULTS Both lower serum ucOC and cOC levels, and the proportion of cOC (%cOC) were associated with less favorable metabolic parameters (higher waist circumference, triglyceride, glucose, blood pressure, and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), whereas inverse associations were found with %ucOC. Men in the lowest quintile of ucOC had higher risk of MetS compared to men in the highest quintile (Q1 ≤ 7.7 vs Q5 > 13.8 ng/mL; OR = 2.4; 95% CI, 1.8-3.2). Men in the lowest quintile of cOC had higher risk of MetS compared to those in the highest quintile (≤ 5.8 vs > 13.0 ng/mL; OR = 2.4; 95% CI, 1.8-3.2). CONCLUSION Lower concentrations of serum ucOC or cOC were associated with less favorable metabolic parameters and a higher risk of MetS. In contrast, a lower proportion of ucOC was associated with better metabolic parameters and lower MetS risk. Further research is warranted to determine whether ucOC and cOC are suitable biomarkers for cardiometabolic risk in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Liu
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bu B Yeap
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kaye E Brock
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan Golledge
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Leon Flicker
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tara C Brennan-Speranza
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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16
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Nicolini C, Michalski B, Toepp SL, Turco CV, D'Hoine T, Harasym D, Gibala MJ, Fahnestock M, Nelson AJ. A Single Bout of High-intensity Interval Exercise Increases Corticospinal Excitability, Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor, and Uncarboxylated Osteolcalcin in Sedentary, Healthy Males. Neuroscience 2021; 437:242-255. [PMID: 32482330 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exercise induces neuroplasticity in descending motor pathways facilitating motor learning, and as such it could be utilized as an intervention in neurorehabilitation, for example when re-learning motor skills after stroke. To date, however, the neurophysiological and molecular mechanisms underlying exercise-induced neuroplasticity remain largely unknown impeding the potential utilization of exercise protocols as 'motor learning boosters' in clinical and non-clinical settings. Here, we assessed corticospinal excitability, intracortical facilitation (ICF) and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and serum biochemical markers including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), total and precursor cathepsin B (tCTSB, proCTSB), uncarboxylated and carboxylated osteocalcin (unOCN, cOCN) and irisin using ELISA. Measurements were carried out in sedentary, healthy males before and after a single session of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) or in individuals who rested and did not perform exercise (No Exercise). We found that HIIE increased corticospinal excitability, BDNF and unOCN, and decreased cOCN. We also determined that greater increases in BDNF were associated with increases in unOCN and irisin and decreases in cOCN only in participants who underwent HIIE, suggesting that unOCN and irisin may contribute to exercise-induced BDNF increases. Conversely, no changes other than a decrease in serum unOCN/tOCN were found in No Exercise participants. The present findings show that a single session of HIIE is sufficient to modulate corticospinal excitability and to increase BDNF and unOCN in sedentary, healthy males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Nicolini
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Bernadeta Michalski
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Stephen L Toepp
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Claudia V Turco
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Tarra D'Hoine
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Diana Harasym
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Martin J Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Margaret Fahnestock
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Aimee J Nelson
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
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17
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Smith C, Lin X, Scott D, Brennan-Speranza TC, Al Saedi A, Moreno-Asso A, Woessner M, Bani Hassan E, Eynon N, Duque G, Levinger I. Uncovering the Bone-Muscle Interaction and Its Implications for the Health and Function of Older Adults (the Wellderly Project): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e18777. [PMID: 33835038 PMCID: PMC8065561 DOI: 10.2196/18777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone and muscle are closely linked anatomically, biochemically, and metabolically. Acute exercise affects both bone and muscle, implying a crosstalk between the two systems. However, how these two systems communicate is still largely unknown. We will explore the role of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) in this crosstalk. ucOC is involved in glucose metabolism and has a potential role in muscle maintenance and metabolism. OBJECTIVE The proposed trial will determine if circulating ucOC levels in older adults at baseline and following acute exercise are associated with parameters of muscle function and if the ucOC response to exercise varies between older adults with low muscle quality and those with normal or high muscle quality. METHODS A total of 54 men and women aged 60 years or older with no history of diabetes and warfarin and vitamin K use will be recruited. Screening tests will be performed, including those for functional, anthropometric, and clinical presentation. On the basis of muscle quality, a combined equation of lean mass (leg appendicular skeletal muscle mass in kg) and strength (leg press; one-repetition maximum), participants will be stratified into a high or low muscle function group and randomized into the controlled crossover acute intervention. Three visits will be performed approximately 7 days apart, and acute aerobic exercise, acute resistance exercise, and a control session (rest) will be completed in any order. Our primary outcome for this study is the effect of acute exercise on ucOC in older adults with low muscle function and those with high muscle function. RESULTS The trial is active and ongoing. Recruitment began in February 2018, and 38 participants have completed the study as of May 26, 2019. CONCLUSIONS This study will provide novel insights into bone and muscle crosstalk in older adults, potentially identifying new clinical biomarkers and mechanistic targets for drug treatments for sarcopenia and other related musculoskeletal conditions. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12618001756213; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=375925. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/18777.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Smith
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xuzhu Lin
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David Scott
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Tara C Brennan-Speranza
- School of Medical Sciences and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ahmed Al Saedi
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine-Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alba Moreno-Asso
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mary Woessner
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ebrahim Bani Hassan
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine-Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine-Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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18
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Tacey A, Hayes A, Zulli A, Levinger I. Osteocalcin and vascular function: is there a cross-talk? Mol Metab 2021; 49:101205. [PMID: 33684607 PMCID: PMC8027272 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The bone-derived protein osteocalcin (OC), in its undercarboxylated (ucOC) form, has a beneficial effect on energy metabolism and may be a future therapeutic target for metabolic diseases. Increasing evidence suggests a link between ucOC and cardiovascular disease (CVD) development; however, the exact relationship is conflicting and unclear. Scope of review The aim of this review was to summarise the current research examining the interaction between OC and vascular dysfunction, the initiating stage in the development of atherosclerosis and CVD. Major conclusions In humans, the association between OC and vascular function is inconsistent. Several studies report that total OC (tOC) is associated with adverse function or beneficial function, whereas others report that tOC and ucOC has no effect on vascular function. The conflicting data are likely due to several methodological inconsistencies, in particular the lack of studies reporting circulating ucOC levels. In animal models, the direct administration of ucOC to isolated blood vessels ex vivo produced minimal changes in endothelial function, but importantly, no adverse responses. Finally, in human endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, ucOC treatment did not influence classical markers of cellular function, including endothelin-1, vascular adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 after exposure to high glucose and inflammatory conditions. The lack of adverse effects in ex vivo and in vitro studies suggests that ucOC may be targeted as a future therapeutic for metabolic diseases, without the risk of detrimental effects in the vasculature. However, further studies are needed to confirm these findings and to investigate whether there is a direct beneficial influence of ucOC. ucOC is implicated in the regulation of glucose homeostasis; but its role in the vasculature has been minimally reported. Studies which examine the association between ucOC and vascular function in humans often report inconsistent outcomes. In addition, ex vivo and in vitro studies have reported that ucOC likely does not directly regulate endothelial function. ucOC may be targeted as a therapeutic treatment for metabolic diseases without a risk of adverse effects in the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tacey
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Alan Hayes
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony Zulli
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia.
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19
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Hiam D, Landen S, Jacques M, Voisin S, Alvarez-Romero J, Byrnes E, Chubb P, Levinger I, Eynon N. Osteocalcin and its forms respond similarly to exercise in males and females. Bone 2021; 144:115818. [PMID: 33338665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute exercise increases osteocalcin (OC), a marker of bone turnover, and in particular the undercarboxylated form (ucOC). Males and females differ in baseline levels of total OC and it is thought the hormonal milieu may be driving these differences. Males and females adapt differently to the same exercise intervention, however it is unclear whether the exercise effects on OC are also sex-specific. We tested whether the responses of OC and its forms to acute High Intensity Interval Exercise (HIIE) and High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) differed between males and females. Secondly, we examined whether sex hormones vary with OC forms within sexes to understand if these are driving factor in any potential sex differences. METHODS Total OC (tOC), undercarboxylated OC (ucOC), and carboxylated OC (cOC) were measured in serum of 96 healthy participants from the Gene SMART cohort (74 males and 22 females) at rest, immediately after, and 3 h after a single bout of HIIE, and at rest, 48 h after completing a four week HIIT intervention. Baseline testosterone and estradiol were also measured for a subset of the cohort (Males = 38, Females = 20). Linear mixed models were used to a) uncover the sex-specific effects of acute exercise and short-term training on OC forms and b) to examine whether the sex hormones were associated with OC levels. RESULTS At baseline, males had higher levels of tOC, cOC, and ucOC than females (q < 0.01). In both sexes tOC, and ucOC increased to the same extent after acute HIIE. At baseline, in males only, higher testosterone was associated with higher ucOC (β = 3.37; q < 0.046). Finally, tOC and ucOC did not change following 4 weeks of HIIT. CONCLUSION/DISCUSSION While there were no long-term changes in OC and its forms. tOC and ucOC were transiently enhanced after a bout of HIIE similarly in both sexes. This may be important in metabolic signalling in skeletal muscle and bone suggesting that regular exercise is needed to maintain these benefits. Overall, these data suggest that the sex differences in exercise adaptations do not extend to the bone turnover marker, OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hiam
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S Landen
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J Alvarez-Romero
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - E Byrnes
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, QEII Medical Centre, Perth, Australia
| | - P Chubb
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - I Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - N Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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20
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Mohammad Rahimi GR, Niyazi A, Alaee S. The effect of exercise training on osteocalcin, adipocytokines, and insulin resistance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Osteoporos Int 2021; 32:213-224. [PMID: 32803318 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05592-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, it has been reported that osteocalcin (OC), in particular its undercarboxylated (ucOC) form, is not only a bone remodeling marker but also an active hormone that intercedes glucose metabolism in humans. This study aimed to determine the impact of an exercise intervention on ucOC, adiponectin, leptin, and insulin resistance (measured by HOMA-IR). PubMed, CINAHL, Medline, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases and reference lists of included studies were searched. Twenty-two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of exercise training impact in adults were included in the analysis. Results showed an overall significant increase in serum ucOC (MD: 0.15 ng/ml; 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.25) and adiponectin (MD: 2.83 mg/ml; 95% CI: 1.67 to 3.98), a significant decline in leptin (MD: - 4.89 pg/ml; 95% CI: - 6.94 to - 2.84), fasting glucose (MD: - 2.29 mg/dl; 95% CI: - 4.04 to - 0.54), fasting insulin (MD, - 8.90 μIU/ml; 95% CI: - 13.81 to - 3.98), and HOMA-IR (MD: - 1.96; 95% CI: - 3.11 to - 0.80). However, after removal of studies that had prescribed a balanced diet along with exercise intervention, total OC (TOC) levels also increased in the exercise group compared with the control group (MD: 0.36 ng/ml; 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.65). Our findings demonstrate that exercise-induced increases in ucOC are the probable cause of increased adiponectin. Additionally, increases in ucOC itself are probably due to changes in leptin levels and other factors, rather than its direct impact on bone and its osteoblastic activity. Further studies are required to clarify the mechanisms underlying the impact of exercise training on ucOC, adipocytokines, and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gh R Mohammad Rahimi
- Department of Sports Sciences, Vahdat Institute of Higher Education, Torbat-e-Jam, Iran.
| | | | - S Alaee
- Department of Physical Education, Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur Branch, Neyshabur, Iran
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Smith C, Tacey A, Mesinovic J, Scott D, Lin X, Brennan-Speranza TC, Lewis JR, Duque G, Levinger I. The effects of acute exercise on bone turnover markers in middle-aged and older adults: A systematic review. Bone 2021; 143:115766. [PMID: 33227507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone turnover is the cellular machinery responsible for bone integrity and strength and, in the clinical setting, it is assessed using bone turnover markers (BTMs). Acute exercise can induce mechanical stress on bone which is needed for bone remodelling, but to date, there are conflicting results in regards to the effects of varying mechanical stimuli on BTMs. OBJECTIVES This systematic review examines the effects of acute aerobic, resistance and impact exercises on BTMs in middle and older-aged adults and examines whether the responses are determined by the exercise mode, intensity, age and sex. METHODS We searched PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science and EMBASE up to 22nd April 2020. Eligibility criteria included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and single-arm studies that included middle-aged (50 to 65 years) and older adults (>65 years) and, a single-bout, acute-exercise (aerobic, resistance, impact) intervention with measurement of BTMs. PROSPERO registration number CRD42020145359. RESULTS Thirteen studies were included; 8 in middle-aged (n = 275, 212 women/63 men, mean age = 57.9 ± 1.5 years) and 5 in older adults (n = 93, 50 women/43 men, mean age = 68.2 ± 2.2 years). Eleven studies included aerobic exercise (AE, 7 middle-aged/4 older adults), and two included resistance exercise (RE, both middle-aged). AE significantly increased C-terminal telopeptide (CTX), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bone-ALP in middle-aged and older adults. AE also significantly increased total osteocalcin (tOC) in middle-aged men and Procollagen I Carboxyterminal Propeptide and Cross-Linked Carboxyterminal Telopeptide of Type I Collagen in older women. RE alone decreased ALP in older adults. In middle-aged adults, RE with impact had no effect on tOC or BALP, but significantly decreased CTX. Impact (jumping) exercise alone increased Procollagen Type 1 N Propeptide and tOC in middle-aged women. CONCLUSION Acute exercise is an effective tool to modify BTMs, however, the response appears to be exercise modality-, intensity-, age- and sex-specific. There is further need for higher quality and larger RCTs in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Smith
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexander Tacey
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Jakub Mesinovic
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David Scott
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xuzhu Lin
- Diabetes & Metabolic Disease Laboratory, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Tara C Brennan-Speranza
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia; Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Medical School, University Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia.
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Viggers R, Al-Mashhadi Z, Fuglsang-Nielsen R, Gregersen S, Starup-Linde J. The Impact of Exercise on Bone Health in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-a Systematic Review. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:357-370. [PMID: 32529455 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00597-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with an increased fracture risk. Weight loss in T2DM management may result in lowering of bone mass. In this systematic literature review, we aimed to investigate how exercise affects bone health in people with T2DM. Furthermore, we examined the types of exercise with the potential to prevent and treat bone fragility in people with T2DM. RECENT FINDINGS Exercise differs in type, mechanical load, and intensity, as does the osteogenic response to exercise. Aerobic exercise improves metabolic health in people with T2DM. However, the weight-bearing component of exercise is essential to bone health. Weight loss interventions in T2DM induce a loss of bone mass that may be attenuated if accompanied by resistance or weight-bearing exercise. Combination of weight-bearing aerobic and resistance exercise seems to be preventive against excessive bone loss in people with T2DM. However, evidence is sparse and clinical trials investigating the effects of exercise on bone health in people with T2DM are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Viggers
- Steno Diabetes Center North Jutland, Aalborg University Hospital, Mølleparkvej 4, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Z Al-Mashhadi
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - R Fuglsang-Nielsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Internal Medicine, Regional Hospital Randers, Randers, Denmark
| | - S Gregersen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - J Starup-Linde
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Gonzalez-Gil AM, Elizondo-Montemayor L. The Role of Exercise in the Interplay between Myokines, Hepatokines, Osteokines, Adipokines, and Modulation of Inflammation for Energy Substrate Redistribution and Fat Mass Loss: A Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1899. [PMID: 32604889 PMCID: PMC7353393 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise is an effective strategy for preventing and treating obesity and its related cardiometabolic disorders, resulting in significant loss of body fat mass, white adipose tissue browning, redistribution of energy substrates, optimization of global energy expenditure, enhancement of hypothalamic circuits that control appetite-satiety and energy expenditure, and decreased systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. Novel exercise-inducible soluble factors, including myokines, hepatokines, and osteokines, and immune cytokines and adipokines are hypothesized to play an important role in the body's response to exercise. To our knowledge, no review has provided a comprehensive integrative overview of these novel molecular players and the mechanisms involved in the redistribution of metabolic fuel during and after exercise, the loss of weight and fat mass, and reduced inflammation. In this review, we explain the potential role of these exercise-inducible factors, namely myokines, such as irisin, IL-6, IL-15, METRNL, BAIBA, and myostatin, and hepatokines, in particular selenoprotein P, fetuin A, FGF21, ANGPTL4, and follistatin. We also describe the function of osteokines, specifically osteocalcin, and of adipokines such as leptin, adiponectin, and resistin. We also emphasize an integrative overview of the pleiotropic mechanisms, the metabolic pathways, and the inter-organ crosstalk involved in energy expenditure, fat mass loss, reduced inflammation, and healthy weight induced by exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M. Gonzalez-Gil
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Morones Prieto 3000, Monterrey N.L. 64710, Mexico;
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Center for Research in Clinical Nutrition and Obesity, Ave. Morones Prieto 300, Monterrey N.L. 64710, Mexico
| | - Leticia Elizondo-Montemayor
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Morones Prieto 3000, Monterrey N.L. 64710, Mexico;
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Center for Research in Clinical Nutrition and Obesity, Ave. Morones Prieto 300, Monterrey N.L. 64710, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Cardiovascular and Metabolomics Research Group, Hospital Zambrano Hellion, San Pedro Garza Garcia P.C. 66278, Mexico
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Mohammad Rahimi GR, Bijeh N, Rashidlamir A. Effects of exercise training on serum preptin, undercarboxylated osteocalcin and high molecular weight adiponectin in adults with metabolic syndrome. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:449-459. [PMID: 31869474 DOI: 10.1113/ep088036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Are the advantages of aerobic interval exercise, resistance exercise and concurrent exercise on the metabolic profile mediated in part through preptin and undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOCN)? What is the main finding and its importance? Glucose was significantly lowered after concurrent exercise and aerobic interval exercise, but serum preptin and insulin were significantly lowered in all three training groups. By contrast, ucOCN and high molecular weight adiponectin increased significantly in all three training groups. These findings support the possible cross-talk between bone, pancreatic β-cells and energy metabolism in humans and suggest that preptin and ucOCN may potentially serve as markers of exercise-induced improvement of metabolism. ABSTRACT Preptin is a peptide hormone that plays an important role in the development of obesity by regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOCN) is also linked to the regulation of body energy in that it modulates fat and glucose metabolism. This research aimed to examine the impact of aerobic interval, resistance and concurrent exercise on serum preptin, ucOCN and high molecular weight adiponectin (HMW-APN) in obese adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Forty-four obese men with MetS were randomized to receive aerobic interval exercise (AIEX, n = 10), resistance exercise (REX, n = 10), or concurrent aerobic interval and resistance exercise (CEX, n = 10), or to act as a non-exercise control (CON, n = 10) three times a week for 12 weeks. Preptin was reduced more after AIEX and CEX than after REX (89.1% and 87.1% versus 9.6%; P = 0.028 and 0.030, respectively). ucOCN increased significantly only in the CEX (27.5%, P = 0.009) and AIEX (25%, P = 0.025) groups, but HMW-APN increased significantly in all three training groups (AIEX 145.1%, P < 0.001; CEX 137%, P < 0.001; and REX 59.8%, P = 0.041). After the intervention, the improvement of peak oxygen uptake ( V ̇ O 2 peak ) in the AIEX group (73%) was greater than in the CEX (29.3%) and REX (3.8%) groups. On the other hand, CEX exhibited a greater reduction in glucose, insulin, insulin resistance index and HbA1c than did AIEX and REX. Our study indicates that the reduction in glucose after exercise training (especially AIEX and CEX) may be, somewhat, linked to decreased preptin and raised ucOCN and HMW-APN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nahid Bijeh
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Rashidlamir
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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25
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Smith C, Voisin S, Al Saedi A, Phu S, Brennan-Speranza T, Parker L, Eynon N, Hiam D, Yan X, Scott D, Blekkenhorst LC, Lewis JR, Seeman E, Byrnes E, Flicker L, Duque G, Yeap BB, Levinger I. Osteocalcin and its forms across the lifespan in adult men. Bone 2020; 130:115085. [PMID: 31622778 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Osteocalcin (OC), an osteoblast-specific secreted protein expressed by mature osteoblasts, is used in clinical practice and in research as a marker of bone turnover. The carboxylated (cOC) and undercarboxylated (ucOC) forms may have a different biological function but age-specific reference ranges for these components are not established. Given the different physiological roles, development of reference ranges may help to identify people at risk for bone disease. METHODS Blood was collected in the morning after an overnight fast from 236 adult men (18 to 92 years old) free of diabetes, antiresorptive, warfarin or glucocorticoid use. Serum was analyzed for total osteocalcin (tOC) and the ucOC fraction using the hydroxyapatite binding method. cOC, ucOC/tOC and cOC/tOC ratios were calculated. Reference intervals were established by polynomial quantile regression analysis. RESULTS The normal ranges for young men (≤30 years) were: tOC 17.9-56.8 ng/mL, ucOC 7.1-22.0 ng/mL, cOC 8.51-40.3 ng/mL (2.5th to 97.5th quantiles). Aging was associated with a "U" shaped pattern for tOC, cOC and ucOC levels. ucOC/tOC ratio was higher, while cOC/tOC ratio was lower in men of advanced age. Age explained ∼31%, while body mass index explained ∼4%, of the variance in the ratios. CONCLUSIONS We have defined normal reference ranges for the OC forms in Australian men and demonstrated that the OC ratios may be better measures, than the absolute values, to identify the age-related changes on OC in men. These ratios may be incorporated into future research and clinical trials, and their associations with prediction of events, such as fracture or diabetes risk, should be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Smith
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ahmed Al Saedi
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven Phu
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tara Brennan-Speranza
- Department of Physiology and Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lewan Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David Scott
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lauren C Blekkenhorst
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia; Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia; Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ego Seeman
- University of Melbourne and the Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health and the Mary Mackillop Institute of Healthy Aging, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Byrnes
- Department of Biochemistry, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Perth, Australia
| | - Leon Flicker
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Western Australian Centre for Health & Ageing, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bu B Yeap
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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26
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Abedi B. Acute effect of concurrent exercise on serum leptin and resistance insulin response in sedentary men. INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF HEALTH SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/iahs.iahs_33_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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27
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Pataky MW, Van Acker SL, Dhingra R, Freeburg MM, Arias EB, Oki K, Wang H, Treebak JT, Cartee GD. Fiber type-specific effects of acute exercise on insulin-stimulated AS160 phosphorylation in insulin-resistant rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E984-E998. [PMID: 31573845 PMCID: PMC6957376 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00304.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Muscle is a heterogeneous tissue composed of multiple fiber types. Earlier research revealed fiber type-selective postexercise effects on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (ISGU) from insulin-resistant rats (increased for type IIA, IIB, IIBX, and IIX, but not type I). In whole muscle from insulin-resistant rats, the exercise increase in ISGU is accompanied by an exercise increase in insulin-stimulated AS160 phosphorylation (pAS160), an ISGU-regulating protein. We hypothesized that, in insulin-resistant muscle, the fiber type-selective exercise effects on ISGU would correspond to the fiber type-selective exercise effects on pAS160. Rats were fed a 2-wk high-fat diet (HFD) and remained sedentary (SED) or exercised before epitrochlearis muscles were dissected either immediately postexercise (IPEX) or at 3 h postexercise (3hPEX) using an exercise protocol that previously revealed fiber type-selective effects on ISGU. 3hPEX muscles and SED controls were incubated ± 100µU/mL insulin. Individual myofibers were isolated and pooled on the basis of myosin heavy chain (MHC) expression, and key phosphoproteins were measured. Myofiber glycogen and MHC expression were evaluated in muscles from other SED, IPEX, and 3hPEX rats. Insulin-stimulated pAktSer473 and pAktThr308 were unaltered by exercise in all fiber types. Insulin-stimulated pAS160 was greater for 3hPEX vs. SED on at least one phosphosite (Ser588, Thr642, and/or Ser704) in type IIA, IIBX, and IIB fibers, but not in type I or IIX fibers. Both IPEX and 3hPEX glycogen were decreased versus SED in all fiber types. These results provided evidence that fiber type-specific pAS160 in insulin-resistant muscle may play a role in the previously reported fiber type-specific elevation in ISGU in some, but not all, fiber types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Pataky
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sydney L Van Acker
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rhea Dhingra
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marina M Freeburg
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Edward B Arias
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kentaro Oki
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jonas T Treebak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gregory D Cartee
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Han X, Møller LLV, De Groote E, Bojsen-Møller KN, Davey J, Henríquez-Olguin C, Li Z, Knudsen JR, Jensen TE, Madsbad S, Gregorevic P, Richter EA, Sylow L. Mechanisms involved in follistatin-induced hypertrophy and increased insulin action in skeletal muscle. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2019; 10:1241-1257. [PMID: 31402604 PMCID: PMC7663972 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle wasting is often associated with insulin resistance. A major regulator of muscle mass is the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily, including activin A, which causes atrophy. TGF-β superfamily ligands also negatively regulate insulin-sensitive proteins, but whether this pathway contributes to insulin action remains to be determined. METHODS To elucidate if TGF-β superfamily ligands regulate insulin action, we used an adeno-associated virus gene editing approach to overexpress an activin A inhibitor, follistatin (Fst288), in mouse muscle of lean and diet-induced obese mice. We determined basal and insulin-stimulated 2-deoxy-glucose uptake using isotopic tracers in vivo. Furthermore, to evaluate whether circulating Fst and activin A concentrations are associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and weight loss in humans, we analysed serum from morbidly obese subjects before, 1 week, and 1 year after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). RESULTS Fst288 muscle overexpression markedly increased in vivo insulin-stimulated (but not basal) glucose uptake (+75%, P < 0.05) and increased protein expression and intracellular insulin signalling of AKT, TBC1D4, PAK1, pyruvate dehydrogenase-E1α, and p70S6K, while decreasing TBC1D1 signaling (P < 0.05). Fst288 increased both basal and insulin-stimulated protein synthesis, but no correlation was observed between the Fst288-driven hypertrophy and the increase in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Importantly, Fst288 completely normalized muscle glucose uptake in insulin-resistant diet-induced obese mice. RYGB surgery doubled circulating Fst and reduced activin A (-24%, P < 0.05) concentration 1 week after surgery before any significant weight loss in morbidly obese normoglycemic patients, while major weight loss after 1 year did not further change the concentrations. CONCLUSIONS We here present evidence that Fst is a potent regulator of insulin action in muscle, and in addition to AKT and p70S6K, we identify TBC1D1, TBC1D4, pyruvate dehydrogenase-E1α, and PAK1 as Fst targets. Circulating Fst more than doubled post-RYGB surgery, a treatment that markedly improved insulin sensitivity, suggesting a role for Fst in regulating glycaemic control. These findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of inhibiting TGF-β superfamily ligands to improve insulin action and Fst's relevance to muscle wasting-associated insulin-resistant conditions in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqing Han
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Liliendal Valbjørn Møller
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Estelle De Groote
- Faculty of Motor Science, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Jonathan Davey
- Center for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carlos Henríquez-Olguin
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zhencheng Li
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Roland Knudsen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Elbenhardt Jensen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Paul Gregorevic
- Center for Muscle Research, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Erik Arne Richter
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lykke Sylow
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Qaradakhi T, Gadanec LK, Tacey AB, Hare DL, Buxton BF, Apostolopoulos V, Levinger I, Zulli A. The Effect of Recombinant Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin on Endothelial Dysfunction. Calcif Tissue Int 2019; 105:546-556. [PMID: 31485687 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-019-00600-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Low circulating levels of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, yet whether ucOC has a direct effect on endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, or in proximity to its postulated receptor, the class CG protein-coupled receptor (GPCR6A), in blood vessels remains unclear. Immunohistochemistry and proximity ligation assays were used to localize the presence of ucOC and GPRC6A and to determine the physical proximity (< 40 nm) in radial artery segments collected from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery (n = 6) which exhibited calcification (determined by Von Kossa) and aorta from New Zealand white rabbits exhibiting atherosclerotic plaques. Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation was assessed using cumulative doses of acetylcholine in vitro on abdominal aorta of rabbits fed a normal chow diet (n = 10) and a 4-week atherogenic diet (n = 9) pre-incubated with ucOC (10 ng/mL) or vehicle. Both ucOC and GPRC6A were localized in human and rabbit diseased-blood vessels. Proximity ligation assay staining demonstrated physical proximity of ucOC with GPRC6A only within plaques in rabbit arteries and the endothelium layer of rabbit arterioles. Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation was impaired in atherogenic abdominal aorta compared to healthy aorta and ucOC attenuated this impairment. ucOC attenuated impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in rabbit abdominal aorta following an atherogenic diet, however, this effect may be independent of GPRC6A. It is important that future studies determine the underlying cellular mechanisms by which ucOC effects blood vessels as well as whether it can be used as a therapeutic agent against the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawar Qaradakhi
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia.
| | - Laura K Gadanec
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - Alexander B Tacey
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia
| | - David L Hare
- Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Brian F Buxton
- University of Melbourne, Consultant in Cardiac Surgery, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia
| | - Anthony Zulli
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
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30
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Lewis JR, Brennan-Speranza TC, Levinger I, Byrnes E, Lim EM, Blekkenhorst LC, Sim M, Hodgson JM, Zhu K, Lim WH, Adams LA, Prince RL. Effects of calcium supplementation on circulating osteocalcin and glycated haemoglobin in older women. Osteoporos Int 2019; 30:2065-2072. [PMID: 31342138 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-019-05087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED One year of calcium supplementation in older women led to modest reductions in total osteocalcin and undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC), with no changes in muscle or fat mass, or glycated haemoglobin. Future studies should explore whether treatments with more profound effects of suppressing ucOC may lead to impaired glycaemic control. INTRODUCTION Total osteocalcin (TOC) is a marker of bone turnover, while its undercarboxylated form has beneficial effects on glucose metabolism in mice. This post hoc analysis of a randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled trial examined whether 1 year of calcium supplementation affected circulating TOC, undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) or glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in 1368 older community-dwelling women (mean age 75.2 ± 2.7 years). METHODS Women enrolled in the Calcium Intake Fracture Outcome Study trial (1998-2003) were supplemented with 1.2 g/d of elemental calcium (in the form of calcium carbonate) or placebo. Circulating TOC, ucOC and HbA1c was measured at 1 year (1999). RESULTS After 1 year of calcium supplementation, TOC and ucOC levels were 17% and 22% lower compared with placebo (mean 22.7 ± 9.1 vs. 27.3 ± 10.9 μg/L and 11.1 ± 4.9 vs. 13.0 ± 5.7 μg/L, both P < 0.001). Carboxylated osteocalcin/ucOC was 6% lower after calcium supplementation (P < 0.05). Despite this, no differences in HbA1c were observed (calcium, 5.2 ± 0.6 vs. placebo, 5.3 ± 0.8%; P = 0.08). Calcium supplementation did not affect BMI, whole body lean or fat mass. In exploratory analyses, total calcium (dietary and supplemental) was inversely related to TOC and ucOC, indicating calcium intake is an important dietary determinant of osteocalcin levels. CONCLUSION One year of calcium supplementation in older women led to modest reductions in TOC and ucOC, with no changes in muscle or fat mass, or HbA1c. Future studies should explore whether treatments with more profound effects of suppressing ucOC may lead to impaired glycaemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Lewis
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - T C Brennan-Speranza
- Department of Physiology, Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - I Levinger
- Institute of Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - E Byrnes
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - E M Lim
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - L C Blekkenhorst
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - M Sim
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - J M Hodgson
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - K Zhu
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - W H Lim
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Renal Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - L A Adams
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Hepatology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
| | - R L Prince
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
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31
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Hiam D, Voisin S, Yan X, Landen S, Jacques M, Papadimitriou ID, Munson F, Byrnes E, Brennan-Speranza TC, Levinger I, Eynon N. The association between bone mineral density gene variants and osteocalcin at baseline, and in response to exercise: The Gene SMART study. Bone 2019; 123:23-27. [PMID: 30878522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteocalcin (OC) is used as a surrogate marker for bone turnover in clinical settings. As bone mineral density (BMD) is largely heritable, we tested the hypothesis that a) bone-associated genetic variants previously identified in Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) and combined into a genetic risk score (GRS) are associated with a) circulating levels of OC and b) the changes in OC following acute exercise. METHODS Total OC (tOC), undercarboxylated OC (ucOC), and carboxylated OC (cOC) were measured in serum of 73 healthy Caucasian males at baseline and after a single bout of high-intensity interval exercise. In addition, genotyping was conducted targeting GWAS variants previously reported to be associated with BMD and then combined into a GRS. Potential associations between the GRS and tOC, ucOC and cOC were tested with linear regressions adjusted for age. RESULTS At baseline none of the individual SNPs associated with tOC, ucOC and cOC. However, when combined, a higher GRS was associated with higher tOC (β = 0.193 ng/mL; p = 0.037; 95% CI = 0.012, 0.361) and cOC (β = 0.188 ng/mL; p = 0.04; 95% CI = 0.004, 0.433). Following exercise, GRS was associated with ucOC levels, (β = 3.864 ng/mL; p-value = 0.008; 95% CI = 1.063, 6.664) but not with tOC or cOC. CONCLUSION Screening for genetic variations may assist in identifying people at risk for abnormal circulating levels of OC at baseline/rest. Genetic variations in BMD predicted the ucOC response to acute exercise indicating that physiological functional response to exercise may be influenced by bone-related gene variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shanie Landen
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Macsue Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Fiona Munson
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.; Science (AIMSS), Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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Parker L, Shaw CS, Byrnes E, Stepto NK, Levinger I. Acute continuous moderate-intensity exercise, but not low-volume high-intensity interval exercise, attenuates postprandial suppression of circulating osteocalcin in young overweight and obese adults. Osteoporos Int 2019; 30:403-410. [PMID: 30306222 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-018-4719-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bone remodeling markers (BRMs) are suppressed following the consumption of a meal. Our findings indicate that a single session of continuous moderate-intensity exercise, but not low-volume high-intensity interval exercise, performed 1 h after a meal attenuates the postprandial suppression of BRMs. INTRODUCTION Acute exercise transiently increases BRMs including osteocalcin (tOC) and the undercarboxylated form of osteocalcin (ucOC), a hormone that is implicated in glucose regulation. The effects of acute exercise and exercise-intensity on postprandial levels of tOC and ucOC are unknown. METHODS Twenty-seven adults that were overweight or obese (age 30 ± 1 years; BMI 30 ± 1 kg∙m-2; mean ± SEM) were randomly allocated to perform a single session of low-volume high-intensity interval exercise (LV-HIIE; nine females, five males) or continuous moderate-intensity exercise (CMIE; eightfemales, five males) 1 h after consumption of a standard breakfast. Serum tOC, ucOC, and ucOC/tOC were measured at baseline, 1 h, and 3 h after breakfast consumption on a rest day (no exercise) and the exercise day (exercise 1 h after breakfast). RESULTS Compared to baseline, serum tOC and ucOC were suppressed 3 h after breakfast on the rest day (- 10 ± 1% and - 6 ± 2%, respectively; p < 0.05), whereas ucOC/tOC was elevated (2.5 ± 1%; p = 0.08). Compared to the rest day, CMIE attenuated the postprandial-induced suppression of tOC (rest day - 10 ± 2% versus CMIE - 5 ± 2%, p < 0.05) and ucOC (rest day - 6 ± 4% versus CMIE 11 ± 2%, p < 0.05), and increased postprandial ucOC/tOC (rest day 3 ± 2% versus CMIE 15 ± 1%, p < 0.05). In contrast, LV-HIIE did not alter postprandial tOC, ucOC, or ucOC/tOC (all p > 0.1). CONCLUSIONS Acute CMIE, but not LV-HIIE, attenuates the postprandial-induced suppression of tOC and ucOC. CMIE may be an effective tool to control the circulating levels of BRMs following meal consumption in overweight/obese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - C S Shaw
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - E Byrnes
- PathWest QEII Medical Centre, Perth, Australia
| | - N K Stepto
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash Centre of Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - I Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Parker L, Lin X, Garnham A, McConell G, Stepto NK, Hare DL, Byrnes E, Ebeling PR, Seeman E, Brennan-Speranza TC, Levinger I. Glucocorticoid-Induced Insulin Resistance in Men Is Associated With Suppressed Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:49-58. [PMID: 30138543 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In mice, glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance occurs largely through impaired osteoblast function and decreased circulating undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC). Whether these mechanisms contribute to glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance in humans has yet to be established. In addition, the effects of glucocorticoids on the exercise-induced increase in circulating ucOC and insulin sensitivity are also unknown. We hypothesized that acute glucocorticoid treatment would lead to basal and postexercise insulin resistance in part through decreased circulating ucOC and ucOC-mediated skeletal muscle protein signaling. Nine healthy men completed two separate cycling sessions 12 hours after ingesting either glucocorticoid (20 mg prednisolone) or placebo (20 mg Avicel). The homeostatic model assessment was used to assess basal insulin sensitivity and a 2-hour euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp was commenced 3 hours after exercise to assess postexercise insulin sensitivity. Serum ucOC and skeletal muscle protein signaling were measured. Single-dose glucocorticoid ingestion increased fasting glucose (27%, p < 0.01) and insulin (83%, p < 0.01), and decreased basal insulin sensitivity (-47%, p < 0.01). Glucocorticoids reduced insulin sensitivity after cycling exercise (-34%, p < 0.01), reduced muscle GPRC6A protein content (16%, p < 0.05), and attenuated protein phosphorylation of mTORSer2481 , AktSer374 , and AS160Thr642 (59%, 61%, and 50%, respectively; all ps < 0.05). Serum ucOC decreased (-24%, p < 0.01) which correlated with lower basal insulin sensitivity (r = 0.54, p = 0.02), lower insulin sensitivity after exercise (r = 0.72, p < 0.05), and attenuated muscle protein signaling (r = 0.48-0.71, p < 0.05). Glucocorticoid-induced basal and postexercise insulin resistance in humans is associated with the suppression of circulating ucOC and ucOC-linked protein signaling in skeletal muscle. Whether ucOC treatment can offset glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance in human subjects requires further investigation. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewan Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Institute of Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xuzhu Lin
- Institute of Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Garnham
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Institute of Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenn McConell
- Institute of Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nigel K Stepto
- Institute of Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Monash Centre of Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David L Hare
- University of Melbourne and the Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Peter R Ebeling
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ego Seeman
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Mary Mackillop Institute of Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute of Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,University of Melbourne and the Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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34
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Tacey A, Qaradakhi T, Brennan-Speranza T, Hayes A, Zulli A, Levinger I. Potential Role for Osteocalcin in the Development of Atherosclerosis and Blood Vessel Disease. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101426. [PMID: 30287742 PMCID: PMC6213520 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence for the involvement of the skeleton in the regulation of atherosclerotic vascular disease. Osteocalcin, an osteoblast derived protein, exists in two forms, carboxylated and undercarboxylated osteocalcin. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin has been linked to the regulation of metabolic functions, including glucose and lipid metabolism. Features of atherosclerosis have been associated with circulating osteocalcin; however, this association is often conflicting and unclear. Therefore, the aim of this review is to examine the evidence for a role of osteocalcin in atherosclerosis development and progression, and in particular endothelial dysfunction and vascular calcification. The current literature suggests that undercarboxylated osteocalcin stimulates the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway to upregulate nitric oxide and nuclear factor kappa β (NF-кβ) in vascular cells, possibly protecting endothelial function and preventing atherogenesis. However, this effect may be mediated by metabolic factors, such as improvements in insulin signaling, rather than through a direct effect on the vasculature. Total osteocalcin is frequently associated with vascular calcification, an association that may occur as a result of vascular cells eliciting an osteogenic phenotype. Whether osteocalcin acts as a mediator or a marker of vascular calcification is currently unclear. As such, further studies that examine each form of osteocalcin are required to elucidate if it is a mediator of atherogenesis, and whether it functions independently of metabolic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tacey
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia.
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Department of Medicine, Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia.
| | - Tawar Qaradakhi
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia.
| | - Tara Brennan-Speranza
- Department of Physiology and Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Alan Hayes
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia.
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Department of Medicine, Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia.
| | - Anthony Zulli
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia.
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia.
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Department of Medicine, Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia.
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35
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Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin: Experimental and Human Evidence for a Role in Glucose Homeostasis and Muscle Regulation of Insulin Sensitivity. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070847. [PMID: 29966260 PMCID: PMC6073619 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances have indicated that osteocalcin, and in particular its undercarboxylated form (ucOC), is not only a nutritional biomarker reflective of vitamin K status and an indicator of bone health but also an active hormone that mediates glucose metabolism in experimental studies. This work has been supported by the putative identification of G protein-coupled receptor, class C, group 6, member A (GPRC6A) as a cell surface receptor for ucOC. Of note, ucOC has been associated with diabetes and with cardiovascular risk in epidemiological studies, consistent with a pathophysiological role for ucOC in vivo. Limitations of existing knowledge include uncertainty regarding the underlying mechanisms by which ucOC interacts with GPRC6A to modulate metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes, technical issues with commonly used assays for ucOC in serum, and a paucity of clinical trials to prove causation and illuminate the scope for novel health interventions. A key emerging area of research is the role of ucOC in relation to expression of GPRC6A in muscle, and whether exercise interventions may modulate metabolic outcomes favorably in part via ucOC. Further research is warranted to clarify potential direct and indirect roles for ucOC in human health and cardiometabolic diseases.
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36
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Ma C, Tonks KT, Center JR, Samocha-Bonet D, Greenfield JR. Complex interplay among adiposity, insulin resistance and bone health. Clin Obes 2018; 8:131-139. [PMID: 29334695 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and osteoporosis are common public health problems. Paradoxically, while obesity is associated with higher bone density, type 2 diabetic obese individuals have an increased fracture risk. Although obesity and insulin resistance co-exist, some obese individuals remain insulin-sensitive. We suggest that the apparent paradox relating obesity, bone density and fracture risk in type 2 diabetes may be at least partly influenced by differences in bone strength and quality between insulin-resistant and insulin-sensitive obese individuals. In this review, we focus on the complex interplay between, adiposity, insulin resistance and osteoporotic fracture risk and suggest that this is an important area of study that has implications for individually tailored and targeted treatment to prevent osteoporotic fracture in obese type 2 diabetic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - K T Tonks
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Diabetes and Metabolism Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - J R Center
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Bone Biology Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - D Samocha-Bonet
- Diabetes and Metabolism Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - J R Greenfield
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Diabetes and Metabolism Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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37
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Wyckelsma VL, Levinger I, Murphy RM, Petersen AC, Perry BD, Hedges CP, Anderson MJ, McKenna MJ. Intense interval training in healthy older adults increases skeletal muscle [ 3H]ouabain-binding site content and elevates Na +,K +-ATPase α 2 isoform abundance in Type II fibers. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/7/e13219. [PMID: 28373411 PMCID: PMC5392511 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Young adults typically adapt to intense exercise training with an increased skeletal muscle Na+,K+-ATPase (NKA) content, concomitant with reduced extracellular potassium concentration [K+] during exercise and enhanced exercise performance. Whether these changes with longitudinal training occur in older adults is unknown and was investigated here. Fifteen older adults (69.4 ± 3.5 years, mean ± SD) were randomized to either 12 weeks of intense interval training (4 × 4 min at 90-95% peak heart rate), 3 days/week (IIT, n = 8); or no exercise controls (n = 7). Before and after training, participants completed an incremental cycle ergometer exercise test until a rating of perceived exertion of 17 (very hard) on a 20-point scale was attained, with measures of antecubital venous [K+]v Participants underwent a resting muscle biopsy prior to and at 48-72 h following the final training session. After IIT, the peak exercise work rate (25%), oxygen uptake (16%) and heart rate (6%) were increased (P < 0.05). After IIT, the peak exercise plasma [K+]v tended to rise (P = 0.07), while the rise in plasma [K+]v relative to work performed (nmol.L-1J-1) was unchanged. Muscle NKA content increased by 11% after IIT (P < 0.05). Single fiber measurements, increased in NKA α2 isoform in Type II fibers after IIT (30%, P < 0.05), with no changes to the other isoforms in single fibers or homogenate. Thus, intense exercise training in older adults induced an upregulation of muscle NKA, with a fiber-specific increase in NKA α2 abundance in Type II fibers, coincident with increased muscle NKA content and enhanced exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Wyckelsma
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria, Australia
| | - Robyn M Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aaron C Petersen
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria, Australia
| | - Ben D Perry
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria, Australia.,Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christopher P Hedges
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria, Australia
| | - Mitchell J Anderson
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria, Australia.,Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael J McKenna
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria, Australia
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Trewin AJ, Levinger I, Parker L, Shaw CS, Serpiello FR, Anderson MJ, McConell GK, Hare DL, Stepto NK. Acute exercise alters skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration and H2O2 emission in response to hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in middle-aged obese men. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188421. [PMID: 29161316 PMCID: PMC5697830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, sedentary lifestyle and aging are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired insulin sensitivity. Acute exercise increases insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle; however, whether mitochondria are involved in these processes remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of insulin stimulation at rest and after acute exercise on skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory function (JO2) and hydrogen peroxide emission (JH2O2), and the associations with insulin sensitivity in obese, sedentary men. Nine men (means ± SD: 57 ± 6 years; BMI 33 ± 5 kg.m2) underwent hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps in two separate trials 1–3 weeks apart: one under resting conditions, and another 1 hour after high-intensity exercise (4x4 min cycling at 95% HRpeak). Muscle biopsies were obtained at baseline, and pre/post clamp to measure JO2 with high-resolution respirometry and JH2O2 via Amplex UltraRed from permeabilized fibers. Post-exercise, both JO2 and JH2O2 during ADP stimulated state-3/OXPHOS respiration were lower compared to baseline (P<0.05), but not after subsequent insulin stimulation. JH2O2 was lower post-exercise and after subsequent insulin stimulation compared to insulin stimulation in the rest trial during succinate supported state-4/leak respiration (P<0.05). In contrast, JH2O2 increased during complex-I supported leak respiration with insulin after exercise compared with resting conditions (P<0.05). Resting insulin sensitivity and JH2O2 during complex-I leak respiration were positively correlated (r = 0.77, P<0.05). We conclude that in obese, older and sedentary men, acute exercise modifies skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration and H2O2 emission responses to hyperinsulinemia in a respiratory state-specific manner, which may have implications for metabolic diseases involving insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Trewin
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, St. Albans, Australia
| | - Lewan Parker
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Christopher S. Shaw
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Fabio R. Serpiello
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mitchell J. Anderson
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Glenn K. McConell
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David L. Hare
- University of Melbourne, and Department of Cardiology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nigel K. Stepto
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, St. Albans, Australia
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), Monash University and Monash Health, Clayton, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Cheung AS, de Rooy C, Levinger I, Rana K, Clarke MV, How JM, Garnham A, McLean C, Zajac JD, Davey RA, Grossmann M. Actin alpha cardiac muscle 1 gene expression is upregulated in the skeletal muscle of men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 174:56-64. [PMID: 28756295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) decreases muscle mass and function but no human studies have investigated the underlying genetic or cellular effects. We tested the hypothesis that ADT will lead to changes in skeletal muscle gene expression, which may explain the adverse muscle phenotype seen clinically. We conducted a prospective cohort study of 9 men with localised prostate cancer who underwent a vastus lateralis biopsy before and after 4 weeks of ADT. Next-generation RNA sequencing was performed and genes differentially expressed following ADT underwent gene ontology mining using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Differential expression of genes of interest was confirmed by quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) on gastrocnemius muscle of orchidectomised mice and sham controls (n=11/group). We found that in men, circulating total testosterone decreased from 16.5±4.3nmol/L at baseline to 0.4±0.15nmol/L post-ADT (p<0.001). RNA sequencing identified 19 differentially expressed genes post-ADT (all p<0.05 after adjusting for multiple testing). Gene ontology mining identified 8 genes to be of particular interest due to known roles in androgen-mediated signalling; ABCG1, ACTC1, ANKRD1, DMPK, THY1, DCLK1, CST3 were upregulated and SLC38A3 was downregulated post-ADT. Q-PCR in mouse gastrocnemius muscle confirmed that only one gene, Actc1 was concordantly upregulated (p<0.01) in orchidectomised mice compared with controls. In conclusion, given that ACTC1 upregulation is associated with improved muscle function in certain myopathies, we hypothesise that upregulation of ACTC1 may represent a compensatory response to ADT-induced muscle loss. Further studies will be required to evaluate the role and function of ACTC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada S Cheung
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Casey de Rooy
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute of Sport, Exercise, and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Victoria, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Western Health, St. Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Kesha Rana
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michele V Clarke
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jackie M How
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Garnham
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Jeffrey D Zajac
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel A Davey
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mathis Grossmann
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Colleluori G, Napoli N, Phadnis U, Armamento-Villareal R, Villareal DT. Effect of Weight Loss, Exercise, or Both on Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin and Insulin Secretion in Frail, Obese Older Adults. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:4807046. [PMID: 28951766 PMCID: PMC5603129 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4807046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity exacerbates age-related decline in glucometabolic control. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (UcOC) regulates pancreatic insulin secretion. The long-term effect of lifestyle interventions on UcOC and insulin secretion has not been investigated. METHODS One hundred seven frail, obese older adults were randomized into the control (N = 27), diet (N = 26), exercise (N = 26), and diet-exercise (N = 28) groups for 1 year. Main outcomes included changes in UcOC and disposition index (DI). RESULTS UcOC increased in the diet group (36 ± 11.6%) but not in the other groups (P < 0.05 between groups). Although similar increases in DI occurred in the diet-exercise and diet groups at 6 months, DI increased more in the diet-exercise group (92.4 ± 11.4%) than in the diet group (61.9 ± 15.3%) at 12 months (P < 0.05). UcOC and body composition changes predicted DI variation in the diet group only (R2 = 0.712), while adipocytokines and physical function changes contributed to DI variation in both the diet (∆R2 = 0.140 and 0.107) and diet-exercise (∆R2 = 0.427 and 0.243) groups (P < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS Diet, but not exercise or both, increases UcOC, whereas both diet and diet-exercise increase DI. UcOC accounts for DI variation only during active weight loss, while adipocytokines and physical function contribute to diet-exercise-induced DI variation, highlighting different mechanisms for lifestyle-induced improvements in insulin secretion. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT00146107.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Colleluori
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- University Campus-Biomedico, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Uma Phadnis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Reina Armamento-Villareal
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dennis T. Villareal
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Levinger I, Brennan-Speranza TC, Zulli A, Parker L, Lin X, Lewis JR, Yeap BB. Multifaceted interaction of bone, muscle, lifestyle interventions and metabolic and cardiovascular disease: role of osteocalcin. Osteoporos Int 2017; 28:2265-2273. [PMID: 28289780 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-017-3994-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) may play a role in glucose homeostasis and cardiometabolic health. This review examines the epidemiological and interventional evidence associating osteocalcin (OC) and ucOC with metabolic risk and cardiovascular disease. The complexity in assessing such correlations, due to the observational nature of human studies, is discussed. Several studies have reported that higher levels of ucOC and OC are correlated with lower fat mass and HbA1c. In addition, improved measures of glycaemic control via pharmacological and non-pharmacological (e.g. exercise or diet) interventions are often associated with increased circulating levels of OC and/or ucOC. There is also a relationship between lower circulating OC and ucOC and increased measures of vascular calcification and cardiovascular disease. However, not all studies have reported such relationship, some with contradictory findings. Equivocal findings may arise because of the observational nature of the studies and the inability to directly assess the relationship between OC and ucOC on glycaemic control and cardiovascular health in humans. Studying OC and ucOC in humans is further complicated due to numerous confounding factors such as sex differences, menopausal status, vitamin K status, physical activity level, body mass index, insulin sensitivity (normal/insulin resistance/T2DM), tissue-specific effects and renal function among others. Current observational and indirect interventional evidence appears to support a relationship between ucOC with metabolic and cardiovascular disease. There is also emerging evidence to suggest a direct role of ucOC in human metabolism. Further mechanistic studies are required to (a) clarify causality, (b) explore mechanisms involved and
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Affiliation(s)
- I Levinger
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia.
| | - T C Brennan-Speranza
- Department of Physiology and Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Zulli
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - L Parker
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - X Lin
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - J R Lewis
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - B B Yeap
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
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Park YE, Musson DS, Naot D, Cornish J. Cell–cell communication in bone development and whole-body homeostasis and pharmacological avenues for bone disorders. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2017; 34:21-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Le Doan V, Marcil V. [Osteocalcin and glucose metabolism: assessment of human studies]. Med Sci (Paris) 2017; 33:417-422. [PMID: 28497738 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20173304012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteocalcin, a protein secreted by osteoblasts, is recognized as a biomarker of bone mineralization. Besides, animal experimental studies have shown that osteocalcin could play an important role in glucose metabolism. Over the course of the last decade, this theory has been investigated in several human studies. Most of the results obtained from these reports support a positive correlation between total and undercarboxylated osteocalcin and insulin secretion/sensitivity. Studies also corroborate a reverse association with glycemic parameters such as fasting glucose and glycated hemoglobin. Nevertheless, because most of the studies published are observational, it is not possible to yet confirm a direct cause-effect relationship. Research in the field will surely contribute to the development of new pharmacological strategies for the treatment of endocrine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Le Doan
- Centre de recherche, CHU Sainte-Justine et Département de Nutrition, Université de Montréal, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1C5 Canada
| | - Valérie Marcil
- Centre de recherche, CHU Sainte-Justine et Département de Nutrition, Université de Montréal, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1C5 Canada
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Levinger I, Yan X, Bishop D, Houweling PJ, Papadimitriou I, Munson F, Byrnes E, Vicari D, Brennan-Speranza TC, Eynon N. The influence of α-actinin-3 deficiency on bone remodelling markers in young men. Bone 2017; 98:26-30. [PMID: 28254467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a large individual variation in the bone remodelling markers (BRMs) osteocalcin (OC), procollagen 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) and β-isomerized C-terminal telopeptide (β-CTx), as well as undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC), at rest and in response to exercise. α-actinin-3 (ACTN3), a sarcomeric protein, is expressed in skeletal muscle and osteoblasts and may influence BRM levels and the cross-talk between muscle and bone. We tested the levels of serum BRMs in α-actinin-3 deficient humans (ACTN3 XX) at baseline, and following a single bout of exercise. Forty-three healthy Caucasian individuals were divided into three groups (ACTN3 XX, n=13; ACTN3 RX, n=16; ACTN3 RR, n=14). Participants completed a single session of High Intensity Interval Exercise (HIIE) on a cycle ergometer (8×2-min intervals at 85% of maximal power). Blood samples were taken before, immediately after, and three hours post exercise to identify the peak changes in serum BRMs. There was a stepwise increase in resting serum BRMs across the ACTN3 genotypes (XX>RX>RR) with significantly higher levels of tOC ~26%, P1NP ~34%, and β-CTX (~33%) in those with ACTN3 XX compared to ACTN3 RR. Following exercise BRMs and ucOC were higher in all three ACTN3 genotypes, with no significant differences between groups. Serum levels of tOC, P1NP and β-CTX are higher in men with ACTN3 XX genotype (α-actinin-3 deficiency) compared to RR and RX. It appears that the response of BRMs and ucOC to exercise is not explained by the ACTN3 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Levinger
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Ioannis Papadimitriou
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fiona Munson
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Daniele Vicari
- Department of Physiology, Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tara C Brennan-Speranza
- Department of Physiology, Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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Parker L, Shaw CS, Stepto NK, Levinger I. Exercise and Glycemic Control: Focus on Redox Homeostasis and Redox-Sensitive Protein Signaling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:87. [PMID: 28529499 PMCID: PMC5418238 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity, excess energy consumption, and obesity are associated with elevated systemic oxidative stress and the sustained activation of redox-sensitive stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Sustained SAPK activation leads to aberrant insulin signaling, impaired glycemic control, and the development and progression of cardiometabolic disease. Paradoxically, acute exercise transiently increases oxidative stress and SAPK signaling, yet postexercise glycemic control and skeletal muscle function are enhanced. Furthermore, regular exercise leads to the upregulation of antioxidant defense, which likely assists in the mitigation of chronic oxidative stress-associated disease. In this review, we explore the complex spatiotemporal interplay between exercise, oxidative stress, and glycemic control, and highlight exercise-induced reactive oxygen species and redox-sensitive protein signaling as important regulators of glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewan Parker
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Lewan Parker, ,
| | - Christopher S. Shaw
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Nigel K. Stepto
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University and Western Health, St. Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University and Western Health, St. Albans, VIC, Australia
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Lin X, Parker L, Mclennan E, Zhang X, Hayes A, McConell G, Brennan-Speranza TC, Levinger I. Recombinant Uncarboxylated Osteocalcin Per Se Enhances Mouse Skeletal Muscle Glucose Uptake in both Extensor Digitorum Longus and Soleus Muscles. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:330. [PMID: 29204135 PMCID: PMC5698688 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) improves muscle glucose uptake in rodents. However, whether ucOC can directly increase glucose uptake in both glycolytic and oxidative muscles and the possible mechanisms of action still need further exploration. We tested the hypothesis that ucOC per se stimulates muscle glucose uptake via extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and/or the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2)-protein kinase B (AKT)-AKT substrate of 160 kDa (AS160) signaling cascade. Extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles from male C57BL/6 mice were isolated, divided into halves, and then incubated with ucOC with or without the pretreatment of ERK inhibitor U0126. ucOC increased muscle glucose uptake in both EDL and soleus. It also enhanced phosphorylation of ERK2 (Thr202/Tyr204) and AS160 (Thr642) in both muscle types and increased mTOR phosphorylation (Ser2481) in EDL only. ucOC had no significant effect on the phosphorylation of AMPKα (Thr172). The inhibition of ucOC-induced ERK phosphorylation had limited effect on ucOC-stimulated glucose uptake and AS160 phosphorylation in both muscle types, but appeared to inhibit the elevation in AKT phosphorylation only in EDL. Taken together, ucOC at the physiological range directly increased glucose uptake in both EDL and soleus muscles in mouse. The molecular mechanisms behind this ucOC effect on muscle glucose uptake seem to be muscle type-specific, involving enhanced phosphorylation of AS160 but limitedly modulated by ERK phosphorylation. Our study suggests that, since ucOC increases muscle glucose uptake without insulin, it could be considered as a potential agent to improve muscle glucose uptake in insulin resistant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhu Lin
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lewan Parker
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Emma Mclennan
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xinmei Zhang
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alan Hayes
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenn McConell
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tara C. Brennan-Speranza
- Department of Physiology, Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Itamar Levinger,
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Shu H, Pei Y, Chen K, Lu J. Significant inverse association between serum osteocalcin and incident type 2 diabetes in a middle-aged cohort. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2016; 32:867-874. [PMID: 27061949 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence indicates that osteocalcin links bone formation to glucose homeostasis. However, the correlation between osteocalcin and incident type 2 diabetes has been controversial based on the limited results of cohort studies. We examined the link between serum osteocalcin and glucose homeostasis including incident type 2 diabetes in a 3-year follow-up study. METHODS This retrospective study enrolled 1870 middle-aged subjects (1279 men, 591 women) at Chinese PLA General Hospital who were followed-up for 3 years. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to determine whether incident type 2 diabetes was influenced by the osteocalcin concentrations measured with an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. RESULTS At baseline, the blood glucose levels and prevalence of metabolic syndrome varied inversely with the osteocalcin quartiles. During follow-up, type 2 diabetes developed in 80 of the 1870 subjects. The prevalence decreased with osteocalcin quartiles (P = 0.016). In models adjusted for metabolism-related parameters, osteocalcin was inversely associated with fasting plasma glucose {β = -0.017 [95% confidence interval (CI), -0.034-0.00], P = 0.040}. Osteocalcin was inversely related to the risk of incident type 2 diabetes assessed using a model adjusted for glucose metabolic parameters, 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 and parathyroid hormone (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.09 [95% CI, 0.01-0.96], P = 0.046). The onset risk of diabetes in the first osteocalcin quartile was higher than in the fourth quartile (HR = 1.67 [95% CI, 0.96-3.48], P = 0.035). The correlation was strongly significant after fully adjusting for glucose related parameters and bone turnover (HR = 3.02 [95% CI, 1.25-7.32], P = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS Low serum osteocalcin concentrations at baseline were independently related to an increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Shu
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Pei
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Juming Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Parker L, Stepto NK, Shaw CS, Serpiello FR, Anderson M, Hare DL, Levinger I. Acute High-Intensity Interval Exercise-Induced Redox Signaling Is Associated with Enhanced Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Middle-Aged Men. Front Physiol 2016; 7:411. [PMID: 27695421 PMCID: PMC5026033 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Obesity and aging are associated with increased oxidative stress, activation of stress and mitogen activated protein kinases (SAPK), and the development of insulin resistance and metabolic disease. In contrast, acute exercise also increases oxidative stress and SAPK signaling, yet is reported to enhance insulin sensitivity and reduce the risk of metabolic disease. This study explored this paradox by investigating the effect of a single session of high-intensity interval-exercise (HIIE) on redox status, muscle SAPK and insulin protein signaling in eleven middle-aged obese men. Methods: Participants completed a 2 h hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp at rest, and 60 min after HIIE (4 × 4 mins at 95% HRpeak; 2 min recovery periods), separated by 1–3 weeks. Results: Irrespective of exercise-induced changes to redox status, insulin stimulation both at rest and after HIIE similarly increased plasma superoxide dismutase activity, plasma catalase activity, and skeletal muscle 4-HNE; and significantly decreased plasma TBARS and hydrogen peroxide. The SAPK signaling pathways of p38 MAPK, NF-κB p65, and JNK, and the distal insulin signaling protein AS160Ser588, were activated with insulin stimulation at rest and to a greater extent with insulin stimulation after a prior bout of HIIE. Higher insulin sensitivity after HIIE was associated with higher insulin-stimulated SOD activity, JNK, p38 MAPK and NF-κB phosphorylation (r = 0.63, r = 0.71, r = 0.72, r = 0.71; p < 0.05, respectively). Conclusion:These findings support a role for redox homeostasis and SAPK signaling in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake which may contribute to the enhancement of insulin sensitivity in obese men 3 h after HIIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewan Parker
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nigel K Stepto
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher S Shaw
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Fabio R Serpiello
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mitchell Anderson
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David L Hare
- University of Melbourne and the Department of Cardiology, Austin Health Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Levinger I, Brennan-Speranza TC, Stepto NK, Jerums G, Parker L, McConell GK, Anderson M, Garnham A, Hare DL, Ebeling PR, Seeman E. A Single Dose of Prednisolone as a Modulator of Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin and Insulin Sensitivity Post-Exercise in Healthy Young Men: A Study Protocol. JMIR Res Protoc 2016; 5:e78. [PMID: 27259402 PMCID: PMC4912677 DOI: 10.2196/resprot.5119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) increases insulin sensitivity in mice. In humans, data are supportive, but the studies are mostly cross-sectional. Exercise increases whole-body insulin sensitivity, in part via ucOC, while acute glucocorticoid treatment suppresses ucOC in humans and mice. OBJECTIVES A single dose of prednisolone reduces the rise in ucOC produced by exercise, which partly accounts for the failed increase in insulin sensitivity following exercise. METHODS Healthy young men (n=12) aged 18 to 40 years will be recruited. Initial assessments will include analysis of fasting blood, body composition, aerobic power (VO2peak), and peak heart rate. Participants will then be randomly allocated, double-blind, to a single dose of 20 mg of prednisolone or placebo. The two experimental trials will involve 30 minutes of interval exercise (90%-95% peak heart rate), followed by 3 hours of recovery and 2 hours of euglycaemic- hyperinsulinaemic clamp (insulin clamp). Seven muscle biopsies and blood samples will be obtained at rest, following exercise and post-insulin clamps. RESULTS The study is funded by the National Heart Foundation of Australia and Victoria University. Enrollment has already commenced and data collection will be completed in 2016. CONCLUSION If the hypothesis is confirmed, the study will provide novel insights into the potential role of ucOC in insulin sensitivity in human subjects and will elucidate pathways involved in exercise-induced insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar Levinger
- Clinical Exercise Science Research Program, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Qi Z, Liu W, Lu J. The mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise on bone remodeling: Roles of bone-derived cytokines and microRNAs. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 122:131-139. [PMID: 27179638 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone remodeling is highly dynamic and complex in response to mechanical loading, such as exercise. In this review, we concluded that a number of individual factors are disturbing the clinical effects of exercise on bone remodeling. We updated the progress made on the differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in response to mechanical loading, hoping to provide a theoretical basis to improve bone metabolism with exercise. Increasing evidences indicate that bone is not only a structural scaffold but also an endocrine organ, which secretes osteocalcin and FGF23. Both of them have been known as a circulating hormone to promote insulin sensitivity and reduce body fat mass. The effects of exercise on these bone-derived cytokines provide a better understanding of how exercise-induced "osteokine" affects the whole-body homeostasis. Additionally, we discussed recent studies highlighting the post-transcriptional regulation of microRNAs in bone remodeling. We focus on the involvement of the microRNAs in osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis, and suggest that microRNAs may be critical for exercise-induced bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengtang Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (East China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200241, China; School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Weina Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (East China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200241, China; School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Jianqiang Lu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
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