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Zhang J, Rissmann M, Kuiken T, Haagmans BL. Comparative Pathogenesis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronaviruses. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:423-451. [PMID: 37832946 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-052620-121224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades the world has witnessed the global spread of two genetically related highly pathogenic coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2. However, the impact of these outbreaks differed significantly with respect to the hospitalizations and fatalities seen worldwide. While many studies have been performed recently on SARS-CoV-2, a comparative pathogenesis analysis with SARS-CoV may further provide critical insights into the mechanisms of disease that drive coronavirus-induced respiratory disease. In this review, we comprehensively describe clinical and experimental observations related to transmission and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with SARS-CoV, focusing on human, animal, and in vitro studies. By deciphering the similarities and disparities of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, in terms of transmission and pathogenesis mechanisms, we offer insights into the divergent characteristics of these two viruses. This information may also be relevant to assessing potential novel introductions of genetically related highly pathogenic coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Zhang
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Melanie Rissmann
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
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Hardin LT, Xiao N. miRNAs: The Key Regulator of COVID-19 Disease. Int J Cell Biol 2022; 2022:1645366. [PMID: 36345541 PMCID: PMC9637033 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1645366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
As many parts of the world continue to fight the innumerable waves of COVID-19 infection, SARS-CoV-2 continues to sculpt its antigenic determinants to enhance its virulence and evolvability. Several vaccines were developed and used around the world, and oral antiviral medications are being developed against SARS-CoV-2. However, studies showed that the virus is mutating in line with the antibody's neutralization escape; thus, new therapeutic alternatives are solicited. We hereby review the key role that miRNAs can play as epigenetic mediators of the cross-talk between SARS-CoV-2 and the host cells. The limitations resulting from the "virus intelligence" to escape and antagonize the host miRNAs as well as the possible mechanisms that could be used in the viral evasion strategies are discussed. Lastly, we suggest new therapeutic approaches based on viral miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Tahrani Hardin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences at the Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, 94103 CA, USA
| | - Nan Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences at the Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, 94103 CA, USA
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Masoomi Nomandan SZ, Azimzadeh Irani M, Hosseini SM. In silico design of refined ferritin-SARS-CoV-2 glyco-RBD nanoparticle vaccine. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:976490. [PMID: 36148012 PMCID: PMC9486171 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.976490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
With the onset of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, all attention was drawn to finding solutions to cure the coronavirus disease. Among all vaccination strategies, the nanoparticle vaccine has been shown to stimulate the immune system and provide optimal immunity to the virus in a single dose. Ferritin is a reliable self-assembled nanoparticle platform for vaccine production that has already been used in experimental studies. Furthermore, glycosylation plays a crucial role in the design of antibodies and vaccines and is an essential element in developing effective subunit vaccines. In this computational study, ferritin nanoparticles and glycosylation, which are two unique facets of vaccine design, were used to model improved nanoparticle vaccines for the first time. In this regard, molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulation were carried out to construct three atomistic models of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) receptor binding domain (RBD)-ferritin nanoparticle vaccine, including unglycosylated, glycosylated, and modified with additional O-glycans at the ferritin–RBD interface. It was shown that the ferritin–RBD complex becomes more stable when glycans are added to the ferritin–RBD interface and optimal performance of this nanoparticle can be achieved. If validated experimentally, these findings could improve the design of nanoparticles against all microbial infections.
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Vaccines platforms and COVID-19: what you need to know. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 2022; 8:20. [PMID: 35965345 PMCID: PMC9537331 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-022-00176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is the third zoonotic coronavirus since the beginning of the 21 first century, and it has taken more than 6 million human lives because of the lack of immunity causing global economic losses. Consequently, developing a vaccine against the virus represents the fastest way to finish the threat and regain some "normality." OBJECTIVE Here, we provide information about the main features of the most important vaccine platforms, some of them already approved, to clear common doubts fostered by widespread misinformation and to reassure the public of the safety of the vaccination process and the different alternatives presented. METHODS Articles published in open access databases until January 2022 were identified using the search terms "SARS-CoV-2," "COVID-19," "Coronavirus," "COVID-19 Vaccines," "Pandemic," COVID-19, and LMICs or their combinations. DISCUSSION Traditional first-generation vaccine platforms, such as whole virus vaccines (live attenuated and inactivated virus vaccines), as well as second-generation vaccines, like protein-based vaccines (subunit and viral vector vaccines), and third-generation vaccines, such as nanoparticle and genetic vaccines (mRNA vaccines), are described. CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2 sequence information obtained in a record time provided the basis for the fast development of a COVID-19 vaccine. The adaptability characteristic of the new generation of vaccines is changing our capability to react to emerging threats to future pandemics. Nevertheless, the slow and unfair distribution of vaccines to low- and middle-income countries and the spread of misinformation are a menace to global health since the unvaccinated will increase the chances for resurgences and the surge of new variants that can escape the current vaccines.
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Mathavarajah S, Melin A, Dellaire G. SARS-CoV-2 and wastewater: What does it mean for non-human primates? Am J Primatol 2022; 84:e23340. [PMID: 34662463 PMCID: PMC8646409 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In most of our lifetimes, we have not faced a global pandemic such as the novel coronavirus disease 2019. The world has changed as a result. However, it is not only humans who are affected by a pandemic of this scale. Our closest relatives, the non-human primates (NHPs) who encounter researchers, sanctuary/zoo employees, and tourists, are also potentially at risk of contracting the virus from humans due to similar genetic susceptibility. "Anthropozoonosis"-the transmission of diseases from humans to other species-has occurred historically, resulting in infection of NHPs with human pathogens that have led to disastrous outbreaks. Recent studies have assessed the susceptibility of NHPs and predict that catarrhine primates and some lemurs are potentially highly susceptible to infection by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. There is accumulating evidence that a new factor to consider with the spread of the virus is fecal-oral transmission. The virus has been detected in the watersheds of countries with underdeveloped infrastructure where raw sewage enters the environment directly without processing. This may expose NHPs, and other animals, to SARS-CoV-2 through wastewater contact. Here, we address these concerns and discuss recent evidence. Overall, we suggest that the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via wastewater is low. Nonetheless, tracking of viral RNA in wastewater does provide a unique testing approach to help protect NHPs at zoos and wildlife sanctuaries. A One Health approach going forward is perhaps the best way to protect these animals from a novel virus, the same way that we would protect ourselves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Melin
- Department of Anthropology and ArchaeologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Graham Dellaire
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of MedicineDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of MedicineDalhousie UniversityHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
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Qin S, Li R, Zheng Z, Zeng X, Wang Y, Wang X. Review of selected animal models for respiratory coronavirus infection and its application in drug research. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3032-3042. [PMID: 35285034 PMCID: PMC9088459 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Numerous viral pneumonia cases have been reported in Wuhan, Hubei in December 2019. The pathogen has been identified as a novel coronavirus, which was named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). The biological characteristics and pathogenesis mechanism of SARS‐CoV‐2 are unclear and under progress. At present, no specific preventive and therapeutic drugs are available. Animal models can reproduce the viral replication cycle and the significant functions of respiratory coronavirus infection and are urgently needed to evaluate the efficacy of drugs and vaccines, the transmission route of respiratory coronavirus, clinical features, and so on. We reviewed the current animal models of respiratory coronavirus (SARS‐CoV, MERS‐CoV, and SARS‐CoV‐2) infection and made a comparative analysis of the route of inoculation, virus replication, clinical signs, histopathology, application, advantages, and disadvantages. Animal models of respiratory coronavirus include susceptible animal models, genetically modified models, and various animal models of infected virus adaptation strains, such as nonhuman primates, mice, hamsters, ferrets, New Zealand rabbits, cats, and other animal models, all of which have distinct advantages and limitations. This review will provide relevant information and important insights for disease management and control. Animal models for coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengle Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou, GuangdongChina
| | - Runfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou, GuangdongChina
| | | | - Xuxin Zeng
- School of MedicineFoshan UniversityFoshanChina
| | - Yutao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhou, GuangdongChina
| | - Xinhua Wang
- School of MedicineFoshan UniversityFoshanChina
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Singh S, Kumar A, Sharma H. In-vitro and In-vivo Experimental Models for MERS-CoV, SARSCoV, and SARS-CoV-2 Viral Infection: A Compendious Review. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2022; 16:82-101. [PMID: 35068398 DOI: 10.2174/1872208316666220124101611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the Coronaviridae family of coronaviruses. This novel virus has predominantly affected a vast world population and was declared a pandemic outbreak. The clinical and scientific communities strive to develop and validate potential treatments and therapeutic measures. The comparative study of existing synthetic drugs, evaluation of safety aspects, and the devel opment of novel vaccines can be efficiently achieved by using suitable animal models of primary infection and validating translational findings in human cell lines and tissues. The current paper explores varied animal and cell/tissue models employed and recapitulate various critical issues of ailment manifestation in humans to develop and evaluate novel therapeutic countermeasures and even include some novel patent developed in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Singh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, 17 km Stone, NH-2, Mathura-Delhi Road, Mathura, Chaumuhan, Uttar Pradesh-281406, India
| | - Aman Kumar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, 17 km Stone, NH-2, Mathura-Delhi Road, Mathura, Chaumuhan, Uttar Pradesh-281406, India
| | - Himanshu Sharma
- Department of Computer Engineering and Applications, GLA University, 17 km Stone, NH-2, Mathura-Delhi Road Mathura, Chaumuhan, Uttar Pradesh-281406, India
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8
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Aslani M, Mortazavi-Jahromi SS, Mirshafiey A. Cytokine storm in the pathophysiology of COVID-19: Possible functional disturbances of miRNAs. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108172. [PMID: 34601331 PMCID: PMC8452524 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, as the causative agent of COVID-19, is an enveloped positives-sense single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Beta-CoVs sub-family. A sophisticated hyper-inflammatory reaction named cytokine storm is occurred in patients with severe/critical COVID-19, following an imbalance in immune-inflammatory processes and inhibition of antiviral responses by SARS-CoV-2, which leads to pulmonary failure, ARDS, and death. The miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs with an average length of 22 nucleotides which play various roles as one of the main modulators of genes expression and maintenance of immune system homeostasis. Recent evidence has shown that Homo sapiens (hsa)-miRNAs have the potential to work in three pivotal areas including targeting the virus genome, regulating the inflammatory signaling pathways, and reinforcing the production/signaling of IFNs-I. However, it seems that several SARS-CoV-2-induced interfering agents such as viral (v)-miRNAs, cytokine content, competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), etc. preclude efficient function of hsa-miRNAs in severe/critical COVID-19. This subsequently leads to increased virus replication, intense inflammatory processes, and secondary complications development. In this review article, we provide an overview of hsa-miRNAs roles in viral genome targeting, inflammatory pathways modulation, and IFNs responses amplification in severe/critical COVID-19 accompanied by probable interventional factors and their function. Identification and monitoring of these interventional elements can help us in designing the miRNAs-based therapy for the reduction of complications/mortality rate in patients with severe/critical forms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Aslani
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Pashkov EA, Korchevaya ER, Faizuloev EB, Svitich OA, Pashkov EP, Nechaev DN, Zverev VV. Potential of application of the RNA interference phenomenon in the treatment of new coronavirus infection COVID-19. Vopr Virusol 2021; 66:241-251. [PMID: 34545716 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 has killed more than 4 million people to date and is the most significant global health problem. The first recorded case of COVID-19 had been noted in Wuhan, China in December 2019, and already on March 11, 2020, World Health Organization declared a pandemic due to the rapid spread of this infection. In addition to the damage to the respiratory system, SARS-CoV-2 is capable of causing severe complications that can affect almost all organ systems. Due to the insufficient effectiveness of the COVID-19 therapy, there is an urgent need to develop effective specific medicines. Among the known approaches to the creation of antiviral drugs, a very promising direction is the development of drugs whose action is mediated by the mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi). A small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecule suppresses the expression of a target gene in this regulatory pathway. The phenomenon of RNAi makes it possible to quickly create a whole series of highly effective antiviral drugs, if the matrix RNA (mRNA) sequence of the target viral protein is known. This review examines the possibility of clinical application of siRNAs aimed at suppressing reproduction of the SARS-CoV-2, taking into account the experience of similar studies using SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infection models. It is important to remember that the effectiveness of siRNA molecules targeting viral genes may decrease due to the formation of viral resistance. In this regard, the design of siRNAs targeting the cellular factors necessary for the reproduction of SARS-CoV-2 deserves special attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Pashkov
- FSAEI HE I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) of the Ministry of the Health of Russia; FSBRI «I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera»
| | - E R Korchevaya
- FSBRI «I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera»
| | - E B Faizuloev
- FSBRI «I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera»
| | - O A Svitich
- FSAEI HE I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) of the Ministry of the Health of Russia; FSBRI «I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera»
| | - E P Pashkov
- FSAEI HE I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) of the Ministry of the Health of Russia
| | - D N Nechaev
- FSAEI HE I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) of the Ministry of the Health of Russia
| | - V V Zverev
- FSAEI HE I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) of the Ministry of the Health of Russia; FSBRI «I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera»
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Albrecht L, Bishop E, Jay B, Lafoux B, Minoves M, Passaes C. COVID-19 Research: Lessons from Non-Human Primate Models. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:886. [PMID: 34452011 PMCID: PMC8402317 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It emerged from China in December 2019 and rapidly spread across the globe, causing a pandemic with unprecedented impacts on public health and economy. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of curative treatments and vaccines. In humans, COVID-19 pathogenesis shows a wide range of symptoms, from asymptomatic to severe pneumonia. Identifying animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection that reflect the clinical symptoms of COVID-19 is of critical importance. Nonhuman primates (NHPss) correspond to relevant models to assess vaccine and antiviral effectiveness. This review discusses the use of NHPs as models for COVID-19 research, with focus on the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, drug discovery and pre-clinical evaluation of vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Albrecht
- Institut Pasteur, Centre d’Enseignement, Cours Virologie Fondamentale, 75015 Paris, France; (L.A.); (E.B.); (B.J.); (B.L.); (M.M.)
- Département de Sciences de la vie, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
- École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Elodie Bishop
- Institut Pasteur, Centre d’Enseignement, Cours Virologie Fondamentale, 75015 Paris, France; (L.A.); (E.B.); (B.J.); (B.L.); (M.M.)
- Département de Sciences de la vie, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
- École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Basile Jay
- Institut Pasteur, Centre d’Enseignement, Cours Virologie Fondamentale, 75015 Paris, France; (L.A.); (E.B.); (B.J.); (B.L.); (M.M.)
- École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Blaise Lafoux
- Institut Pasteur, Centre d’Enseignement, Cours Virologie Fondamentale, 75015 Paris, France; (L.A.); (E.B.); (B.J.); (B.L.); (M.M.)
- Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marie Minoves
- Institut Pasteur, Centre d’Enseignement, Cours Virologie Fondamentale, 75015 Paris, France; (L.A.); (E.B.); (B.J.); (B.L.); (M.M.)
- Département de Sciences de la vie, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Passaes
- Département de Sciences du vivant, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
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Fayyad-Kazan M, Makki R, Skafi N, El Homsi M, Hamade A, El Majzoub R, Hamade E, Fayyad-Kazan H, Badran B. Circulating miRNAs: Potential diagnostic role for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 94:105020. [PMID: 34343725 PMCID: PMC8325559 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) represents a major global health problem. Intensive efforts are being employed to better understand this pathology and develop strategies enabling its early diagnosis and efficient treatment. In this study, we compared the signature of circulating miRNAs in plasma of COVID-19 patients versus healthy donors. MiRCURY LNA miRNA miRNome qPCR Panels were performed for miRNA signature characterization. Individual quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was carried out to validate miRNome qPCR results. Receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was applied to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the most significantly deregulated miRNA(s) as potential diagnostic biomarker(s). Eight miRNAs were identified to be differentially expressed with miR-17-5p and miR-142-5p being down-regulated whilst miR-15a-5p, miR-19a-3p, miR-19b-3p, miR-23a-3p, miR-92a-3p and miR-320a being up-regulated in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. ROC curve analyses revealed an AUC (Areas Under the ROC Curve) of 0.815 (P = 0.031), 0.875 (P = 0.012), and 0.850 (P = 0.025) for miR-19a-3p, miR-19b-3p, and miR-92a-3p, respectively. Combined ROC analyses using these 3 miRNAs showed a greater AUC of 0.917 (P = 0.0001) indicating a robust diagnostic value of these 3 miRNAs. These results suggest that plasma miR-19a-3p, miR-19b-3p, and miR-92a-3p expression levels could serve as potential diagnostic biomarker and/or a putative therapeutic target during SARS-CoV-2-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Fayyad-Kazan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Rawan Makki
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Najwa Skafi
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Mahmoud El Homsi
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Aline Hamade
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Rania El Majzoub
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Mazraa 146404, Lebanon.
| | - Eva Hamade
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Hussein Fayyad-Kazan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Bassam Badran
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon.
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12
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Pandey K, Acharya A, Mohan M, Ng CL, Reid SP, Byrareddy SN. Animal models for SARS-CoV-2 research: A comprehensive literature review. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:1868-1885. [PMID: 33128861 PMCID: PMC8085186 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases can create devastating effects on human lives and may also lead to economic crises. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic due to the novel coronavirus (nCoV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which originated in Wuhan, China, has caused a global public health emergency. To date, the molecular mechanism of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, its clinical manifestations and pathogenesis is not completely understood. The global scientific community has intensified its efforts in understanding the biology of SARS-CoV-2 for development of vaccines and therapeutic interventions to prevent the rapid spread of the virus and to control mortality and morbidity associated with COVID-19. To understand the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2, appropriate animal models that mimic the biology of human SARS-CoV-2 infection are urgently needed. In this review, we outline animal models that have been used to study previous human coronaviruses (HCoVs), including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Importantly, we discuss models that are appropriate for SARS-CoV-2 as well as the advantages and disadvantages of various available methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabita Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Arpan Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mahesh Mohan
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Caroline L Ng
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - St Patrick Reid
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE, USA
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13
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Casillas Santana MA, Dipp Velázquez FA, Sámano Valencia C, Martínez Zumarán A, Zavala Alonso NV, Martínez Rider R, Salas Orozco MF. Saliva: What Dental Practitioners Should Know about the Role of This Biofluid in the Transmission and Diagnostic of SARS-CoV-2. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:349. [PMID: 33917276 PMCID: PMC8067428 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57040349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has become a global ongoing pandemic. This pandemic represents a great work risk for all health professionals, it includes dental professionals who are in constant contact with saliva, which represents one of the main routes of transmission of the disease. This is due to the fact that a wide variety of oral tissues and cells are susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2 and that they express the ACE2 receptor, which is the main route of entry of the virus into cells, as well as the proteins TMPRSS and furin that contributes to the binding of the virus to the host cells. According to recent studies, some of the oral cells most susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2 are the epithelial cells of the salivary glands. This explains the presence of the virus in the saliva of infected patients and provides scientific evidence that supports the use of saliva as a biofluid that offers the opportunity to develop new detection and diagnostic techniques. This is because saliva is much easier to collect compared to nasopharyngeal swab. However, the presence of the virus in saliva, also represents a great source of transmission, since the main form of infection is through microscopic drops that are generated when infected people cough or sneeze. Likewise, health professionals, such as dentists are exposed to contagion through saliva. The objective of this review article is to provide a perspective on the main cells and tissues that can be affected by the virus, the risk of contagion that the presence of the virus in saliva represents for dentists; and the new techniques developed from saliva samples for the diagnosis and surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review is expected to contribute to the knowledge of oral health professionals about the risk of saliva in the spread of SARS-CoV-2, but also its advantages as a diagnostic tool for pandemic control. In conclusion, the authors can mention that information that provides more scientific evidence of the mechanisms of infection of the coronavirus in oral cells and tissues is being published continually. This also explains the presence of the virus in the saliva of infected people and the risk of contagion that this means. It also provides scientific evidence of the use of saliva as a biofluid for the detection, diagnosis, monitoring, and control of the spread of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Casillas Santana
- Maestría en Estomatología con Opción Terminal en Ortodoncia, Facultad de Estomatología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue. 72410, Mexico; (F.A.D.V.); (C.S.V.)
| | - Farid Alonso Dipp Velázquez
- Maestría en Estomatología con Opción Terminal en Ortodoncia, Facultad de Estomatología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue. 72410, Mexico; (F.A.D.V.); (C.S.V.)
| | - Carolina Sámano Valencia
- Maestría en Estomatología con Opción Terminal en Ortodoncia, Facultad de Estomatología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Pue. 72410, Mexico; (F.A.D.V.); (C.S.V.)
| | - Alan Martínez Zumarán
- Especialidad en Ortodoncia, Facultad de Estomatología, Univesidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. 78290, Mexico; (A.M.Z.); (N.V.Z.A.); (R.M.R.)
| | - Norma Verónica Zavala Alonso
- Especialidad en Ortodoncia, Facultad de Estomatología, Univesidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. 78290, Mexico; (A.M.Z.); (N.V.Z.A.); (R.M.R.)
| | - Ricardo Martínez Rider
- Especialidad en Ortodoncia, Facultad de Estomatología, Univesidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. 78290, Mexico; (A.M.Z.); (N.V.Z.A.); (R.M.R.)
| | - Marco Felipe Salas Orozco
- Especialidad en Ortodoncia, Facultad de Estomatología, Univesidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. 78290, Mexico; (A.M.Z.); (N.V.Z.A.); (R.M.R.)
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14
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Hosie MJ, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Hartmann K, Egberink H, Truyen U, Addie DD, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Frymus T, Lloret A, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Pennisi MG, Tasker S, Thiry E, Möstl K. Anthropogenic Infection of Cats during the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic. Viruses 2021; 13:185. [PMID: 33530620 PMCID: PMC7911697 DOI: 10.3390/v13020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by a new coronavirus (CoV), SARS-CoV-2, which is closely related to SARS-CoV that jumped the animal-human species barrier and caused a disease outbreak in 2003. SARS-CoV-2 is a betacoronavirus that was first described in 2019, unrelated to the commonly occurring feline coronavirus (FCoV) that is an alphacoronavirus associated with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). SARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious and has spread globally within a few months, resulting in the current pandemic. Felids have been shown to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Particularly in the Western world, many people live in very close contact with their pet cats, and natural infections of cats in COVID-19-positive households have been described in several countries. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of experts in feline medicine from 11 European Countries, discusses the current status of SARS-CoV infections in cats. The review examines the host range of SARS-CoV-2 and human-to-animal transmissions, including infections in domestic and non-domestic felids, as well as mink-to-human/-cat transmission. It summarises current data on SARS-CoV-2 prevalence in domestic cats and the results of experimental infections of cats and provides expert opinions on the clinical relevance and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Herman Egberink
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | | | - Sándor Belák
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7036, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | | | - Tadeusz Frymus
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Albert Lloret
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Hans Lutz
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK;
- Linnaeus Group, Shirley, Solihull B90 4BN, UK
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Karin Möstl
- Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
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15
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Yuan L, Tang Q, Cheng T, Xia N. Animal models for emerging coronavirus: progress and new insights. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:949-961. [PMID: 32378471 PMCID: PMC7269044 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1764871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergences of coronaviruses have caused a serious global public health problem because their infection in humans caused the severe acute respiratory disease and deaths. The outbreaks of lethal coronaviruses have taken place for three times within recent two decades (SARS-CoV in 2002, MERS-CoV in 2012 and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019). Much more serious than SARS-CoV in 2002, the current SARS-CoV-2 infection has been spreading to more than 213 countries, areas or territories and causing more than two million cases up to date (17 April 2020). Unfortunately, no vaccine and specific anti-coronavirus drugs are available at present time. Current clinical treatment at hand is inadequate to suppress viral replication and inflammation, and reverse organ failure. Intensive research efforts have focused on increasing our understanding of viral biology of SARS-CoV-2, improving antiviral therapy and vaccination strategies. The animal models are important for both the fundamental research and drug discovery of coronavirus. This review aims to summarize the animal models currently available for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and their potential use for the study of SARS-CoV-2. We will discuss the benefits and caveats of these animal models and present critical findings that might guide the fundamental studies and urgent treatment of SARS-CoV-2-caused diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunzhi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR People's Republic of China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR People's Republic of China
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16
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Zheng H, Li H, Guo L, Liang Y, Li J, Wang X, Hu Y, Wang L, Liao Y, Yang F, Li Y, Fan S, Li D, Cui P, Wang Q, Shi H, Chen Y, Yang Z, Yang J, Shen D, Cun W, Zhou X, Dong X, Wang Y, Chen Y, Dai Q, Jin W, He Z, Li Q, Liu L. Virulence and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques: A nonhuman primate model of COVID-19 progression. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008949. [PMID: 33180882 PMCID: PMC7660522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 has emerged as an epidemic, causing severe pneumonia with a high infection rate globally. To better understand the pathogenesis caused by SARS-CoV-2, we developed a rhesus macaque model to mimic natural infection via the nasal route, resulting in the SARS-CoV-2 virus shedding in the nose and stool up to 27 days. Importantly, we observed the pathological progression of marked interstitial pneumonia in the infected animals on 5-7 dpi, with virus dissemination widely occurring in the lower respiratory tract and lymph nodes, and viral RNA was consistently detected from 5 to 21 dpi. During the infection period, the kinetics response of T cells was revealed to contribute to COVID-19 progression. Our findings implied that the antiviral response of T cells was suppressed after 3 days post infection, which might be related to increases in the Treg cell population in PBMCs. Moreover, two waves of the enhanced production of cytokines (TGF-α, IL-4, IL-6, GM-CSF, IL-10, IL-15, IL-1β), chemokines (MCP-1/CCL2, IL-8/CXCL8, and MIP-1β/CCL4) were detected in lung tissue. Our data collected from this model suggested that T cell response and cytokine/chemokine changes in lung should be considered as evaluation parameters for COVID-19 treatment and vaccine development, besides of observation of virus shedding and pathological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Zheng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Heng Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Guo
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Liang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunguang Hu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lichun Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Liao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengmei Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengtao Fan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dandan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pingfang Cui
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingling Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haijing Shi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanli Chen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zening Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinling Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Shen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Cun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Zhou
- Yunnan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingqi Dong
- Yunnan Provincial Infectious Disease Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunchuan Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Chen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Dai
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weihua Jin
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhanlong He
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (ZH); (QL); (LL)
| | - Qihan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (ZH); (QL); (LL)
| | - Longding Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (ZH); (QL); (LL)
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17
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Johansen MD, Irving A, Montagutelli X, Tate MD, Rudloff I, Nold MF, Hansbro NG, Kim RY, Donovan C, Liu G, Faiz A, Short KR, Lyons JG, McCaughan GW, Gorrell MD, Cole A, Moreno C, Couteur D, Hesselson D, Triccas J, Neely GG, Gamble JR, Simpson SJ, Saunders BM, Oliver BG, Britton WJ, Wark PA, Nold-Petry CA, Hansbro PM. Animal and translational models of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:877-891. [PMID: 32820248 PMCID: PMC7439637 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is causing a major once-in-a-century global pandemic. The scientific and clinical community is in a race to define and develop effective preventions and treatments. The major features of disease are described but clinical trials have been hampered by competing interests, small scale, lack of defined patient cohorts and defined readouts. What is needed now is head-to-head comparison of existing drugs, testing of safety including in the background of predisposing chronic diseases, and the development of new and targeted preventions and treatments. This is most efficiently achieved using representative animal models of primary infection including in the background of chronic disease with validation of findings in primary human cells and tissues. We explore and discuss the diverse animal, cell and tissue models that are being used and developed and collectively recapitulate many critical aspects of disease manifestation in humans to develop and test new preventions and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Johansen
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Irving
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, ZJU International Campus, Haining, China
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - X Montagutelli
- Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - M D Tate
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - I Rudloff
- Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - M F Nold
- Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - N G Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - R Y Kim
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - C Donovan
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - G Liu
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - A Faiz
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - K R Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - J G Lyons
- Centenary Institute and Dermatology, The University of Sydney and Cancer Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - G W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - M D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Cole
- Centenary Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - C Moreno
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - D Couteur
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, and Faculty of Medicine and Health, Concord Clinical School, ANZAC Research Institute and Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Sydney, Australia
| | - D Hesselson
- Centenary Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - J Triccas
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia
| | - G G Neely
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J R Gamble
- Centenary Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - S J Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, and Faculty of Medicine and Health, Concord Clinical School, ANZAC Research Institute and Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Sydney, Australia
| | - B M Saunders
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - B G Oliver
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - W J Britton
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney and Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - P A Wark
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - C A Nold-Petry
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - P M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia.
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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18
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Lu S, Zhao Y, Yu W, Yang Y, Gao J, Wang J, Kuang D, Yang M, Yang J, Ma C, Xu J, Qian X, Li H, Zhao S, Li J, Wang H, Long H, Zhou J, Luo F, Ding K, Wu D, Zhang Y, Dong Y, Liu Y, Zheng Y, Lin X, Jiao L, Zheng H, Dai Q, Sun Q, Hu Y, Ke C, Liu H, Peng X. Comparison of nonhuman primates identified the suitable model for COVID-19. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:157. [PMID: 32814760 PMCID: PMC7434851 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of a suitable nonhuman primate (NHP) model of COVID-19 remains challenging. Here, we characterized severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in three NHP species: Old World monkeys Macaca mulatta (M. mulatta) and Macaca fascicularis (M. fascicularis) and New World monkey Callithrix jacchus (C. jacchus). Infected M. mulatta and M. fascicularis showed abnormal chest radiographs, an increased body temperature and a decreased body weight. Viral genomes were detected in swab and blood samples from all animals. Viral load was detected in the pulmonary tissues of M. mulatta and M. fascicularis but not C. jacchus. Furthermore, among the three animal species, M. mulatta showed the strongest response to SARS-CoV-2, including increased inflammatory cytokine expression and pathological changes in the pulmonary tissues. Collectively, these data revealed the different susceptibilities of Old World and New World monkeys to SARS-CoV-2 and identified M. mulatta as the most suitable for modeling COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiyao Lu
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenhai Yu
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Yun Yang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiahong Gao
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Junbin Wang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Dexuan Kuang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Mengli Yang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Chunxia Ma
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Xingli Qian
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Siwen Zhao
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Jingmei Li
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Haixuan Wang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Haiting Long
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Jingxian Zhou
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Fangyu Luo
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Kaiyun Ding
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Daoju Wu
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Yinliang Dong
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuqin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yinqiu Zheng
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaochen Lin
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Li Jiao
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Huanying Zheng
- Medical Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Dai
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiangming Sun
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Yunzhang Hu
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Changwen Ke
- Medical Key Laboratory for Repository and Application of Pathogenic Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hongqi Liu
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China.
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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19
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Chauhan N, Jaggi M, Chauhan SC, Yallapu MM. COVID-19: fighting the invisible enemy with microRNAs. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 19:137-145. [PMID: 32814446 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1812385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The novel coronavirus (CoV) disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral infection that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). It is believed that early reports of COVID-19 cases were noticed in December 2019 and soon after it became a global public health emergency. It is advised that COVID-19 transmits through human to human contact and in most cases, it remains asymptomatic. Several approaches are being utilized to control the outbreak of this fatal viral disease. microRNAs (miRNAs) are known signature therapeutic tool for the viral diseases; they are small non-coding RNAs that target the mRNAs to inhibit their post-transcriptional expression, therefore, impeding their functions, can serve as watchdogs or micromanagers in the cells. AREAS COVERED This review work delineated COVID-19 and its association with SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), the possible role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, and therapeutic potential of miRNAs and their effective delivery to treat COVID-19. EXPERT OPINION This review highlighted the importance of various miRNAs and their potential role in fighting with this pandemic as therapeutic molecules utilizing nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Chauhan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley , McAllen, Texas, USA.,South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley , McAllen, Texas, USA
| | - Meena Jaggi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley , McAllen, Texas, USA.,South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley , McAllen, Texas, USA
| | - Subhash C Chauhan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley , McAllen, Texas, USA.,South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley , McAllen, Texas, USA
| | - Murali M Yallapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley , McAllen, Texas, USA.,South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley , McAllen, Texas, USA
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20
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Pandey SC, Pande V, Sati D, Upreti S, Samant M. Vaccination strategies to combat novel corona virus SARS-CoV-2. Life Sci 2020; 256:117956. [PMID: 32535078 PMCID: PMC7289747 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The 2019-novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted from human to human has recently reported in China. Now COVID-19 has been spread all over the world and declared epidemics by WHO. It has caused a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. The elderly and people with underlying diseases are susceptible to infection and prone to serious outcomes, which may be associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and cytokine storm. Due to the rapid increase of SARS-CoV-2 infections and unavailability of antiviral therapeutic agents, developing an effective SAR-CoV-2 vaccine is urgently required. SARS-CoV-2 which is genetically similar to SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is an enveloped, single and positive-stranded RNA virus with a genome comprising 29,891 nucleotides, which encode the 12 putative open reading frames responsible for the synthesis of viral structural and nonstructural proteins which are very similar to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV proteins. In this review we have summarized various vaccine candidates i.e., nucleotide, subunit and vector based as well as attenuated and inactivated forms, which have already been demonstrated their prophylactic efficacy against MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, so these candidates could be used as a potential tool for the development of a safe and effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Chandra Pandey
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, SSJ Campus, Almora, Uttarakhand, India; Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal Campus, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Veni Pande
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, SSJ Campus, Almora, Uttarakhand, India; Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal Campus, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Diksha Sati
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, SSJ Campus, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shobha Upreti
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, SSJ Campus, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mukesh Samant
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, SSJ Campus, Almora, Uttarakhand, India.
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21
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LY6E Restricts Entry of Human Coronaviruses, Including Currently Pandemic SARS-CoV-2. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00562-20. [PMID: 32641482 PMCID: PMC7459569 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00562-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus entry into host cells is one of the key determinants of host range and cell tropism and is subjected to the control of host innate and adaptive immune responses. In the last decade, several interferon-inducible cellular proteins, including IFITMs, GILT, ADAP2, 25CH, and LY6E, had been identified to modulate the infectious entry of a variety of viruses. Particularly, LY6E was recently identified as a host factor that facilitates the entry of several human-pathogenic viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus, influenza A virus, and yellow fever virus. Identification of LY6E as a potent restriction factor of coronaviruses expands the biological function of LY6E and sheds new light on the immunopathogenesis of human coronavirus infection. C3A is a subclone of the human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cell line with strong contact inhibition of growth. We fortuitously found that C3A was more susceptible to human coronavirus HCoV-OC43 infection than HepG2, which was attributed to the increased efficiency of virus entry into C3A cells. In an effort to search for the host cellular protein(s) mediating the differential susceptibility of the two cell lines to HCoV-OC43 infection, we found that ArfGAP with dual pleckstrin homology (PH) domains 2 (ADAP2), gamma-interferon-inducible lysosome/endosome-localized thiolreductase (GILT), and lymphocyte antigen 6 family member E (LY6E), the three cellular proteins identified to function in interference with virus entry, were expressed at significantly higher levels in HepG2 cells. Functional analyses revealed that ectopic expression of LY6E, but not GILT or ADAP2, in HEK 293 cells inhibited the entry of HCoV-O43. While overexpression of LY6E in C3A and A549 cells efficiently inhibited the infection of HCoV-OC43, knockdown of LY6E expression in HepG2 significantly increased its susceptibility to HCoV-OC43 infection. Moreover, we found that LY6E also efficiently restricted the entry mediated by the envelope spike proteins of other human coronaviruses, including the currently pandemic SARS-CoV-2. Interestingly, overexpression of serine protease TMPRSS2 or amphotericin treatment significantly neutralized the IFN-inducible transmembrane 3 (IFITM3) restriction of human coronavirus (CoV) entry, but did not compromise the effect of LY6E on the entry of human coronaviruses. The work reported herein thus demonstrates that LY6E is a critical antiviral immune effector that controls CoV infection and pathogenesis via a mechanism distinct from other factors that modulate CoV entry. IMPORTANCE Virus entry into host cells is one of the key determinants of host range and cell tropism and is subjected to the control of host innate and adaptive immune responses. In the last decade, several interferon-inducible cellular proteins, including IFITMs, GILT, ADAP2, 25CH, and LY6E, had been identified to modulate the infectious entry of a variety of viruses. Particularly, LY6E was recently identified as a host factor that facilitates the entry of several human-pathogenic viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus, influenza A virus, and yellow fever virus. Identification of LY6E as a potent restriction factor of coronaviruses expands the biological function of LY6E and sheds new light on the immunopathogenesis of human coronavirus infection.
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22
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Broad and Differential Animal Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Receptor Usage by SARS-CoV-2. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00940-20. [PMID: 32661139 PMCID: PMC7459545 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00940-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 uses human ACE2 as a primary receptor for host cell entry. Viral entry mediated by the interaction of ACE2 with spike protein largely determines host range and is the major constraint to interspecies transmission. We examined the receptor activity of 14 ACE2 orthologs and found that wild-type and mutant SARS-CoV-2 lacking the furin cleavage site in S protein could utilize ACE2 from a broad range of animal species to enter host cells. These results have important implications in the natural hosts, interspecies transmission, animal models, and molecular basis of receptor binding for SARS-CoV-2. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an unprecedented global public health and economic crisis. The origin and emergence of its causal agent, SARS-CoV-2, in the human population remains mysterious, although bat and pangolin were proposed to be the natural reservoirs. Strikingly, unlike the SARS-CoV-2-like coronaviruses (CoVs) identified in bats and pangolins, SARS-CoV-2 harbors a polybasic furin cleavage site in its spike (S) glycoprotein. SARS-CoV-2 uses human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its receptor to infect cells. Receptor recognition by the S protein is the major determinant of host range, tissue tropism, and pathogenesis of coronaviruses. In an effort to search for the potential intermediate or amplifying animal hosts of SARS-CoV-2, we examined receptor activity of ACE2 from 14 mammal species and found that ACE2s from multiple species can support the infectious entry of lentiviral particles pseudotyped with the wild-type or furin cleavage site-deficient S protein of SARS-CoV-2. ACE2 of human/rhesus monkey and rat/mouse exhibited the highest and lowest receptor activities, respectively. Among the remaining species, ACE2s from rabbit and pangolin strongly bound to the S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 S protein and efficiently supported the pseudotyped virus infection. These findings have important implications for understanding potential natural reservoirs, zoonotic transmission, human-to-animal transmission, and use of animal models. IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2 uses human ACE2 as a primary receptor for host cell entry. Viral entry mediated by the interaction of ACE2 with spike protein largely determines host range and is the major constraint to interspecies transmission. We examined the receptor activity of 14 ACE2 orthologs and found that wild-type and mutant SARS-CoV-2 lacking the furin cleavage site in S protein could utilize ACE2 from a broad range of animal species to enter host cells. These results have important implications in the natural hosts, interspecies transmission, animal models, and molecular basis of receptor binding for SARS-CoV-2.
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23
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Santos WJ, Guiraldi LM, Lucheis SB. Should we be concerned about COVID-19 with nonhuman primates? Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23158. [PMID: 32495390 PMCID: PMC7300441 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has radically changed the human activities worldwide. Although we are still learning about the disease, it is necessary that primatologists, veterinarians, and all that are living with nonhuman primates (NHP) be concerned about the probable health impacts as these animals face this new pandemic. We want to increase discussion with the scientific community that is directly involved with these animals, because preliminary studies report that NHP may become infected and develop symptoms similar to those in human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley José Santos
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Medical SchoolSao Paulo State University (UNESP)BotucatuBrazil
| | - Lívia Maísa Guiraldi
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Medical SchoolSao Paulo State University (UNESP)BotucatuBrazil
| | - Simone Baldini Lucheis
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Medical SchoolSao Paulo State University (UNESP)BotucatuBrazil
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ScienceSao Paulo State University (UNESP)BotucatuBrazil
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24
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Zheng M, Zhao X, Zheng S, Chen D, Du P, Li X, Jiang D, Guo JT, Zeng H, Lin H. Bat SARS-Like WIV1 coronavirus uses the ACE2 of multiple animal species as receptor and evades IFITM3 restriction via TMPRSS2 activation of membrane fusion. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:1567-1579. [PMID: 32602823 PMCID: PMC7473123 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1787797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Diverse SARS-like coronaviruses (SL-CoVs) have been identified from bats and other animal species. Like SARS-CoV, some bat SL-CoVs, such as WIV1, also use angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) from human and bat as entry receptor. However, whether these viruses can also use the ACE2 of other animal species as their receptor remains to be determined. We report herein that WIV1 has a broader tropism to ACE2 orthologs than SARS-CoV isolate Tor2. Among the 9 ACE2 orthologs examined, human ACE2 exhibited the highest efficiency to mediate the infection of WIV1 pseudotyped virus. Our findings thus imply that WIV1 has the potential to infect a wide range of wild animals and may directly jump to humans. We also showed that cell entry of WIV1 could be restricted by interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs). However, WIV1 could exploit the airway protease TMPRSS2 to partially evade the IFITM3 restriction. Interestingly, we also found that amphotericin B could enhance the infectious entry of SARS-CoVs and SL-CoVs by evading IFITM3-mediated restriction. Collectively, our findings further underscore the risk of exposure to animal SL-CoVs and highlight the vulnerability of patients who take amphotericin B to infection by SL-CoVs, including the most recently emerging (SARS-CoV-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zheng
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuesen Zhao
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangli Zheng
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Danying Chen
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengcheng Du
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinglin Li
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Jiang
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ju-Tao Guo
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Hui Zeng
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanxin Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
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25
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BalcioĞlu BK, Denİzcİ ÖncÜ M, ÖztÜrk HÜ, YÜcel F, Kaya F, Serhatli M, ÜlbeĞİ Polat H, Tekİn Ş, Özdemİr Bahadir A. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody development strategies. Turk J Biol 2020; 44:203-214. [PMID: 32595357 PMCID: PMC7314503 DOI: 10.3906/biy-2005-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019 a novel coronavirus was detected in Wuhan City of Hubei Province-China. Owing to a high rate of transmission from human to human, the new virus called SARS-CoV-2 differed from others by its unexpectedly rapid spread. The World Health Organization (WHO) described the most recent coronavirus epidemic as a global pandemic in March 2020. The virus spread triggered a health crisis (the COVID-19 disease) within three months, with socioeconomic implications. No approved targeted-therapies are available for COVID-19, yet. However, it is foreseen that antibody-based treatments may provide an immediate cure for patients. Current neutralizing antibody development studies primarily target the S protein among the structural elements of SARS-CoV-2, which mediates the cell entry of the virus through the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor of host cells. This review aims to provide some of the neutralizing antibody development strategies for SARS-CoV-2 and in vitro and in vivo neutralization assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertan Koray BalcioĞlu
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Marmara Research Center, TÜBİTAK, Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Melis Denİzcİ ÖncÜ
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Marmara Research Center, TÜBİTAK, Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Hasan Ümit ÖztÜrk
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Marmara Research Center, TÜBİTAK, Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Fatıma YÜcel
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Marmara Research Center, TÜBİTAK, Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Filiz Kaya
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Marmara Research Center, TÜBİTAK, Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Müge Serhatli
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Marmara Research Center, TÜBİTAK, Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Hivda ÜlbeĞİ Polat
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Marmara Research Center, TÜBİTAK, Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Şaban Tekİn
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Marmara Research Center, TÜBİTAK, Kocaeli Turkey
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, İstanbul Turkey
| | - Aylin Özdemİr Bahadir
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Marmara Research Center, TÜBİTAK, Kocaeli Turkey
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26
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Singh A, Singh RS, Sarma P, Batra G, Joshi R, Kaur H, Sharma AR, Prakash A, Medhi B. A Comprehensive Review of Animal Models for Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV. Virol Sin 2020; 35:290-304. [PMID: 32607866 PMCID: PMC7324485 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00252-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has already affected a large population of the world. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the same family of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). COVID-19 has a complex pathology involving severe acute respiratory infection, hyper-immune response, and coagulopathy. At present, there is no therapeutic drug or vaccine approved for the disease. There is an urgent need for an ideal animal model that can reflect clinical symptoms and underlying etiopathogenesis similar to COVID-19 patients which can be further used for evaluation of underlying mechanisms, potential vaccines, and therapeutic strategies. The current review provides a paramount insight into the available animal models of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV for the management of the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Rahul Soloman Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Phulen Sarma
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Gitika Batra
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Rupa Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Hardeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Amit Raj Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Ajay Prakash
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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27
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Abstract
COVID-19 is the current public health threat all over the world. Unfortunately, there is no specific prevention and treatment strategy for this disease. We aim to explore the potential role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in this regard through this literature review. As a crucial enzyme of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), ACE2 not only mediates the virus entry but also affects the pathophysiological process of virus-induced acute lung injury (ALI), as well as other organs’ damage. As interaction of COVID-19 virus spike and ACE2 is essential for virus infection, COVID-19-specific vaccine based on spike protein, small molecule compound interrupting their interaction, human monoclonal antibody based on receptor-binding domain, and recombinant human ACE2 protein (rhuACE2) have aroused the interests of researchers. Meanwhile, ACE2 could catalyze angiotensin II (Ang II) to form angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7), thus alleviates the harmful effect of Ang II and amplifies the protection effect of Ang1-7. ACE inhibitor and angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) have been shown to increase the level of expression of ACE2 and could be potential strategies in protecting lungs, heart, and kidneys. ACE2 plays a very important role in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of COVID-19 infection. Strategies targeting ACE2 and its ligand, COVID-19 virus spike protein, may provide novel method in the prevention and management of novel coronavirus pneumonia.
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28
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Xu R, Cui B, Duan X, Zhang P, Zhou X, Yuan Q. Saliva: potential diagnostic value and transmission of 2019-nCoV. Int J Oral Sci 2020; 12:11. [PMID: 32300101 PMCID: PMC7162686 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-020-0080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
2019-nCoV epidemic was firstly reported at late December of 2019 and has caused a global outbreak of COVID-19 now. Saliva, a biofluid largely generated from salivary glands in oral cavity, has been reported 2019-nCoV nucleic acid positive. Besides lungs, salivary glands and tongue are possibly another hosts of 2019-nCoV due to expression of ACE2. Close contact or short-range transmission of infectious saliva droplets is a primary mode for 2019-nCoV to disseminate as claimed by WHO, while long-distance saliva aerosol transmission is highly environment dependent within indoor space with aerosol-generating procedures such as dental practice. So far, no direct evidence has been found that 2019-nCoV is vital in air flow for long time. Therefore, to prevent formation of infectious saliva droplets, to thoroughly disinfect indoor air and to block acquisition of saliva droplets could slow down 2019-nCoV dissemination. This review summarizes diagnostic value of saliva for 2019-nCoV, possibly direct invasion into oral tissues, and close contact transmission of 2019-nCoV by saliva droplets, expecting to contribute to 2019-nCoV epidemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoshi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bomiao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Human Saliva Laboratory & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobo Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Human Saliva Laboratory & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Human Saliva Laboratory & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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29
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Yu P, Qi F, Xu Y, Li F, Liu P, Liu J, Bao L, Deng W, Gao H, Xiang Z, Xiao C, Lv Q, Gong S, Liu J, Song Z, Qu Y, Xue J, Wei Q, Liu M, Wang G, Wang S, Yu H, Liu X, Huang B, Wang W, Zhao L, Wang H, Ye F, Zhou W, Zhen W, Han J, Wu G, Jin Q, Wang J, Tan W, Qin C. Age-related rhesus macaque models of COVID-19. Animal Model Exp Med 2020; 3:93-97. [PMID: 32318665 PMCID: PMC7167234 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since December 2019, an outbreak of the Corona Virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan, China, has become a public health emergency of international concern. The high fatality of aged cases caused by SARS-CoV-2 was a need to explore the possible age-related phenomena with non-human primate models. METHODS Three 3-5 years old and two 15 years old rhesus macaques were intratracheally infected with SARS-CoV-2, and then analyzed by clinical signs, viral replication, chest X-ray, histopathological changes and immune response. RESULTS Viral replication of nasopharyngeal swabs, anal swabs and lung in old monkeys was more active than that in young monkeys for 14 days after SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Monkeys developed typical interstitial pneumonia characterized by thickened alveolar septum accompanied with inflammation and edema, notably, old monkeys exhibited diffuse severe interstitial pneumonia. Viral antigens were detected mainly in alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages. CONCLUSION SARS-CoV-2 caused more severe interstitial pneumonia in old monkeys than that in young monkeys. Rhesus macaque models infected with SARS-CoV-2 provided insight into the pathogenic mechanism and facilitated the development of vaccines and therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Liu L, Wei Q, Lin Q, Fang J, Wang H, Kwok H, Tang H, Nishiura K, Peng J, Tan Z, Wu T, Cheung KW, Chan KH, Alvarez X, Qin C, Lackner A, Perlman S, Yuen KY, Chen Z. Anti-spike IgG causes severe acute lung injury by skewing macrophage responses during acute SARS-CoV infection. JCI Insight 2019; 4:123158. [PMID: 30830861 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.123158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 625] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly emerging viruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome CoVs (MERS-CoV), and H7N9, cause fatal acute lung injury (ALI) by driving hypercytokinemia and aggressive inflammation through mechanisms that remain elusive. In SARS-CoV/macaque models, we determined that anti-spike IgG (S-IgG), in productively infected lungs, causes severe ALI by skewing inflammation-resolving response. Alveolar macrophages underwent functional polarization in acutely infected macaques, demonstrating simultaneously both proinflammatory and wound-healing characteristics. The presence of S-IgG prior to viral clearance, however, abrogated wound-healing responses and promoted MCP1 and IL-8 production and proinflammatory monocyte/macrophage recruitment and accumulation. Critically, patients who eventually died of SARS (hereafter referred to as deceased patients) displayed similarly accumulated pulmonary proinflammatory, absence of wound-healing macrophages, and faster neutralizing antibody responses. Their sera enhanced SARS-CoV-induced MCP1 and IL-8 production by human monocyte-derived wound-healing macrophages, whereas blockade of FcγR reduced such effects. Our findings reveal a mechanism responsible for virus-mediated ALI, define a pathological consequence of viral specific antibody response, and provide a potential target for treatment of SARS-CoV or other virus-mediated lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and AIDS Clinical Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Key Clinical Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Qingqing Lin
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Fang
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hauyee Kwok
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hangying Tang
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenji Nishiura
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie Peng
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiwu Tan
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tongjin Wu
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Wai Cheung
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Hung Chan
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Andrew Lackner
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Disease, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and AIDS Clinical Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Key Clinical Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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31
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From SARS to MERS, Thrusting Coronaviruses into the Spotlight. Viruses 2019; 11:v11010059. [PMID: 30646565 PMCID: PMC6357155 DOI: 10.3390/v11010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 686] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) have formerly been regarded as relatively harmless respiratory pathogens to humans. However, two outbreaks of severe respiratory tract infection, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), as a result of zoonotic CoVs crossing the species barrier, caused high pathogenicity and mortality rates in human populations. This brought CoVs global attention and highlighted the importance of controlling infectious pathogens at international borders. In this review, we focus on our current understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, as well as provides details on the pivotal structure and function of the spike proteins (S proteins) on the surface of each of these viruses. For building up more suitable animal models, we compare the current animal models recapitulating pathogenesis and summarize the potential role of host receptors contributing to diverse host affinity in various species. We outline the research still needed to fully elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of these viruses, to construct reproducible animal models, and ultimately develop countermeasures to conquer not only SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, but also these emerging coronaviral diseases.
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32
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Vergara P, Morahan G. The development and application of Laboratory Animal Science in China. Animal Model Exp Med 2018; 1:247-249. [PMID: 30891573 PMCID: PMC6388048 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patri Vergara
- International Council for Laboratory Animal Science (ICLAS)
| | - Grant Morahan
- Centre for Diabetes ResearchHarry Perkins Institute of Medical ResearchPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
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33
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Gong S, Bao L. The battle against SARS and MERS coronaviruses: Reservoirs and Animal Models. Animal Model Exp Med 2018; 1:125-133. [PMID: 30891557 PMCID: PMC6388065 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, infection with the coronavirus, especially the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the emerging Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), induces acute respiratory failure, resulting in high mortality. Irregular coronavirus related epidemics indicate that the evolutionary origins of these two pathogens need to be identified urgently and there are still questions related to suitable laboratory animal models. Thus, in this review we aim to highlight key discoveries concerning the animal origin of the virus and summarize and compare current animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu‐ran Gong
- Institute of Laboratory Animal SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine CenterPeking Union Medical College (PUMC)Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative MedicineMinistry of HealthKey Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging InfectiousBeijingChina
| | - Lin‐lin Bao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine CenterPeking Union Medical College (PUMC)Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative MedicineMinistry of HealthKey Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging InfectiousBeijingChina
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34
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Spatiotemporal interplay of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and respiratory mucosal cells drives viral dissemination in rhesus macaques. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:1089-101. [PMID: 26647718 PMCID: PMC4900951 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune responses have a critical role in the control of early virus replication and dissemination. It remains unknown, however, how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) evades respiratory innate immunity to establish a systemic infection. Here we show in Chinese macaques that SARS-CoV traversed the mucosa through the respiratory tract within 2 days, resulting in extensive mucosal infiltration by T cells, MAC387(+), and CD163(+) monocytes/macrophages followed by limited viral replication in the lung but persistent viral shedding into the upper airway. Mucosal monocytes/macrophages sequestered virions in intracellular vesicles together with infected Langerhans cells and migrated into the tonsils and/or draining lymph nodes within 2 days. In lymphoid tissues, viral RNA and proteins were detected in infected monocytes upon differentiation into dendritic cells (DCs) within 3 days. Systemic viral dissemination was observed within 7 days. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the spatiotemporal interactions of SARS-CoV, monocytes/macrophages, and the DC network in mucosal tissues and highlights the fact that, while these innate cells contribute to viral clearance, they probably also serve as shelters and vehicles to provide a mechanism for the virus to escape host mucosal innate immunity and disseminate systemically.
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35
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Wang Q, Zhang L, Kuwahara K, Li L, Liu Z, Li T, Zhu H, Liu J, Xu Y, Xie J, Morioka H, Sakaguchi N, Qin C, LIU G. Immunodominant SARS Coronavirus Epitopes in Humans Elicited both Enhancing and Neutralizing Effects on Infection in Non-human Primates. ACS Infect Dis 2016; 2:361-76. [PMID: 27627203 PMCID: PMC7075522 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by a coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and has the potential to threaten global public health and socioeconomic stability. Evidence of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of SARS-CoV infection in vitro and in non-human primates clouds the prospects for a safe vaccine. Using antibodies from SARS patients, we identified and characterized SARS-CoV B-cell peptide epitopes with disparate functions. In rhesus macaques, the spike glycoprotein peptides S471-503, S604-625, and S1164-1191 elicited antibodies that efficiently prevented infection in non-human primates. In contrast, peptide S597-603 induced antibodies that enhanced infection both in vitro and in non-human primates by using an epitope sequence-dependent (ESD) mechanism. This peptide exhibited a high level of serological reactivity (64%), which resulted from the additive responses of two tandem epitopes (S597-603 and S604-625) and a long-term human B-cell memory response with antisera from convalescent SARS patients. Thus, peptide-based vaccines against SARS-CoV could be engineered to avoid ADE via elimination of the S597-603 epitope. We provide herein an alternative strategy to prepare a safe and effective vaccine for ADE of viral infection by identifying and eliminating epitope sequence-dependent enhancement of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qidi Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 2A Nanwei Rd., Xuanwu Dist, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China
| | - Kazuhiko Kuwahara
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 2A Nanwei Rd., Xuanwu Dist, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Zijie Liu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 2A Nanwei Rd., Xuanwu Dist, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Taisheng Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital and AIDS Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100071, P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China
| | - Jiangning Liu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China
| | - Yanfeng Xu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peking Union Medical College Hospital and AIDS Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100071, P. R. China
| | - Hiroshi Morioka
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Nobuo Sakaguchi
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P. R. China
| | - Gang LIU
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Haidian Dist., Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 2A Nanwei Rd., Xuanwu Dist, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
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36
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Otter JA, Donskey C, Yezli S, Douthwaite S, Goldenberg SD, Weber DJ. Transmission of SARS and MERS coronaviruses and influenza virus in healthcare settings: the possible role of dry surface contamination. J Hosp Infect 2016; 92:235-50. [PMID: 26597631 PMCID: PMC7114921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2015.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 645] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Viruses with pandemic potential including H1N1, H5N1, and H5N7 influenza viruses, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)/Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronaviruses (CoV) have emerged in recent years. SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and influenza virus can survive on surfaces for extended periods, sometimes up to months. Factors influencing the survival of these viruses on surfaces include: strain variation, titre, surface type, suspending medium, mode of deposition, temperature and relative humidity, and the method used to determine the viability of the virus. Environmental sampling has identified contamination in field-settings with SARS-CoV and influenza virus, although the frequent use of molecular detection methods may not necessarily represent the presence of viable virus. The importance of indirect contact transmission (involving contamination of inanimate surfaces) is uncertain compared with other transmission routes, principally direct contact transmission (independent of surface contamination), droplet, and airborne routes. However, influenza virus and SARS-CoV may be shed into the environment and be transferred from environmental surfaces to hands of patients and healthcare providers. Emerging data suggest that MERS-CoV also shares these properties. Once contaminated from the environment, hands can then initiate self-inoculation of mucous membranes of the nose, eyes or mouth. Mathematical and animal models, and intervention studies suggest that contact transmission is the most important route in some scenarios. Infection prevention and control implications include the need for hand hygiene and personal protective equipment to minimize self-contamination and to protect against inoculation of mucosal surfaces and the respiratory tract, and enhanced surface cleaning and disinfection in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Otter
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
| | - C Donskey
- Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - S Yezli
- Global Centre for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - S Douthwaite
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research (CIDR), Guy's and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust & King's College London, UK
| | - S D Goldenberg
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research (CIDR), Guy's and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust & King's College London, UK
| | - D J Weber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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37
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Sutton TC, Subbarao K. Development of animal models against emerging coronaviruses: From SARS to MERS coronavirus. Virology 2015; 479-480:247-58. [PMID: 25791336 PMCID: PMC4793273 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Two novel coronaviruses have emerged to cause severe disease in humans. While bats may be the primary reservoir for both viruses, SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) likely crossed into humans from civets in China, and MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has been transmitted from camels in the Middle East. Unlike SARS-CoV that resolved within a year, continued introductions of MERS-CoV present an on-going public health threat. Animal models are needed to evaluate countermeasures against emerging viruses. With SARS-CoV, several animal species were permissive to infection. In contrast, most laboratory animals are refractory or only semi-permissive to infection with MERS-CoV. This host-range restriction is largely determined by sequence heterogeneity in the MERS-CoV receptor. We describe animal models developed to study coronaviruses, with a focus on host-range restriction at the level of the viral receptor and discuss approaches to consider in developing a model to evaluate countermeasures against MERS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy C Sutton
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, NIAID, NIH, United States
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, NIAID, NIH, United States.
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38
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van den Brand JMA, Haagmans BL, van Riel D, Osterhaus ADME, Kuiken T. The pathology and pathogenesis of experimental severe acute respiratory syndrome and influenza in animal models. J Comp Pathol 2014; 151:83-112. [PMID: 24581932 PMCID: PMC7094469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses that emerge in the human population may cause high morbidity and mortality, as well as concern about pandemic spread. Examples are severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and novel variants of influenza A virus, such as H5N1 and pandemic H1N1. Different animal models are used to develop therapeutic and preventive measures against such viruses, but it is not clear which are most suitable. Therefore, this review compares animal models of SARS and influenza, with an emphasis on non-human primates, ferrets and cats. Firstly, the pathology and pathogenesis of SARS and influenza are compared. Both diseases are similar in that they affect mainly the respiratory tract and cause inflammation and necrosis centred on the pulmonary alveoli and bronchioles. Important differences are the presence of multinucleated giant cells and intra-alveolar fibrosis in SARS and more fulminant necrotizing and haemorrhagic pneumonia in H5N1 influenza. Secondly, the pathology and pathogenesis of SARS and influenza in man and experimental animals are compared. Host species, host age, route of inoculation, location of sampling and timing of sampling are important to design an animal model that most closely mimics human disease. The design of appropriate animal models requires an accurate pathological description of human cases, as well as a good understanding of the effect of experimental variables on disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M A van den Brand
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D van Riel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Yao Y, Bao L, Deng W, Xu L, Li F, Lv Q, Yu P, Chen T, Xu Y, Zhu H, Yuan J, Gu S, Wei Q, Chen H, Yuen KY, Qin C. An animal model of MERS produced by infection of rhesus macaques with MERS coronavirus. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:236-42. [PMID: 24218506 PMCID: PMC7107340 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2012, a novel coronavirus (CoV) associated with severe respiratory disease, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV; previously known as human coronavirus-Erasmus Medical Center or hCoV-EMC), emerged in the Arabian Peninsula. To date, 114 human cases of MERS-CoV have been reported, with 54 fatalities. Animal models for MERS-CoV infection of humans are needed to elucidate MERS pathogenesis and to develop vaccines and antivirals. In this study, we developed rhesus macaques as a model for MERS-CoV using intratracheal inoculation. The infected monkeys showed clinical signs of disease, virus replication, histological lesions, and neutralizing antibody production, indicating that this monkey model is suitable for studies of MERS-CoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
- Correspondence: Chuan Qin, MD, PhD, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 5, Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China ()
| | - Linlin Bao
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Wei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Lili Xu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Fengdi Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Qi Lv
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Pin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Ting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Yanfeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Hua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Jing Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Songzhi Gu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Qiang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Honglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and the Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and the Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
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40
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Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes transient lower respiratory tract infection in rhesus macaques. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:16598-603. [PMID: 24062443 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1310744110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2012, a novel betacoronavirus, designated Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus or MERS-CoV and associated with severe respiratory disease in humans, emerged in the Arabian Peninsula. To date, 108 human cases have been reported, including cases of human-to-human transmission. The availability of an animal disease model is essential for understanding pathogenesis and developing effective countermeasures. Upon a combination of intratracheal, ocular, oral, and intranasal inoculation with 7 × 10(6) 50% tissue culture infectious dose of the MERS-CoV isolate HCoV-EMC/2012, rhesus macaques developed a transient lower respiratory tract infection. Clinical signs, virus shedding, virus replication in respiratory tissues, gene expression, and cytokine and chemokine profiles peaked early in infection and decreased over time. MERS-CoV caused a multifocal, mild to marked interstitial pneumonia, with virus replication occurring mainly in alveolar pneumocytes. This tropism of MERS-CoV for the lower respiratory tract may explain the severity of the disease observed in humans and the, up to now, limited human-to-human transmission.
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Louz D, Bergmans HE, Loos BP, Hoeben RC. Animal models in virus research: their utility and limitations. Crit Rev Microbiol 2012; 39:325-61. [PMID: 22978742 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2012.711740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Viral diseases are important threats to public health worldwide. With the number of emerging viral diseases increasing the last decades, there is a growing need for appropriate animal models for virus studies. The relevance of animal models can be limited in terms of mimicking human pathophysiology. In this review, we discuss the utility of animal models for studies of influenza A viruses, HIV and SARS-CoV in light of viral emergence, assessment of infection and transmission risks, and regulatory decision making. We address their relevance and limitations. The susceptibility, immune responses, pathogenesis, and pharmacokinetics may differ between the various animal models. These complexities may thwart translating results from animal experiments to the humans. Within these constraints, animal models are very informative for studying virus immunopathology and transmission modes and for translation of virus research into clinical benefit. Insight in the limitations of the various models may facilitate further improvements of the models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Louz
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), GMO Office , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
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42
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Abstract
Coronaviruses infect many species of animals including humans, causing acute and chronic diseases. This review focuses primarily on the pathogenesis of murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and severe acute respiratory coronavirus (SARS-CoV). MHV is a collection of strains, which provide models systems for the study of viral tropism and pathogenesis in several organs systems, including the central nervous system, the liver, and the lung, and has been cited as providing one of the few animal models for the study of chronic demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. SARS-CoV emerged in the human population in China in 2002, causing a worldwide epidemic with severe morbidity and high mortality rates, particularly in older individuals. We review the pathogenesis of both viruses and the several reverse genetics systems that made much of these studies possible. We also review the functions of coronavirus proteins, structural, enzymatic, and accessory, with an emphasis on roles in pathogenesis. Structural proteins in addition to their roles in virion structure and morphogenesis also contribute significantly to viral spread in vivo and in antagonizing host cell responses. Nonstructural proteins include the small accessory proteins that are not at all conserved between MHV and SARS-CoV and the 16 conserved proteins encoded in the replicase locus, many of which have enzymatic activities in RNA metabolism or protein processing in addition to functions in antagonizing host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
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43
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Miyoshi-Akiyama T, Ishida I, Fukushi M, Yamaguchi K, Matsuoka Y, Ishihara T, Tsukahara M, Hatakeyama S, Itoh N, Morisawa A, Yoshinaka Y, Yamamoto N, Lianfeng Z, Chuan Q, Kirikae T, Sasazuki T. Fully human monoclonal antibody directed to proteolytic cleavage site in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus S protein neutralizes the virus in a rhesus macaque SARS model. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:1574-81. [PMID: 21592986 PMCID: PMC7107252 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. There is still no effective method to prevent or treat severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which is caused by SARS coronavirus (CoV). In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of a fully human monoclonal antibody capable of neutralizing SARS-CoV in vitro in a Rhesus macaque model of SARS. Methods. The antibody 5H10 was obtained by vaccination of KM mice bearing human immunoglobulin genes with Escherichiacoli–producing recombinant peptide containing the dominant epitope of the viral spike protein found in convalescent serum samples from patients with SARS. Results. 5H10, which recognized the same epitope that is also a cleavage site critical for the entry of SARS-CoV into host cells, inhibited propagation of the virus and pathological changes found in Rhesus macaques infected with the virus through the nasal route. In addition, we analyzed the mode of action of 5H10, and the results suggested that 5H10 inhibited fusion between the virus envelope and host cell membrane. 5H10 has potential for use in prevention and treatment of SARS if it reemerges. Conclusions. This study represents a platform to produce fully human antibodies against emerging infectious diseases in a timely and safe manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Miyoshi-Akiyama
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.
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44
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Rockx B, Feldmann F, Brining D, Gardner D, LaCasse R, Kercher L, Long D, Rosenke R, Virtaneva K, Sturdevant DE, Porcella SF, Mattoon J, Parnell M, Baric RS, Feldmann H. Comparative pathogenesis of three human and zoonotic SARS-CoV strains in cynomolgus macaques. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18558. [PMID: 21533129 PMCID: PMC3080360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic was characterized by increased pathogenicity in the elderly due to an early exacerbated innate host response. SARS-CoV is a zoonotic pathogen that entered the human population through an intermediate host like the palm civet. To prevent future introductions of zoonotic SARS-CoV strains and subsequent transmission into the human population, heterologous disease models are needed to test the efficacy of vaccines and therapeutics against both late human and zoonotic isolates. Here we show that both human and zoonotic SARS-CoV strains can infect cynomolgus macaques and resulted in radiological as well as histopathological changes similar to those seen in mild human cases. Viral replication was higher in animals infected with a late human phase isolate compared to a zoonotic isolate. While there were significant differences in the number of host genes differentially regulated during the host responses between the three SARS-CoV strains, the top pathways and functions were similar and only apparent early during infection with the majority of genes associated with interferon signaling pathways. This study characterizes critical disease models in the evaluation and licensure of therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Rockx
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America.
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45
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Hemida MG, Ye X, Thair S, Yang D. Exploiting the therapeutic potential of microRNAs in viral diseases: expectations and limitations. Mol Diagn Ther 2011; 14:271-82. [PMID: 21053993 PMCID: PMC7099301 DOI: 10.1007/bf03256383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
New therapeutic approaches are urgently needed for serious diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, viral infections, and others. A recent direction in drug development is the utilization of nucleic acidbased therapeutic molecules, such as antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, short interfering RNA (siRNA), and microRNA (miRNA). miRNAs are endogenous, short, non-coding RNA molecules. Some viruses encode their own miRNAs, which play pivotal roles in viral replication and immune evasion strategies. Conversely, viruses that do not encode miRNAs may manipulate host cell miRNAs for the benefits of their replication. miRNAs have therefore become attractive tools for the study of viral pathogenesis. Lately, novel therapeutic strategies based on miRNA technology for the treatment of viral diseases have been progressing rapidly. Although this new generation of molecular therapy is promising, there are still several challenges to face, such as targeting delivery to specific tissues, avoiding off-target effects of miRNAs, reducing the toxicity of the drugs, and overcoming mutations and drug resistance. In this article, we review the current knowledge of the role and therapeutic potential of miRNAs in viral diseases, and discuss the limitations of these therapies, as well as strategies to overcome them to provide safe and effective clinical applications of these new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged Gomaa Hemida
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Heart and Lung Institute, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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46
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Epithelial cells lining salivary gland ducts are early target cells of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in the upper respiratory tracts of rhesus macaques. J Virol 2011; 85:4025-30. [PMID: 21289121 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02292-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The shedding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) into saliva droplets plays a critical role in viral transmission. The source of high viral loads in saliva, however, remains elusive. Here we investigate the early target cells of infection in the entire array of respiratory tissues in Chinese macaques after intranasal inoculations with a single-cycle pseudotyped virus and a pathogenic SARS-CoV. We found that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-positive (ACE2(+)) cells were widely distributed in the upper respiratory tract, and ACE2(+) epithelial cells lining salivary gland ducts were the early target cells productively infected. Our findings also have implications for SARS-CoV early diagnosis and prevention.
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47
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Abstract
Coronaviruses infect many species of animals including humans, causing acute and chronic diseases. This review focuses primarily on the pathogenesis of murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and severe acute respiratory coronavirus (SARS-CoV). MHV is a collection of strains, which provide models systems for the study of viral tropism and pathogenesis in several organs systems, including the central nervous system, the liver, and the lung, and has been cited as providing one of the few animal models for the study of chronic demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. SARS-CoV emerged in the human population in China in 2002, causing a worldwide epidemic with severe morbidity and high mortality rates, particularly in older individuals. We review the pathogenesis of both viruses and the several reverse genetics systems that made much of these studies possible. We also review the functions of coronavirus proteins, structural, enzymatic, and accessory, with an emphasis on roles in pathogenesis. Structural proteins in addition to their roles in virion structure and morphogenesis also contribute significantly to viral spread in vivo and in antagonizing host cell responses. Nonstructural proteins include the small accessory proteins that are not at all conserved between MHV and SARS-CoV and the 16 conserved proteins encoded in the replicase locus, many of which have enzymatic activities in RNA metabolism or protein processing in addition to functions in antagonizing host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
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48
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Nagata N, Iwata-Yoshikawa N, Taguchi F. Studies of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus pathology in human cases and animal models. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:881-92. [PMID: 20664013 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810378760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak of 2003, approximately 10% of SARS patients developed progressive respiratory failure and died. Since then, several animal models have been established to study SARS coronavirus, with the aim of developing new antiviral agents and vaccines. This short review describes the pathologic features of SARS in relation to their clinical presentation in human cases. It also looks at animal susceptibility after experimental infection, animal models of SARS, and the pathogenesis of this disease. It seems that adaptation of the virus within the host animal and the subsequent abnormal immune responses may be key factors in the pathogenesis of this new and fatal respiratory disease. The proteases produced in the lung during inflammation could also play an important role for exacerbation of SARS in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nagata
- DVM, PhD, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, Japan,
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49
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Du L, He Y, Zhou Y, Liu S, Zheng BJ, Jiang S. The spike protein of SARS-CoV--a target for vaccine and therapeutic development. Nat Rev Microbiol 2009; 7:226-36. [PMID: 19198616 PMCID: PMC2750777 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1150] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This Review provides an overview on the spike (S) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) as a target for the development of vaccines and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of SARS. SARS is a newly emerging infectious disease, caused by SARS-CoV, a novel coronavirus that caused a global outbreak of SARS. SARS-CoV S protein mediates binding of the virus with its receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and promotes the fusion between the viral and host cell membranes and virus entry into the host cell. SARS-CoV S protein induces humoral and cellular immune responses against SARS-CoV. SARS S protein is the target of new SARS vaccines. These vaccines are based on SARS-CoV full-length S protein and its receptor-binding domain, including DNA-, viral vector- and subunit-based vaccines Peptides, antibodies, organic compounds and short interfering RNAs are additional anti-SARS-CoV therapeutics that target the S protein. The work on SARS-CoV S protein-based vaccines and drugs will be useful as a model for the development of prophylactic strategies and therapies against other viruses with class I fusion proteins that can cause emerging infectious diseases.
The outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) between 2002 and 2004 killed hundreds of people. Vaccines against the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) could protect the population during future outbreaks. In this Review, Shibo Jiang and colleagues describe such vaccines, as well as other therapeutics, based on the SARS-CoV spike protein. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly emerging infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV). The SARS-CoV spike (S) protein is composed of two subunits; the S1 subunit contains a receptor-binding domain that engages with the host cell receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and the S2 subunit mediates fusion between the viral and host cell membranes. The S protein plays key parts in the induction of neutralizing-antibody and T-cell responses, as well as protective immunity, during infection with SARS-CoV. In this Review, we highlight recent advances in the development of vaccines and therapeutics based on the S protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanying Du
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, 310 East 67th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
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50
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Chen Y, Deng W, Jia C, Dai X, Zhu H, Kong Q, Huang L, Liu Y, Ma C, Li J, Xiao C, Liu Y, Wei Q, Qin C. Pathological lesions and viral localization of influenza A (H5N1) virus in experimentally infected Chinese rhesus macaques: implications for pathogenesis and viral transmission. Arch Virol 2009; 154:227-33. [PMID: 19130169 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-008-0277-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chinese rhesus macaques infected with influenza virus A/Tiger/Harbin/01/2002 (H5N1) developed acute interstitial pneumonia with diffuse alveolar damage. The results of virus isolation, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization showed that the lung was the major target organ of the H5N1 virus infection. No virus was detected in the extrapulmonary organs. The results of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization also showed that pneumocytes and macrophages of the lower airway, not the ciliary epithelium of the trachea and bronchi, were the chief target cells in the lung tissue of the infected Chinese rhesus macaque. Our data indicate that the Chinese rhesus macaque is suitable as a new primate model for H5N1 virus research, especially for the study of H5N1 virus transmission. The predilection of the H5N1 virus to infect the lower airway suggests that the failure of the virus to attach to the ciliary epithelium of the trachea and bronchi may be a limiting factor in human-to-human transmissibility of the H5N1 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 5, Panjiayuan, Nanli, Chaoyang District, 100021 Beijing, People's Republic of China
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