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Li T, Liu Y, Zhu H, Cao L, Zhou Y, Liu D, Shen Q. Cellular ATP redistribution achieved by deleting Tgparp improves lignocellulose utilization of Trichoderma under heat stress. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:54. [PMID: 38637859 PMCID: PMC11027231 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02502-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thermotolerance is widely acknowledged as a pivotal factor for fungal survival across diverse habitats. Heat stress induces a cascade of disruptions in various life processes, especially in the acquisition of carbon sources, while the mechanisms by which filamentous fungi adapt to heat stress and maintain carbon sources are still not fully understood. RESULTS Using Trichoderma guizhouense, a representative beneficial microorganism for plants, we discover that heat stress severely inhibits the lignocellulases secretion, affecting carbon source utilization efficiency. Proteomic results at different temperatures suggest that proteins involved in the poly ADP-ribosylation pathway (TgPARP and TgADPRase) may play pivotal roles in thermal adaptation and lignocellulose utilization. TgPARP is induced by heat stress, while the deletion of Tgparp significantly improves the lignocellulose utilization capacity and lignocellulases secretion in T. guizhouense. Simultaneously, the absence of Tgparp prevents the excessive depletion of ATP and NAD+, enhances the protective role of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and elevates the expression levels of the unfolded protein response (UPR)-related regulatory factor Tgire. Further investigations reveal that a stable MMP can establish energy homeostasis, allocating more ATP within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to reduce protein accumulation in the ER, thereby enhancing the lignocellulases secretion in T. guizhouense under heat stress. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings underscored the significance of Tgparp as pivotal regulators in lignocellulose utilization under heat stress and provided further insights into the molecular mechanism of filamentous fungi in utilizing lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Li
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing, China
- College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing, China
- College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Han Zhu
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing, China
- College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linhua Cao
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing, China
- College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yihao Zhou
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing, China
- College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongyang Liu
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing, China.
- College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qirong Shen
- Key Lab of Organic-Based Fertilizers of China and Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing, China
- College of Resources & Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
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Kredics L, Büchner R, Balázs D, Allaga H, Kedves O, Racić G, Varga A, Nagy VD, Vágvölgyi C, Sipos G. Recent advances in the use of Trichoderma-containing multicomponent microbial inoculants for pathogen control and plant growth promotion. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:162. [PMID: 38613584 PMCID: PMC11015995 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Chemical pesticides and fertilizers are used in agricultural production worldwide to prevent damage from plant pathogenic microorganisms, insects, and nematodes, to minimize crop losses and to preserve crop quality. However, the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers can severely pollute soil, water, and air, posing risks to the environment and human health. Consequently, developing new, alternative, environment-friendly microbial soil treatment interventions for plant protection and crop yield increase has become indispensable. Members of the filamentous fungal genus Trichoderma (Ascomycota, Sordariomycetes, Hypocreales) have long been known as efficient antagonists of plant pathogenic microorganisms based on various beneficial traits and abilities of these fungi. This minireview aims to discuss the advances in the field of Trichoderma-containing multicomponent microbiological inoculants based on recent experimental updates. Trichoderma strains can be combined with each other, with other fungi and/or with beneficial bacteria. The development and field performance of such inoculants will be addressed, focusing on the complementarity, synergy, and compatibility of their microbial components.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Kredics
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.
| | - Rita Büchner
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Dóra Balázs
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Henrietta Allaga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Kedves
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Gordana Racić
- Faculty of Ecological Agriculture, Educons University, Vojvode Putnika 87, Sremska Kamenica, 21208, Serbia
| | - András Varga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Viktor Dávid Nagy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - György Sipos
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Forest and Natural Resource Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of Sopron, Sopron, 9400, Hungary
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Rani J, Dhoble AS. Effect of fungal pretreatment by Pycnoporus sanguineus and Trichoderma longibrachiatum on the anaerobic digestion of rice straw. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 387:129503. [PMID: 37506938 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Rice straw is composed of complex lignocellulosic biomass, representing a major obstacle in its conversion to bioenergy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of less explored fungal strains Trichoderma longibrachiatum (TL) and Pycnoporus sanguineus (PS) in improving hydrolysis and bioavailability of rice straw in anaerobic digestion (AD). The fungal treatment of rice straw for 10 days by PS and TL increased biogas production by 20.79% and 17.85% and reduced soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) by 71.43% and 64.70%, respectively. The AD samples containing fungal-treated rice straw showed higher lignocellulolytic enzyme activities contributing to better process performance. The taxonomic profile of microbial communities in treated samples showed increased diversity that could sustain consistent system performance and exhibit enhanced resilience against pH fluctuations. Metagenomic analysis revealed 60.82% increase in Proteobacteria in PS and 11.58% increase in Bacteroidetes in TL-treated rice straw samples resulting in improved hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Rani
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishek S Dhoble
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Hu S, Zhu R, Yu XY, Wang BT, Ruan HH, Jin FJ. A High-Quality Genome Sequence of the Penicillium oxalicum 5-18 Strain Isolated from a Poplar Plantation Provides Insights into Its Lignocellulose Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12745. [PMID: 37628925 PMCID: PMC10454814 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on the degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides by fungal extracellular enzymes have attracted recent attention from researchers. Xylan, abundant in hemicellulose, that play great role in connection between cellulose and lignin, has seen interest in its hydrolytic enzymatic complex. In this study, dozens of fungus species spanning genera were isolated from rotting leaves based on their ability to decompose xylan. Among these isolates, a strain with strong xylanase-producing ability was selected for further investigation by genome sequencing. Based on phylogenetic analysis of ITS (rDNA internal transcribed spacer) and LSU (Large subunit 28S rDNA) regions, the isolate was identified as Penicillium oxalicum. Morphological analysis also supported this finding. Xylanase activity of this isolated P. oxalicum 5-18 strain was recorded to be 30.83 U/mL using the 3,5-dinitro-salicylic acid (DNS) method. Further genome sequencing reveals that sequenced reads were assembled into a 30.78 Mb genome containing 10,074 predicted protein-encoding genes. In total, 439 carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) encoding genes were predicted, many of which were associated with cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, chitin and starch degradation. Further analysis and comparison showed that the isolate P. oxalicum 5-18 contains a diverse set of CAZyme genes involved in degradation of plant cell wall components, particularly cellulose and hemicellulose. These findings provide us with valuable genetic information about the plant biomass-degrading enzyme system of P. oxalicum, facilitating a further exploration of the repertoire of industrially relevant lignocellulolytic enzymes of P. oxalicum 5-18.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Feng-Jie Jin
- College of Biology and the Environment, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (S.H.); (R.Z.); (X.-Y.Y.); (B.-T.W.); (H.-H.R.)
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5
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Liu B, Dai Y, Cheng X, He X, Bei Q, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Zhu B, Zhang K, Tian X, Duan M, Xie X, Wang L. Straw mulch improves soil carbon and nitrogen cycle by mediating microbial community structure and function in the maize field. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1217966. [PMID: 37533822 PMCID: PMC10391546 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1217966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the capability of the microbial community characteristics and soil variables to promote carbon and nitrogen cycles in maize fields under straw mulch. We covered the surface soil of the maize field with different amounts of wheat straw (0 kg/ha, 2,250 kg/ha, and 4,500 kg/ha) and used 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing, Biology ECO-plate, traditional enzymology, TOC analyzer, and HPLC to measure bacterial and fungal community composition and functions, characteristics of microbial carbon source metabolism, carbon and nitrogen fraction, enzyme activity, and organic acid content in the maize rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere. The results indicated that short-term straw mulch insignificantly affected the alpha diversity of bacterial and fungal communities whereas significantly influenced their beta diversity. The results of functional prediction revealed that straw mulch considerably boosted the relative abundances of bacteria belonging to chemoheterotrophy, aerobic chemoheterotrophy, ureolysis, and nitrogen fixation and inhibited fermentation and nitrate reduction in maize rhizosphere soil. These processes primarily drove the C and N cycles in soil. Straw mulch also improved fungal saprotrophs by raising the proportion of Chaetomiaceae and Chaetosphaeriaceae. The Biology ECO-plate results illustrated that straw mulch weakened the metabolism capacity of microbial labile carbon resources. As a result, the labile C and N fractions were raised under straw mulch. Our results also showed that straw mulch primarily regulated the microbial community structure in rhizosphere soil by significantly decreasing Firmicutes and Ascomycota relative abundance while increasing Basidiomycota. The fungal community structure is more than bacterial for affecting soil microbial biomass carbon, readily oxidizable organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, available nitrogen, ammonium, and nitrate directly and indirectly through malic acid content and cellulase, protease, and amylase activity. Overall, our findings imply that straw mulch might influence the bacterial and fungal community structures, thereby boosting the production of labile C and N components and accelerating the C and N cycle in maize fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangyan Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yisha Dai
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xian He
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qicheng Bei
- Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Halle, Germany
| | - Yifan Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuling Zhou
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kangping Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqin Tian
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meichun Duan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xie
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Longchang Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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6
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Zhang J, Wang L, Ren A, Sheng Y, Chang X, Li X, Guan M, Shang N, Zhao P, Sun S. Prediction of Effector Proteins from Trichoderma longibrachiatum Through Transcriptome Sequencing. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:259. [PMID: 37358649 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03296-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma longibrachiatum SMF2 is an important biocontrol strain isolated by our group that can promote plant growth and induce plant disease resistance. To further study its biocontrol mechanism, the effector proteins secreted by T. longibrachiatum SMF2 were analyzed through bioinformatics and transcriptome sequencing. Overall, 478 secretory proteins produced by T. longibrachiatum were identified, of which 272 were upregulated after treatment with plants. Functional annotation showed that 36 secretory proteins were homologous with different groups of effectors from pathogenic microorganisms. Moreover, the quantitative PCR results of six putative effector proteins were consistent with those of transcriptome sequencing. Taken together, these findings indicate that the secretory proteins secreted by T. longibrachiatum SMF2 may act as effectors to facilitate its own growth and colonization or to induce plant immunity response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lijun Wang
- Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Aizhi Ren
- Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | | | - Xue Chang
- Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
- Liaocheng Land and Resources Bureau, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | | | - Na Shang
- Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
- Liaocheng Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Peibao Zhao
- Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China.
| | - Shulei Sun
- Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China.
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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7
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Nagy VD, Zhumakayev A, Vörös M, Bordé Á, Szarvas A, Szűcs A, Kocsubé S, Jakab P, Monostori T, Škrbić BD, Mohai E, Hatvani L, Vágvölgyi C, Kredics L. Development of a Multicomponent Microbiological Soil Inoculant and Its Performance in Sweet Potato Cultivation. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040914. [PMID: 37110337 PMCID: PMC10143537 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The cultivation and consumption of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) are increasing globally. As the usage of chemical fertilizers and pest control agents during its cultivation may lead to soil, water and air pollution, there is an emerging need for environment-friendly, biological solutions enabling increased amounts of healthy crop and efficient disease management. Microbiological agents for agricultural purposes gained increasing importance in the past few decades. Our goal was to develop an agricultural soil inoculant from multiple microorganisms and test its application potential in sweet potato cultivation. Two Trichoderma strains were selected: Trichoderma ghanense strain SZMC 25217 based on its extracellular enzyme activities for the biodegradation of plant residues, and Trichoderma afroharzianum strain SZMC 25231 for biocontrol purposes against fungal plant pathogens. The Bacillus velezensis strain SZMC 24986 proved to be the best growth inhibitor of most of the nine tested strains of fungal species known as plant pathogens, therefore it was also selected for biocontrol purposes against fungal plant pathogens. Arthrobacter globiformis strain SZMC 25081, showing the fastest growth on nitrogen-free medium, was selected as a component with possible nitrogen-fixing potential. A Pseudomonas resinovorans strain, SZMC 25872, was selected for its ability to produce indole-3-acetic acid, which is among the important traits of potential plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). A series of experiments were performed to test the selected strains for their tolerance to abiotic stress factors such as pH, temperature, water activity and fungicides, influencing the survivability in agricultural environments. The selected strains were used to treat sweet potato in two separate field experiments. Yield increase was observed for the plants treated with the selected microbial consortium (synthetic community) in comparison with the control group in both cases. Our results suggest that the developed microbial inoculant has the potential to be used in sweet potato plantations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about the successful application of a fungal-bacterial consortium in sweet potato cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Dávid Nagy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anuar Zhumakayev
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mónika Vörös
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ádám Bordé
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Szeged, Andrássy Street 15, 6800 Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Szarvas
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Szeged, Andrássy Street 15, 6800 Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary
| | - Attila Szűcs
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kocsubé
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Jakab
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Szeged, Andrássy Street 15, 6800 Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary
| | - Tamás Monostori
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Szeged, Andrássy Street 15, 6800 Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary
| | - Biljana D. Škrbić
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Edina Mohai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lóránt Hatvani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Kredics
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
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8
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Mulatu A, Megersa N, Teferi D, Alemu T, Vetukuri RR. Biological management of coffee wilt disease ( Fusarium xylarioides) using antagonistic Trichoderma isolates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1113949. [PMID: 37008493 PMCID: PMC10064059 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1113949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Coffee wilt disease (CWD) is a serious threat to the food security of small-scale farmers in Ethiopia, causing significant reductions in coffee yield. Currently, there are no effective control measures available against the causative agent of CWD, Fusarium xylarioides. The main objective of this study was therefore to develop, formulate, and evaluate a range of biofungicides against F. xylarioides, derived from Trichoderma species and tested under in vitro, greenhouse, and field conditions. In total, 175 Trichoderma isolates were screened as microbial biocontrol agents against F. xylarioides. The efficacy of two biofungicide formulations, wettable powder and water dispensable granules, were tested on the susceptible Geisha coffee variety in three different agro-ecological zones in southwestern Ethiopia over three years. The greenhouse experiments were set up using a complete block design, while in the field a randomized complete block design was used, with twice yearly applications of biofungicide. The test pathogen spore suspension was applied to the coffee seedlings by soil drenching, and the subsequent incidence and severity of CWD evaluated annually. The mycelial growth inhibition profiles of the Trichoderma isolates against F. xylarioides ranged from 44.5% to 84.8%. In vitro experiments revealed that T. asperelloides AU71, T. asperellum AU131 and T. longibrachiatum AU158 reduced the mycelial growth of F. xylarioides by over 80%. The greenhouse study indicated that wettable powder (WP) of T. asperellum AU131 had the highest biocontrol efficacy (84.3%), followed by T. longibrachiatum AU158 (77.9%) and T. asperelloides AU71 (71.2%); they also had a significant positive impact on plant growth. The pathogen-treated control plants had a disease severity index of 100% across all the field experiments, and of 76.7% in the greenhouse experiments. In comparison to untreated controls, the annual and cumulative disease incidence over the three years of the study period varied from 46.2 to 90%, 51.6 to 84.5%, and 58.2 to 91%, at the Teppi, Gera and Jimma field experimental locations. Overall, the greenhouse and field experiments and in vitro assays support the biocontrol potential of Trichoderma isolates, and T. asperellum AU131 and T. longibrachiatum AU158 in particular are recommended for the management of CWD under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrasa Mulatu
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Biology, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia
| | - Negussie Megersa
- Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Demelash Teferi
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Jimma Agricultural Research Center, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Alemu
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ramesh Raju Vetukuri
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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9
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Souza Filho PF, Dos Santos ES. Solid-State Fermentation of Steam-Exploded Opuntia ficus-indica Cladodes Using Trichoderma reesei CCT-2768 for the Production of Cellulolytic Enzymes. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:1675-1698. [PMID: 36367617 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The sustainable development of the drylands, i.e., regions with limited availability of water, depends on the exploitation of the few biomass types that can thrive in such conditions, such as the Opuntia ficus-indica, a plant of the Cactaceae family. In the present study, the cladodes of O. ficus-indica were used as a substrate by the fungus Trichoderma reesei CCT-2768 for the production of cellulolytic enzymes through solid-state fermentation. Firstly, the extraction of the mucilage, soluble components of industrial interest, was evaluated. Temperature, water-to-biomass ratio, and time of mixture were varied using an experimental design and impacted, especially, the pectin removal. Then, the lignocellulosic residue was used for the production of enzymes; the effect of the water activity, biomass pretreatment, mineral supplementation, temperature, and inoculum size on the enzymatic production were investigated using two sets of experimental designs. The steam explosion pretreatment exposed the fiber to the microbial action and boosted the enzyme production, provided that the medium was supplemented with salts. This combination has improved the production of xylanase, CMCase, FPase, and polygalacturonase by 27, 62, 98, and 185%, respectively. The temperature of 35 °C was determined as the optimal for the production of FPase, xylanase, and polygalacturonase, while no effect was observed on the production of CMCase and β-glucosidase. The optimization of the enzymatic production performed in this study can potentially provide a new application for the Opuntia biomass and improve the sustainable development of the drylands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro F Souza Filho
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-970, Natal, Brazil. .,Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50740-590, Recife, Brazil.
| | - Everaldo S Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-970, Natal, Brazil
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10
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Valette N, Legout A, Goodell B, Alfredsen G, Auer L, Gelhaye E, Derrien D. Impact of Norway spruce pre-degradation stages induced by Gloeophyllum trabeum on fungal and bacterial communities. FUNGAL ECOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2022.101188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Christopher M, Sreeja-Raju A, Sankar M, Gokhale DV, Pandey A, Sukumaran RK. Lignocellulose degradation by Penicillium janthinellum enzymes is influenced by its variable secretome and a unique set of feedstock characteristics. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 365:128129. [PMID: 36252760 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Substrate characteristics and proteins that affect lignocellulose-hydrolysis by the hypercellulolytic fungus Penicillium janthinellum NCIM 1366 (PJ-1366) were investigated. The hydrolysis rate of PJ-1366 enzymes was very high, with upto 75 % of the reaction being completed in initial 4 h. Comparison of the hydrolytic efficiencies on differently pretreated biomass indicated that the greatest (negative) effect was imparted by lignin, suggesting that improving ligninase activity of the PJ-1366 enzymes may help to improve hydrolysis. Larger pore sizes and higher crystallinity of substrates, which favor enzyme penetration and processive hydrolysis, positively influenced hydrolysis efficiency. For alkali-pretreated substrates, 16 FPU/g of PJ-1366 cellulases released the sugar-equivalent of using 10 FPU/g of a commercial biomass hydrolyzing enzyme. By correlation analysis, 41 proteins, including 20 CAZymes were identified, whose abundance in the secretome positively correlated with the cellulase activities of the culture filtrate. These proteins may be considered as the primary drivers of FPase/CMCase/pNPGase/xylanase activity in PJ-1366.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Christopher
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate P.O., Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Athiraraj Sreeja-Raju
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate P.O., Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Meena Sankar
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate P.O., Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | | | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation & Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248 007, Uttarakhand, India; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajeev K Sukumaran
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate P.O., Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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12
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Huang Z, Ni G, Zhao X, Wang F, Qu M. Characterization of a GH8 β-1,4-Glucanase from Bacillus subtilis B111 and Its Saccharification Potential for Agricultural Straws. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:1446-1454. [PMID: 34409950 PMCID: PMC9705894 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2105.05026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we cloned and expressed an endo-β-1,4-glucanase gene (celA1805) from Bacillus subtilis B111 in Escherichia coli. The recombinant celA1805 contains a glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family 8 domain and shared 76.8% identity with endo-1,4-β-glucanase from Bacillus sp. KSM-330. Results showed that the optimal pH and temperature of celA1805 were 6.0 and 50°C, respectively, and it was stable at pH 3-9 and temperature ≤50°C. Metal ions slightly affected enzyme activity, but chemical agents generally inhibited enzyme activity. Moreover, celA1805 showed a wide substrate specificity to CMC, barley β-glucan, lichenin, chitosan, PASC and avicel. The Km and Vmax values of celA1805 were 1.78 mg/ml and 50.09 μmol/min/mg. When incubated with cellooligosaccharides ranging from cellotriose to cellopentose, celA1805 mainly hydrolyzed cellotetrose (G4) and cellopentose (G5) to cellose (G2) and cellotriose (G3), but hardly hydrolyzed cellotriose. The concentrations of reducing sugars saccharified by celA1805 from wheat straw, rape straw, rice straw, peanut straw, and corn straw were increased by 0.21, 0.51, 0.26, 0.36, and 0.66 mg/ml, respectively. The results obtained in this study suggest potential applications of celA1805 in biomass saccharification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition of Jiangxi Province, Nutritional Feed Development Engineering Research Center, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. China
| | - Guorong Ni
- College of Land Resources and Environment, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. China,Corresponding author F. Wang Phone/Fax: +86 791 83813459 E-mail:
| | - Mingren Qu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition of Jiangxi Province, Nutritional Feed Development Engineering Research Center, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. China,
M. Qu E-mail:
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13
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Effects on Capsicum annuum Plants Colonized with Trichoderma atroviride P. Karst Strains Genetically Modified in Taswo1, a Gene Coding for a Protein with Expansin-like Activity. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091919. [PMID: 34579451 PMCID: PMC8468806 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Here, we analyzed the effects on Capsicum annuum plants of Trichoderma atroviride P. Karst strains altered in the expression of SWOLLENIN (SWO1), a protein with amorphogenic activity on plant cell wall components. Strains of T. atroviride that overexpressed the Taswo1 gene were constructed as well as deletion mutants. A novel, cheap and accurate method for assessing root colonization was developed. Colonization assays showed that the Taswo1 overexpressing strains invaded the host root better than the WT, resulting in a stronger plant growth-promoting effect. The expression of plant defense marker genes for both the systemic acquired resistance and induced systemic resistance pathways was enhanced in plants inoculated with Taswo1 overexpressing strains, while inoculation with deletion mutant strains resulted in a similar level of expression to that observed upon inoculation with the wild-type strain. Response to pathogen infection was also enhanced in the plants inoculated with the Taswo1 overexpressing strains, and surprisingly, an intermediate level of protection was achieved with the mutant strains. Tolerance to abiotic stresses was also higher in plants inoculated with the Taswo1 overexpressing strains but was similar in plants inoculated with the wild-type or the mutant strains. Compatible osmolyte production in drought conditions was studied. This study may contribute to improving Trichoderma biocontrol and biofertilization abilities.
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Mulatu A, Alemu T, Megersa N, Vetukuri RR. Optimization of Culture Conditions and Production of Bio-Fungicides from Trichoderma Species under Solid-State Fermentation Using Mathematical Modeling. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1675. [PMID: 34442753 PMCID: PMC8400879 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Agro-industrial wastes suitable for economical and high mass production of novel Trichoderma species under solid-state fermentation were identified by optimizing the culture conditions using a mathematical model and evaluating the viability of the formulated bio-product. Fourteen inexpensive, locally available, organic substrates and cereals were examined using a one-factor-at-a-time experiment. The fungus colonized nearly all substrates after 21 days of incubation, although the degree of colonization and conidiation varied among the substrates. A mixture of wheat bran and white rice (2:1 w/w) was found to support maximum growth of T. asperellum AU131 (3.2 × 107 spores/g dry substrate) and T. longibrachiatum AU158 (3.5 × 107 spores/g dry substrate). Using a fractional factorial design, the most significant growth factors influencing biomass production were found to be temperature, moisture content, inoculum concentration, and incubation period (p ≤ 0.05). Analysis of variance of a Box-Behnken design showed that the regression model was highly significant (p ≤ 0.05) with F-values of 10.38 (P = 0.0027, T. asperellum AU131) and 12.01 (p < 0.0017, T. longibrachiatum AU158). Under optimal conditions, maximum conidia yield of log10 (8.6) (T. asperellum AU131) and log10(9.18) (T. longibrachiatum) were obtained. For wettable powder Trichoderma species formulations, it was possible to maintain conidial viability at room temperature (25 °C) for eight months at concentrations above 106 CFU/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrasa Mulatu
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia; (A.M.); (T.A.)
| | - Tesfaye Alemu
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia; (A.M.); (T.A.)
| | - Negussie Megersa
- Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia;
| | - Ramesh R. Vetukuri
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
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Umar A. Screening and evaluation of laccase produced by different Trichoderma species along with their phylogenetic relationship. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:4319-4327. [PMID: 34110483 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02420-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Laccases have high biotechnological potential in industries since they catalyze the oxidation of many chemical compounds. The production of laccases by fungi has been extensively studied due to their secretion of enzymes and rapid growth using cheap substrates. Trichoderma; the versatile fungal genus includes species of great biotechnological value and considered as a magnificent industrial cell factory of enzymes. In this study, 10 Trichoderma species were screened for laccase enzyme production by submerged cultivation. The studied species were identified by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene sequences. Guaiacol (0.04%) as an enzyme substrate in plate medium was used for the selection of maximum laccase-enriched Trichoderma species by formation of visual color halo intensity. This activity was evaluated by liquid submersion (flask medium) also. The absorbance of laccase contained broth was measured by a spectrophotometer (450 nm). The highest laccase production was obtained by T. atroviride (2.62 U/mL). Trichoderma cremeum and T. longipile showed medium laccase potency, while T. beinartii exhibited weak laccase secretion ability. Laccase from T. atroviride was purified by SDS-PAGE and the molecular weight was determined (57 kDa). The laccase was confirmed by their respective amino acid sequences, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed for further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Umar
- University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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16
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Chance or Necessity-The Fungi Co-Occurring with Formica polyctena Ants. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12030204. [PMID: 33670956 PMCID: PMC7997191 DOI: 10.3390/insects12030204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary There are about 13,800 species of ants living around the world, but only some of them have been extensively studied in the context of their non−antagonistic relationships with fungi. The best−known example is the symbiosis between leaf−cutting ants and fungi serving them as food. Others include the relationship between ants living in carton nests in the trees’ canopy with fungi increasing the durability of the nest. Do ants utilize fungi in the northern hemisphere and cooler climatic zone? This question is still open. Our goal was to study the less−obvious interactions between ants and common fungi in temperate climates. In our study, we characterized the mycobiota of the surroundings of Formica polyctena ants. We identified nearly 600 strains and investigated their taxonomic affinity. The most abundant fungi in F. polyctena nests are strains belonging to Penicillium—a genus well−known as an antibiotic producer. Other common and widespread fungi related to Penicillium, such as the toxin−producing Aspergillus species, were isolated very rarely. Additionally, the high diversity and high frequency of Penicillium colonies isolated from ants in this study suggest that certain representatives of this genus may be adapted to survive in ant nests, or that they are preferentially sustained by the insects. Abstract Studies on carton nesting ants and domatia−dwelling ants have shown that ant–fungi interactions may be much more common and widespread than previously thought. Until now, studies focused predominantly on parasitic and mutualistic fungi–ant interactions occurring mostly in the tropics, neglecting less−obvious interactions involving the fungi common in ants’ surroundings in temperate climates. In our study, we characterized the mycobiota of the surroundings of Formica polyctena ants by identifying nearly 600 fungal colonies that were isolated externally from the bodies of F. polyctena workers. The ants were collected from mounds found in northern and central Poland. Isolated fungi were assigned to 20 genera via molecular identification (ITS rDNA barcoding). Among these, Penicillium strains were the most frequent, belonging to eight different taxonomic sections. Other common and widespread members of Eurotiales, such as Aspergillus spp., were isolated very rarely. In our study, we managed to characterize the genera of fungi commonly present on F. polyctena workers. Our results suggest that Penicillium, Trichoderma, Mucor, Schwanniomyces and Entomortierella are commonly present in F. polyctena surroundings. Additionally, the high diversity and high frequency of Penicillium colonies isolated from ants in this study suggest that representatives of this genus may be adapted to survive in ant nests environment better than the other fungal groups, or that they are preferentially sustained by the insects in nests.
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Divergence of Beauvericin Synthase Gene among Fusarium and Trichoderma Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040288. [PMID: 33203083 PMCID: PMC7712144 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Beauvericin (BEA) is a cyclodepsipeptide mycotoxin, showing insecticidal, antibiotic and antimicrobial activities, as well as inducing apoptosis of cancer cell lines. BEA can be produced by multiple fungal species, including saprotrophs, plant, insect and human pathogens, particularly belonging to Fusarium, Beauveria and Isaria genera. The ability of Trichoderma species to produce BEA was until now uncertain. Biosynthesis of BEA is governed by a non-ribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS), known as beauvericin synthase (BEAS), which appears to present considerable divergence among different fungal species. In the present study we compared the production of beauvericin among Fusarium and Trichoderma strains using UPLC methods. BEAS fragments were sequenced and analyzed to examine the level of the gene’s divergence between these two genera and confirm the presence of active BEAS copy in Trichoderma. Seventeen strains of twelve species were studied and phylogenetic analysis showed distinctive grouping of Fusarium and Trichoderma strains. The highest producers of beauvericin were F. proliferatum and F. nygamai. Trichoderma strains of three species (T. atroviride, T. viride, T. koningiopsis) were minor BEA producers. The study showed beauvericin production by Fusarium and Trichoderma species and high variance of the non-ribosomal peptide synthase gene among fungal species from the Hypocreales order.
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Gelain L, van der Wielen L, van Gulik WM, Geraldo da Cruz Pradella J, Carvalho da Costa A. Mathematical modelling for the optimization of cellulase production using glycerol for cell growth and cellulose as the inducer substrate. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE: X 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cesx.2020.100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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19
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The Influence of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai T-22 and Other Biostimulants on Rhizosphere Beneficial Microorganisms of Carrot. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10111637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The principles of good agricultural and horticultural practice, which consider both giving environmental protection and high yielding of plants, require modern cultivation methods. Modern cultivation of horticultural plants uses, for example, cover crops, living mulches, plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs), plant growth regulators (PGRs) and other biostimulants protecting the soil against degradation and plants against phytopathogens and stress. The purpose of field and laboratory studies was to determine the effect of Trianum P (containing Trichoderma harzianum Rifai T-22 spores), Beta-Chikol (a.s.—chitosan), Timorex Gold 24 EC (based on tea tree oil) and fungicide Zaprawa Nasienna T 75 DS/WS (a.s.—tiuram 75%) on the health of carrot (Daucus carota L.) plants and the microorganism population in the rhizosphere of this plant. Moreover, the antagonistic effect of rhizosphere fungi on selected carrot fungal pathogens was determined. Laboratory mycological analysis allowed one to determine the qualitative and quantitative composition of fungi colonizing the underground parts of carrot plants. In addition, the total population of fungi and bacteria was determined (including Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp.) based on the microbiological analysis of the rhizosphere soil. The application of the plant growth-promoting fungus (Trichoderma harzianum T-22), chitosan and tea tree oil positively influenced the growth, development and health status of carrot plants. T. harzianum T-22, chitosan and fungicide most effectively protected carrots against infection by soil-borne fungi from the genus Alternaria, Fusarium, Haematonectria, Sclerotinia and Rhizoctonia. The rhizosphere population of Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. in the treatments with Trianum P or Zaprawa Nasienna T 75 DS/WS was bigger than in the other experimental treatments. A reverse relationship was observed in the population of rhizosphere fungi. T. harzianum T-22, chitosan and tea tree oil promoted the growth of antagonistic fungi (Albifimbria sp., Clonostachys sp., Penicillium sp., Talaromyces sp. and Trichoderma sp.) in the carrot rhizosphere. Antagonistic activity of these fungi towards Alternaria dauci, Alternaria radicina, Sclerotiniasclerotiorum and Rhizoctonia solani was higher after the application of the preparations compared to control. Consequently, Trianum P, Beta-Chikol and Timorex Gold 24 EC can be recommended as plant biostimulants in ecological agricultural production, including Daucus carota cultivation.
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Harnvoravongchai P, Singwisut R, Ounjai P, Aroonnual A, Kosiyachinda P, Janvilisri T, Chankhamhaengdecha S. Isolation and characterization of thermophilic cellulose and hemicellulose degrading bacterium, Thermoanaerobacterium sp. R63 from tropical dry deciduous forest soil. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236518. [PMID: 32702033 PMCID: PMC7377481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermophilic microorganisms and their enzymes have been utilized in various industrial applications. In this work, we isolated and characterized thermophilic anaerobic bacteria with the cellulose and hemicellulose degrading activities from a tropical dry deciduous forest in northern Thailand. Out of 502 isolated thermophilic anaerobic soil bacteria, 6 isolates, identified as Thermoanaerobacterium sp., displayed an ability to utilize a wide range of oligosaccharides and lignocellulosic substrates. The isolates exhibited significant cellulase and xylanase activities at high temperature (65°C). Among all isolates, Thermoanaerobacterium sp. strain R63 exhibited remarkable hydrolytic properties with the highest cellulase and xylanase activities at 1.15 U/mg and 6.17 U/mg, respectively. Extracellular extract of Thermoanaerobacterium sp. strain R63 was thermostable with an optimal temperature at 65°C and could exhibit enzymatic activities on pH range 5.0-9.0. Our findings suggest promising applications of these thermoanaerobic bacteria and their potent enzymes for industrial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ratiyakorn Singwisut
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Puey Ounjai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Amornrat Aroonnual
- Department of Tropical Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pahol Kosiyachinda
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tavan Janvilisri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Sood M, Kapoor D, Kumar V, Sheteiwy MS, Ramakrishnan M, Landi M, Araniti F, Sharma A. Trichoderma: The "Secrets" of a Multitalented Biocontrol Agent. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060762. [PMID: 32570799 PMCID: PMC7355703 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The plant-Trichoderma-pathogen triangle is a complicated web of numerous processes. Trichoderma spp. are avirulent opportunistic plant symbionts. In addition to being successful plant symbiotic organisms, Trichoderma spp. also behave as a low cost, effective and ecofriendly biocontrol agent. They can set themselves up in various patho-systems, have minimal impact on the soil equilibrium and do not impair useful organisms that contribute to the control of pathogens. This symbiotic association in plants leads to the acquisition of plant resistance to pathogens, improves developmental processes and yields and promotes absorption of nutrient and fertilizer use efficiency. Among other biocontrol mechanisms, antibiosis, competition and mycoparasitism are among the main features through which microorganisms, including Thrichoderma, react to the presence of other competitive pathogenic organisms, thereby preventing or obstructing their development. Stimulation of every process involves the biosynthesis of targeted metabolites like plant growth regulators, enzymes, siderophores, antibiotics, etc. This review summarizes the biological control activity exerted by Trichoderma spp. and sheds light on the recent progress in pinpointing the ecological significance of Trichoderma at the biochemical and molecular level in the rhizosphere as well as the benefits of symbiosis to the plant host in terms of physiological and biochemical mechanisms. From an applicative point of view, the evidence provided herein strongly supports the possibility to use Trichoderma as a safe, ecofriendly and effective biocontrol agent for different crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sood
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; (M.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Dhriti Kapoor
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; (M.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Vipul Kumar
- School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Delhi-Jalandhar Highway, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India;
| | - Mohamed S. Sheteiwy
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Muthusamy Ramakrishnan
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China;
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, University of Pisa, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Fabrizio Araniti
- Dipartimento AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, SNC I-89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy;
| | - Anket Sharma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China;
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (A.S.)
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Mohamad Sobri MF, Abd-Aziz S, Abu Bakar FD, Ramli N. In-Silico Characterization of Glycosyl Hydrolase Family 1 β-Glucosidase from Trichoderma asperellum UPM1. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114035. [PMID: 32512945 PMCID: PMC7311958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
β-glucosidases (Bgl) are widely utilized for releasing non-reducing terminal glucosyl residues. Nevertheless, feedback inhibition by glucose end product has limited its application. A noticeable exception has been found for β-glucosidases of the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 1, which exhibit tolerance and even stimulation by glucose. In this study, using local isolate Trichoderma asperellum UPM1, the gene encoding β-glucosidase from GH family 1, hereafter designated as TaBgl2, was isolated and characterized via in-silico analyses. A comparison of enzyme activity was subsequently made by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The presence of N-terminal signature, cis-peptide bonds, conserved active site motifs, non-proline cis peptide bonds, substrate binding, and a lone conserved stabilizing tryptophan (W) residue confirms the identity of Trichoderma sp. GH family 1 β-glucosidase isolated. Glucose tolerance was suggested by the presence of 14 of 22 known consensus residues, along with corresponding residues L167 and P172, crucial in the retention of the active site's narrow cavity. Retention of 40% of relative hydrolytic activity on ρ-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (ρNPG) in a concentration of 0.2 M glucose was comparable to that of GH family 1 β-glucosidase (Cel1A) from Trichoderma reesei. This research thus underlines the potential in the prediction of enzymatic function, and of industrial importance, glucose tolerance of family 1 β-glucosidases following relevant in-silico analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Farhan Mohamad Sobri
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.F.M.S.); (S.A.-A.)
- School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Suraini Abd-Aziz
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.F.M.S.); (S.A.-A.)
| | - Farah Diba Abu Bakar
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600 UKM, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Norhayati Ramli
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.F.M.S.); (S.A.-A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-9769-1948
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Cao R, Guo J, Hua X, Xu Y. Investigation on decolorization kinetics and thermodynamics of lignocellulosic xylooligosaccharides by highly selective adsorption with Amberlite XAD-16N. Food Chem 2020; 310:125934. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Study of structural and molecular interaction for the catalytic activity of cellulases: An insight in cellulose hydrolysis for higher bioethanol yield. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Till P, Derntl C, Kiesenhofer DP, Mach RL, Yaver D, Mach-Aigner AR. Regulation of gene expression by the action of a fungal lncRNA on a transactivator. RNA Biol 2019; 17:47-61. [PMID: 31517564 PMCID: PMC6948969 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2019.1663618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial factors acting on regulatory processes in eukaryotes. Recently, for the first time in a filamentous fungus, the lncRNA HAX1 was characterized in the ascomycete Trichoderma reesei. In industry, this fungus is widely applied for the high-yield production of cellulases. The lncRNA HAX1 was reported to influence the expression of cellulase-encoding genes; interestingly, this effect is dependent on the presence of its most abundant length. Clearly, HAX1 acts in association with a set of well-described transcription factors to regulate gene expression. In this study, we attempted to elucidate the regulatory strategy of HAX1 and its interactions with the major transcriptional activator Xylanase regulator 1 (Xyr1). We demonstrated that HAX1 interferes with the negative feedback regulatory loop of Xyr1 in a sophisticated manner and thus ultimately has a positive effect on gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Till
- Christian Doppler laboratory for optimized expression of carbohydrate-active enzymes, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Derntl
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel P Kiesenhofer
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert L Mach
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Debbie Yaver
- Production Strain Technology, Novozymes Inc., Davis, CA, USA
| | - Astrid R Mach-Aigner
- Christian Doppler laboratory for optimized expression of carbohydrate-active enzymes, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
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26
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Molecular Insights into FaEG1, a Strawberry Endoglucanase Enzyme Expressed during Strawberry Fruit Ripening. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8060140. [PMID: 31141938 PMCID: PMC6631567 DOI: 10.3390/plants8060140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The endo-β-1,4-glucanases (EGs) that belong to the glycosyl hydrolase family 9 (GH9) have roles in cell wall synthesis, remodeling and degradation. Previous studies have suggested that EGs may play a key role in the ripening of different fruits including strawberries. In this study, we used reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays to determine the transcript accumulation of an endo-β-1,4-glucanase (FaEG1) during fruit development in two different strawberry ‘Camarosa’ and ‘Monterey’ with contrasting softening ratios. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that FaEG1 belongs to the α group of the GH9 family with other proteins previously described with roles in elongation, abscission and ripening. Comparative modeling was used to obtain the FaEG1 structure. The model displays a α-barrel–type structure that is typical of the GH9 enzyme family, and comprises 12 α-helices, 2 310 helices and 6 β-sheets. The catalytic residues were oriented to the solvent in the middle of an open groove. Protein–ligand interactions were explored with cellulose and two xyloglucans as ligands; the results suggest that the FaEG1-cellulose and FaEG1-XXXGXXXG (the most abundant xyloglucan in strawberries) complexes were more stable complexes than XXFGXXFG. The cell wall degradation was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The data are congruent with the probable role of the FaEG1 protein in the dissembly of the cellulose-hemicellulose fraction during the ripening of strawberry fruit.
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27
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Tsuji A, Yuasa K, Asada C. Cellulose-binding activity of a 21-kDa endo-ß-1,4-glucanase lacking cellulose-binding domain and its synergy with other cellulases in the digestive fluid of Aplysia kurodai. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205915. [PMID: 30412581 PMCID: PMC6226162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Endo-ß-1,4-glucanase AkEG21 belonging to glycosyl hydrolase family 45 (GHF45) is the most abundant cellulase in the digestive fluid of sea hare (Aplysia kurodai). The specific activity of this 21-kDa enzyme is considerably lower than those of other endo ß-1,4-glucanases in the digestive fluid of A. kurodai, therefore its role in whole cellulose hydrolysis by sea hare is still uncertain. Although AkEG21 has a catalytic domain without a cellulose binding domain, it demonstrated stable binding to cellulose fibers, similar to that of fungal cellobiohydrolase (CBH) 1 and CBH 2, which is strongly inhibited by cellohexaose, suggesting the involvement of the catalytic site in cellulose binding. Cellulose-bound AkEG21 hydrolyzed cellulose to cellobiose, cellotriose and cellotetraose, but could not digest an external substrate, azo-carboxymethyl cellulose. Cellulose hydrolysis was considerably stimulated by the synergistic action of cellulose-bound AkEG21 and AkEG45, another ß-1,4-endoglucanase present in the digestive fluid of sea hare; however no synergy in carboxymethylcellulose hydrolysis was observed. When AkEG21 was removed from the digestive fluid by immunoprecipitation, the cellulose hydrolyzing activity of the fluid was significantly reduced, indicating a critical role of AkEG21 in cellulose hydrolysis by A. kurodai. These findings suggest that AkEG21 is a processive endoglucanase functionally equivalent to the CBH, which provides a CBH-independent mechanism for the mollusk to digest seaweed cellulose to glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Tsuji
- Department of Biomolecular Function and Technology, Graduate School of Bioscience & Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Keizo Yuasa
- Department of Biomolecular Function and Technology, Graduate School of Bioscience & Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Chikako Asada
- Department of Bioresource Chemistry and Technology, Graduate School of Bioscience & Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima, Japan
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28
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Functional characterization of GH7 endo-1,4-β-glucanase from Aspergillus fumigatus and its potential industrial application. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 150:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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New Genomic Approaches to Enhance Biomass Degradation by the Industrial Fungus Trichoderma reesei. Int J Genomics 2018; 2018:1974151. [PMID: 30345291 PMCID: PMC6174759 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1974151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungi Trichoderma reesei is one of the most well-studied cellulolytic microorganisms. It is the most important fungus for the industrial production of enzymes to biomass deconstruction being widely used in the biotechnology industry, mainly in the production of biofuels. Here, we performed an analytic review of the holocellulolytic system presented by T. reesei as well as the transcriptional and signaling mechanisms involved with holocellulase expression in this fungus. We also discuss new perspectives about control of secretion and cellulase expression based on RNA-seq and functional characterization data of T. reesei growth in different carbon sources, which comprise glucose, cellulose, sophorose, and sugarcane bagasse.
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30
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Rai M, Ingle AP, Paralikar P, Anasane N, Gade R, Ingle P. Effective management of soft rot of ginger caused by Pythium spp. and Fusarium spp.: emerging role of nanotechnology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:6827-6839. [PMID: 29948111 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9145-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is a tropical plant cultivated all over the world due to its culinary and medicinal properties. It is one of the most important spices commonly used in food, which increases its commercial value. However, soft rot (rhizome rot) is a common disease of ginger caused by fungi such as Pythium and Fusarium spp. It is the most destructive disease of ginger, which can reduce the production by 50 to 90%. Application of chemical fungicides is considered as an effective method to control soft rot of ginger but extensive use of fungicides pose serious risk to environmental and human health. Therefore, the development of ecofriendly and economically viable alternative approaches for effective management of soft rot of ginger such diseases is essentially required. An acceptable approach that is being actively investigated involves nanotechnology, which can potentially be used to control Pythium and Fusarium. The present review is aimed to discuss worldwide status of soft rot associated with ginger, the traditional methods available for the management of Pythium and Fusarium spp. and most importantly, the role of various nanomaterials in the management of soft rot of ginger. Moreover, possible antifungal mechanisms for chemical fungicides, biological agents and nanoparticles have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Rai
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SGB Amravati University, Amravati, Maharashtra, 444 602, India.
| | - Avinash P Ingle
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of Sao Paulo, Lorena, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priti Paralikar
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SGB Amravati University, Amravati, Maharashtra, 444 602, India
| | - Netravati Anasane
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SGB Amravati University, Amravati, Maharashtra, 444 602, India
| | - Rajendra Gade
- Department of Plant Pathology, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pramod Ingle
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SGB Amravati University, Amravati, Maharashtra, 444 602, India
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31
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Xiong YR, Zhao S, Fu LH, Liao XZ, Li CX, Yan YS, Liao LS, Feng JX. Characterization of novel roles of a HMG-box protein PoxHmbB in biomass-degrading enzyme production by Penicillium oxalicum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:3739-3753. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8867-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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32
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Zhang H, Xu Y, Yu S. Co-production of functional xylooligosaccharides and fermentable sugars from corncob with effective acetic acid prehydrolysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 234:343-349. [PMID: 28340439 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel and green approach for the coproduction of xylooligosaccharides (XOS), in terms of a series of oligosaccharide components from xylobiose to xylohexose, and fermentable sugars was developed using the prehydrolysis of acetic acid that was fully recyclable and environmentally friendly, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. Compared to hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, acetic acid hydrolysis provided the highest XOS yield of 45.91% and the highest enzymatic hydrolysis yield. More than 91% conversion of cellulose was achieved in a batch-hydrolysis using only a cellulase loading of 20FPU/g cellulose and even a high solid loading of 20% without any special strategies. The acetic acid pretreated corncob should be washed adequately before saccharification to achieve complete hydrolysis. Consequently, a mass balance analysis showed that 139.8g XOS, 328.1g glucose, 25.1g cellobiose, and 147.8g xylose were produced from 1000g oven dried raw corncob.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shiyuan Yu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
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33
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Gao G, Mao RQ, Xiao Y, Zhou J, Liu YH, Li G. Efficient yeast cell-surface display of an endoglucanase of Aspergillus flavus and functional characterization of the whole-cell enzyme. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:114. [PMID: 28488197 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The endoglucanase gene endo753 from Aspergillus flavus NRRL3357 strains was cloned, and the recombinant Endo753 was displayed on the cell surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae EBY100 strain by the C-terminal fusion using Aga2p protein as anchor attachment tag. The results of indirect immunofluorescence and Western blot confirmed the expression and localization of Endo753 on the yeast cell surface. The hydrolytic activity test of the whole-cell enzyme revealed that Endo753 immobilized on the yeast cell surface had high endoglucanase activity. The functional characterization of the whole-cell enzyme was investigated, and the whole-cell enzyme displayed the maximum activity at pH 8 and 50 °C. The enzyme was stable in a pH range of 7.0-10.0. Furthermore, the whole-cell enzyme displayed high thermostability below 50 °C and moderate stability between 50 and 70 °C. These properties make endo753 a good candidate in bioethanol production from lignocellulosic materials after displaying on the yeast cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Run-Qian Mao
- Guangdong Entomological Institute, Guangzhou, 510260, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yue Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Huan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
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34
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Chen PH, Chou JY. Screening and Identification of Yeasts Antagonistic to Pathogenic Fungi Show a Narrow Optimal pH Range for Antagonistic Activity. Pol J Microbiol 2017; 66:101-106. [PMID: 29359688 DOI: 10.5604/17331331.1234997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes have evolved ways of interference competition to gain advantage over their ecological competitors. The use of secreted antagonistic compounds by yeast cells is one of the prominent examples. Although this killer behavior has been thoroughly studied in laboratory yeast strains, our knowledge of the antagonistic specificity of killer effects in nature remains limited. In this study, yeast strains were collected from various niches and screened for antagonistic activity against one toxin-sensitive strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and three pathogenic fungi. We demonstrate that some strains with antagonistic activity against these pathogenic fungi can be found in antagonist culture tests. These yeasts were identified as members of Trichosporon asahii, Candida stellimalicola, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Ustilago esculenta, Aureobasidium pullulans, and Pichia kluyveri. The results indicated that the antagonistic activity of these killer yeasts has a narrow optimal pH range. Furthermore, we found that the antagonistic activity of some species is strain-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hua Chen
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yu Chou
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
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35
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Nieto-Jacobo MF, Steyaert JM, Salazar-Badillo FB, Nguyen DV, Rostás M, Braithwaite M, De Souza JT, Jimenez-Bremont JF, Ohkura M, Stewart A, Mendoza-Mendoza A. Environmental Growth Conditions of Trichoderma spp. Affects Indole Acetic Acid Derivatives, Volatile Organic Compounds, and Plant Growth Promotion. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:102. [PMID: 28232840 PMCID: PMC5299017 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma species are soil-borne filamentous fungi widely utilized for their many plant health benefits, such as conferring improved growth, disease resistance and abiotic stress tolerance to their hosts. Many Trichoderma species are able to produce the auxin phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and its production has been suggested to promote root growth. Here we show that the production of IAA is strain dependent and diverse external stimuli are associated with its production. In in vitro assays, Arabidopsis primary root length was negatively affected by the interaction with some Trichoderma strains. In soil experiments, a continuum effect on plant growth was shown and this was also strain dependent. In plate assays, some strains of Trichoderma spp. inhibited the expression of the auxin reporter gene DR5 in Arabidopsis primary roots but not secondary roots. When Trichoderma spp. and A. thaliana were physically separated, enhancement of both shoot and root biomass, increased root production and chlorophyll content were observed, which strongly suggested that volatile production by the fungus influenced the parameters analyzed. Trichoderma strains T. virens Gv29.8, T. atroviride IMI206040, T. sp. "atroviride B" LU132, and T. asperellum LU1370 were demonstrated to promote plant growth through volatile production. However, contrasting differences were observed with LU1370 which had a negative effect on plant growth in soil but a positive effect in plate assays. Altogether our results suggest that the mechanisms and molecules involved in plant growth promotion by Trichoderma spp. are multivariable and are affected by the environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fatima B. Salazar-Badillo
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln UniversityLincoln, New Zealand
- Institute for Scientific and Technological Research of San Luis PotosiSan Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Dianne Vi Nguyen
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln UniversityLincoln, New Zealand
| | - Michael Rostás
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln UniversityLincoln, New Zealand
| | - Mark Braithwaite
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln UniversityLincoln, New Zealand
| | - Jorge T. De Souza
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln UniversityLincoln, New Zealand
- Department of Phytopathology, Federal University of LavrasLavras, Brazil
| | - Juan F. Jimenez-Bremont
- Institute for Scientific and Technological Research of San Luis PotosiSan Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Mana Ohkura
- School of Plant Sciences, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA
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36
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Xie J, Li S, Mo C, Xiao X, Peng D, Wang G, Xiao Y. Genome and Transcriptome Sequences Reveal the Specific Parasitism of the Nematophagous Purpureocillium lilacinum 36-1. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1084. [PMID: 27486440 PMCID: PMC4949223 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpureocillium lilacinum is a promising nematophagous ascomycete able to adapt diverse environments and it is also an opportunistic fungus that infects humans. A microbial inoculant of P. lilacinum has been registered to control plant parasitic nematodes. However, the molecular mechanism of the toxicological processes is still unclear because of the relatively few reports on the subject. In this study, using Illumina paired-end sequencing, the draft genome sequence and the transcriptome of P. lilacinum strain 36-1 infecting nematode-eggs were determined. Whole genome alignment indicated that P. lilacinum 36-1 possessed a more dynamic genome in comparison with P. lilacinum India strain. Moreover, a phylogenetic analysis showed that the P. lilacinum 36-1 had a closer relation to entomophagous fungi. The protein-coding genes in P. lilacinum 36-1 occurred much more frequently than they did in other fungi, which was a result of the depletion of repeat-induced point mutations (RIP). Comparative genome and transcriptome analyses revealed the genes that were involved in pathogenicity, particularly in the recognition, adhesion of nematode-eggs, downstream signal transduction pathways and hydrolase genes. By contrast, certain numbers of cellulose and xylan degradation genes and a lack of polysaccharide lyase genes showed the potential of P. lilacinum 36-1 as an endophyte. Notably, the expression of appressorium-formation and antioxidants-related genes exhibited similar infection patterns in P. lilacinum strain 36-1 to those of the model entomophagous fungi Metarhizium spp. These results uncovered the specific parasitism of P. lilacinum and presented the genes responsible for the infection of nematode-eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Shaojun Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Chenmi Mo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Xueqiong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Deliang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Gaofeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Yannong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
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37
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Xue JL, Zhao S, Liang RM, Yin X, Jiang SX, Su LH, Yang Q, Duan CJ, Liu JL, Feng JX. A biotechnological process efficiently co-produces two high value-added products, glucose and xylooligosaccharides, from sugarcane bagasse. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 204:130-138. [PMID: 26773956 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.12.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a co-production of two high value-added products, glucose and xylooligosaccharides (XOS), was investigated by utilizing sugarcane bagasse (SB) within a multi-product bio-refinery framework optimized by Box-Behnken design-based response surface methodology. The developed process resulted in a maximum cellulose conversion of xylan-removed SB, 98.69±1.30%, and a maximum extracted SB xylan conversion into XOS (xylobiose and xylotriose) of 57.36±0.79% that was the highest SB xylan conversion reported in the literature, employing cellulase from Penicillium oxalicum EU2106 and recombinant endo-β-1,4-xylanase in Pichia pastoris. Consequently, a mass balance analysis showed that the maximum yields of glucose and XOS were 34.43±0.32g and 5.96±0.09 g per 100 g raw SB. Overall, this described process may be a preferred option for the comprehensive utilization of SB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Long Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Ming Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Sui-Xin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Hui Su
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Jie Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xun Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, People's Republic of China.
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Błaszczyk L, Strakowska J, Chełkowski J, Gąbka-Buszek A, Kaczmarek J. Trichoderma species occurring on wood with decay symptoms in mountain forests in Central Europe: genetic and enzymatic characterization. J Appl Genet 2015; 57:397-407. [PMID: 26586561 PMCID: PMC4963455 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-015-0326-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the species diversity of Trichoderma obtained from samples of wood collected in the forests of the Gorce Mountains (location A), Karkonosze Mountains (location B) and Tatra Mountains (location C) in Central Europe and to examine the cellulolytic and xylanolytic activity of these species as an expression of their probable role in wood decay processes. The present study has led to the identification of the following species and species complex: Trichoderma atroviride P. Karst., Trichoderma citrinoviride Bissett, Trichoderma cremeum P. Chaverri & Samuels, Trichoderma gamsii Samuels & Druzhin., Trichoderma harzianum complex, Trichoderma koningii Oudem., Trichoderma koningiopsis Samuels, C. Suárez & H.C. Evans, Trichoderma longibrachiatum Rifai, Trichoderma longipile Bissett, Trichoderma sp. (Hypocrea parapilulifera B.S. Lu, Druzhin. & Samuels), Trichoderma viride Schumach. and Trichoderma viridescens complex. Among them, T. viride was observed as the most abundant species (53 % of all isolates) in all the investigated locations. The Shannon's biodiversity index (H), evenness (E), and the Simpson's biodiversity index (D) calculations for each location showed that the highest species diversity and evenness were recorded for location A-Gorce Mountains (H' = 1.71, E = 0.82, D = 0.79). The preliminary screening of 119 Trichoderma strains for cellulolytic and xylanolytic activity showed the real potential of all Trichoderma species originating from wood with decay symptoms to produce cellulases and xylanases-the key enzymes in plant cell wall degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Błaszczyk
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Judyta Strakowska
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jerzy Chełkowski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gąbka-Buszek
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Kaczmarek
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
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Sharma R, Kocher GS, Bhogal RS, Oberoi HS. Cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes from thermophilic Aspergillus terreus RWY. J Basic Microbiol 2014; 54:1367-77. [PMID: 25047723 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Thermophilic Aspergillus terreus RWY produced cellulases and xylanases in optimal concentrations at 45 °C in solid state fermentation process, though enzyme production was also observed at 50 and 55 °C. Filter paper cellulase (FP), endoglucanase (EG), β-glucosidase (BGL), cellobiohydrolase (CBH), xylanase, β-xylosidase, α-L-arabinofuranosidase and xylan esterase activities for A. terreus RWY at 45 °C in 72 h were 11.3 ± 0.65, 103 ± 6.4, 122.5 ± 8.7, 10.3 ± 0.66, 872 ± 22.5, 22.1 ± 0.75, 126.4 ± 8.4 and 907 ± 15.5 U (g-ds)(-1) , respectively. Enzyme was optimally active at temperatures and pH ranging between 50-60 °C and 4.0-6.0, respectively. The half life (T1/2 ) of 270 and 240 min at 70 and 75 °C, respectively for the enzyme indicates its stability at higher temperatures. The addition of MnCl2 , CoCl2 , and FeCl3 significantly enhanced cellulase activity. Enzyme demonstrated multiplicity by having seven, one and three isoform(s) for EG, CBH and BGL, respectively. Significant production of functionally active consortium of cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes from A. terreus RWY makes it a potential candidate in bioprocessing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetika Sharma
- Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering and Technology, P.O. PAU, Ludhiana, Punjab, India; Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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40
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Sica VP, Raja HA, El-Elimat T, Oberlies NH. Mass spectrometry imaging of secondary metabolites directly on fungal cultures. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11564c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Overcoming the challenges of analysing fungal cultures directly using desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI).
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Affiliation(s)
- V. P. Sica
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro
- Greensboro, USA
| | - H. A. Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro
- Greensboro, USA
| | - T. El-Elimat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro
- Greensboro, USA
| | - N. H. Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro
- Greensboro, USA
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